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AP Environmental Science (Energy) Flashcards

6445575891	Chapter 12		0
6445575892	Nonrenewable	Once they're gone, there's no more	1
6445575893	Fossil fuels	Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)	2
6445575894	Nuclear Fuels	Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy	3
6445575895	Commercial energy sources	Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)	4
6445575896	Subsistence energy sources	Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.	5
6445575897	Energy Carrier	Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.	6
6445575898	Turbine	Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.	7
6445575899	Electrical Grid	Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.	8
6445575900	Combined Cycle	Natural gas-fired power plant. 2 turbines and generators. Natural gas is burned to spin a turbine and the waste heat will boil water which will turn another turbine.	9
6445575901	Capacity	Maximum Electrical output of a plant	10
6445575902	Capacity Factor	Fraction of time a plant is operating.	11
6445575903	Cogeneration	Combined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.	12
6445575904	Coal	Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.	13
6445575905	Petroleum	Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.	14
6445575906	Crude Oil	Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum	15
6445575907	Oil Sands	Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.	16
6445575908	Bitumen	(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.	17
6445575909	CTL	Coal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel	18
6445575910	Energy Intensity	Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.	19
6445575911	Hubbert Curve (Dealing with Oil)		20
6445575912	Peak Oil	Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.	21
6445575913	Fission	Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.	22
6445575914	Fuel Rods	Containment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.	23
6445575915	Control Rods	Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.	24
6445575916	Radioactive Waste	Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.	25
6445575917	Becquerel (Bq)	Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.	26
6445575918	Curie	Another unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.	27
6445575919	Nuclear Fusion	Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.	28
6445575920	Chapter 13		29
6445575921	Nonrenewable	Once gone, no more. Oil Coal Nuclear	30
6445575922	Potentially Renewable	As long as we do not consume them more quickly than can be replenished. Wood Biofuel	31
6445575923	Nondepletable	Solar, Wind, Hydro etc. Energy for all time.	32
6445575924	Renewable	Potentially Renewable and Nondepletable	33
6445575925	Energy Conservation	Finding ways to use less energy	34
6445575926	Tiered Rate System	Customers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.	35
6445575927	Peak Demand	Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.	36
6445575928	Passive Solar Design	Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.	37
6445575929	Thermal Inertia	Ability of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.	38
6445575930	Biofuels	Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.	39
6445575931	Modern Carbon	Carbon in biomass	40
6445575932	Fossil Carbon	Carbon in fossil fuels.	41
6445575933	Carbon Neutral	An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations	42
6445575934	Net Removal	Removing more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -> Deforestation.	43
6445575935	Ethanol	Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.	44
6445575936	Flex-Fuel Vehicles	Can run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.	45
6445575937	Hydroelectricity	Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.	46
6445575938	Run-of-the-river	Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.	47
6445575939	Water Impoundment	Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.	48
6445575940	Tidal Energy	Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.	49
6445575941	Active Solar Energy	Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.	50
6445575942	Photovoltaic Solar Cells	Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.	51
6445575943	Geothermal Energy	Heat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.	52
6445575944	Ground Source Heat Pumps	Take advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.	53
6445575945	Wind Energy	Widely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.	54
6445575946	Wind Turbine	Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.	55
6445575947	Fuel Cell	Operates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.	56
6445575948	Electrolysis	Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.	57
6445575949	Smart grid	Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.	58

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AP: Aggregate Supply and Determinants Flashcards

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5335859198	Aggregate Supply Curve	Shows the relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output supplied in the economy.	0
5335874905	Aggregate Price Level	A measure of the overall level of prices in the economy	1
5335877462	Aggregate Output	The economy's total production of final goods and services for a given time period, usually a year.	2
5335885452	Real GDP	The numerical measure of aggregate output typically used by economists.	3
5335896066	Nominal Wage	The dollar amount of the wage paid.	4
5335898790	Sticky Wages	Nominal wages that are slow to fall even in the face of high unemployment and slow to rise even in the face of labor shortages.	5
5335908339	Short-run Aggregate Supply Curve	Shows the relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output supplied that exists in the short run, the time period when many production costs can be taken as fixed.	6
5335951490	Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve	Shows the relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output supplied that would exist if all prices, including nominal wages, were fully flexible.	7
5335966408	Potential Output	The level of real GDP the economy would produce if all prices including nominal wages were fully flexible.	8
5335984791	Determinants of Short-Run Aggregate Supply	Factors that cause the short-run aggregate supply curve to shift to the left or the right.	9
5336001789	Decrease in Short-Run Aggregate Supply	Producers reduce the quantity of aggregate output they are willing to supply at any given aggregate price level. (left shift of SRAS)	10
5336012501	Increase in Short-Run Aggregate Supply	Producers increase the quantity of aggregate output they are willing to supply at any given price level. (right shift of SRAS)	11
5336040699	Commodity	A standardized input bought and sold in bulk quantities.	12
5336068375	Productivity	A measure of the amount of output produced with a given amount of productive factors; normally it refers to labor but it can apply to all factors of production.	13

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AP Human Geography Models Flashcards

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8475936557	Population Pyramid		0
8475936558	Demographic Transition Model		1
8475936559	Epidemiological Transition Model		2
8475936560	Malthus' Theory		3
8475936561	Ravenstein's Laws of Migration	Said most people migrate for economic reasons, others for cultural reasons and/or environmental reasons; said there is an inverse relationship between number of migrants and distance traveled	4
8475936562	Gravity Model	A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.	5
8475936563	Weber's Least Cost Theory	Industries will locate where three things can be done. These things being: minimize transportation costs, minimize labor costs, maximize agglomeration. Emphasises on cheap, cheap, cheap. With low production prices will result in high profit margins. The agglomeration keeps buisnesses competative as well as adds conviency to the consumer.	6
8475936564	Rostow's Model		7
8475936565	Wallerstein's Core-Periphery Model	A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region	8
8475936566	New International Division of Labor	Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.	9
8475936567	Heartland Theory		10
8475936568	Rimland Theory	Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.	11
8475936569	Organic Theory	The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age.	12
8475936570	Von Thunen Model	An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.	13
8475936571	Central Place Theory	A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.	14
8475936572	Concentric Zone Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.	15
8475936573	Sector Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).	16
8475936574	Multiple Nuclei Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.	17
8475936575	Urban Realms Model	a simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.	18
8475936576	Peripheral Model	A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.	19
8475936577	African City Model	Africa has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult	20
8475936578	Latin American City Model	Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets.	21
8475936579	Southeast Asian City Model	McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.	22

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APES Chapter 11 Flashcards

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4890102806	Undernutrition	not consuming enough calories to be healthy	0
4890102807	Malnutrition	a person's diet lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals even though they get enough calories	1
4890102808	Reasons for Under/malnutrition	Poverty Political and economic factors Agricultural resources being diverted to feed livestock and poultry rather than people	2
4890102809	Overnutrition	too many calories and improper foods that causes a person to become overweight	3
4890102810	Agribusiness	techniques of Industrial Revolution are applied to production of food	4
4890102811	Green revolution	new management techniques and mechanization as well as the triad of fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties	5
4890102812	Waterlogging	when the soil remains under water for prolonged periods which impairs root growth because the roots cannot get oxygen	6
4890102813	Salinization	when the small amounts of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation	7
4890102814	Organic fertilizers	organic matter from plants and animals, typically made from animal manure that has been allowed to decompose	8
4890102815	Inorganic fertilizers (synthetic)	fertilizers that are produced commercially; this is usually done by combusting natural gas, which allows nitrogen from the atmosphere to be "fixed" and captured in fertilizer	9
4890102816	Monocropping (monoculture)	growing a large amount of a single species of plant	10
4890102817	Pesticide	a substance that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests	11
4890102818	Insecticide	targets insects	12
4890102819	Herbicide	targets plants	13
4890102820	Broad spectrum pesticides	designed to kill many different types of pests	14
4890102821	Selective pesticides	designed to kill a narrower range of organisms	15
4890102822	Persistent	pesticides that remain in the environment a long time	16
4890102823	Nonpersistent	pesticide that breaks down relatively rapidly, usually in weeks to months	17
4890102824	Bioaccumulation	some pesticides are found to build-up over time in the fatty tissues of predators	18
4890102825	Resistance	pest populations may evolve resistance to a pesticide over time	19
4890102826	Pesticide treadmill	the cycle of pesticide development followed by pest resistance, followed by development of a new pesticide	20
4890102827	Benefits of Genetic Engineering	Greater yield Greater food quality Reductions in pesticide use Reduction of world hunger by increased food production Increased profits	21
4890102828	Concerns about GMO's	Safety for human consumption Effects on biodiversity Regulation of genetically modified organisms	22
4890102829	Conventional agriculture	industrial agriculture where labor is reduced and machinery is used	23
4890102830	Traditional farming	still used in the developing world where human labor is used and not machinery	24
4890102831	Shifting agriculture	used in areas with nutrient-poor soils; involves planting an area for a few years until the land is depleted of nutrients and then moving to another area and repeating the process	25
4890102832	Nomadic grazing	moving herds of animals to find productive feeding grounds	26
4890102833	Desertification	soil is degraded by agriculture to the point at which they are not longer productive	27
4890102834	Sustainable agriculture	producing enough food to feed the world's population without destroying the land, polluting the environment, or reducing biodiversity; next four are examples	28
4890102835	Intercropping	two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time	29
4890102836	Crop rotation	rotating crops species from season to season	30
4890102837	Agroforestry	intercropping trees with vegetables	31
4890102838	Contour plowing	plowing and harvesting parallel to the land to prevent erosion	32
4890102839	No till agriculture	helps to stop soil degradation by leaving crop residues in the fields and not tilling the land after each harvest	33
4890102840	Integrated pest management	using a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs; crop rotation, intercropping, planting pest resistant crop varieties, creating habitats for predators, and limited use of pesticides	34
4890102841	Organic agriculture	production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers	35
4890102842	CAFO (concentrated animal feeding operations)	large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers	36
4890102843	Fishery	a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	37
4890102844	Fishery collapse	the decline of a fish population by 90% or more	38
4890102845	Bycatch	unintentional catch of non-target species	39
4890102846	Aquaculture	the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds	40

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AP COGO final review Flashcards

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9856193403	empirical	factual, observable, testable	0
9856193404	normative	subjective, value-laden, and open to debate.	1
9856193405	regime	The system and the rules and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time.	2
9856193410	legitimacy	the generally held belief, within a society, that a government has the right to rule or exercise power.	3
9856193411	sources of legitimacy	1. Charisma of a leader 2. Belief systems, ideologies, and founding myths 3. Tradition (including monarchy and birthright) 4. Revolutions 5. Religion 6. Constitutions 7. Rule of law and/or rational legal authority 8. Competitive elections 9. Distinct aspects of a country's political culture	4
9856193412	nation	a large group of people, with ties to a particular piece of land or area, who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term nation is only used when such groups have or desire a state of their own.	5
9856193413	state	The territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government. includes the idea that control is exercised by some degree of force. may consist of only a single nation, but most rule over two or more nations.	6
9856193414	nation-state	A nation which has its own government.	7
9856193416	civil society	_____ is made up of the voluntary organizations that form the basis of a functioning society. Social organizations, religious organizations, charities, civic groups, and other voluntary organizations are part of _______. _______ does not include the structures of the state, which are backed up by force, nor does it include the economic structures of society that form the market. The success of a _______ rests on social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups, such as belief in the rule of law, respect for others, and honest and reliable performance of duties. Such social norms are the social capital of a society. If a society has few widely respected social norms of this type, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to establish a well-functioning ________. Well-functioning ___________s are often seen as necessary to establish a well-functioning liberal democracy.	8
9856193417	sovereignty	independent legal authority over a particular territory, and the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory.	9
9856193418	cleavage	division in a society that causes people within that society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular political party, or vote differently.	10
9856193419	sources of cleavages	1. Wealth (Rich vs. Poor) 2. Region (Urban vs. Rural, Center vs. Periphery) 3. Religion (Catholics vs. Protestants, Christians vs. Muslims, Religious vs. Secular voters) 4. Level of education (University graduates vs. High school graduates) 5. Race 6. Ethnicity	11
9856193420	coinciding (cumulative) Cleavages	membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class.	12
9856193421	cross-cutting Cleavages	membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class.	13
9856193424	political culture	the way a nation or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics. A strong consensual political culture, for example, can help develop and maintain a similar political orientation across a wide political spectrum.	14
9856193425	Political socialization	the process by which people get their ideas about politics (political orientation), and about government as well. Occurs through interactions between people and agents of political socialization, and includes the passing down of political ideas from one generation to the next.	15
9856193426	agents of political socialization	__________ vary from society to society, but always include some of the following: 1. Family 2. Religion 3. Race or Ethnicity 4. Economic or Social Class 5. Gender 6. School 7. Peers 8. Media 9. Government 10. Political Parties 11. Interest Groups 12. Work 13. Trade Unions	16
9856193428	examples of political participation	a. Coup d'etats, revolutions, resistance movements, and political violence b. Protests, demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and strikes c. Civil disobedience d. Petitioning government (including town hall meetings, letters, emails, phone calls, etc.) e. Forming interest groups, joining social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGO), citizens' policy meetings, etc. f. Joining political parties g. Standing for political office	17
9856193433	socialism	advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution are held in common, usually by the state.	18
9856193434	liberalism	advocates a political system in which the individual is autonomous, civil liberties are respected, and rapid progress is encouraged.	19
9856193435	conservatism	advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change.	20
9856193436	fascism	advocates a political system in which the nation or a race is seen as most important, not the individual or even the people as a collective.	21
9856193438	substantive democracy	competitive elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population. Peaceful transitions from one government to the next are also an important aspect	22
9856193439	procedural democracy	elections are held, and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place, but for any number of possible reasons, including electoral fraud and excessive vetting of candidates prior to the election, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population.	23
9856193440	liberal democracy	free, fair and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected. Traits include: 1 Free, fair, and competitive elections 2 Large scale disenfranchisement is not a.problem 3 Civil liberties and/or human rights are protected 4 Strong independent judiciaries 5 Large, strong civil societies	24
9856193441	illiberal democracy	elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties such as free speech and press are not respected. 1 Elections without protections of civil liberties and/or human rights 2 A lack of independent judiciaries 3 Small or weak civil societies 4 Large-scale disenfranchisement, often along racial or ethnic cleavages	25
9856193442	democratization	movements in a society toward free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers that reflect the collective will of the society. These movements need not result in a true substantive, liberal democracy present when a system transforms in a way that moves it from being an illiberal democracy to more of a liberal democracy. fully achieved when a country's system meets all the requirements of both a substantive democracy and a liberal democracy.	26
9856193444	unitary system	all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government. Any power exercised by sub-national governments (e.g., state, provincial, or city governments) exists because it was granted by the central government.	27
9856193445	federal system	some power that does not ultimately rest in the hands of the central government and such power may not be taken away by the central government through normal law making procedures. the power of the sub-national governments is guaranteed in the constitution and only by amending that document can the powers of the sub-national governments be altered or taken away.	28
9856193446	parliamentary systems	the ministers of Government who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it. There is no clear separation of executive and legislative functions in such a system. The head of government - often called the prime minister, premier, chancellor, or some other similar term - is a member of the legislature as well, and is usually the head of the majority party in the legislature	29
9856193447	votes of confidence	sometimes called "no confidence" votes, are the means of removing the prime minister and the cabinet from power. In essence, a majority vote of "no confidence" removes the current government from power and sets in motion the procedures to put another government in place.	30
9856193448	presidential systems	the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative and judicial powers Under normal circumstances, the executive is not accountable to, nor removable by, the legislature. As a result of separation of executive and legislative powers, these systems are often slow to act, lack party discipline in the legislative branch, and are prone to political gridlock	31
9856193452	patronage	the distribution of material benefits to supporters in return for loyalty	32
9856193453	referendum	a vote on an issue referred to an electorate by the government. The result may lead to new laws or may in some cases amend the constitution.	33
9856193458	corporatist systems	certain interest groups within society have a special relationship with the government. These key interest groups have a "seat at the table" in return for their cooperation in the creation and implementation of government policies.	34
9856193459	pluralist systems	-interest groups compete, rather than cooperate, for influence over government. -based on the idea that all individuals, political parties, and interest groups have roughly equal access and ability to influence government policy, and that the government is neutral in its treatment of interest groups. In theory, so long as all interest groups feel they have access to the political process and are being heard, such systems will remain stable.	35
9856193460	theocracy	A system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler, or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests.	36
9856193461	authoritarian system	led by a leader, or a small group of leaders, who has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population.	37
9856193462	Welfare states	governmental policies that provide a "social safety net" by directly or indirectly providing pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need. _________ may also redistribute wealth to provide for the needs of the public. Welfare state systems may have some, or all, of the following policies in place: 1. Government funded poverty relief 2. Government mandated unemployment benefits 3. Government mandated maternity leave and/or paternity leave 4. Government subsidized housing 5. Free job training provided by law 6. Government mandated disability insurance 7. Government subsidized or free university tuition 8. Government mandated retirement benefits or pensions 9. Government funded programs for the homeless	38
9856193463	command economies	often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. Central planning of all major economic decisions 2. Fixed or government set prices for goods and services 3. Government control of distribution and production of most, if not all, goods in the economy 4. Government control of employment and wages 5. Government ownership of most economic resources 6. Government ownership of all property, or few private property rights, if any 7. Government determined production levels and production quotas 8. Government created economic "plans" (e.g., 3-year plans, 5-year plans, etc.) 9. Small degree of income inequality for the vast majority of the population 10. Little freedom of choice in economic matters, including occupations, jobs, and housing	39
9856193464	market economies	often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. The law of supply and demand, rather than the government, allocates most resources 2. Private property is largely respected 3. Significant income and wage inequality can be found across a large portion of the society 4. Economic booms and busts (i.e., the business cycle) 5. Persistent unemployment, although the rate of unemployment varies over time 6. Focus is on the profits of businesses 7. Population has significant freedom of choice in occupations, jobs, housing, etc. 8. Competition is expected between workers and between businesses	40
9856193465	globalization	the process through which the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected in the economic, political, and social realms.	41
9856193466	supranational organizations	organizations that have some authority to infringe upon the sovereignty of member states These organizations can have a significant effect on any number of domestic political issues within member states, including environmental, taxation, and monetary policies.	42
9856193473	infant mortality rate	The number of deaths of children one year of age or younger per 1,000 live births. this decreasing is a sign of economic development.	43
9856193475	fertility rate	The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. this decreasing is often a sign of economic development.	44
9856193480	Urbanization	The percentage of a population that lives in urban areas.	45
9856193482	Net Migration	The difference between the number of immigrants to a territory and the emigrants from that same territory.	46
9856193485	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Higher levels of GDP often mean more power in world affairs.	47
9856193486	GDP per capita	GDP divided by total population.	48
9856193487	GDP real growth rate	The percentage change in GDP over a given period adjusted for inflation.	49
9856193489	Unemployment Rate	The percentage of the population, that is willing and able to work, but does not have a job.	50
9856193490	GIni Index	A measure of income or wealth inequality within a society. Lower values indicate less income inequality while higher values indicate greater income inequality.	51
9856193493	autocracy	a system of government in which one person has unlimited power.	52
9856193494	head of government	usually the person in charge of the executive power.	53
9856193495	head of state	the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems.	54
9856193497	liberalization	movements toward greater individual liberty or greater use of free markets.	55
9856193498	post-industrial society	describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production.	56
9856193501	market rconomy	a governmental and political system in which the government lets market forces, for the most part, control.	57
9856193502	sub-national Government	a regional or local government.	58
9856193505	rentier State	a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent.	59
9856193507	secular	having to do with worldly rather than religious concerns.	60
9856193509	patron-client relationships	the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters.	61
9856193511	devolution	the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments.	62
9856193513	Human Development Index	a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standard of living.	63
9856193520	co-optation	the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own.	64
9856193521	coup d'etat	the forceful removal of a government, often by the military.	65
9856193524	electorate	voters as a group	66
9856193528	clientelism	the practice of exchanging public resources for votes, and political support. Often seen in corporatist systems, although its existence is not limited to such systems.	67
9856193529	Civil Law (also known as Code Law)	a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law. Judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems.	68
9856193530	Common Law	a system of laws created through judicial precedents rather than legislative or executive actions. In common law systems, judicial precedents have the force of law, unless a specific legislative act, or executive regulation, is passed that supersedes these precedents.	69
9856193532	Collectivization	the process of bringing individual property and resources under communal control. Normally seen in communist systems.	70
9856193534	Oligarchy	rule by the few.	71
9856193540	Pluralist System	a system in which groups compete for influence and power.	72
9856193563	social capita	the social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups in a society.	73
9856193564	semi-presidential system	a political system with a dual executive, usually a president and prime minister.	74
9856193566	presidentialism	describes a system of government in which the president wields extraordinary power and the legislative and judicial branches of government are subordinate to the president.	75
9856193579	constitutional monarchy	a governmental system in which the power of a monarch is limited.	76

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AP Comparative Iran Terms Flashcards

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5849720468	Assembly of Religious Experts	86 man assembly of clerics elected directly by the people; broad constitutional interpretation responsibility; selects the Supreme Leader; has the right to dismiss Supreme Leader; must have a seminary degree	0
5849720469	Ayatollah	Supreme leader of Iran; following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation.	1
5849720470	Dual society	a society and economy that are sharply divided into a traditional, usually poorer, and a modern, usually richer, sector	2
5849720471	Faqih	an expert in Islamic Law; leading Islamic jurist to interpret the meaning of religious documents and sharia; another form of jurist's guardianship	3
5849720472	Farsi	the language and people group of Iran, also often called Persian	4
5849720473	Fundamentalism	Religious beliefs of a literal nature that often lead to right-wing political views.	5
5849720474	Guardian Council	This is the most powerful theological body in Iran. It consists of 12 members 6 clerics appointed by the Supreme Leader and 6 judges appointed by the Majils. The importance of them is they have to approve all candidates and all legislation.	6
5849720475	Hezbollah	A radical Shiʿite Muslim organization in Lebanon engaged in guerrilla warfare against Israel; have strong ties to Iran	7
5849720476	Hojjat al-Islam	literally "the proof of Islam." In Iran, it means a medium-ranking cleric.	8
5849720477	Imam	Prayer leaders in mosques	9
5849720478	Jihad	Literally "struggle"; although often used to mean armed struggle against unbelievers, most commonly means spiritual struggle for self-improvement.	10
5849720479	Jurist's guardianship	Developed by Ayatollah Khomeini, supports the notion that senior clerics have the best capacity to rule in a Muslim society; Iranian clergy should rule on the grounds that they are the divinely appointed guardians of both the law and the people	11
5849720480	Majles	Arabic term for "assembly"; used in Iran to describe the parliament.	12
5849720481	Mosque	Muslim place of worship, equivalent to a church, temple, or synagogue.	13
5849720482	OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Founded in 1960 by Iran, Venezuela, and Saudi Arabia, it now includes most oil-exporting states with the notable exceptions of Mexico and former members of the Soviet Union. It tries to regulate prices by regulating production.	14
5849720483	Pahlavis	Leaders of the dynasty of the shahs, favored westernization	15
5849720484	Pasdaran	Persian term for guards, used to refer to the army of Revolutionary Guards formed during Iran's Islamic Revolution.	16
5849720485	People of the Book	The Muslim term for recognized religious minorities, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians.	17
5849720486	Qanun	Regular laws passed by the government. Are second to Shariah law	18
5849720487	Qur'an	Muslim holy book, believed to be the word of God, given to prophet Muhammad	19
5849720488	Rentier state	A country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources.	20
5849720489	Shari'a	Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.	21
5849720490	Shi'ism (or Shiite)	Dominant branch of Islam in Iran, believe that the head of Islam should be a descendant of prophet Muhammad	22
5849720491	Supreme Leader	Title given to the ayatollah who sits atop all Iranian political institutions.	23
5849720492	Theocracy	A government ruled by religion; religious leaders are the head of the nation-state; rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.	24
5849720493	Tudah Party	an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role duringMohammad Mosaddeq's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and his term as prime minister. Its influence waned in the crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddeq. The party still exists, but is much weaker as a result of the banning of the party and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982 and the executions of political prisoners in 1988.	25
5849720494	White Revolution	The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979	26
5849720495	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end	27
5849720496	Iran		28
5849720497	Iraq		29
5849720498	Turkey		30
5849720499	Israel		31
5849720500	Palestine		32
5849720501	Egypt		33
5849720502	Syria		34
5849720503	Afghanistan		35
5849720504	United Arab Emirates (UAE)		36
5849720505	Saudi Arabia		37

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AP Flashcards

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9415109901	endocrine system	body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones	0
9415135461	endocrinology	scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs	1
9415139666	hormones	chemical substances that are secreted by endocrines cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in body.	2
9415150466	amino acid-bases molecules		3
9415150467	steroids	-made from cholesterol -include sex hormones made by the gonads and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex	4
9415180046	prostaglandins	local hormones -made from highly active lipids release from nearly all cell membranes	5
9415207256	target cells or target organs	a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs	6
9415236801	second messenger system	intracellular molecule generated by binding of a chemical to a membrane receptor; mediates intracellular responses	7
9415254840	negative feedback mechanisms	chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones	8
9415284748	hypothalamus	major endocrine organ because it produces several hormones.	9
9415303797	ductless glands	endocrine glands -produce hormones that they release into blood or lymph	10
9415565563	pituitary gland	-size of a pea -the neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain that serves a variety of functions including regulations of the gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, water balance, and lactation.	11
9415611175	tropic hormones	stimulate their target organs, which are also endocrine glands,to secrete their hormones, which in turn exert their effects on other body organs and tissues.	12
9415634600	growth hormone	general metabolic hormone -important role in determining final body size -is a protein sparing and anabolic hormone that causes amino acids to be built into proteins and stimulates most target cells to grow in size and divide	13
9415658238	pituitary dwarfism	or growth hormone deficiency, is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone. This results in a child's slow growth pattern and an unusually small stature (below average height).	14
9415676097	gigantism	individual becomes extremely tall; 8 to 9 feet is common. -body proportions are fairly normal	15
9415700561	acromegaly	pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. -bones increase in size	16
9415758530	prolactin	protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone. -only known target in humans is the breast -after childbirth, it stimulates and maintains milk production by mothers breasts. -function in men=unknown	17
9415805907	adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)	regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex position of the adrenal gland	18
9415817843	thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)/ thyrotropic hormone (TH)	influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland	19
9415827265	gonadotropic hormones	regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads	20
9415830556	gonads	testes and ovaries	21
9415846607	follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	(women): stimulates follicle development in the ovaries. as the follicles mature, they produce estrogen, and eggs are readied for ovulation (men): stimulates sperm development by the testes.	22
9415868129	luteinizing hormone	triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen. in men, it stimulates tester one production by the interstitial cells of the testes	23
9415899311	sterility		24
9415918883	releasing and inhibiting hormones	A hormone that inhibits the secretion of another hormone. The hypothalamus produces several hormones that inhibit the release of hormones by the anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenohypophysis).	25
9415918884	oxytocin	-released in significant amounts only during childbirth and in nursing women -stimulates powerful contraction of the uterine muscle during labor, during sexual relations, and during breastfeeding. -causes milk ejection in nursing women -induce labor or to hasten labor -stop postpartum bleeding	26
9415923088	neurosecretory cells	nerve cells, such as those of the hypothalamus, which elaborate a chemical substance that influences the activity of another structure	27
9415925752	antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	chemical that inhibits or prevents urine production -causes kidney to reabsorb more water from the forming urine -also increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the arterioles(small arteries)	28
9415927619	vasopressin	is a man-made form of a hormone called "anti-diuretic hormone" that is normally secreted by the pituitary gland. - acts on the kidneys and blood vessels.	29
9416076062	diabetes insipidus	is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of water in the body. This imbalance leads to intense thirst even after drinking fluids, and excretion of large amounts of urine .	30
9416083458	thyroid gland	The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea (windpipe). -It has the shape of a butterfly: two wings (lobes) attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. -releases hormones that control metabolism:way body uses energy	31
9416168399	follicles	thyroid gland is composed of these hollow structures -store sticky colloidal material	32
9416177090	thyroid hormone	play vital roles in regulating the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.	33
9416179585	thyroxine (t4)	is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland	34
9416187588	triiodothyronine (t3)	A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland -it is the most powerful thyroid hormone, and it affects almost every process in the body, including body temperature, growth, and heart rate	35
9416271866	goiters	enlargement of the thyroid gland because the diet is deficient in iodine.	36
9416273999	cretinism	a congenital disease due to absence or deficiency of normal thyroid secretion, characterized by physical deformity, dwarfism, and mental retardation, and often by goiter.	37
9416274000	myxedema	both physical and mental sluggishness( however mental retardation doesn't occur). -signs of puffy face, fatigue, poor muscle tone, low body temp., obesity, and dry skin.	38
9416276009	graves disease	also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It also often results in an enlarged thyroid.	39
9416277704	exophthalmos	also known as proptosis, is a medical term for a bulging or protruding eyeball or eyeballs. It's most often caused by thyroid eye disease	40
9416348688	calcitonin	decreases blood calcium level by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones	41
9416351042	parafollicular cells		42
9416386672	parathyroid gland	tiny masses of glandular tissue most often found on the posterior surface o the thyroid gland	43
9416397128	parathyroid hormone/ parathormone	most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.	44
9416414651	tetany	a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium	45
9416432106	adrenal glands	two bean shaped that curve over the top of the kidneys	46
9416451653	adrenal cortex	te outer part of the gland—produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure	47
9416478367	androgens	male sex hormones	48
9416480470	estrogens	female sex hormones	49

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APES Chapter 3 Flashcards

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4889485007	ecosystem	A particular location on earth distinguished by its particular mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components	0
4889485008	Ecosystem Boundaries	Some ecosystems, such as a caves and lakes have very distinctive boundaries. However, in most ecosystems it is difficult to determine where one ecosystems stops and the next begins.	1
4889485009	Ecosystem Processes	Even though it is helpful to distinguish between two different ecosystems, ecosystems interact with other ecosystems.	2
4889485010	Cellular Respiration	the process by which other organisms gain energy from eating the tissues of producers.	3
4889485011	Energy Flow through Ecosystems		4
4889485012	Producers (autotrophs)	are able to use the suns energy to produce usable energy through the process called photosynthesis.	5
4889485013	Circle of Life		6
4889485014	Consumers (heterotrophs)	obtain energy by consuming other organisms	7
4889485015	Primary Consumers	(herbivores) consume producers	8
4889485016	Secondary Consumers	(Carnivores) obtain energy by eating primary consumers	9
4889485017	Tertiary Consumers	(Carnivores) eat secondary consumers	10
4889485018	Food Chain	The sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers.	11
4889485019	Food Web	A more realistic type of food chain that takes into account the complexity of nature.	12
4889485020	Food Chain vs. Food Web		13
4889485021	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)	The total amount of solar energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.	14
4889485022	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	The energy captured (GPP) minus the energy respired by producers measured in g C/m^2	15
4889485023	Biomass	The energy in an ecosystem is measured in terms of biomass.	16
4889485024	Standing Crop	The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.	17
4889485025	Ecological Efficiency	The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another. (picture explains it is 90% efficient)	18
4889485026	Trophic Pyramid	The representation of the distribution of biomass among trophic levels.	19
4889485027	Biosphere	the combination of all ecosystems on earth	20
4889485028	Biogeochemical cycles	the movement of matter within and between ecosystems involving biological, geologic, and chemical processes	21
4889485029	The Hydrologic Cycle	The movement of water through the biosphere	22
4889485030	Transpiration	The process where plants release water from their leaves into the atmosphere.	23
4889485031	Evapotranspiration	The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration.	24
4889485032	Runoff	When water moves across the land surface into streams and rivers, eventually reaching the ocean	25
4889485033	Human Influences on the water cycle	withdraw large quantities of fresh water - water diversion, groundwater depletion, wetland drainage clear vegetation - increase runoff, decrease infiltration & groundwater recharge, increase flooding & soil erosion; modify water quality - add nutrients (P, N...) & pollutants	26
4889485034	The Carbon Cycle		27
4889485035	Carbon Chemistry		28
4889485036	Human Influences on the Carbon Cycle	removal of vegetation - decreases primary production (decreases carbon fixation); burning fossil fuels & biomass (wood) - increase movement of carbon into the atmosphere; the resulting increased concentration of atmospheric CO2 is believed to be sufficient to modify world climate through global warming (see Chapter 19).	29
4889485037	Guano (nitrogen) harvest	people would take bags of bird droppings for excess nitrogen	30
4889485038	The Nitrogen Cycle		31
4889485039	Human Influences on the Nitrogen Cycle	emit nitric oxide (NO), which leads to acid rain emit nitrous oxide into the atmosphere - nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas & also depletes ozone in stratosphere mine nitrogen-containing fertilizers, deplete nitrogen from croplands, & leach nitrate from soil by irrigation - leads to modification of nitrogen distribution in soils; remove N from soil by burning grasslands & cutting forest - leads to decreased N in soils; add excess N to aquatic systems - runoff of nitrates & other soluble N-containing compounds stimulates algal blooms, depletes oxygen, & decreases biodiversity; add excess N to terrestrial systems - atmospheric deposition increases growth of some species (especially weeds) & can decrease biodiversity;	32
4889485040	Role of Phosphorus	essential nutrient for plants & animals - especially building block for DNA, other nucleic acids (including ATP; ATP stores chemical energy), various fats in cell membranes (phospholipids), & hard calcium-phosphate compounds (in bones, teeth, & shells); limiting nutrient in many ecosystems - typically, addition of P leads to increased productivity, especially for fresh water aquatic systems.	33
4889485041	The Phosphorus Cycle		34
4889485042	Human Influences	mine large quantities of phosphate rock - used for organic fertilizers & detergents; can cause local effects from mining & releases more P into environment; sharply decrease P available in tropical forests & other ecosystems where P is limiting - deforestation & certain agricultural practices decrease available P; add excess P to aquatic ecosystems - leads to excessive algal growth, depletion of oxygen, & decrease in biodiversity; such eutrophication ("over nourishment")	35
4889485043	Disturbance	An event caused by physical, chemical or biological agents that results in changes in population size or community composition.	36
4889485044	Watershed	All of the land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake or wetland.	37
4889485045	Resistance	A measure of how much a disturbance can affect its flows of energy and matter.	38
4889485046	Resilience	The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.	39
4889485047	Restoration Ecology	A new scientific discipline that is interested in restoring damaged ecosystems.	40
4889485048	The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis	states that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels	41
4889485049	Instrumental Values of Ecosystems	Provisions- Goods that humans can use directly. Regulating services- The service provided by natural systems that helps regulate environmental conditions. Support systems- The support services that natural ecosystems provide such as pollination, natural filters and pest control. Resilience- Resilience of an ecosystem ensures that it will continue to provide benefits to humans. This greatly depends on species diversity. Cultural services- Ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people.	42

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AP Psych Unit 14 Flashcards

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8728642155	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 723)	0
8728642156	attribution theory	suggests how we explain someone's behavior—by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 724)	1
8728642157	fundamental attribution error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 724)	2
8728642158	attitude	feelings often based on our beliefs, which predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 726)	3
8728642159	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 727)	4
8728642160	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 728)	5
8728642161	conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 732)	6
8728642162	informational social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 733)	7
8728642163	normative social influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 733)	8
8728642164	social facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 738)	9
8728642165	social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 739)	10
8728642166	deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 739)	11
8728642167	group polarization	the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 740)	12
8728642168	groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 740)	13
8728642169	discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 743)	14
8728642170	prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 743)	15
8728642171	stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 743)	16
8728642172	ingroup	"us"—people with whom one shares a common identity. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 746)	17
8728642173	ingroup bias	the tendency to favor one's own group. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 746)	18
8728642174	outgroup	"them"—those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 746)	19
8728642175	scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 747)	20
8728642176	just-world phenomenon	the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 748)	21
8728642177	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 749)	22
8728642178	frustration-aggression principle	the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 751)	23
8728642179	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 756)	24
8728642180	social trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 756)	25
8728642181	mere exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 759)	26
8728642182	companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 763)	27
8728642183	passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 763)	28
8728642184	equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 764)	29
8728642185	self-disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 764)	30
8728642186	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 765)	31
8728642187	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 766)	32
8728642188	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 766)	33
8728642189	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 766)	34
8728642190	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 767)	35
8728642191	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 767)	36
8728642192	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction, strategy designed to decrease international tensions. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 769)	37
8728642193	Philip Zimbardo	social psychologist, conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment, criticized for unethical study	38
8728642194	Solomon Asch	social psychologist (also cognitive), conducted conformity study	39
8728642195	Robert Cialdini	studied psychology of persuasion, concluded that fear tactics are unsucessful in persuasion	40
8728642196	John Darley	social psychologist, studied diffusion of responibility and bystander effect	41
8728642197	Leon Festinger	social psychologist, responsible for Theory of Cognitive Dissonance	42
8728642198	Irving Janis	studied group dynamics, responsible for theory of "groupthink"	43
8728642199	Bibb Latane	social psychologist, worked with John Darley, focused on social loafing and diffusion of responsibility	44
8728642200	Stanley Milgram	social psychologist, conducted the Milgram Experiment on Obedience, criticized for unethical study	45
8728642201	Muzafer Sherif	a founder of social psychology, studied social norms, conducted Robber's Cave experiment	46
8728642202	Central Rout To Persuasion	Occurs when interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.	47
8728642203	Peripheral Route To Persuasion	Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.	48
8728642204	ROLE	A set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	49
8728642205	social phobia	marked fear of social or performance situations.	50
8728642206	Culture	the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc.	51
8728642207	Norm	a standard, model, or pattern.	52
8728642208	Personal Space	the variable and subjective distance at which one person feels comfortable talking to another.	53
8728642209	Discrimination (social behavior)	treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit: racial and religious intolerance and discrimination.	54
8728642210	Outgroup	people outside one's own group, especially as considered to be inferior or alien; a group perceived as other than one's own.	55
8728642211	Other-race-effect	the greater difficulty people have in distinguishing between members of a different race compared to one's own race	56
8728642212	Diffusion of Responsibility	a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a cbertain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.	57
8728642213	Mirror-image Perceptions	refer to the reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive.	58
8728642214	Self-fulfilling Prophecy	prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.	59
8728642215	Facial Feedback Hypothesis	states that facial movement can influence emotional experience.	60