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AP Biology: Meiosis Flashcards

5639292477	Oogenesis	Eggs in ovaries halted before anaphase I meiosis I completed during maturation meiosis 2 completed after fertilization	0
5639292478	Nondisjunction	problems with meitotic spindle fibers cause Incorrect # of chromosomes because chromosomes don't separate properly	1
5639292479	Nondisjunction in meiosis I	Homologous chromosomes do not separate properly (all cells abnormal)	2
5639292480	Nondisjunction in meiosis 2	Half cells abnormal, sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis 2	3
5639292481	Trisomy disorder	2n+1, cells have 3 copies of one chromosome	4
5639292482	Monosomy disorder	Cells have only one copy of a chromosome	5
5639292483	Syndrome	A survivable chromosomal mutation	6
5639292484	Down syndrome	3 copies of chromosome 21, the smallest chromosome, not least amount of genes, frequency correlates with age of mother	7
5639292485	Prophase II	Spindle apparatus forms, chromatids still held at centromere	8
5639292486	Telophase I and Cytokinesis	Cell has haploid set of chromosomes, cytokinesis creates cleavage furrow creating 2 cells, no replication between m I and m II	9
5639292487	Metaphase II	Chromosomes position on metaphase plate, chromatids not genetically identical cuz of m I crossing over, kinetochores attach to spindle fibers	10
5639292488	Anaphase II	Breakdown of proteins holding sister chromatids together, chromatids separate moving to opposite poles of cells,	11
5639292489	Telephase II and cytokinesis	Nuclei form with haploid number of chromosomes, each 4 new cells genetically distinct	12
5639292490	Heredity	The transmission of traits from one generation to the next	13
5639292491	Variation	Differences between members of the same species	14
5639292492	Genetics	The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation	15
5639292493	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote	16
5639292494	Somatic Cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg	17
5639292495	Locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located	18
5639292496	Asexual Reproduction	The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs w/o fusion of gametes. In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent	19
5639292497	Clone	A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells	20
5639292498	Sexual Reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents	21
5639292499	Life Cycle	The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	22
5639292500	Karyotype	A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape	23
5639292501	Homologous Chromosomes	A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possesses genes for the same characters at corresponding loci	24
5639292502	Sex Chromosomes	A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual	25
5639292503	Autosome	A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome	26
5639292504	Diploid Cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent	27
5639292505	Haploid Cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes	28
5639292506	Fertilization	The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote	29
5639292507	Zygote	The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg	30
5639292508	Meiosis	A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells w/ half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	31
5639292513	Meiosis I	The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with 1/2 the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	32
5639292514	Meiosis II	The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells w/ half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	33
5639292515	Prophase I	Chromosomes condense, crossing over, Synapsis, centrosome, movement, chiasmata, micro tubules attach to centromeres	34
5639292516	Synapsis	The pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis	35
5639292517	Tetrad	A set of 4 chromatids	36
5639292518	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis	37
5639292520	Metaphase I	Chromosomes line up on plate crossed over with independent assortment, chromosomes attached to micro tubule,	38
5639292521	Anaphase I	Proteins holding chromatids together break down, chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell,	39
5639292522	Recombinant Chromosomes	A chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	40
5639292523	Independent Assortment	The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes	41
5639292524	Random Fertilization	Any possible egg can be fertilized by any possible sperm	42
5639292525	How are karyotypes prepared?	By pairing up chromosomes based on size centromere location and staining patterns on a computer	43
5639292526	What are the 3 steps of crossing over?	Breakage of DNA Crossing over Refusal of DNA	44
5639292527	What happens to to most chromosomal mutations?	The baby will be aborted with high frequency, too disastrous, developmental problems result from biochemical imbalance, certain conditions tolerated	45

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AP Psychology Development Flashcards

for BGHS AP Psych students (Cooley)

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6041075249	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
6041075250	Zygote	a fertilized egg	1
6041075251	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	2
6041075252	Embryo	stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks	3
6041075253	teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	4
6041075254	Attachment	The strong bond (social-emotional) a child forms with his or her primary caregiver.	5
6041075255	Maturation	the internally programmed growth of a child	6
6041075256	Assimilation	the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure	7
6041075257	Accommodation	in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality	8
6041075258	Sensorimotor Stage	the first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli	9
6041075259	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	10
6041075260	Preoperational Stage	the second stage in Piaget's theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language	11
6041075261	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	12
6041075262	Concrete Operational Stage	the third of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought	13
6041075263	Conservation	the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	14
6041075264	Theory of Mind	an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own	15
6041075265	Temperament	individuals characteritc manner of behavior or reaction assumed to have a strong genetic basis	16
6041075266	Adolescence	the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood	17
6041075267	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing	18
6041075268	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	19
6041075269	Secondary Sex Characteristics	Physical features that are associated with gender but that are not directly involved in reproduction.	20
6041075270	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	21
6041075271	Mary Ainsworth	developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment	22
6041075272	Albert Bandura	pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play	23
6041075273	Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi	famous psychologist who interviewed over a hundred highly creative people and reported on the conditions under which they were most creative.	24
6041075274	Erik Erikson	neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"	25
6041075275	Carol Gilligan	Moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they scored different on Kohlberg's scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.	26
6041075276	Jonathan Haidt	Theorist who proposed that moral thoughts were not necessarily logical, because they are prompted by moral feelings, which are the equivalent of gut feelings.	27
6041075277	Harry Harlow	development, contact/creature comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort	28
6041075278	Lawrence Kohlberg	moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?	29
6041075279	Konrad Lorenz	researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting; Lorenz' Geese	30
6041075280	Jean Piaget	Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	31
6041075281	Mark Rosenzweig	demonstrated the consequences for being raised in an impoverished to enriched, complex environment	32
6041075282	Lev Vygotsky	child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research	33
6041075283	Fetal alcohol syndrome	a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant	34
6041075284	Habituation	a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions (pic is Piaget)	35
6041075285	Cognition	the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning	36
6041075286	Schema	In observational learning, a generalized idea that captures the important components, but not every exact detail. Pertaining to memory and person perception, a generalized idea about objects, people, and events that are encountered frequently.	37
6041075287	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind	38
6041075288	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	39
6041075289	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	40
6041075290	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	41
6041075291	Self Concept	a sense of one's identity and personal worth	42
6041075292	Gender Typing	The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.	43
6041075293	Social Learning theory	Bandura's view of human development; emphasizes interaction	44
6041075294	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	45
6041075295	X chromosome	the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females	46
6041075296	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome that is carried by men	47
6041075297	Testosterone	a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes	48
6041075298	Role	the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group	49
6041075299	Gender Identity	your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female	50
6041075300	menarche	the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman	51
6041075301	identity	the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known	52
6041075302	social identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships	53
6041075303	intimacy	a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship	54
6041075304	emerging adulthood	For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood	55
6041075305	menopause	the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends	56
6041075306	cross-sectional study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	57
6041075307	longitudal study	Research in which the same people are restudies and retested over a long period	58
6041075308	crystallized intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	59
6041075309	fluid intelligence	one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	60
6041075310	social clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	61
6041075311	alzheimers disease	an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning	62
6041075312	aggression	violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked	63
6041075313	gender role	the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness	64
6041084975	Epigenetic Effect	study of potentially heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence	65
6041116910	infantile amnesia	the inability to remember events from early childhood. It is explained by a theory that a memory for skills develops earlier than a fact-memory system, which may not develop until the third year. Thus a person may learn skills without remembering how the skills were acquired.	66

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AP Psychology History & Approaches Flashcards

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4738088133	empiricism	Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method.	0
4738088134	structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	1
4738088135	functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	2
4738088136	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	3
4738088137	behaviorism	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior	4
4738088138	humanistic psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	5
4738088139	cognitive neuroscience	A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.	6
4738088140	psychology	Scientific study of behavior and mental processes	7
4738088141	nature-nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors	8
4738088142	Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection)	Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully	9
4738088143	biopsychosocial approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	10
4738088144	biological psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	11
4738088145	evolutionary psychology	A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.	12
4738088146	psychodynamic psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	13
4738088147	behavioral psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	14
4738088148	cognitive psychology	an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes	15
4738088149	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	16
4738088150	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	17
4738088151	basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	18
4738088152	developmental psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	19
4738088153	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	20
4738088154	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	21
4738088155	social psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	22
4738088156	applied psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems	23
4738088157	industrial-organizational psychology	application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	24
4738088158	human factors psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use	25
4738088159	counseling psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	26
4738088160	clinical psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	27
4738088161	psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree M.D.	28
4738088162	sQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review	29

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Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

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5590687211	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	0
5590687212	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area and cause inflammation.	1
5590687213	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	2
5590687214	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	3
5590687215	Specific immunity	B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	4
5590687217	Lymphocyte	White blood cell	5
5590687218	B Cells	Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by T cells or free antigens	6
5590687219	T Cells	Cell-mediated response, stimulating by APCs (antigen presenting cells)	7
5590687220	Helper T Cell	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC	8
5590687221	Cytotoxic T Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells	9
5590687222	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	10
5590687223	Interleukin 1	Chemokine secreted by a macrophage after it engulfs and presents antigens on its surface; activates helper T cells	11
5590687224	Interleukin 2	Chemokine that stimulates B cells to become active antibody-secreting plasma cells; released by helper T cell	12
5590687225	MHC I	molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy	13
5590687226	MHC II	molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells	14
5590687227	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection	15
5590687228	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	16
5590687229	Antigen	Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen	17
5590687230	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	18
5590687231	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells	19
5590687232	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	20
5590687233	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine	21
5604928389	Dendritic Cells	During primary immune responses, the principle antigen-presenting cells in the lymph nodes	22
5604945264	Innate Immunity	General, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, and lysozyme.	23
5604954119	Effector Cell	Short-lived lymphocyte such as a B cell or cytotoxic T lymphocyte that can take immediate action against an antigen.	24
5604988682	Natural Killer Cells	A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.	25
5604995492	Mast Cells	Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.	26
5605006406	Humoral Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.	27
5605009080	Cell-mediated Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.	28
5605029868	Neutrophils	The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their lifespan to a few days. (aka: Pus)	29

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Flashcards

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Flashcards

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AP List Flashcards

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9291127107	Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of tow or more sentences in a row (this makes the writer's point more coherent) EX: Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better.	0
9291146254	Anastrophe	Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. (Purpose is its rhythm, emphasis, or euphony) Fancy word for inversion	1
9291176172	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order (in poetry: chiasmus)	2
9291190011	Antithesis	Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure. EX: "Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit." - Aristotle	3
9291209769	Antihero	Central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. (May lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples)	4
9291216446	Aphorism	Brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, a principle, or accepted general truth.	5
9291224576	Apostrophe	Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or an abstract idea. (if to a god/goddess: invocation)	6
9291255291	Apposition	Placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first EX: The dining room, the noisiest part of the house, is a terrible place to be.	7
9291304127	Asyndeton	Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of word, thus emphasizing the parts equally EX: An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest. The air was thick, warm, heavy, sluggish. - Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad	8
9291319413	Balance	Constructing a sentence so that both halves are about the same length and importance	9
9291324912	Static character	One who does not change much in the course of a story	10
9291329566	Dynamic character	One who changes in some important way as a result of the story's action	11
9291336504	Flat character	Has only one of two personality traits	12
9291341226	Round character	Has more dimensions to their personalities; they are complex like real people	13
9291346928	Chiasmus	In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed (prose: antimetabole)	14
9291358705	Conceit	An elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different (often an extended metaphor) EX: The Flea by John Donne	15
9291388600	Confessional poetry	A 20th century term used to describe poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life	16
9291393405	Didactic	A form of fiction/nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking EX: Animal Farm by George Orwell	17
9291434036	Epanalepsis	Device of repetition in which the same expression (single word of phrase) is repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the line, clause, or sentence EX: "Common sense is not so common." - Voltaire	18
9291444353	Epigraph	A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of a theme EX: F. Scott Fitzgerald uses a quote at the beginning of The Great Gatsby "Lawyers, I suppose, were children once."	19
9291474335	Epistrophe	Device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences (opposite of anaphora)	20
9291485562	Epithet	An adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality	21
9291491095	Homeric epithet	A compound adjective used with a person or thing EX: "swift-footed Achilles" "rosy-fingered dawn"	22
9291521002	Explication	Act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text, usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language	23
9291554488	Farce	A type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations EX: Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett	24
9291595627	Foil	A character who acts as a contrast to another character; often a funny side kick to the dashing hero, or a villain contrasting the hero EX: Draco Malfoy	25
9291618806	Hypotactic	Sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationship between them EX: Everything will be alright because mother said so.	26
9291636776	Inversion	The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase	27
9291658298	Verbal irony	This occurs when someone says one thing but really means something else	28
9291904804	Situational irony	This takes place when there is a discrepancy between what is expected to happen, or what would be appropriate to happen, and what really does happen	29
9291914417	Dramatic irony	This is so called because it is often used on stage; a character in the play or story thinks one thing is true, but the audience or reader knows better	30
9291997065	Juxtaposition	Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit	31
9292179355	Litotes	A form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form	32
9292185741	Loose sentence	One in which the main clause comes first, followed by further dependent grammatical units	33
9292192713	Lyric poem	A poem that does not tell a story but expresses the personal feelings or thoughts of the speaker	34
9292196950	Implied metaphor	A type of metaphor that does not state explicitly the two terms of the comparison EX: Andy's wife asked him to fetch their dinner. (Compares Andy to a dog)	35
9292208829	Extended metaphor	A type of metaphor that is extended or developed as far as the writer wants to take it EX: The world is a stage, where everyone is a player, and then the curtain falls.	36
9292219460	Dead metaphor	A type of metaphor that has been used so often that the comparison is no longer vivid EX: Eye of the storm	37
9292225563	Mixed metaphor	A type of metaphor that has gotten out of control and mixes its terms so that they are visually or imaginatively incompatible EX: We have to get all our ducks on the same page.	38
9292255405	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing is referred to by something closely associated with it EX: The White House called for a press conference.	39
9292261160	Motif	A recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work, unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme	40
9292277929	Koan	A paradox used in Zen Buddhism to gain intuitive knowledge EX: When you can do nothing, what can you do?	41
9292300599	Paratactic sentence	A sentence that simply juxtaposes clauses or sentences (different from asyndeton because of use of conjunctions) EX: Maybe she's born with it. Maybe it's Maybelline.	42
9292329326	Periodic	A sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements EX: With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live.	43
9292348448	Polysyndeton	A sentence which uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items in a series EX: X and Y and Z (instead of X, Y, and Z)	44
9292354013	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole EX: I'm paying with plastic (credit card).	45
9292425779	Syntactic fluency	Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length	46
9292433703	Syntactic permutation	Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved; often difficult for a reader to follow	47
9292451485	Telegraphic sentence	A sentence shorter than five words in length	48
9292453515	Tricolon	A sentence of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses	49

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AP- Biochemistry Flashcards

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7848624333	Amino Acids	Monomers of Proteins	0
7848624334	Carboxyl Group	-COOH	1
7848624335	Hydroxyl Group	- OH	2
7848624336	Carbonyl Group	- CO	3
7848624337	Cohesion	Hydrogen bonding between like molecules	4
7848624338	Adhesion	Hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules	5
7848624339	Hydrophilic	Affinity for H2O/polar	6
7848624340	Hydrophobic	Repeled by H2O/Non-polar	7
7848624341	Isomer	Same molecular formula but different chemical arrangement	8
7848624342	Amino Group	-NH2	9
7848624343	Phosphate Group	-OPO 3 2-	10
7848624344	Dehyration Synthesis	Chemical reaction that created polymers	11
7848624345	Hydrolysis	Chemical Reaction that breaks down polymers	12
7848624346	Primary structure	Sequence of amino acids	13
7848624347	Secondary structure	Alpha helcies & beta pleated sheets	14
7848624348	Tertiary structure	Bonding between side chains of amino acids	15
7848624349	Phospholipid	cell membrane	16
7848624350	Nucleotide	monomers of DNA and RNA	17
7848624351	Carbohydrates	main source of energy but also as structure and storage	18
7848624352	Unsaturated fats	double bonds between carbon atoms; reduced number of hydrogen atoms.	19

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AP World Post Classical Flashcards

Next quizlet for the post classical time period.

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5296685784	600-1450	The dates for the post-Classical time period.	0
5296685785	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	1
5296685786	Swahili	Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.	2
5296685787	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	3
5296685788	Incan Empire	A Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro.	4
5296685789	Aztec Empire	Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. Conquered by Cortes.	5
5296685790	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	6
5296685791	Teotihuacan	"The Place of the Gods"; first planned city in the Americas in the Valley of Mexico.	7
5296685792	Toltec	Central American society (950-1150) that was centered around the city of Tula.	8
5296685795	Cahokia	A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.	9
5296685796	Mississippian Culture	Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.	10
5296685797	Vikings	Danes, Norse, ruled by kings and nobles, fairly democratic, hunters, gatherers, fishers, esp. farmers, raided Europe and the British Isles as the weather permitted, used slaves, assemblies of landowners made the laws, during the 800s famine, dominated the North Atlantic through the thirteenth century.	11
5296685798	al-Andalus	A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century CE.	12
5296685799	Caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.	13
5296685800	Italian City-States	Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples.	14
5296685801	Novgorod	Russia's first important city.	15
5296685802	Kievan Rus	A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine Empire. Conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth century.	16
5296685803	Calicut	A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast southwest of Bangalore. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French, and Danish trading colonies.	17
5296685804	Srivijaya	A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.	18
5296685805	Strait of Malacca	Narrow waterway located between the islands of Sumatra and Java, Body of water connecting the Indian and Pacific Ocean near Singapore.	19
5296685806	Malacca	City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base.	20
5296685807	Hangzhou	Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.	21
5296685808	Venice	An Italian trading city on the Adriatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.	22
5296685809	Baghdad	Abbasid capital. Sacked by the Mongols in 1258.	23
5296685811	Sui Dynasty	(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.	24
5296685812	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	25
5296685813	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 CE); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings.	26
5296685814	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.	27
5296685815	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	28
5296685816	Grand Canal	1,100 mile waterway connecting the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, completed under Sui.	29
5296685817	Mongol Empire	An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.	30
5296685818	Genghis Khan	(1167?-1227) One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire.	31
5296685819	Temujin	Genghis Khan's real name.	32
5296685820	Caravanserai	Inn or rest station for caravans, would provide a safe place to stay the night, supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of Africa, Arabia and Asia.	33
5296685821	Camel Saddles	An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route.	34
5296685822	Stirrup	Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.	35
5296685823	Magnetic Compass	Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north.	36
5296685824	Astrolabe	An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets.	37
5296685825	Dhow	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.	38
5296685826	Longboat	A boat with a shallow bow and a trademark dragon or scary face on the tip of the ship that was used by the Vikings.	39
5296685827	Chinese Junk	A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.	40
5296685828	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	41
5296685829	Polynesians	Inhabitants of the Pacific Islands that lie within a triangle formed by Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island.	42
5296685830	Turkic Language	A language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China.	43
5296685832	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.	44
5296685833	Xuanzang	(602-644 CE) A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back.	45
5296685834	Marco Polo	(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.	46
5296685835	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	47
5296685836	Scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	48
5296685837	Thomas Aquinas	(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology.	49
5296685838	Gunpowder (powder)	A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. IN later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.	50
5296685839	Smallpox	A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing many Native Americans.	51
5296685840	Dreamtime	A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings.	52
5296685841	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	53
5296685842	Champa Rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state.	54
5296685843	Chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	55
5296685845	Terracing	A soil conservation technique that prevents erosion on STEEP hills by heavy rains.	56
5296685846	Corvee	Unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes.	57
5296685847	Serfdom	A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.	58
5296685848	Feudalism	A social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval European life.	59
5296685849	Samarkand	Central Asian trading center on the Silk Road that was attacked by the Umayyads.	60
5296685851	Mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	61
5296685852	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.	62

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AP Physics Momentum/Impulse Flashcards

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8188449149	Linear Momentum	The quantity of motion of a moving body. Vector quantity. For various objects is the sum of the individual quantities.	0
8188449150	Impulse	The amount of force acting on an object times the time in which this force is acting.	1
8188449151	Perfectly elastic collision	Two objects collide and conserve their Kinetic Energy & momentum. Objects bounce off of each other.	2
8188449152	Perfectly inelastic collision	Two colliding objects stick together to become one; momentum is conserved, but Kinetic energy is not.	3
8188469389	Equation for momentum	p=m v	4
8188472479	Equation for impulse	J=Ft	5
8188474984	Units for momentum	kg m/s	6
8188480854	Units for impulse	N s	7
8188493578	Impulse -momentum theorem	Impulse is equal to the change in momentum	8
8188532938	Conservation of momentum	The total momentum of an isolated system is conserved (unchanged) after a collision or explosion as long as no external forces act on the system.	9
8188693784	Pool balls hitting each other, bat & baseball are examples of...	Elastic collisions	10
8188698188	Clay balls hit & remain stuck, cars crash & become tangled are examples of...	Inelastic collisions	11
8188728129	When objects collide in-elastically the Kinetic Energy is not conserved, where does it go?	Becomes heat and sound.	12
8188783286	The forces which act between the objects of a system.	Internal forces	13
8188789052	The forces that act on the objects of a system from outside the system. The agent of the force is not a part of the system.	External forces	14
8188818036	The point at which the total mass of a system of masses can be considered to be concentrated.	Center of mass	15
8188835026	Amount of time the impact lasts	time of impact	16
8188838047	How hard an object hits	force of impact	17
8188844339	Direction of momentum	Same as direction of velocity	18
8188850914	Term applied to a physical quantity that remains unchanged during interactions	Conserved	19

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