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Flashcards

AP Vocabulary Words Flashcards

6957925751	credulity	a tendency to be too ready to believe that something is real or true.	0
6957925752	conviction	the act or process of finding a person guilty	1
6957928260	doctrine	a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	2
6957928261	dogmatic	inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true	3
6957929526	fanaticism	the quality of being fanatical (obsessively concerned with something)	4
6957929527	fervor	intense and passionate feeling	5
6957929528	heresy	belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine	6
6957929529	piety	the quality of being religious or reverent	7
6957930633	reverent	feeling or showing deep and solemn respect	8
6957932199	skeptic	person inclined to question or doubt all accepted opinions	9
6957932200	venerate	regard with great respect; revere	10
6957933579	zealot	someone passionately devoted to a cause	11
6957933580	capricious	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	12
6957933581	immutable	unchangeable	13
6957935176	incorrigible	not able to be corrected; beyond control	14
6957935177	static (adj)	Lacking movement, action, or change	15
6957936208	invert	turn upside down	16
6957936209	turbulence	state of violent agitation	17
6957936210	transient	(adj.) lasting only a short time, fleeting; (n.) one who stays only a short time	18
6957937548	turmoil	disorder	19
6957937549	vacillate	to waver; to sway indecisively	20
6957937550	volatile	easily aroused or changeable; lively or explosive	21
6957938670	whimsical	playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way	22
6957940247	contract	An agreement between two or more parties	23
6957940248	nurture	To care for	24
6957940249	prolific	producing a lot	25
6957941369	robust	Strong and healthy	26
6957941370	stagnant	Motionless	27
6957941425	surpass	exceed; be greater than	28
6957942946	susceptible	lacking protection from danger or resistance against attack	29
6957945788	thrive	prosper; flourish	30
6957948177	vigor	strength, energy, or determination	31
6957948178	acknowledge	recognize; admit	32
6957949122	anecdote	short, usually funny account of an event	33
6957949123	articulate	able to speak clearly and expressively	34
6957949124	brevity	briefness	35
6957949125	candor	honesty	36
6957950991	concise	short and to the point	37
6957950992	eloquence	fluent or persuasive speaking or writing	38
6957950993	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	39
6957953533	garrulous	talkative	40
6957953534	orator	speaker	41
6957953535	ramble	wander aimlessly	42
6957954532	recount	to tell in detail	43
6957954533	reticence	the quality or state of being silent or uncommunicative	44
6957954534	rhetorical	pertaining to effective communication; insincere in language	45
6957955738	succinct	marked by the use of few words to convey much information or meaning	46
6957955739	taciturn	quiet	47
6957955740	terse	brief and to the point	48
6957955741	verbose	wordy	49
6957956741	vilify	To speak evil of	50
6957958214	malicious	intending to do harm	51
6957958215	adversary	an enemy, opponent	52
6957958295	animosity	hatred	53
6957959143	antagonism	hostility	54
6957959144	enmity	hatred	55
6957959145	rancor	A deep, long-held feeling of hatred or bitterness	56
6957960484	predator	one that preys or destroys	57
6957960485	discordant	lacking harmony or agreement	58
6957960486	aversion	strong dislike	59
6957960487	repel	to push away	60
6957961843	refute	To disprove	61
6957961844	discount (v)	to dismiss as of little importance;	62
6957962698	rebuttal	A counterargument, especially in debate	63
6957962699	substantiate	provide evidence to support or prove the truth of	64
6957962700	dissent	To disagree	65
6957963503	concede	to admit	66
6957964450	concur	to agree	67
6957964451	bolster	support; prop up	68
6957964452	contend	(v.) to fight, struggle; to compete; to argue	69
6957966627	delineate	to describe accurately	70
6957969388	contentious	causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial	71
6957969389	disputatious	argumentative	72
6957969390	digression	straying from main point	73
6957970959	subordinate	person under the authority or control of another	74
6957970960	hierarchy	A group organized by rank	75
6957970961	authoritarian	having complete control; dictatorial	76
6957972170	autonomous	independent, self-contained	77
6957972171	servile	submissive; slavish	78
6957972172	provincial	narrow-minded; unsophisticated	79
6957973699	predecessor	one who came before	80
6957973700	ascendancy	controlling influence; domination	81
6957973701	lofty	(adj.) very high; noble	82
6957974548	sycophant	A person who flatters; a yes-man	83
6957974549	enhance	improve; make better or clearer	84
6957974550	incite	to arouse to action	85
6957975885	inundate	to overwhelm; to cover with water	86
6957977199	exacerbate	to make worse	87
6957977200	saturate	to soak thoroughly	88
6957978350	instigate	(v.) to urge on; to stir up, provoke, start, incite	89
6957978351	induce	persuade; bring about	90
6957978352	sustain	to undergo, experience, or suffer (injury, loss, etc.); endure without giving way or yielding.	91
6957979270	perpetuate	to make permanent or long lasting	92
6957979271	facilitate	to make easier; to assist	93
6957979970	acclaim	praise	94
6957981757	adulation	extreme praise	95
6957981758	laud	praise	96
6957981759	commemorate	honor the memory of	97
6957983266	extol	to praise extravagantly	98
6957983267	exalt	to glorify, to praise, to raise in rank	99
6957983268	endorse	to support	100
6957985066	affirmation	positive statement	101
6957985824	advocate	to recommend; to speak in favor of	102
6957985825	emulate	follow an example	103
6957987097	consensus	general agreement	104
6957989334	cajole	coax	105
6957989335	eulogy	speech in praise of someone	106
6957990450	gratify	to please	107
6957995777	curtail	to cut short; cut off a part of; abridge; reduce; diminish	108
6957995778	subside	to grow less in scope or intensity especially gradually	109
6957995779	constraint	limitation or restriction	110
6957997463	restraint	moderation or self-control; controlling force; restriction	111
6957999977	preclude	(v.) to make impossible, prevent, shut out	112
6957999978	temper (v)	to soften or tone down	113
6958000056	hamper (v)	to hold back; hinder; impede	114
6958000210	impair	to weaken; to cause to become worse	115
6958001237	impede	to slow the progress of	116
6958001238	diffuse	to spread out	117
6958001339	abridge	to make shorter	118
6958006426	superficial	being at, on, or near the surface	119
6958006427	superfluous	being more than is sufficient or required; excessive	120
6958008129	unwarranted	unjustified	121
6958008130	redundant	repetitive	122
6958010889	extraneous	irrelevant	123
6958010890	embellish	to decorate, to make beautiful with ornamentation	124
6958010891	opulence	wealth	125
6958012114	ostentatious	showy, displaying wealth	126
6958012115	frivolous	not having any serious purpose or value	127
6958013802	gratuitous	Unnecessary or unwanted	128
6958013803	lavish (adj)	sumptuously rich, elaborate, or luxurious	129
6958015294	prodigal	wasteful; lavish	130
6958015295	glutton	someone who eats too much	131
6958015296	squander	to waste	132
6958016456	trite	commonplace; overused, stale	133
6958016681	abstemious	self denying; refraining from indulging	134
6958018646	ascetic	one who practices self-denial	135
6958018647	scrupulous	exact, careful, attending thoroughly to details; having high moral standards, principled	136
6958019783	discerning	mentally quick and observant; having insight	137
6958022620	discriminating	able to see differences; prejudiced	138
6958023533	exhaustive	complete and thorough	139
6958023534	explicit	definite, clearly stated	140
6958023618	fastidious	hard to please; fussy	141
6958025045	criterion	a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided	142
6958025083	comprehensive	of large scope; covering or involving much; inclusive	143
6958026674	inclusive	including a great deal, or encompassing everything concerned; comprehensive	144
6958026733	abstruse	difficult to understand; obscure	145
6958029273	cryptic	having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure	146
6958029437	ambiguous	open for interpretation (unclear or inexact)	147
6958030688	dubious	doubtful	148
6958030689	oblivion	the state of being completely forgotten or unknown	149
6958030690	elusive	difficult to catch or to hold; hard to explain or understand	150
6958032072	ambivalence	the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes	151
6958032073	confound	to cause one to become confused	152
6958033769	equivocal	ambiguous	153
6958033770	enigma	a puzzle; a mystery	154
6958035837	opaque	impossible to see through; preventing the passage of light	155
6958035838	obscure (v)	to conceal by confusing; to make dark, dim, indistinct	156
6958036826	depravity	corruption; wickedness	157
6958036827	reprehensible	deserving censure or condemnation	158
6958036828	profane	relating or devoted to that which is not sacred or biblical	159
6958038163	notoriety	the state of being known for some unfavorable act or quality; fame	160
6958038164	detrimental	harmful	161
6958038300	ominous	unfavorable, threatening, of bad omen	162
6958041394	marred	damaged	163
6958041395	flagrant	noticeably bad or offensive	164
6958041396	impudence	rudeness or boldness	165
6958043324	erroneous	incorrect	166
6958043325	somber	dark, gloomy; depressed or melancholy in spirit	167
6958043459	elated	in high spirits, jubilant; extremely pleased	168
6958044764	remorse	regret	169
6958044765	morose	gloomy	170
6958044833	apprehension	anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen	171
6958046624	aloof	(adj.) withdrawn, standing apart from others (usually as a matter of choice)	172
6958046625	exhilarating	exciting	173
6958047773	exuberance	joyful enthusiasm	174
6958047774	despondent		175
6958049467	affable	friendly	176
6958049565	arrogance	pride; haughtiness	177
6958053722	submissive	to give in or to be weak	178
6958053723	braggart	someone who boasts	179
6958057302	gregarious	sociable	180
6958057303	gullible	easily deceived	181
6958059828	haughtiness	arrogance; pride	182
6958059829	hypocritical	insincere	183
6958060142	presumptuous	too forward or bold; overstepping proper bounds	184
6958061136	pretentious	showy	185
6958061137	obstinate	stubborn	186
6958061138	integrity	honesty	187
6958062217	exemplary	outstanding, an example to others	188
6958062218	impeccable	flawless	189
6958063375	diligence	hard working	190
6958063376	exemplify	to serve as a good example	191
6958063377	innocuous	harmless	192
6958064458	cordial	warm and friendly	193
6958064459	decorum	proper behavior; good manners	194
6958064460	deference	respect	195
6958065970	conciliatory	overcoming distrust or hostility	196
6958065971	composure	control over expression and action	197
6958065972	ephemeral	lasting a short time	198
6958067353	sporadic	occurring irregularly	199
6958067354	sluggish	(adj.) lazy; slow-moving; not active, dull	200
6958067355	peripheral	(adj) relating to or making up an outer boundary or region; not of primary importance	201
6958068642	pervasive	spreading out all over	202
6958068643	proximity	nearness	203
6958068644	detached	Impartial, disinterested; unconcerned, distant, aloof	204
6958069676	cursory	hasty, not thorough	205
6958069677	prevalent	widespread; generally accepted	206
6958072443	insularity	narrow-mindedness; isolation	207
6958072444	reprove	to find fault with, scold, rebuke	208
6958073171	sanction (v)	give official permission or approval for (an action)	209
6958073172	censure	To criticize harshly	210
6958073173	censorious	critical	211
6958074264	reprimand	to scold; find fault with; a rebuke	212
6958074265	disparage	to belittle	213
6958078659	denounce	To condemn openly	214
6958078660	deride	to ridicule, laugh at with contempt	215
6958078661	dismiss	put away from consideration; reject	216
6958079937	deprecate	(v.) to express mild disapproval; to belittle	217
6958079938	deplore	feel or express strong disapproval of (something)	218
6958079939	condone	accept and allow (behavior that is considered morally wrong or offensive) to continue	219
6958080299	disdain	the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt	220
6958080300	lament	a passionate expression of grief or sorrow	221
6958080531	degradation	the condition or process of degrading or being degraded	222
6958316586	diminution	a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something	223
6958316587	scanty	small or insufficient in quantity or amount	224
6958316653	reserve (n)	a place set aside for special use, in particular	225
6958318173	frugality	the quality of being economical with money or food; thriftiness	226
6958318174	proliferation	rapid increase in numbers	227
6958318175	profusion	an abundance or large quantity of something	228
6958319610	inconsequential	not important or significant	229
6958320839	conflagration	an extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property	230
6958320840	compile	produce (something, especially a list, report, or book) by assembling information collected from other sources	231
6958322212	accessible	able to be reached or entered	232
6958322213	feasible	likely; probable	233
6958323329	quandary	a difficult situation; a practical dilemma	234
6958324453	astute	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage	235
6958324454	ingenious	clever, original, and inventive	236
6958324455	erudite	having or showing great knowledge or learning	237
6958325638	qualified	officially recognized as being trained to perform a particular job; certified	238
6958326676	precocious	(of behavior or ability) indicative of early development; (of a child) having developed certain abilities or proclivities at an earlier age than usual	239
6958329219	virtuoso	a person highly skilled in music or another artistic pursuit	240
6958329220	guile	sly or cunning intelligence	241
6958329292	incisive	intelligently analytical and clear-thinking	242
6958331348	esoteric	intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people	243
6958331349	divergent	tending to be different or develop in different directions	244
6958332233	eclectic	deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources	245
6958332234	phenomena	something that is impressive or extraordinary	246
6958332235	novelty	the quality of being new, original, or unusual	247
6958332377	innovation	a new method, idea, product, etc.	248
6958333675	idiosyncrasy	mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual	249
6958333676	adversity	difficulties; misfortune	250
6958333677	rigor	an act or instance of strictness, severity, or cruelty; strict precision- exactness	251
6958333784	intrepid	resolutely fearless; dauntless	252
6958335169	hardy	robust; capable of enduring difficult conditions	253
6958336491	resolve (n)	firm determination to do something	254
6958336492	resolution	the action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter	255
6958336744	tranquility	calm	256
6958338119	pacifist	a person who believes that war and violence are unjustifiable	257
6958338120	seclusion	he state of being private and away from other people	258
6958338121	placate	make (someone) less angry or hostile	259
6958340026	nonchalant	(of a person or manner) feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed; not displaying anxiety, interest, or enthusiasm.	260
6958340027	recluse	a person who lives a solitary life and tends to avoid other people	261
6958341434	alleviate	make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe	262
6958341600	antidote	a medicine or other remedy for counteracting the effects of poison, disease, etc.	263
6958342658	intervene	come between so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events	264
6958342659	rectify	put (something) right; correct.	265
6958344243	listless	(of a person or their manner) lacking energy or enthusiasm	266
6958344544	apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern	267
6958345079	indifferent	neither good nor bad; mediocre	268
6958345463	insipid	lacking vigor or interest	269
6958345625	mundane	lacking interest or excitement; dull	270
6958347483	complacency	a feeling of smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements	271
6958350244	disinclination	a reluctance or lack of enthusiasm	272
6958350245	inert	lacking the ability or strength to move	273
6958351294	expedite	make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly	274
6958352623	lethargic	sluggish and apathetic	275
6958354875	linger	to remain or stay on in a place longer than is usual or expected, as if from reluctance to leave	276
6958354876	ponderous	slow and clumsy because of great weight; dull and labored	277
6958356130	profound	having or showing great knowledge or insight	278
6958356131	calculated	(of an action) done with full awareness of the likely consequences	279
6958356132	prudent	acting with or showing care and thought for the future	280
6958357341	methodical	done according to a systematic or established form of procedure	281
6958357342	meticulous	showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise	282
6958358668	pragmatic	dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations	283
6958358669	scrutinize	examine or inspect closely and thoroughly	284
6958362936	opportunistic	exploiting chances offered by immediate circumstances	285
6958365169	materialism	a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values	286
6958367044	philanthropist	a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the generous donation of money to good causes	287
6958367045	miserly	relating to or characteristic of a miser(a person who lives in wretched circumstances in order to save and hoard money)	288
6958367354	benevolent	desiring to help others; charitable	289
6958369529	altruistic	showing a disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others; unselfish	290
7012076517	illusory	deceptive; false; misleading	291
7012079474	hypothetical	based on an assumption or guess	292
7012079475	abstract	existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.	293
7012079531	implausible	unlikely; unbelievable	294
7012082640	fallacious	false; misleading	295
7012082641	disparity	inequality; difference	296
7012082642	incongruous	out of place	297
7012084003	relegate	to place in a lower position; to assign, refer, turn over; to banish	298
7012084004	homogeneous	of the same kind	299
7012085021	uniformity	sameness; a state in which everything is exactly the same	300
7012085022	analogous	comparable to; like	301
7012086589	discrepancy	difference between	302
7012086590	gravity	seriousness	303
7012087807	aspire	seek to attain; long for	304
7012087808	devise	to think out, plan, figure out, invent, create	305
7012087809	artisan	a worker skilled in a craft	306
7012089818	execute	put into effect; carry out	307
7012094380	extricate	To free from difficulty	308
7012094381	implement (v)	put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.) into effect	309
7012095832	document (v)	record the details of something; to furnish with references, citations, etc., in support of statements made	310
7012095833	appease	to make calm, soothe; to relieve, satisfy; to yield to	311
7012095834	compliance	the tendency to agree to do things requested by others	312
7012095879	resigned	accepting one's fate; unresisting; patiently submissive	313
7012097323	indiscriminate	choosing at random without careful selection	314
7012097324	inadvertent	unintentional	315
7012098018	tentative	not certain	316
7012098019	arbitrary	determined by chance or impulse	317
7012100357	antiquated	obsolete, out of fashion, no longer usable	318
7012100358	archaic	ancient; old-fashioned	319
7012100359	inherent	firmly established by nature or habit	320
7012101400	innate	inborn; natural	321
7012101401	derivative	developed or obtained from another source	322
7012101402	mitigate	to soften; to lessen; to make less severe	323
7012102845	indict	to accuse	324
7012102846	exonerate	to clear of blame	325
7012102847	deterrent	something that discourages or hinders	326
7012104072	ratify	to approve	327
7012104292	corroborate	to confirm	328
7012105791	vindicate	to clear from blame or suspicion	329
7012105792	repudiate	to disown, reject, or deny the validity of	330
7012110104	renounce	To give up or resign something	331
7012110105	negate	to cancel out; nullify	332
7012110106	retract	withdraw	333
7012110107	disclose	to reveal	334
7012112744	disseminate	to scatter or spread widely	335
7012112745	disperse	to scatter, spread far and wide	336

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APES Friedland Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4800673373	matter	-anything that occupies space and has mass made of atoms -after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain	0
4800673374	mass	a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains	1
4800673375	atom	the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element	2
4800673376	element	-a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components -made of only one type of atom	3
4800673377	periodic table	a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties	4
4800673378	molecules	a particle that contains more than one atom	5
4800673379	compounds	a molecule containing more than one element	6
4800673380	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom	7
4800673381	mass number	a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element	8
4800673382	isotopes	atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons	9
4800673383	radioactive decay	-protons and neutrons ejected from nucleus (parent) -release energy (can damage DNA) -creates new element (daughter) -release large amounts of energy -measured in half-life -carbon dating	10
4800673384	half-life	the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay	11
4800673385	covalent bond	the bond formed when elements share electrons	12
4800673386	ionic bond	a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions	13
4800673387	hydrogen bond	-when electrons are not shared equally in a compound that contains Hydrogen -can attract anything negatively charged	14
4800673388	polar molecule	-a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative -shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom than near the hydrogen atom	15
4800673389	energy	-the ability to do work or transfer heat -measured in joules (J) -electromagnetic radiation -high or low quality	16
4800673390	electromagnetic radiation	-transfers energy in protons -measured in wavelengths	17
4800673391	photons	a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light	18
4800673392	joule	the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second	19
4800673393	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	20
4800673394	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	21
4800673395	chemical energy	-potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds -can be released by ingesting food	22
4800673396	temperature	-the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance	23
4800673397	first law of thermodynamics	-a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed	24
4800673398	second law of thermodynamics	-the law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished	25
4800673399	energy efficiency	-the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system	26
4800673400	energy quality	-the ease with which an energy source can be used for work	27
4800673401	entropy	-disorder/randomness in a system	28
4800673402	open system	-a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.	29
4800673403	closed system	-exchange of matter or energy does not occur across system boundaries. Ex: Matter on Earth continuously recycles	30
4800673404	outputs	-a loss from a system	31
4800673405	inputs	-an addition to a system	32
4800673406	system analysis	-looks at inputs and outputs to determine a system's function and health	33
4800673407	steady state	-input = output -amount of energy is not increasing	34
4800673408	feedback	-adjustment to input or output caused by change	35
4800673409	negative feedback loops	-a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring	36
4800673410	positive feedback loops	a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified	37
4800673411	adaptive management	-method of managing natural systems that accords for "normal" fluctuations and human impacts -pollution, flood, draught, climate change, economic development, habitat destruction or restoration	38
4800673412	weight	the force that results from gravity acting on mass	39
4800673413	Properties of Water	-surface tension -capillary action -high specific heat -less dense when frozen -excellent solvent -can form acids and bases	40
4800673414	Surface Tension	-cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer	41
4800673415	Capillary Action	-cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube	42
4800673416	Less dense when frozen	-polarity pushes water molecules apart at 39F and 4C	43
4800673417	High Specific Heat	-requires a large amount of heat to boil and vaporize water	44
4800673418	Excellent Solvent	-polar molecule can dissolve other compounds with charges	45
4800673419	Can form acids and bases	-acids add hydrogen ions (high hydrogen ion H+, low hydroxide ion (OH-) content -bases add hydroxide ions (low hydroxide ion OH-, high hydrogen ion H+	46
4800673420	Conservation of Matter	-matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another	47
4800673421	Organic Molecules	-contain carbon and hydrogen -carbohydrates (CHO) -lipids (CHO with little O; fats, waxes, oils) -proteins (CHONS,amino acids) -nucleic acids (CHONP, DNA and RNA)	48
4800673422	Inorganic Molecules	-can contain Carbon and Hydrogen just NOT together	49
4800673423	Power	-rate at which work is done -energy= power x time -kilowatts (kW)	50
4800673424	Kinetic Energy	-energy in option or use	51
4800673425	Potential Energy	-stored energy -chemical energy	52
4800673426	Law of Thermodynamics	-1st Law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another -2nd Law: when energy is changed, it releases "useless" or waste energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation (heat, light...)	53
4800673427	Energy Efficiency	-waste energy is lost at each conversion -more energy = more efficiency	54
4800673428	Open System	-exchange of matter or energy occur across system boundaries	55
4800673429	Negative Feedback Loop	-accelerates change -stimulus -system becomes skewed in one direction	56
4800673430	natural law	-phenomenon which has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions	57
4800673431	amount of energy needed to change the temperature of water	-is great in relation to the energy required to change the temperature of most other substances -is responsible for more moderate seasonal temperature swings in areas close to large bodies of water	58
4800673432	Macromolecules	-carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids	59
4800673433	Bases contribute _______ to a solution	-negative Hydroxide ions	60
4800673434	Positive Feedback Loop	-when feedback into a system increases a rate of response -may be seen in some examples of population growth	61
4800673435	Natural experiment	-natural event changes an ecosystem	62

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AP Human Geography Population Flashcards

These are the vocabulary words from Rubenstein's AP Human Geography textbook.
Chapter-1: Thinking Geographically
Chapter-2: Population
Chapter-3: Migration
Chapter-4: Folk and popular culture
Chapter-5: Language
Chapter-6: Religion
Chapter-7: Ethnicity
Chapter-8: Political Geography
Chapter-9: Development
Chapter-10: Agriculture
Chapter-11: Industry
Chapter-12: Services
Chapter-13: Urban Patterns
Chapter-14: Resource Issues

Terms : Hide Images

4958115743	arithmetic density	The total number of people divided by the total land area	0
4958115744	Census	A complete enumeration of a population	1
4958115745	Crude Birth Rate (CBR)	The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society	2
4958115746	Crude Death Rate (CDR)	The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society	3
4958115747	Demographic Transition	the process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates	4
4973241854	5 stages of Demographic Transition	1. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. 2. Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high. 3. Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase is high. 4. Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families. 5. Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.	5
4958115748	Demography	the scientific study of population characteristics	6
4958115753	Infant Mortality Rate	The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society	7
4958115757	Natural Increase Rate (NIR)	The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)	8
4958115759	Physiological Population Density	The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture	9
4958115760	Population Composition	Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education	10
4958115761	Population Density	A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	11
4958115762	Population Distribution	Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live	12
4958115763	Population Pyramid	A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex	13
4958115766	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.	14
4958115767	Zero population growth (ZPG)	A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.	15
4958115773	Industrial Revolution	a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society	16
4958115774	Thomas Malthus	(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.	17
4958115780	Dr. John Snow	(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic	18
4958115781	Sustainability	the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources	19
4972144096	Cartography	The science or practice of drawing maps.	20
4972147950	Hearth	The area where an idea or cultural trait originates	21
4972159132	Spatial Distribution	The physical location of geographic phenomena across space	22
4972175138	Fieldwork	The study of phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places	23
4972183688	Sequent Occupation	The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place and each contributing to the cummulative cultural landscape	24
4972213841	Scale	A representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certail level of reduction or generalization. i.e on maps the ratio of ground distance to map distance	25
4972269628	Political Map	focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.	26
4972278231	Physical Map	shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Usually shown with different colors and shades to show topography.	27
4972294754	Topographic Map	Shows different physical landscape features. They use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape	28
4972302298	Climate Map	Shows information about the climate of an area; like the specific climatic zones based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas.	29
4972387676	Economic or Resource Map	shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors	30
4972843004	Road Map	A map that depicts roads, routes, highways, major and minor cities, as well as airports and points of interest	31
4972848404	Thematic Map	focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme. i.e. WWII Maps, a Map of the Industrial Revolution, etc	32
4972877334	Stable Population Level	a population which has constant mortality and fertility rates, and no migration, therefore a fixed age distribution and constant growth rate.	33
4972895605	Carrying Capacity	The number of living beings (people) that a specific area can support. i.e. SDS can only hold/accomodate so many people, it has a carrying capacity. Once reached changes must be made to space, resources, and accessibility	34
4972941365	MDC	More Developed Countries. Average 10 years of schooling; a 98% Literacy Rate; sicker populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 70s. Regions: • North-America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • Japan • South Pacific	35
4972984911	LDC	Less Developed Countries. Average a couple years of schooling; a 60% Literacy Rate; healthier populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 60s Regions: • Latin America • East Asia • Middle East • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa	36
4973025192	Hierarchical diffusion	Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern. Fashion, fads, trends, etc. Many people cutting their hair the way Taylor Swift did.	37
4973046416	Stimulus Diffusion	Occurs when the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. Christianity and its many sects (Protestant, Baptist, Catholic etc) Different Menu items from McDonalds around the world.	38
4973055826	Contagious Diffusion	Occurs when numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters (or infected, in the case of a disease) Hinduism spreading throughout the Indian subcontinent	39
4973059679	Relocation Diffusion	Involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin, or hearth, to a new place i.e. Spread of Christianity, when people moved and brought it with them	40
4973115103	Formal Regions	Have one or more common characteristics that distinguish them from the surrounding area. i.e. states, countries, cities, areas of specific towns/cities/countries (wealthy vs. poor, industrial vs. residential) MEASURABLE DATA	41
4973115104	Perceptual Regions	Defined by how the areas are perceived. Reflect people's feelings and emotions towards an area	42
4973117263	Functional Regions	Defined by a system of interactions. Organized around a specific function (transportation, import/export)	43

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APES Chapter 18 Flashcards

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4890066519	Extinction	the process whereby a species dies-out -local, ecological, and biological	0
4890066520	50,000	number of species lost per year worldwide	1
4890066521	Inbreeding	when individuals with similar genotypes, typically relatives, breed with each other	2
4890066522	categories of endangerment		3
4890066523	Extinct	no known individuals of a species exist	4
4890066524	Threatened	species with a high risk of extinction in the future	5
4890066525	Near-threatened	species that are likely to become threatened in the future	6
4890066526	Least concern	species that are widespread and abundant	7
4890066527	Causes of declining biodiversity	habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, overharvesting (HIPCO)	8
4890066528	habitat loss	largely due to human development; greatest cause of decline and extinction	9
4890066529	Invasive species		10
4890066530	Alien (exotic) species	species that live outside their historical range	11
4890066531	climate change	The concern is how climate change will affect temperature and precipitation around the world, and how this will impact biodiversity.	12
4890066532	Overharvesting	when individuals of a species are removed at a rate faster than the	13
4890066533	Pollution	biodiversity can be threatened by toxic contaminants	14
4890066534	Lacey Act (1900)	prohibited transport of illegally harvested game animals (primarily birds and mammals, but not necessarily endangered) across state lines	15
4890066535	CITES (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species) (1973)	control international trade of threatened plants and animals; international agreement of more than 175 countries	16
4890066536	Red List	list of threatened species kept by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)	17
4890066537	Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)	prohibits the killing of all marine mammals in the U.S. and the import or export of any marine mammal body parts	18
4890066538	Endangered Species Act (1973)	US Fish and Wildlife Service has the authority to determine which species are threatened or endangered, and the government is authorized to purchase habitat critical to species; trade and harm of species is illegal	19
4890066539	Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)	3 objectives: conserve biodiversity, sustainably use biodiversity, share benefits from the commercial use of genetic resources such as pharmaceutical drugs	20
4890066540	Criteria for choosing protected areas	we must consider how close to another area they should be, how large the area is, and the amount of edge habitat the area contains.	21
4890066541	Edge habitat	the area where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition. Ex./ a grassy field meeting a forest	22
4890066542	Biosphere reserves	protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact	23
4890066543	Theory of island biogeography	larger and closer "islands" have greater diversity	24

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AP Biology ATP and Energy Flashcards

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7470784440	ATP	What molecule provides the most accessible source of energy for cell organelles?	0
7470784441	ADP	What molecule is created when energy is released from ATP?	1
7470784442	remove a phosphate from ATP	How is energy released from ATP?	2
7470784443	in chemical bonds	How is energy stored in the cell?	3
7470784444	breaking chemical bonds	How is energy released in a cell?	4
7470784445	3	How many phosphate groups does ATP have?	5
7470784446	2	How many phosphate groups does ADP have?	6
7470784447	add a phosphate to ADP	How is ATP created?	7
7470784448	ATP synthase	Which enzyme is responsible for making ATP?	8
7470784449	ATPase	Which enzyme is responsible for releasing the energy stored in ATP?	9
7470784450	ATP synthase	Which enzyme adds a phosphate group to ADP?	10
7470784451	ATPase	Which enzyme removes a phosphate group from ATP?	11
7470784452	ATP → ADP	Which chemical reaction occurs when a cell releases energy?	12
7470784453	ADP → ATP	Which chemical reaction occurs when a cell stores energy?	13
7470784454	ATP → ADP + Phosphate	Which chemical reaction results in the greatest release of energy?	14
7470784455	True	True or False: ATP only stores energy for a short period of time.	15
7470784456	adenine	What is A?	16
7470784457	ribose sugar	What is B?	17
7470784458	phosphate group	What is C?	18
7470784459	a lot of energy	What is F?	19
7470784460	a little bit of energy	What is E?	20
7470784461	some energy	What is D?	21
7470784479	ATP	compound created when a phosphate group is added to ADP through dehydration synthesis	22
7470784480	ADP	compound created when a phosphate group is removed from ATP through hydrolysis, releasing energy (exergonic)	23
7470784481	metabolism	*the total number of chemical reactions that occur within an organism	24
7470784482	endothermy	use of internal thermal energy that is generated by metabolism to maintain an organisms body temperature	25
7470784483	ectothermy	use of external thermal energy to assist in the regulation of an organisms body temperature	26
7470784484	coupled reaction	a chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one reaction to another	27
7470784485	ATP	What molecule is essential for coupled reactions and cellular work?	28
7470784486	higher	Compared to larger organisms, smaller organism have a __________ metabolic rate.	29
7470784487	cellular respiration and photosynthesis	What two important process are considered coupled to each other, where the products of one reaction are the reactants in the other?	30

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ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8599715461	cap	0
8599715462	gap	1
8599715463	lap	2
8599715464	flap	3
8599715465	map	4
8599715466	nap	5
8599719339	sap	6
8599719340	tap	7
8599719341	trap	8
8599719342	slap	9
8599719343	pap	10

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AP Statistics Flashcards

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9854230299	How do you check if there is outliers?	calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier	0
9854230300	If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why?	median; it is resistant to skews and outliers	1
9854230301	If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why?	mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers	2
9854230302	What is in the five number summary?	Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum	3
9854230303	Relationship between variance and standard deviation?	variance=(standard deviation)^2	4
9854230304	variance definition	the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean	5
9854230305	standard deviation	the standard deviation is the square root of the variance	6
9854230306	What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated?	IQR	7
9854230307	What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated?	standard deviation	8
9854230308	What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent?	Q3-Q1; 50%	9
9854230309	How do you calculate standard deviation?	1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it	10
9854230489	What is the formula for standard deviation?		11
9854230310	Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables	Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values	12
9854230311	If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier?	No	13
9854230312	Things to include when describing a distribution	Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range)	14
9854230313	Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable?	Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction.	15
9854230314	What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution?	shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1	16
9854230315	What is a density curve?	a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1	17
9854230316	Inverse Norm	when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation)	18
9854230317	z	(x-mean)/standard deviation	19
9854230318	pth percentile	the value with p percent observations less than is	20
9854230319	cumulative relative frequency graph	can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution	21
9854230320	How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot	STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON	22
9854230321	r	tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers	23
9854230322	r^2	the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line	24
9854230323	residual plot	a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN	25
9854230324	regression line	a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x.	26
9854230325	residual formula	residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y	27
9854230326	What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial?	BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial	28
9854230327	What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric?	BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial	29
9854230328	n	number of trials	30
9854230329	p	probability of success	31
9854230330	k	number of successes	32
9854230331	Binomial Formula for P(X=k)	(n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k)	33
9854230332	Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k)	binompdf(n,p,k)	34
9854230333	Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k)	binomcdf(n,p,k)	35
9854230334	Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k)	1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1)	36
9854230335	mean of a binomial distribution	np	37
9854230336	standard deviation of a binomial distribution	√(np(1-p))	38
9854230337	Geometric Formula for P(X=k)	(1-p)^(k-1) x p	39
9854230338	Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k)	geometpdf(p,k)	40
9854230339	Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k)	geometcdf(p,k)	41
9854230340	Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k)	1-geometcdf(p,k-1)	42
9854230341	Mean of a geometric distribution	1/p=expected number of trials until success	43
9854230342	Standard deviation of a geometric distribution	√((1-p)/(p²))	44
9854230343	What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number?	Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1)	45
9854230344	how do you enter n choose k into the calculator?	type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k"	46
9854230345	μ(x+y) (Random Variables)	μx+μy	47
9854230346	μ(x-y) (Random Variables)	μx-μy	48
9854230347	σ(x+y) (Random Variables)	√(σ²x+σ²y)	49
9854230348	What does adding or subtracting a constant effect?	Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape.	50
9854230349	What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect?	Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b).	51
9854230350	σ(x-y)	√(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance	52
9854230351	calculate μx by hand	X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK)	53
9854230352	calculate var(x) by hand	(X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k))	54
9854230353	Standard deviation	square root of variance	55
9854230354	discrete random variables	a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers)	56
9854230355	continuous random variables	-x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis)	57
9854230356	What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y?	(σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent.	58
9854230357	mutually exclusive	no outcomes in common	59
9854230358	addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B)	P(A)+P(B)	60
9854230359	complement rule P(A^C)	1-P(A)	61
9854230360	general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B)	P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B)	62
9854230361	intersection P(A n B)	both A and B will occur	63
9854230362	conditional probability P (A \| B)	P(A n B) / P(B)	64
9854230363	independent events (how to check independence)	P(A) = P(A\|B) P(B)= P(B\|A)	65
9854230364	multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B)	P(A) x P(B)	66
9854230365	general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B)	P(A) x P(B\|A)	67
9854230366	sample space	a list of possible outcomes	68
9854230367	probability model	a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome	69
9854230368	event	any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space)	70
9854230369	What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely?	P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space)	71
9854230370	Complement	probability that an event does not occur	72
9854230371	What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes?	1	73
9854230372	What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events?	P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)	74
9854230373	five basic probability rules	1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B)	75
9854230374	When is a two-way table helpful	displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly	76
9854230375	In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"?	could have either event or both	77
9854230376	When can a Venn Diagram be helpful?	visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events	78
9854230377	What is the general addition rule for two events?	If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B)	79
9854230378	What does the intersection of two or more events mean?	both event A and event B occur	80
9854230379	What does the union of two or more events mean?	either event A or event B (or both) occurs	81
9854230380	What is the law of large numbers?	If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome	82
9854230381	the probability of any outcome...	is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions	83
9854230382	How do you interpret a probability?	We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials	84
9854230383	What are the two myths about randomness?	1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome	85
9854230384	simulation	the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation	86
9854230385	Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation	1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest	87
9854230386	What are some common errors when using a table of random digits?	not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation	88
9854230387	What does the intersection of two or more events mean?	both event A and event B occur	89
9854230388	sample	The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population	90
9854230389	population	In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information	91
9854230390	sample survey	A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample.	92
9854230391	convenience sample	A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias.	93
9854230392	bias	The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes.	94
9854230393	voluntary response sample	People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias.	95
9854230394	random sampling	The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling.	96
9854230395	simple random sample (SRS)	every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected	97
9854230396	strata	Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses.	98
9854230397	stratified random sample	To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample.	99
9854230398	cluster sample	To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample.	100
9854230399	inference	Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand.	101
9854230400	margin of error	Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling.	102
9854230401	sampling frame	The list from which a sample is actually chosen.	103
9854230402	undercoverage	Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error.	104
9854230403	nonresponse	Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error.	105
9854230404	wording of questions	The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters.	106
9854230405	observational study	Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.	107
9854230406	experiment	Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses.	108
9854230407	explanatory variable	A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable.	109
9854230408	response variable	A variable that measures an outcome of a study.	110
9854230409	lurking variable	a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable.	111
9854230410	treatment	A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables.	112
9854230411	experimental unit	the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied.	113
9854230414	random assignment	An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups.	114
9854230415	replication	An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups.	115
9854230416	double-blind	An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received.	116
9854230417	single-blind	An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received.	117
9854230418	placebo	an inactive (fake) treatment	118
9854230419	placebo effect	Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one	119
9854230420	block	A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments.	120
9854230421	inference about the population	Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest.	121
9854230422	inference about cause and effect	Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units.	122
9854230426	simulation	a model of random events	123
9854230427	census	a sample that includes the entire population	124
9854230428	population parameter	a number that measures a characteristic of a population	125
9854230429	systematic sample	every fifth individual, for example, is chosen	126
9854230430	multistage sample	a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined	127
9854230431	sampling variability	the naturally occurring variability found in samples	128
9854230432	levels	the values that the experimenter used for a factor	129
9854230433	the four principles of experimental design	control, randomization, replication, and blocking	130
9854230434	completely randomized design	a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment	131
9854230435	interpreting p value	if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value).	132
9854230436	p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread	center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)	133
9854230437	probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1)	plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability	134
9854230438	Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula	(p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2))	135
9854230439	When do you use t and z test/intervals?	t for mean z for proportions	136
9854230490	Significance test for difference in proportions		137
9854230440	What is a null hypothesis?	What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho.	138
9854230441	What is an alternative hypothesis?	the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha	139
9854230442	When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided?	Ha less than or greater than	140
9854230443	When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided?	Ha is not equal to	141
9854230444	What is a significance level?	fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant".	142
9854230445	What is the default significance level?	α=.05	143
9854230446	Interpreting the p-value	if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value).	144
9854230447	p value ≤ α	We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true.	145
9854230448	p value ≥ α	We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true.	146
9854230449	reject Ho when it is actually true	Type I Error	147
9854230450	fail to reject Ho when it is actually false	Type II Error	148
9854230451	Power definition	probability of rejecting Ho when it is false	149
9854230452	probability of Type I Error	α	150
9854230453	probability of Type II Error	1-power	151
9854230454	two ways to increase power	increase sample size/significance level α	152
9854230455	5 step process: z/t test	State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho	153
9854230491	Formula for test statistic (μ)		154
9854230456	Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null)	(p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n)	155
9854230457	probability of a Type II Error?	overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf	156
9854230458	when do you use z tests?	for proportions	157
9854230459	when do you use t tests?	for mean (population standard deviation unknown)	158
9854230460	finding p value for t tests	tcdf(min, max, df)	159
9854230461	Sample paired t test	state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion	160
9854230462	What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem?	The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance	161
9854230463	When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do?	check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2)	162
9854230464	How to interpret a C% Confidence Level	In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context).	163
9854230465	How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval	We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context).	164
9854230466	What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval?	random, normal, independent	165
9854230467	C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process	State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z, then p hat +/- z Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context).	166
9854230492	What's the z interval standard error formula?		167
9854230468	How do you find z*?	InvNorm(#)	168
9854230469	How do you find the point estimate of a sample?	subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends)	169
9854230470	How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval?	Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends	170
9854230471	Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to:	use p hat= 0.5	171
9854230472	Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is known	x bar +/- z*(σ/√n)	172
9854230473	Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known)	starts normal or CLT	173
9854230474	Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is unknown (which is almost always true)	x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n)	174
9854230475	degrees of freedom	n-1	175
9854230476	How do you find t*?	InvT(area to the left, df)	176
9854230477	What is the standard error?	same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating)	177
9854230478	a point estimator is a statistic that...	provides an estimate of a population parameter.	178
9854230479	Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller.	Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases	179
9854230480	Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter?	NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter	180
9854230481	Sx and σx: which is which?	Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population	181
9854230482	How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval?	you are not given the population standard deviation	182
9854230483	Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown)	Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers)	183
9854230484	How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15	plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution)	184
9854230485	t* confidence interval, 5 step process	State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t, then do x bar +/- t(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context).	185
9854230486	margin of error formula	z* or t* (standard error)	186
9854230487	When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data?	x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given	187
9854230488	What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value?	z/t* interval	188

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Ap Biology Cell Organelles Flashcards

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5068396694	Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule plant cells only	0
5068396695	Peroxisomes	makes hydrogen peroxide to detoxify alcohol or convert lipids to be used for energy plant and animal cells	1
5068396697	Amyloplast	Stores starch amylose and turns in into glucosec some plant cells	2
5068396698	Chromoplast	Responsible for the colors in plant 4 to 5 um plant cells only	3
5068396699	Plasmodesmata	holes and channels in the cell wall that connect adjacent cells; allows stuff to pass through plant cells only	4
5068396700	Tight Junctions	Establish barriers that prevents leakage between cells animal cells only	5
5068396701	Desmosomes	Joins two cells together by the cytoskeleton joins by rivets into strong sheets animal cells only	6
5068396702	Gap Junctions	Connects two adjacent cells, allows subjects to pass through tunnels; animal cells only	7
5068396703	Contractile Vacuole	Osmoregulation Takes water from cell then pushes the water out through cell membrane or wall Protists and algae	8
5068396704	Cell Membrane	Protects cell from surroundings Allows certain substances in, keeps others out Phospholipid bilayer with proteins plant and animal	9
5068396705	Nucleus	Brain of cell contains dna plant and animal	10
5068396706	Nucleolus	Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus plant and animal	11
5068396707	Centrioles	Small microtubles arranged in specific ways aids in cell division Animal only	12
5068396708	Ribosomes	complexes that makes proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope plant and animal	13
5068396709	Golgi Apparatus	organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Plant and animal	14
5068396710	Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough+Smooth	network of membranous sacs and tubes active in making and transporting proteins and lipids Plant and animal	15
5068396711	Mitochondria	organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated plant and animal	16
5068396712	Lysosomes	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (broken down); autophagy; apoptosis animal only	17
5068396714	Cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of protein plant and animal	18
5068396715	Microtubles	chromosome movement, cell division processes, and maintains cell shape MOVING CELL PARTS plant and animal	19
5068396716	Microfilaments	helps with cell movement, gives shape,cytoplasmic streaming Thinnest filament thin, solid rods actin, myosin INVOLVED in MUSCLE CONTRACTION animal and plant	20
5068396717	Intermediate Filaments	shape cell, maintains positions of some organelles proteins (keratin) in coils	21
5068396718	Central Vacuole	Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it is inflated with water. plant only	22
5068396719	Cell Wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins Plant only	23
5068396720	Cilia	located on outside of cell. pushes cell forward; short, numerous, and hair-like plant and animal	24
5068396721	Flagellum	located on the outside of a cell; used for locomotion whip like structure made of microtubles; 9 pair ring outside, 1 pair inside	25
5068648538	centrosome	made of two centrioles; helps rearrange the cytoskeleton for cell division	26

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AP Biology: Genetics Unit Flashcards

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6895231429	Goals of meiosis	The goal of meiosis is to produce sperm & eggs (gametes).	0
6895231430	Significance of events in prophase I and metaphase I	Significance of Prophase 1: In prophase 1, crossing-over occurs, which allows for genetic variation. Significance of Metaphase 1: In metaphase 1,	1
6895231431	Significance of crossing over to evolutionary history	Crossing over results in recombinant DNA, which leads to genetic variation. This variation helped humans adapt to changes in the environment and helps us evolve to this day.	2
6895231432	Be able to ID specific stages of meiosis I or II	Meiosis 1: In meiosis 1, crossing over occurs, and the diploid cell is separated into 2 Meiosis 2: In meiosis 2, no crossing over occurs, and the haploid cells are further separated so the sister chromatids are all separate.	3
6895231433	Be able to interpret a karyotype	A normal karyotype consists of: (see picture attached)	4
6895231434	Mendel's 3 principles & experiment (P, F1, F2)	Principle 1: Law of independent assortment (When two pairs of independent alleles enter into combination in the F2, they exhibit independent dominant effects.)(9:3:3:1 ratio) Principle 2: Law of dominance (Some traits Mendel observed as "dominant" to other traits, which are considered "recessive") Principle 3: Law of segregation (Mendel demonstrated that a hybrid between two different varieties possesses both types of parental factors, which subsequently separate or segregate in the gametes) (3:1 ratio) Generation P=Parents F1= First generation after F2= "grandkids" of Parent generation	5
6895231435	Monohybrid, Dihybrid & Trihybrid characteristic phenotypic ratios	Monohybrid: 1:2:1 Dihybrid: 9:3:3:1 Trihybrid: 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1	6
6895231436	Why did Mendel use pea plants	Mendel used pea plants because of their: -short generation time -large # of offspring -controlled mating (cross-pollination)	7
6895231437	Epistasis Word Problems: EX: The chicken comb problem (single comb, rose comb, walnut comb) or the colored mice problem.	To solve epistasis problems, you would do a dihybrid cross and end up with a 9:3:3:1 ratio.	8
6895231438	Multiple alleles (blood type)	To solve blood type problems you would have to analyze the parents' blood type. For example, if Mom has type A, she either has the genotype IAi or IAIA. If Dad has blood type B, he is either IBIB or IBi. The child then, would either be the genotype IAIB (therefore type AB) or would have the genotype of ii (therefore type O). In another example, if Mom is type A (IAIA or IAi), the baby is type O, the father must then the father can either be type A, B, or O himself. The father cannot, however, be type AB.	9
6895231439	Incomplete dominance -Ratio -What it is/example -Word Problems & how to solve them	The phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1. The difference between incomplete dominance and codominance is that there is no "blending" of traits (such as redxwhite flowers making pink flowers). Incomplete dominance means that both traits show (such as roan cattle). Example of a word problem: In this same cactus, if you cross a plant that has red flowers to one that has yellow flowers, you produce a plant that has orange flowers. Is this codominance or incomplete dominance? Show the cross of an orange flowered plant to a red flowered plant. Question: Is this codominance or incomplete dominance? A: It's incomplete dominance because neither trait shows.	10
6895231440	Codominance -Ratio -What they are/examples -World Problems & how to solve them	The phenotypic ratio for codominance is 1:2:1. Codominance is when both traits show, and there is no clear dominance. An example of this is AB blood type; both the A allele and B allele show up, and neither is dominant over the other. Example of a word problem: In a certain cactus, prickly spines can be two pronged or one pronged. If a true breeding one-pronged cactus is crossed with a true breeding two-pronged cactus, the F1 generation has a mixture of spines, some are two-pronged, some are one-pronged. Question: What would the F2 generation look like? Answer: Well if you cross the P generation, FF and ff, the F1 generation will all be Ff (and will have mixture of spines). If you cross the Ff with another Ff, you'll have: 1/4 two-pronged, 1/4 one-pronged, 2/4 mixed.	11
6895231441	Sex-linked traits -Ratio -What they are/examples -Word Problems & how to solve them	Ratio: Varies Example: Colorblindness Word problem: Red-green color blindness is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A color-blind man marries a woman with normal vision whose father was color-blind. (a) What is the probability that they will have a color-blind daughter? (b)What is the probability that their first son will be color-blind? Answer A: Mother's genotype (normal vision but whose father was color blind) XNXn. She is a carrier because of her heterozygous condition. For the recessive gene to be expressed one must be homozygous for it. So the father's genotype (color blind) is XnY. The kids will then be: XNXn one normal (carrier) girl XNY one normal boy XnXn one color blind girl XnY one color blind boy SOOO, there is a 25% chance that their daughter will be colorblind. Answer B: The probability that their first son is color blind is 50% (0.50). In this question only males are part of the solution.	12
6895231442	Pedigrees: Autosomal dominant vs recessive	Autosomal dominant: -If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal -If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder -Does not skip generations Autosomal recessive: -If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous - Trait tends to skip generations	13
6895231443	Pedigrees: Sex-linked dominant vs recessive	Sex-linked dominant: -Both males and females are affected; often more females than males are affected -Does not skip generations -Affected fathers will pass the trait on to all their daughters Sex-linked recessive: -More males than females are affected -It is never passed from father to son -All daughters of affected fathers are carriers	14
6895231444	Pedigrees: Mitochondrial	-Trait is inherited from mother only -All children of a mother are at risk to be affected or carriers	15
6895231445	Pedigrees: Y-linked traits	(Y Linked Dominant) -Only males are affected -It is passed from father to all sons -It does not skip generations	16
6895231446	Significance of Morgan's work with Drosophila melanogaster	Morgan used fruit flies which are cheap to breed and do so quickly. They have the same number of chromosomes as humans, so it makes for precise and accurate genetic research.	17
6895231447	X inactivation in females? Barr Body?	A Barr Body is an inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell. The inactivation is random - one X chromosome may be turned off in one cell and the other X chromosome inactivated in a neighboring cell. Once a chromosome is turned off it remains turned off in all descendent cells.	18
6895231448	What are linked genes? How linkage affects inheritance?	Linked genes sit close together on a chromosome, making them likely to be inherited together, (recall the adding up and crossing over lab).	19
6895231449	How can crossing over and recombination of linked genes be used to create gene maps (see pgs 301-304)	Sturtevant predicted that the farther apart that two genes are, the higher the probability that a cross-over will occur and therefore there would be a higher recombination frequency. Going off of that, a genetic map based off of those recombination frequencies was made and is called a linkage map. Using that and a cytogenic map, you can plot out the order of genes.	20
6895231450	Huntington's Disease: symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -abnormality walking -increased muscle activity -involuntary movements -problems with coordination, loss of muscle, or muscle spasms Inheritance pattern: Autosomal dominant	21
6895231451	Sickle-cell anemia: Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -joint pain -fatigue -abnormal breakdown of red blood cells -delayed development -inflamed fingers and toes Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive	22
6895231452	Hemophilia (Remember the 4H Club) symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -pain in the joints -constant bleeding -bruising easily Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive	23
6895231453	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -muscle weakness -learn disability -walking on tip-toe -enlarged calves Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive	24
6895231454	Colorblindness Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -inability to see variants of colors Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive	25
6895231455	Cystic fibrosis Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -pulmonary hypertension -nasal polyps -chronic cough Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive	26
6895231456	Albinism Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -Extreme sensitivity to light -loss of freckles -astigmatism Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive	27
6895231457	Tay-Sachs: Symptoms & inheritance patterns Just for future nurses/doctors: Tay-Sachs has an identical inheritance pattern to Canavan's Disease, but Canavan's is deadlier, and babies usually show symptoms at 6 months and die shortly after. Both Tay-Sachs and Canavan's are diagnosed using amniocentesis and you can find out if you're a carrier by doing a simple blood test.	Symptoms: -muscle weakness, problems with coordination, rhythmic muscle contractions, or stiff muscles -Seizures Inheritance pattern: Autosomal Recessive	28
6895231458	Deletion as a chromosomal mutation	Deletions involve the loss of DNA sequences. The larger the deletion, the more severe phenotypic effect.	29
6895231459	Inversion as a chromosomal mutation	It is the rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself. Inversions are of two types: paracentric and pericentric.	30
6895231460	Translocation as a chromosomal mutation	It is the rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. A gene fusion may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise separated genes.	31
6895231461	Duplication as a chromosomal mutation	A chromosomal duplication is when a fragment of the deleted chromosome is attached to another chromosome.	32
6895231462	Trisomy 21 Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome 21.	33
6895231463	XXY Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome X.	34
6895231464	XYY Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome Y.	35
6895231465	Trisomy 18 Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Third copy of chromosome 18 (aka duplication of chromosome 18).	36
6895231466	cri du chat karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: A piece of chromosome 5 is missing	37
6895231467	CML (philadelphia chromosome) karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Translocation is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22	38