| 4783931401 | Venus of Willendorf | 28000-25000 BCE
-Paleolithic Period "Old Stone Age"
-Unknown artist and patron
-Willendorf, Austria
-Limestone, Red Ochre (subtractive)
-Fertility Goddess
-Associated with fertility and child bearing
-Exaggerated, round, heavy, curvy
-arms are engaged across the body to ensure that arms wouldn't break off
-little facial features is equivalent to no personality
(maybe used for didactic purposes) |  | 0 |
| 4783931402 | Great Hall of Bulls | 15000-13000 BCE
-Paleolithic Europe
-Unknown artist and patron
-Lascaux, France
-Rock painting, mineral pigment (blood)
-Ritual to help improve hunting by weakening the animal
-The size, placement, and distribution shows the relation between species and environment
-Naturalistic, unrealistic, simplified
Placate or celebrate the animals, shamanism, or nothing better to do
Investment in energy required to make it |  | 1 |
| 4783931403 | Stonehenge | 2550-1600 BCE
-Neolithic
-Unknown artist and patron
-Amesbury, Wiltshire, UK
-Various stones: bluestone & sandstones
-Astronomical observatory, religious site, or burial site
-Stonehenge was a domain of the dead. life to death
-collaborative effort (shows the advancement of these peoples)
-Circular, structural
Material/Technique: stones go deep into the ground; 25 tons each; megalith: great stone;cromlech: circle of stone; trilithons: 3 stone construction of post and lintel; bluestone: volcanic rock |  | 2 |
| 4783931404 | Apollo 11 Stones | 25500-25300 BCE
-Unknown artist and patron
-Namibia, Africa
-Charcoal on stone
-7 quartsite slab w/ white and red paintings animal figures
Function: N/A
Context: Found in the Apollo 11 Cave in the Huns Mountains of southwestern Namibia with unusual precision for ancient rock art. The stones are engraved with geometric line designs and representations of animal.
Descriptive Terms: Stone, charcoal, geometric line designs, animal representations, realistic
Manipulating the animal (shamanism) |  | 3 |
| 4783931405 | Camelid Sacrum in the Shape of a Canine | 14000-7000 BCE
-Unknown artist and patron
-Tequixquiac, Central Mexico
-Carved sacrum bone
Function: To house the spiritual essence of a hunted animal, a ceremonial mask
Context: used as a mask, traditionally thought to be simultaneously located in an Otherworld.
Descriptive terms: Carved, bones, rough, spiritual, symbolic |  | 4 |
| 4783931406 | Running Horned Woman | 6000-4000 BCE
-Unknown artist an patron
-Tassili n'Ajjer
-Pigment on rock
-Representation of supernatural beings
-rainbows: inviting the weather
-Horned diety of a woman wearing cerimonial head gear
Function: Some scholars have interpreted the woman as a horned deity instead of a human wearing ceremonial headgear. The meaning of most African rock art remains uncertain.
Context: on the rock walls and displays varied human and animal activities.
Descriptive Terms: Rock wall, pigments, supernatural beings, symbolic |  | 5 |
| 4783931407 | Bushel with Ibex Motifs | 4200-3500 BCE
-Unknown artist and patron
-Susa, Iran
-Painted terra cotta
-Burial prize for deceased to represent prosperity of Susian plain
-Found in Cemetery
-stylization is to get a rhythmic pattern.
-vertical lines are actually bird necks
-dogs and ibex are also featured
-partitioning the whole, shape of the pot and the decoration of the art co-exist work together
Function:Funerary object
Context: Given to the deceased during a secondary burial.
Descriptive Terms: Painted, decorated, large, vase |  | 6 |
| 4783931408 | Jade Cong | 3300-2200 BCE
-Unknown artist and patron
-Liangzhy, China
-Carved Jade
-Carved faces on outside refering to dieties.
-Rectangle represents Earth circle Represents Heaven
A tube with square cross section and a whole in the middle
Form: scrubbed down with sand and water
Context:The principal decoration on cong of the Liangzhu period was the face pattern, which may refer to spirits or deities
Descriptive Terms: Carved, cong, jade, Liangzhu culture |  | 7 |
| 4783931409 | The Ambum Stone | -1500 BCE
-Unknown artist and patron
-Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papa New Guinea
-Greywacke Stone
-anteater
Function: Considered sacred and credited with supernatural powers by present day people of the region.
Context: Ambum stone has a higher level of figurative qualities than other pestles and may be in a unique class of its own. Discovered in a cave, it is one of the earliest known Pacific works of art.
Descriptive terms: birds, stone, pestles, different depictions |  | 8 |
| 4783931410 | Tlatilco Female Figurine | c. 1200-900 BCE
-Site of Tlatilco, Central Mexico
-Ceramic with traces of pigment
-Exaggerated contrast of proportion on female body
-Fascination with physical deformities
-Unknown artist
-Unknown patron |  | 9 |
| 4783931411 | Terra cotta fragment | c. 1000 BCE
-Lapita (ancient Pacific culture similar to Polynesian)
-Solomon Islands/Reef Islands
-Incised terra cotta ceramics with intricate geometric patterns and carved anthropomorphic faces
Function: piece of pottery used for cooking, serving, and storing
Context: Lapita refers to an ancient Pacific culture that archaeologists believe to be the common ancestor of the contemporary cultures of Polynesia, Micronesia, and some areas of Melanesia. Lapita art is known for ceramics, which have intricate repeating geometric patterns that sometimes include anthropomorphic faces and figures. |  | 10 |
| 4783931412 | Anthropomorphic stele | 4th Millenium BCE
-Unknown artist and patron
-Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia
-Sandstone
-formalize the human body
-expresses personality without much decor
-eyes appear to be solemn and distressed
-sword belt (warrior)
Context: some are carved in surrounding sandstone cliffs by many Arabian tombs. Earliest known works of art from the Arabian Peninsula
Descriptive Terms: Sandstone, carved, distinctive belted robe and double-bladed sword (may have been unique to this region) |  | 11 |
| 4783931413 | The "Well Scene " | -13,000 BCE
-Lascaux, France
-Unknown artist and patron
-Intestines appear to be spilling from the bull
-the man appears to be half bird (and have an erection)
-Atlatl with a bird design or staff etc.
very different from every other painting in this cave (stylistically) |  | 12 |
| 4783931414 | Tuc d'Audoubert Bulls | -14,000 year old
-Bull and Cow Bison found in the Le Tuc d'Audoubert cave, Ariege, France.
-Modeled in clay |  | 13 |
| 4783931415 | Hohlenstein Stadel Lion | -mammoth ivory, by a sculptor using a simple flint-cutting tool, and --stands 11 inches in height
-the Lion Man with the half-man, half-animal figure in the
- (c.35,000 BCE) discovered recently in the north-east of Italy.
It is possible the piece depicts a human figure wearing a lion mask, but it is also possible that the work depicts a human-animal hybrid of spiritual significance. |  | 14 |
| 4783931416 | Cernavoda Figures | Found in Cernavoda, Romania -ceramic clay figures
-5550 years ago, sometime during the Neolithic Period.
-The "woman figure" portrays a voluptuous woman with a large stomach, breasts and thighs, sitting with her hands leaning on her bent, left knee.
-Her facial expression appears almost contemplative, or possibly even trance-like. This could be interpreted in many ways, including (but not limited to): meditation, praying, admiration (possibly of the "man figure"), or maybe she is simply just resting.
-Because of her curvy state, it is easy to believe that she may either be pregnant, or a representation of a "healthy" woman of that time with strong childbearing and fertility qualities as well as a well-fed body.
-The "man figure" and his pose could also be interpreted in numerous ways. He is a slender man, sitting on a rock while leaning his elbows on his knees with his head resting on his hands.
- His expression is similar to the "woman figure" in that it is hard to "read" his mood.
-Many people suggest that he looks forlorn or sad.n he is very slender, the "man figure" harbors extremely broad shoulders and a strong looking chest, clues that he was probably a hunter or possibly some sort of architectural construction laborer (as were many men of the Neolithic Period). |  | 15 |
| 4783931417 | Catal Huyuk | One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions |  | 16 |
| 4783931418 | Cro-Magnon | These people who are identical to modern humans appeared around 40,000 years ago. They had new tools, planned hunts, and appear to have migrated from Northern Africa to Asia and Europe.
Lived in art-decorated caves and buried their dead |  | 17 |
| 4783931419 | Neanderthal | Closest extinct human relative. Fossils found in Neander Valley Germany. Lived in Europe, Asia, Middle East. Cold-weather adapted. Social structure, tools, buried dead, hunted. |  | 18 |
| 4783931420 | Apollo 11 Cave | Namibia, Africa: where 7 fragments of stone plaques with paint on them were found | | 19 |
| 4783931421 | Chauvet | A site in southern France with 32,000 years old cave paintings and artifacts. |  | 20 |
| 4783931422 | Lascaux | Location in France with some of the oldest known cave art. Art is constructed on massive scale, showing hunters, prey, and hand prints. | | 21 |
| 4783931423 | Altamira | A site in Spain where prehistoric paintings appeared on the ceiling of a cave. |  | 22 |
| 4783931424 | Salisbury Plain | chalk plateau in central southern England
Stonehenge is found here in England |  | 23 |
| 4783931426 | Carbon 14 | a radioactive isotope of carbon used to date fossils less than 50,000 years old | | 24 |
| 4783931427 | ochre | an earthy usually red or yellow and often impure iron ore used as a pigment |  | 25 |
| 4783931428 | handaxe | is shaped like a teardrop and has a sharp point at the narrow end
The most dominant tool in the Acheulian complex, characterized by a sharp edge for both and scraping |  | 26 |
| 4783931429 | Paleolithic era | called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers. |  | 27 |
| 4783931432 | Mesolithic era | Middle Stone Age
About 12,000 to 7,000 years ago
Ancient cultural stage, or level of human development, that existed between the Paleolithic Period, with its chipped stone tools, & the Neolithic Period, with its polished stone tools. Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, & lasted until about 2700 BC | | 28 |
| 4783931433 | Neolithic Era | the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills
Agricultural Revolution; people in several areas developed new methods and machines for agriculture during the neolithic era like horses or oxen |  | 29 |
| 4783931434 | Jomon culture | A settled Paleolithic culture of prehistoric Japan, characterized by seaside villages and the creation of some of the world's earliest pottery |  | 30 |
| 4783931435 | spear thrower | a device for throwing a spear or dart that consists of a rod or board with a projection at the rear end to hold the weapon in place until released | | 31 |
| 4783931436 | henge | A Neolithic monument, characterized by a circular ground plan. Used for rituals and marking astronomical events |  | 32 |
| 4783931437 | shaman | A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group. | | 33 |
| 4783931439 | glaciation | a period of global cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand |  | 34 |
| 4783931440 | Sculpture in the round | A self-supporting three-dimensional form surrounded by space and designed to be viewed from all sides. Also called free-standing sculpture. |  | 35 |
| 4783931441 | Relief sculpture | Sculpture that projects from a flat background |  | 36 |
| 4783931443 | composite pose | Combining different viewpoints within a single representation
a system where objects are rendered in a profile (heads and bodies) |  | 37 |
| 4783931444 | post and lintel | a structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel) |  | 38 |
| 4783931445 | mortis and tenon | Strongest joint. It has no nails or screws, It is used to join legs or rails to table, chairs, and headboards. |  | 39 |
| 4783931446 | trilithons | A three stone construction; two vertical monoliths topped with a lintel. |  | 40 |
| 4783931447 | dolmen | A tomb made of upright stones |  | 41 |
| 4783931448 | capstone | a finishing stone of a structure, the crowning achievement, point or event |  | 42 |
| 4783931449 | cairn | a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path | | 43 |
| 4783931450 | passage grave | a prehistoric tomb with a long stone corridor leading to a burial chamber covered by a great tumulus |  | 44 |
| 4783931451 | bluestone | sandstone that is gray to blue-gray in color and splits readily into thin slab |  | 45 |
| 4783931452 | sarsen stones | Larger stones of Stonehenge, and similar stone circles; make up the outer ring, and inner U of Stonehenge |  | 46 |
| 4783931454 | naturalism | a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail. | | 47 |
| 4783931455 | aesthetics | (art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art) | | 48 |
| 4783931462 | Contour | Shape or outline of a shape |  | 49 |
| 4783935210 | stylized | a style of art in which the features are exaggerated or minimized to emphasize features other than the object being represented | | 50 |
