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Brain (AP) Flashcards

6636321664	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	0
6636321665	dendrite	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	1
6636321666	axon	the extensions of a neuron, ending in branching terminals fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons	2
6636321667	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses	3
6636321668	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	4
6636321669	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	5
6636321670	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving cell. The tiny gap at this junction if called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.	6
6636321671	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse	7
6636321672	reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	8
6636321673	endorphins	"morphine within" -- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure	9
6636321674	central nervous system	the brain and spinal cord	10
6636321675	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body	11
6636321676	nerves	bundles of axons the form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs	12
6636321677	somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles	13
6636321678	autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)	14
6636321679	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	15
6636321680	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	16
6636321681	reflex	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response	17
6636321682	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	18
6636321683	hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues	19
6636321684	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress	20
6636321685	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, this regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	21
6636321687	electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by the electrodes placed on the scalp	22
6636321688	CT (computed tomography) scan	a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body	23
6636321689	PET scan (position emission tomography)	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a task	24
6636321690	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue; shows brain anatomy	25
6636321691	fMRI (functional MRI)	a technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; shows brain activity and structure	26
6636321692	brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for survival functions	27
6636321693	medulla oblongata	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	28
6636321694	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	29
6636321695	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex	30
6636321696	cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; coordinates movement and balance	31
6636321697	limbic system	doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) associated with emotions and drives	32
6636321698	amygdala	two lima bean-shaped neural clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion (fear and aggression)	33
6636321699	hypothalamus	this directs maintenance activities (eating, drinking) and helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland	34
6636321700	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center	35
6636321701	glial cells (glia)	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons	36
6636321702	frontal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscles movements and in making plans and judgment	37
6636321703	parietal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head; receives sensory input for touch and body position	38
6636321704	occipital lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields	39
6636321705	temporal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information from the opposite ear	40
6636321706	motor cortex	an area at the read of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	41
6636321707	somatosensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	42
6636321708	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	43
6636321709	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's or Wernicke's area	44
6636321710	Broca's area	control language expression -- an area in the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved with speech	45
6636321711	Wernicke's area	control's language reception -- a brain area in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression	46
6636321712	Broca's aphasia	a language impairment in which the person has difficulty with the motor functions of speech and only uses nouns and verbs	47
6636321713	Wernicke's aphasia	a language impairment in which the person has difficulty with language comprehension, often speaks in long, complicated sentences that have no meaning	48
6636321714	plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	49
6636321715	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	50
6636321717	left hemisphere	region of the brain the controls the right side of the body, logic, math, science, and language	51
6636321718	right hemisphere	region of the brain the controls the left side of the body, art, creativity, spatial skills, recognizing faces	52
6636321719	sensory neuron	neurons that carry incoming information from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord	53
6636321720	motor neurons	neurons the carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands	54
6636321721	hippocampus	main memory center of the brain	55
7531112981	Agonist	enhance the action of a neurotransmitter, usually by mimicking it.	56
7531118592	Antagonist	inhibit the action of the neurotransmitter, usually by blocking the receptors.	57

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AP Biology Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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5147465378	monomer	a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form dimers or polymers	0
5147465379	polymer	large compound formed from combinations of many monomers	1
5147465380	carbohydrate	organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; used for energy or structural support	2
5147465381	lipid	organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen & relatively few oxygen used for energy storage; include fats, oils, steroids, waxes and other nonpolar substances	3
5147465382	Protein	organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; perform many functions including growth, repair and catalysis	4
5147465383	amino acid	monomer of a protein contains an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)	5
5147465384	hydrolysis	process by which organic polymers break into monomers by the addition of a H+ and an OH- (a molecule of water)	6
5147465385	enzyme	protein that acts as a catalyst and speeds up chemical reactions in the cell	7
5147465387	Isomer	molecule with same chemical formula, but different structure and properties	8
5147465389	Hydrogen Bond	weak, noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegetive atom (O, N, F)	9
5147465390	Covalent Bond	bonding pairs that shares electrons equally	10
5147465391	Polar Covalent Bond	Bonding pairs that share electrons unequally (as in water)	11
5147465393	Buffer	Solution that resist change in pH	12
5147465396	Glucose	Simple sugar that is component of carbohydrates and is also an energy source for living organisms; C6H12O6	13
5147465398	Ion	Atom or a molecule where total number of electrons is not equal to toal number of protons. It causes atom or molecule to have either positive or negative elctrical charge.	14
5147465402	Hydrocarbons	simplest organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen	15
5147465403	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate; energy molecule used to power cellular processes	16
5147465409	polar molecule	A molecule that has an unevenly distributed charge.	17
5147465412	aqueous solution	A solution in which water acts as a solvent	18
5147465413	hydrophilic	substance that has an affinity for water	19
5147465414	hydrophobic	substances that do not have affinity for water; nonionic or nonpolar compounds	20
5147465418	Valence Shell	The outer most shell of an atom that allows the cells to bond with one another. The first shell has a maximum of 2 and the rest have a maximum of 8 electrons.	21
5147465423	Dehydration synthesis	occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.	22
5147465426	Functional Group	A group of atoms in an organic compound that contribute to the personality of the compound	23
5147465428	Monosaccharides	carbohydrate monomer, usually a sugar such as glucose	24
5147465429	Disaccharides	carbohydrate dimer, such as sucrose	25
5147465430	Polysaccharides	carbohydrate polymer, such as starch, glycogen, cellulose or chitin	26
5147465431	Acid	solution which contains more H+ ions than OH-; has a pH < 7	27
5147465432	Basic	solution which contains more OH- ions than H+; has a pH > 7	28
5147465433	Catalyst	substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not changed during the reaction	29
5147465435	Glycogen	carbohydrate polymer found in animals composed of bonded glucose molecules	30
5147465436	organic compound	Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen	31
5147465437	macromolecules	organic polymer	32
5147465438	starch	carbohydrate polymer found in plants; composed of bonded glucose molecules	33
5147465439	Cellulose	Polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	34
5147465440	Chitin	polysaccharide that makes up the shells and exoskeletons of some animals and the cell walls of fungi	35
5147465441	fatty acid	subunit of triglycerides composed of long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogens	36
5147465442	phospholipid	amphiphatic lipid that composes most of the cell membrane	37
5147465443	Steroid	lipid made up of a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings	38
5147465444	Cholesterol	important steroid found in animal cell membranes	39
5147465445	nucleic acid	organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus which store and transmit genetic information	40

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AP Psychology - Development Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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5877793494	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
5877793495	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	1
5877793496	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
5877793497	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
5877793498	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
5877793499	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	5
5877793500	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
5877793501	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
5877793502	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	8
5877793503	Schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	9
5877793504	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. A child calling a bicycle a car because it has wheels	10
5877793505	Accommodation	Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Realizing a bike is different from a car because it has two wheels	11
5877793506	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	12
5877793507	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. develops in the sensorimotor state	13
5877793508	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	14
5877793509	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	15
5877793510	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	16
5877793511	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	17
5877793512	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically but not abstractly about concrete events.	18
5877793513	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
5877793514	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	20
5877793515	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	21
5877793516	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	22
5877793517	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.	23
5877793518	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	24
5877793519	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	25
5877793520	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.	26
5877793521	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
5877793522	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	28
5877793523	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	29
5877793524	X Chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	30
5877793525	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	31
5877793526	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	32
5877793527	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	33
5877793528	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	34
5877793529	Gender Identity	our sense of being male or female.	35
5877793530	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	36
5877793531	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	37
5877793532	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	38
5877793533	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	39
5877793534	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	40
5877793535	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	41
5877793536	Menarche	the first menstrual period.	42
5877793537	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	43
5877793538	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	44
5877793539	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	45
5877793540	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	46
5877793541	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	47
5877793542	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	48
5877793543	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	49
5877793544	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	50
5877793545	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	51
5877793546	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	52
5877803876	Konrad Lorenz	studied how geese imprint	53
5877806118	Mary Ainsworth	Researcher who developed "the strange situation" to study attachment	54
5877806119	Strange Situation	Involved a mother briefly leaving a young child in a room. A stranger then enters. Later, the mother returns. Used to study attachment	55
5877807909	Secure Attachhment	When mom was in the room, explored but were wary of the stranger. When child was left alone they cried, but were soothed when the mother returned.	56
5877839641	Avoidant Attachment	When mom was in the room, didn't really touch base with her or care when she left and stranger entered. Didn't care when mom returned	57
5877841048	Ambivalent Attachment	Demonstrated mixed feelings in the strange situation. Wanted mom but weren't really soothed by her or seemed angry.	58
5877843049	DIsorganized Attachment	Seemed fearful of their mothers during the strange situation	59
5877807910	Nature	heredity, or the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, intellect, and development	60
5877810140	Nurture	environment; the influence our surroundings, parenting styles, economic factors have on our personality, intellect, ad development	61
5877820505	Lev Vygotsky	Development theorist who stressed the role that adults and higher skilled children played in development. Scaffolding and zone of proximal development were keys to his theory	62
5877824796	Scaffolding	learning by having a skilled person give you a lot of help at the start then slowly withdrawing as you improve	63
5877828581	Zone of proximal development	the difference between what a child can do alone and with help	64
5877844772	Erik Erison	Developed an 8 stage theory of psychosocial development where each stage was centered on overcoming a crisis such as trust vs mistrust	65
5877848381	Personal Fable	Part of Elkind's theory of Adolescent Egocentrism; idea that teens feel that they are special, one of a kind, and no one understands them.	66
5877848382	Imaginary Audience	Part of Elkind's theory of Adolescent Egocentrism; teens tend to think that others are just as concerned about their thoughts and appearance as they themselves are.	67
5877859857	Preconventional Morality	First level of Kohlberg's theory where morality is based on punishment and reward. If I didn't get caught/punished, then it was OK to do it.	68
5877865476	Conventional Morality	Second level of Kohlberg's theory where morality is based on conforming to others and the expectations of society	69
5877867247	Postconventional Morality	Third level of Kohlberg's theory where morality is based on principles that have been set by the person and may more may not agree with social norms.	70
5877869747	Carol Gilligan	criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for being too male orientated; said men and women have different views of morality	71
5877877355	Authoritarian parenting	parents who are very inflexible, stern and strict. More likely to use physical punishment. Children tend to grow up with low self esteem, be timid and withdrawn. Others might rebel.	72
5877879940	Permissive/Indulgent parenting	parents who are more friends to their children and do not set any boundaries. Children tend to be selfish, immature, and dependent upon parents.	73
5877886178	Permissive/Neglectful	parents who ignore their children and aren't really involved in their life.	74
5877882838	Authoritative parenting	parents who set clear expectations and boundaries but who are warm, fair, and flexible. Children tend to grow up to be well adjusted and have high self esteem.	75
5877887606	Stages of Dying	Theory created by Elisabeth Kubler Ross. Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance	76
5877890346	Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt	Erikson stage ages 1-3 when children are learning to direct their own behavior and feel that they can do things for themselves. I can do it vs I can't do it!	77
5877893073	Initiative vs. Guilt	Erikson stage ages 3-5 where children must learn to control their behavior and take responsibility for their actions. I decided to do it vs I really shouldn't have done that!	78
5877895519	Industry vs. Inferiority	Erikson stage ages 5-12 where children learn to feel competence and self esteem as they learn new knowlesdge and skills. I can do it well vs. I am terrible at that!	79
5877901410	Generativity vs Stagnation	Erikson middle adult stage where a person strives to stay creative, productive, and giving to the next generation	80
5877903026	Integrity vs Despair	Erikson's final stage where are person accepts their life	81
5877905099	Jean Piaget	Created a four stage theory of Cognitive Development	82

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AP Psychology - 7A Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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4873079921	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
4873079922	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.	1
4873079923	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	2
4873079924	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	3
4873079925	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	4
4873079926	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.	5
4873079927	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	6
4873079928	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	7
4873079929	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	8
4873079930	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	9
4873079931	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	10
4873079932	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	11
4873079933	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	12
4873079934	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.	13
4873079935	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	14
4873079936	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	15
4873079937	imagery	mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	16
4873079938	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	17
4873079939	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	18
4873079940	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	19
4873079941	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	20
4873079942	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	21
4873079943	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	22
4873079944	amnesia	the loss of memory.	23
4873079945	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)	24
4873079946	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	25
4873079947	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.	26
4873079948	recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	27
4873079949	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.	28
4873079950	relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	29
4873079951	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.	30
4873079952	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	31
4873079953	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	32
4873079954	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	33
4873079955	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	34
4873079956	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	35
4873079957	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	36
4873079958	source amnesia (source misattribution)	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	37
4873079959	serial processing	occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter	38

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ap Flashcards

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9230785042	adolescent fertility rate	the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19	0
9230831709	cooperative store	co-op owned and controlled by members of the cooperative who use products	1
9230831710	developed country	a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development	2
9230832682	developing country	A country that has low industrial production and little modern technology	3
9230833239	development	the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism	4
9230849158	fair trade	trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries	5
9230850687	female labor force participation rate	the percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home	6
9230860777	foreign direct investment	Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.	7
9230869010	gender related development index	compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes	8
9230870054	gross domestic product	The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation	9
9230872001	gender inequality index	a measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality	10
9230874081	gross domestic product	The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation	11
9230874705	gross national income	A measure that reflects the economic state of a country once expenses or debts have been paid.	12
9230875788	human development index	a measure of living conditions using factors such as life expectancy, education, and income	13
9230878037	inequality adjusted human development index	a modification of the HDI to account for inequalities	14
9230879582	literacy rate	percentage of people who can read and write	15
9230879583	maternal mortality rate	annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births	16
9230881712	microfinance	precision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small business in developing countries	17
9230883065	millennium development goals	eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015	18
9230883066	primary sector	the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment	19
9230884802	productivity	the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input	20
9230894262	pupil/teacher ratio	the number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers	21
9230895576	purchasing power parity	a monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries	22
9230907202	secondary sector	the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods	23
9230934950	structural adjustment program	economics policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions that encourage international trade.	24
9230937525	sustainable development goals	a set of 17 goals agreed by world leaders to be met by 2030	25
9230938828	tertiary sector	the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communication, and utilities	26
9230960899	value added	the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy the difference between the cost of inputs and the value or price of outputs	27

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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

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6372172752	Agribusiness	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	0
6372172753	Cash Crops	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6372172754	Commercial Agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	2
6372172756	GMOs	Foods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value	3
6372172757	Intensive Subsistence Farming	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	4
6372172759	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	5
6372172760	Market Gardening	The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.	6
6372172761	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	7
6372172762	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	8
6372172766	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	9
6372172767	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	10
6372172768	Examples of Primary Economic Activities	Raising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton	11
6372172769	Examples of Secondary Economic Activities	Milk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles	12
6372172770	Examples of Tertiary Economic Activities	Corporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism	13
6372172771	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	14
6372172772	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed, most common in US/Europe	15
6372172773	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	16
6372172774	Mediterranean Agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	17
6372172777	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	18
6372172782	Agricultural Landscape	The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.	19
6372172790	Dairy Farms	specialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia	20
6372172792	Desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.	21
6372172793	Dispersed (Rural Settlement Type)	characteristics of the contemporary North American rural landscape, by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers.	22
6372172794	Extensive Commercial Agriculture	A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output	23
6372172799	Food Desert	An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain	24
6372172801	Globalized Agriculture	system of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization	25
6372172803	Hunting and Gathering	the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance	26
6372172805	Livestock Ranching	an extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West	27
6372172806	Long-Lot Survey System	A distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	28
6372172807	Luxury Crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	29
6372172808	Metes and Bounds System	a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. The system relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.	30
6372172809	Pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	31
6372172810	Nucleated( Rural Settlement System)	clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern. It is one of the terms used by geographers and landscape historians to classify settlements	32
6372172811	Organic Agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.	33
6372172812	Pesticides	Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.	34
6372172814	Plant Domestication	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	35
6372172816	Quaternary Economic Activities	service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	36
6372172817	Quinary Economic Activities	service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.	37
6372172818	Rectangular Survey System	A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.	38
6372172820	Carl Sauer	Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis, focused on Agricultural Hearths.	39
6372172821	2nd Agriculture Revolution	Innovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.	40
6372172822	Secondary Economic Activity	economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	41
6372172823	Seed Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.	42
6372172825	Slash and Burn Agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	43
6372172827	Tertiary Economic Activity	economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.	44
6372172828	Township and Range System	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	45
6372172829	Third Agriculture Revolution	'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	46
6372172830	Village Form (Rural Settlement Type)	a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings	47

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AP Biology Cell Transport Flashcards

Covers general terms for cellular transport for AP Biology.

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5930445780	Selectively Permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot	0
5930445781	Phospholipid Bilayer	double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes	1
5930445782	Integral Proteins	penetrate the hydrophobic core and often span the membrane	2
5930445783	Peripheral Proteins	Bound to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it.	3
5930445784	Glycoproteins	proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them	4
5930445785	Glycolipids	lipid that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them	5
5930445786	Passive Transport	transport that does not require the cell to expend energy (high to low concentration)	6
5930445787	Active Transport	energy-requiring process where a substance moves against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)	7
5930445788	Diffusion	net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient (high to low)	8
5930445789	Facilitated Diffusion	diffusion of solutes across a membrane, with the help of transport proteins	9
5930445790	Osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	10
5930445791	Hypertonic	solute concentration is greater than inside the cell, cell loses water; plant cells plasmolyze, animal cells crenate	11
5930445792	Hypotonic	solute concentrations in less than inside the cell, cell gains water; animal cells lyse, plant cells have ideal turgor pressure	12
5930445793	Isotonic	solute concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane, cell does not gain or lose water; ideal condition for animal cells	13
5930445794	Sodium-Potassium Pump	actively pumps Na+ ions out and K+ ions in, 3 Na leave for every 2 K that enter	14
5930445795	Proton Pump	pumps (H+ ions) out of the cell, creating a proton gradient, protons diffuse back into the cell, which powers ATP production	15
5930445796	Cotransport	The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.	16
5930445797	Exocytosis	exporting macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	17
5930445798	Endocytosis	importing macromolecules by forming vesicles derived from plasma membrane	18
5930445799	Phagocytosis	part of the cell membrane engulfs large particles or entire cells (cell eating)	19
5930445800	Pinocytosis	part of the cell membrane engulfs small dissolved substances or fluid droplets in vesicles (cell drinking)	20
5930445801	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis	importing of specific macromolecules by receptor proteins bind to a specific substance which triggers the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits	21
5930445802	Ligands	molecule that binds to the specific receptor site on another molecule	22
5930445803	Clathrin Coated Pits	areas of the plasma membrane containing receptors that will cause endocytosis when the appropriate ligand binds	23
5930445804	Fluid Mosaic Model	states that the membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it	24
5930445805	Transport Proteins	allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane	25
5930445806	Concentration Gradient	a difference in concentration across a distance	26
5930445807	Turgor Pressure	the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls, caused by the movement of water into the cell	27
5930445808	Gated Channels	protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus	28
5930445809	Aquaporins	facilitates the passage of water into a cell	29
5930445810	plasmolysis	As a plant cell loses water, it shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall	30
5930445811	crenation	Condition wherein animal cells decrease in size, shrivel and wrinkle, and are no longer functional when in a hypertonic solution	31
5930445812	cholesterol	A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Its presence helps to maintain flexibility and fluidity in the membrane.	32

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AP Government: The Media Flashcards

AP Test Prep

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5683367967	Muckraker	Journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s/one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage)	0
5683367968	Associated Press	The telegraph system allowed the exchange of national and international news to be shared by different newspapers, and in 1846, newspaper publishers from around the nation gathered to create an organization that would promote cooperative news gathering by wire.	1
5683367969	Yellow Journalism	Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.	2
5683367970	Equal Time Rule	an FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates.	3
5683367971	Right-of-Reply Rule	A regulation by the FCC permitting a person the right to respond if attacked on a broadcast other than in a regular news program.	4
5683367972	Political Editorializing Rule	A rule of the FCC that if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply	5
5683367973	Adversarial Press	the tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them	6
5683367974	Off/On The Record	information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public/ information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to the source.	7
5683367975	On (deep) Background	what the official says can be used but not attributed to anybody, even an anonymous source...Information from an official that can be printed but not attributed at all.	8
5683367976	"Big Three" Networks	The original television broadcasting networks: ABC, CBS, NBC	9
5683367977	Sound Bites	short snippets of information aimed at dramatizing a story rather than explaining its substantive meaning	10
5683367978	Libel	Written untruths that are harmful to someone's reputation.	11
5683367979	Slander	words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another.	12
5683367980	Defamation	act of harming or ruining another's reputation.	13
5683367981	Prior Restraint	A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota.	14
5683367982	The Pentagon Papers	Common case dealing with prior restraints and national security involved the publications of stolen pentagon papers about military involvement in Vietnam were leaked	15
5683367983	Trial Balloon	Tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gaugin public reaction	16
5683367984	Loaded Language	words that imply a value judgement, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument	17
5683367985	Fairness Doctrine	an FCC requirement that broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues provide time for opposing views.	18
5683367986	Selective Attention	paying attention only to those news stories with which one already agrees	19
5683367987	Editorial Endorsement	a media source declaring support for a candidate or policy	20
5683367988	C-SPAN	The cable network that provides gavel-to-gavel coverage of congressional floor proceedings, committee hearings, and special events.	21
5683367989	Routine Stories	media stories about events that are regularly covered by reporters	22
5683367990	Feature Stories	media stories about events that, though public, are not regularly covered by reporters	23
5683367991	Insider Stories	A type of news story that involves information not usually made public which requires investigative work on the part of a reporter or a leak by some public official.	24
5683367992	News Leaks	the tactic used widely by White House officials of releasing information to the press on an anonymous basis when it serves the officials interests to have the information publicized. some of these are unauthorized and unwanted by the White House.	25
5683367993	Feeding Frenzy	Just as sharks engage in a feeding frenzy when they sense blood in the water, the media "attack" when they sense wrongdoing or scandal in government, and devote great amounts of coverage to such stories.	26
5683367994	Pack Journalism	the tendency of journalists to cover stories because other journalists are covering them and to ignore stories that other journalists arent covering	27
5683367995	New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)	Case in which the Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure	28
5683367996	Federal Communications Commission	an independent governmeent agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite	29
5683367997	Telecommunications Act	effort to do away with most regulations: loosened restrictions on media ownership, allowed telephone companies, cable tv providers, and broadcasters to compete with each other for telecommunication services	30
5683367998	Shield Law	Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the annonymity of their sources. States have passed this--not the federal government.	31
5683367999	"Above" or "Below The Fold" Stories	stories that are important news stories, this is where the photographs are located.	32
5683368000	Freedom of Information Act (1974)	Allows public access to nonclassified federal documents.	33

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AP Calculus BC Exam, AP Calculus BC Flashcards

Statesville Christian School AP Calculus Class

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8574689923	Intermediate Value Theorem	If f(1)=-4 and f(6)=9, then there must be a x-value between 1 and 6 where f crosses the x-axis.	0
8574689924	Average Rate of Change	Slope of secant line between two points, use to estimate instantanous rate of change at a point.	1
8574689925	Instantenous Rate of Change	Slope of tangent line at a point, value of derivative at a point	2
8574689926	Formal definition of derivative		3
8574689927	Alternate definition of derivative	limit as x approaches a of [f(x)-f(a)]/(x-a)	4
8574689928	When f '(x) is positive, f(x) is	increasing	5
8574689929	When f '(x) is negative, f(x) is	decreasing	6
8574689930	When f '(x) changes from negative to positive, f(x) has a	relative minimum	7
8574689931	When f '(x) changes from positive to negative, f(x) has a	relative maximum	8
8574689932	When f '(x) is increasing, f(x) is	concave up	9
8574689933	When f '(x) is decreasing, f(x) is	concave down	10
8574689934	When f '(x) changes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing, f(x) has a	point of inflection	11
8574689935	When is a function not differentiable	corner, cusp, vertical tangent, discontinuity	12
8574689936	Product Rule	uv' + vu'	13
8574689937	Quotient Rule	(uv'-vu')/v²	14
8574689938	Chain Rule	f '(g(x)) g'(x)	15
8574689939	y = x cos(x), state rule used to find derivative	product rule	16
8574689940	y = ln(x)/x², state rule used to find derivative	quotient rule	17
8574689941	y = cos²(3x)	chain rule	18
8574689942	Particle is moving to the right/up	velocity is positive	19
8574689943	Particle is moving to the left/down	velocity is negative	20
8574689944	absolute value of velocity	speed	21
8574689945	y = sin(x), y' =	y' = cos(x)	22
8574689946	y = cos(x), y' =	y' = -sin(x)	23
8574689947	y = tan(x), y' =	y' = sec²(x)	24
8574689948	y = csc(x), y' =	y' = -csc(x)cot(x)	25
8574689949	y = sec(x), y' =	y' = sec(x)tan(x)	26
8574689950	y = cot(x), y' =	y' = -csc²(x)	27
8574689951	y = sin⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = 1/√(1 - x²)	28
8574689952	y = cos⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = -1/√(1 - x²)	29
8574689953	y = tan⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = 1/(1 + x²)	30
8574689954	y = cot⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = -1/(1 + x²)	31
8574689955	y = e^x, y' =	y' = e^x	32
8574689956	y = a^x, y' =	y' = a^x ln(a)	33
8574689957	y = ln(x), y' =	y' = 1/x	34
8574689958	y = log (base a) x, y' =	y' = 1/(x lna)	35
8574689959	To find absolute maximum on closed interval [a, b], you must consider...	critical points and endpoints	36
8574689960	mean value theorem	if f(x) is continuous and differentiable, slope of tangent line equals slope of secant line at least once in the interval (a, b) f '(c) = [f(b) - f(a)]/(b - a)	37
8574689961	If f '(x) = 0 and f"(x) > 0,	f(x) has a relative minimum	38
8574689962	If f '(x) = 0 and f"(x) < 0,	f(x) has a relative maximum	39
8574689963	Linearization	use tangent line to approximate values of the function	40
8574689964	rate	derivative	41
8574689965	left riemann sum	use rectangles with left-endpoints to evaluate integral (estimate area)	42
8574689966	right riemann sum	use rectangles with right-endpoints to evaluate integrals (estimate area)	43
8574689967	trapezoidal rule	use trapezoids to evaluate integrals (estimate area)	44
8574689968	[(h1 - h2)/2]*base	area of trapezoid	45
8574689969	definite integral	has limits a & b, find antiderivative, F(b) - F(a)	46
8574689970	indefinite integral	no limits, find antiderivative + C, use inital value to find C	47
8574689971	area under a curve	∫ f(x) dx integrate over interval a to b	48
8574689972	area above x-axis is	positive	49
8574689973	area below x-axis is	negative	50
8574689974	average value of f(x)	= 1/(b-a) ∫ f(x) dx on interval a to b	51
8574689975	If g(x) = ∫ f(t) dt on interval 2 to x, then g'(x) =	g'(x) = f(x)	52
8574689976	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus	∫ f(x) dx on interval a to b = F(b) - F(a)	53
8574689977	To find particular solution to differential equation, dy/dx = x/y	separate variables, integrate + C, use initial condition to find C, solve for y	54
8574689978	To draw a slope field,	plug (x,y) coordinates into differential equation, draw short segments representing slope at each point	55
8574689979	slope of horizontal line	zero	56
8574689980	slope of vertical line	undefined	57
8574689981	methods of integration	substitution, parts, partial fractions	58
8574689982	use substitution to integrate when	a function and it's derivative are in the integrand	59
8574689983	use integration by parts when	two different types of functions are multiplied	60
8574689984	∫ u dv =	uv - ∫ v du	61
8574689985	use partial fractions to integrate when	integrand is a rational function with a factorable denominator	62
8574689986	dP/dt = kP(M - P)	logistic differential equation, M = carrying capacity	63
8574689987	P = M / (1 + Ae^(-Mkt))	logistic growth equation	64
8574689988	given rate equation, R(t) and inital condition when t = a, R(t) = y₁ find final value when t = b	y₁ + Δy = y Δy = ∫ R(t) over interval a to b	65
8574689989	given v(t) and initial position t = a, find final position when t = b	s₁+ Δs = s Δs = ∫ v(t) over interval a to b	66
8574689990	given v(t) find displacement	∫ v(t) over interval a to b	67
8574689991	given v(t) find total distance travelled	∫ abs[v(t)] over interval a to b	68
8574689992	area between two curves	∫ f(x) - g(x) over interval a to b, where f(x) is top function and g(x) is bottom function	69
8574689993	volume of solid with base in the plane and given cross-section	∫ A(x) dx over interval a to b, where A(x) is the area of the given cross-section in terms of x	70
8574689994	volume of solid of revolution - no washer	π ∫ r² dx over interval a to b, where r = distance from curve to axis of revolution	71
8574689995	volume of solid of revolution - washer	π ∫ R² - r² dx over interval a to b, where R = distance from outside curve to axis of revolution, r = distance from inside curve to axis of revolution	72
8574689996	length of curve	∫ √(1 + (dy/dx)²) dx over interval a to b	73
8574689997	L'Hopitals rule	use to find indeterminate limits, find derivative of numerator and denominator separately then evaluate limit	74
8574689998	indeterminate forms	0/0, ∞/∞, ∞*0, ∞ - ∞, 1^∞, 0⁰, ∞⁰	75
8574689999	6th degree Taylor Polynomial	polynomial with finite number of terms, largest exponent is 6, find all derivatives up to the 6th derivative	76
8574690000	Taylor series	polynomial with infinite number of terms, includes general term	77
8574690001	nth term test	if terms grow without bound, series diverges	78
8574690002	alternating series test	lim as n approaches zero of general term = 0 and terms decrease, series converges	79
8574690003	converges absolutely	alternating series converges and general term converges with another test	80
8574690004	converges conditionally	alternating series converges and general term diverges with another test	81
8574690005	ratio test	lim as n approaches ∞ of ratio of (n+1) term/nth term > 1, series converges	82
8574690006	find interval of convergence	use ratio test, set > 1 and solve absolute value equations, check endpoints	83
8574690007	find radius of convergence	use ratio test, set > 1 and solve absolute value equations, radius = center - endpoint	84
8574690008	integral test	if integral converges, series converges	85
8574690009	limit comparison test	if lim as n approaches ∞ of ratio of comparison series/general term is positive and finite, then series behaves like comparison series	86
8574690010	geometric series test	general term = a₁r^n, converges if -1 < r < 1	87
8574690011	p-series test	general term = 1/n^p, converges if p > 1	88
8574690012	derivative of parametrically defined curve x(t) and y(t)	dy/dx = dy/dt / dx/dt	89
8574690013	second derivative of parametrically defined curve	find first derivative, dy/dx = dy/dt / dx/dt, then find derivative of first derivative, then divide by dx/dt	90
8574690014	length of parametric curve	∫ √ (dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)² over interval from a to b	91
8574690015	given velocity vectors dx/dt and dy/dt, find speed	√(dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)² not an integral!	92
8574690016	given velocity vectors dx/dt and dy/dt, find total distance travelled	∫ √ (dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)² over interval from a to b	93
8574690017	area inside polar curve	1/2 ∫ r² over interval from a to b, find a & b by setting r = 0, solve for theta	94
8574690018	area inside one polar curve and outside another polar curve	1/2 ∫ R² - r² over interval from a to b, find a & b by setting equations equal, solve for theta.	95
8574690019	Product rule Derivatives		96
8574690020	Volume of Disc		97
8574690021	Volume of Washer		98
8574690022	Volume of Shell		99
8574690023	Volume of Cross Section		100
8574690024	Second Fundamental Theorem		101
8574690025	Area of Trapezoid		102
8574690026	Trapezoidal Rule		103
8574690027	Alt. Series Error:		104
8574690028	Lagrange Error		105
8574690029	Integral of u'/u		106
8574690030	Integral of a^x		107
8574690031	Integral of sin x		108
8574690032	Integral of cos x		109
8574690033	Integral of sec^2 x		110
8574690034	Integral of tan x		111
8574690035	Integral of cot x		112
8574690036	Integral of sec x tan x		113
8574690037	Integral of csc^2 x		114
8574690038	Integral of csc x cot x		115
8574690039	derivative of arctan u		116
8574690040	derivative of arcsin u		117
8574690041	Integration by parts		118
8574690042	Limit definition of derivative with h		119
8574690043	Limit definition of derivative with delta x		120
8574690044	Logistic differential		121
8574690045	Logistics Equation		122
8574690046	Elementary Series for e^x		123
8574690047	Elementary Series for sin x		124
8574690048	Elementary Series for cos x		125
8574690049	Elementary Series for ln x		126
8574690050	Taylor expansion		127
8574690051	Euler's Method		128
8574690052	Average Rate of Change		129
8574690053	Inst. Rate of Change		130
8574690054	Mean Value Theorem		131
8574690055	Average Value of a Function		132
8574690056	Intermediate Value Thm	A function f that is continuous on [a,b] takes on every y-value between f(a) and f(b)	133
8574690057	Arc Length Cartesian		134
8574690058	Arc Length Parametric		135
8574690059	Arc Length Polar		136
8574690060	Speed		137
8574690061	Total Dist.	Check for turning points too!	138
8574690062	Polar Area		139
8574690063	Parametric Derivatives		140
8574690064	Polar Conversion for r^2		141
8574690065	Polar Conversion for x		142
8574690066	Polar Conversion for y		143
8574690067	Polar Conversion for theta		144
8574690068	nth term test		145
8574690069	Geometric series test		146
8574690070	p-series test		147
8574690071	Alternating series test	terms decrease in absolute value means convergence	148
8574690072	Integral test	Whatever integral does, series does	149
8574690073	Ratio test	Also check each x value for IOC	150
8574690074	Direct comparison test		151
8574690075	Limit comparison test		152