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ap Flashcards

9369258477	consumptive water usage	the use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid	0
9369242793	bulk gaining industry	an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs makes something that gains volume or weight during production	1
9369251642	bulk reducing industry	An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. an economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs	2
9369255803	chlorofluorocarbon	a gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers	3
9369258845	cottage industry	a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes a business that employs workers in their homes	4
9369261490	fission	The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy. cell division that forms two genetically identical cells	5
9369265157	fordist production	form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly mass production	6
9369265158	fossil fuel	Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.	7
9369267573	fusion	Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium. union; synthesis	8
9369267574	geothermal energy	Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks. Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth	9
9369271176	greenhouse effect	warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere	10
9369275066	just In time delivery	shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed	11
9369277571	labor intensive industry	an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses an industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses	12
9369279564	maquiladora	in Mexico, a manufacturing plant owned by a foreign company	13
9369284477	new international division of labor	Selective transfer of skilled jobs in MDCs to LDCs that still allow skilled jobs to exist in MDCs	14
9369290269	nonconsumptive water usage	the use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid	15
9369293265	nonpoint source pollution	pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site	16
9369302107	nonrenewable energy	A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.	17
9369302108	outsourcing	using suppliers outside the company to provide goods and services	18
9369305257	ozone	A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.	19
9369307675	passive solar energy systems	solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices	20
9369309595	photochemical smog	air pollution that forms from the interaction between chemicals in the air and sunlight	21
9369312805	point source pollution	pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source	22
9369312806	pollution	Release of harmful materials into the environment Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.	23
9369319166	post-fordist production	adoption by companies of flexible work rules	24
9369323230	potential reserve	the amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist	25
9369323231	proven reserve	the amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits	26
9369326237	recycling	Convert waste into reusable material. the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products	27
9369326238	remanufacturing	the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product	28
9369333099	renewable energy	A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. Any source of energy that can be continually produced and is inexhaustible given current conditions.	29
9369333100	right to work law	state law making it illegal to require a worker to join a union	30
9369336384	sanitary landfill	a landfill that holds nonhazardous waste such as municipal solid waste and construction debris a low area where waste is buried between layers of earth a landfill that holds nonhazardous waste such as municipal solid waste and construction debris	31
9369336385	site factors	result from the unique characteristics of a location particular to a geographic location and focus on varying costs of land, labor, and capital result from the unique characteristics of a location	32
9369340766	situation factors	location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory	33
9369346212	vertical integration	acquiring firms at different levels of channel activity An attempt by one company to simultaneously control several related aspects of the media business. acquiring firms at different levels of channel activity	34

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Ap Flashcards

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9022890166	1st term	Age of political revolutions and reformations	0
9022890167	2nd term	Age of industrialism and capitalism and responses to capitalism such as socialism and communism	1
9022890168	3rd term	New social classes and changes to social classes	2
9022890169	4th term	Age of imperialism	3
9022890170	5th term	Age of nationalism	4
9022890171	6th term	Global migrations of people	5

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AP Biology Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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6288440811	monomer	a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form dimers or polymers	0
6288440812	polymer	large compound formed from combinations of many monomers	1
6288440813	carbohydrate	organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; used for energy or structural support	2
6288440814	lipid	organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen & relatively few oxygen used for energy storage; include fats, oils, steroids, waxes and other nonpolar substances	3
6288440815	Protein	organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; perform many functions including growth, repair and catalysis	4
6288440816	amino acid	monomer of a protein contains an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)	5
6288440817	hydrolysis	process by which organic polymers break into monomers by the addition of a H+ and an OH- (a molecule of water)	6
6288440818	enzyme	protein that acts as a catalyst and speeds up chemical reactions in the cell	7
6288440819	Isomer	molecule with same chemical formula, but different structure and properties	8
6288440820	Hydrogen Bond	weak, noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegetive atom (O, N, F)	9
6288440821	Covalent Bond	bonding pairs that shares electrons equally	10
6288440822	Polar Covalent Bond	Bonding pairs that share electrons unequally (as in water)	11
6288440823	Buffer	Solution that resist change in pH	12
6288440824	Glucose	Simple sugar that is component of carbohydrates and is also an energy source for living organisms; C6H12O6	13
6288440825	Ion	Atom or a molecule where total number of electrons is not equal to toal number of protons. It causes atom or molecule to have either positive or negative elctrical charge.	14
6288440826	Hydrocarbons	simplest organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen	15
6288440827	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate; energy molecule used to power cellular processes	16
6288440828	polar molecule	A molecule that has an unevenly distributed charge.	17
6288440829	aqueous solution	A solution in which water acts as a solvent	18
6288440830	hydrophilic	substance that has an affinity for water	19
6288440831	hydrophobic	substances that do not have affinity for water; nonionic or nonpolar compounds	20
6288440832	Valence Shell	The outer most shell of an atom that allows the cells to bond with one another. The first shell has a maximum of 2 and the rest have a maximum of 8 electrons.	21
6288440833	Dehydration synthesis	occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.	22
6288440834	Functional Group	A group of atoms in an organic compound that contribute to the personality of the compound	23
6288440835	Monosaccharides	carbohydrate monomer, usually a sugar such as glucose	24
6288440836	Disaccharides	carbohydrate dimer, such as sucrose	25
6288440837	Polysaccharides	carbohydrate polymer, such as starch, glycogen, cellulose or chitin	26
6288440838	Acid	solution which contains more H+ ions than OH-; has a pH < 7	27
6288440839	Basic	solution which contains more OH- ions than H+; has a pH > 7	28
6288440840	Catalyst	substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not changed during the reaction	29
6288440841	Glycogen	carbohydrate polymer found in animals composed of bonded glucose molecules	30
6288440842	organic compound	Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen	31
6288440843	macromolecules	organic polymer	32
6288440844	starch	carbohydrate polymer found in plants; composed of bonded glucose molecules	33
6288440845	Cellulose	Polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	34
6288440846	Chitin	polysaccharide that makes up the shells and exoskeletons of some animals and the cell walls of fungi	35
6288440847	fatty acid	subunit of triglycerides composed of long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogens	36
6288440848	phospholipid	amphiphatic lipid that composes most of the cell membrane	37
6288440849	Steroid	lipid made up of a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings	38
6288440850	Cholesterol	important steroid found in animal cell membranes	39
6288440851	nucleic acid	organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus which store and transmit genetic information	40

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AP Spanish AP Prep Vocab (updated 2019) Flashcards

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6634882537	Acceder	To access	0
6634884019	Cumplir/realizar	To accomplish/achieve/fulfill	1
6634887818	Afectar	To affect	2
6634894615	Tratarse (de)/tener que ver (con)	To be about	3
6634899565	Estar relacionado(s) con	To be related	4
6634901858	Desarrollar	To develop	5
6634901859	Surgir	To emerge/arise	6
6634903976	Destacar	To highlight/call attention to	7
6634909327	Impedir (e-i)	To impede/hinder	8
6634912262	Involucrar	To involve	9
6634918548	Medir (e-i)	To measure	10
6634920711	Rechazar	To reject	11
6634927216	Prevenir (e-ie)	To prevent	12
6634931488	Promover (o-ue)	To promote/encourage	13
6634933879	Apoyar	To support	14
6634937011	Aprovecharse (de)	To take advantage (of)	15
6634943581	La capacidad	Ability	16
6634946455	La (des)ventaja	(Dis)advantage	17
6634949903	La cantidad	Amount	18
6634958000	La disponibilidad	Availability	19
6634962444	El comportamiento	Behavior	20
6634964865	El beneficio	Benefit	21
6634964866	La causa	Cause	22
6634969266	El reto/el desafío	Challenge	23
6634972805	La diferencia	Difference	24
6634976990	El efecto	Effect	25
6634978790	El factor	Factor	26
6634980524	El impacto	Impact	27
6634983759	El vínculo	Link	28
6634983760	El asunto	Matter(issue)	29
6634990502	El problema	Problem	30
6634990503	El programa	Program	31
6634997033	La intención, el fin	Objective/purpose	32
6634998528	La tasa	Rate	33
6635001508	El motivo, el porqué	Reason	34
6635005202	El resultado	Result	35
6635012784	La señal	Sign	36
6635014611	La semejanza	Similarity	37
6635014640	La habilidad	Skill	38
6635034299	La solución	Solution	39
6635038268	La fuente	Source	40
6635038269	El paso	Step	41
6635042461	El valor	Value	42
6635044321	La manera	Way	43
6635051638	Disponible	Available	44
6635054273	Desafiante	Challenging	45
6635058858	Diferente, distinto	Different	46
6635062910	Involucrado	Involved	47
6635064294	Escaso	Scarce, very little	48
6635068143	Parecido, semejante	Similar	49
13815295472	Es una cuestión de...	It's a matter of...	50
13815295473	De una manera...	In a... way	51

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APES Flashcards

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7351083572	10% Rule	Everytime something's eaten only ten percent of the energy make it to the consumer. for example. a plant uses photosynthesis and would be able to use 10% of the energy, then a cow eats the plant and gets 10% of the plants energy, which is 1% of the original suns energy. next a person eats the cow and only gets .1% of the original energy from the sun.	0
7351087622	Abiotic	Not associated with or derived from living organisms. Abiotic factors in nature are sunlight, temerature, wind, percipitation, etc.	1
7351088865	Ammonification	Decomposing bacteria convert nitrogenous wastes and organic matter to ammonia (NH3)	2
7351096972	Aquatic Life Zones	type 1- saltwater life zones (i.e. oceans and bays, estuaries, coastal wetlands, shorelines, coral reefs, and mangrove forests) type 2- freshwater zones (i.e. Lakes, rivers, streams and inland wetlands)	3
7351107626	Assimilation	Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and proteins.	4
7351117727	Autotroph	a plant; producer; creates its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy	5
7351123113	Bioaccumulation	the build up of a substance (usually a toxin) as it passes through a food chain	6
7351130874	Biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from living organisms to the abiotic environment such as soil or the atmosphere.	7
7351131667	Biomagnification	The increase in the quantity and concentration of toxins and pollutants as you go up the food web	8
7351139001	Biomes	regions of the world/ecosystems with similar climate and organisms; there are both terrestrial and aquatic)	9
7351140103	Chaparral	A dense scrub land found in areas with Mediterranean climate(long warm , dry season and a cooler rainy season)	10
7351143970	Chemotroph	an organism such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds, as opposed to photosynthesis.	11
7351155807	Combusted	The process of burning	12
7351160779	Coniferous Forest	a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters	13
7351186765	Conservation of Matter	Matter cannot be created or destroyed	14
7351187621	Consumers	A heterotrophic organism that feeds on other organisms in a food chain	15
7351191403	Deciduous Forest	vegetation composed primarily of broad-leaved trees that shed all their leaves during one season.	16
7351194361	Decomposer	an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.	17
7351196407	Denitrification	the loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds	18
7351208540	Deserts	arid land with usually sparse vegetation; especially : such land having a very warm climate and receiving less than 25 centimeters	19
7351222314	Detrivore	an animal that feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.	20
7351223224	Ecotone	a transitional area of vegetation between two different plant communities, such as forest and grassland.	21
7351225280	Ecozone	A large geographical region having a distinct biodiversity of flora and fauna.	22
7351230091	Energy Pyramid	a depiction of the amount of energy in each trophic level of an ecosystem	23
7351230545	Eutrophication	the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both.	24
7351232226	Exchange pool	when chemicals are held for only short periods of time. Examples of exchange pools include plants and animals, which temporarily use elements in their systems and release them back into the air or surrounding medium. Exchange pools tend to be biotic factors while reservoirs tend to be abiotic factors.	25
7351234403	Food Chain	shows how energy passes from one organism to another as food	26
7351340186	Food Web	a graphical model depicting the many food chains linked together to show the feeding relationships of organisms in an ecosystem	27
7351340187	Grasslands	Biome composed of large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers, and herbs. A region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas a few trees.	28
7351340706	Gross Primary Productivity	The rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances	29
7351340707	Groundwater	water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock	30
7351341128	Heterotroph	Organisms that cannot make their own food from inorganic chemicals and a source of energy and therefore live by feeding on other organisms	31
7351341356	Law of the Minimum	Law stating that a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further	32
7351341357	Law of Tolerance	the existence, amount, and distribution of species within an ecosystem depends on whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors are within the range tolerated by that species	33
7351341637	Limiting Factor	Too much or too little of an abiotic or biotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population	34
7351342006	Net Primary Productivity	Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy; equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (gross primary productivity) and the rate at which they use some of that energy through cellular respiration.	35
7351342007	Nitrification	the process by which ammonia is converted to nitrites (NO2-) and then nitrates (NO3-). This process naturally occurs in the environment, where it is carried out by specialized bacteria.	36
7351342741	Nitrogen Fixation	Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas, by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria, into forms useful to plants; it is part of the nitrogen cycle.Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas, by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria, into forms useful to plants; it is part of the nitrogen cycle.	37
7351343705	Phosphorus Cycle	A major biochemical cycle involving the movement of phosphorus throughout the biosphere and lithosphere. This cycle is important because phosphorus is an essential element for life and often is a limiting nutrient for plant growth.	38
7351343706	Photosynthesis	Synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide and water by living organisms using light as energy. Oxygen is given off asa by-product.	39
7351344181	Precipitation	Water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth.	40
7351344419	Primary	Any organism that consumes or feeds on autotrophs	41
7351344989	Producer	an organism, either a green plant or bacterium, which is part of the first level of a food chain	42
7351349184	Reservoir	Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies. It typically harbors the infectious agent without injury to itself and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected.	43
7351349185	Residency Time	The amount of water in a reservoir divided by either the rate of addition of water to the reservoir or the rate of loss from it	44
7351349677	Respiration	the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules. It takes place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced (aerobic and anaerobic)	45
7351352060	Runoff	Downward surface movement back to the ocean to resume cycle (important part of the hydrolic cycle)	46
7351353999	Secondary	Any organism that consumes or feeds largely on primary consumers, as well as autotrophs.	47
7351354279	Sulfur Cycle	Cyclic movement of sulfur in various chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment	48
7351354280	Terrestrial Cycle	Includes the processes of all ecosystems found in biomes. Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist: tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland and desert.	49
7351354580	Tertiary	A carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores; an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers.	50
7351354581	Transpiration	Process in which water is absorbed by the root systems of plants, moves up through the plants, passes through pores (stomata) in their leaves or other parts, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor.	51
7351354888	Trophic Level	All organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of energy (for example, sunlight) that enters an ecosystem. For example, all producers belong to the first trophic level and all herbivores belong to the second trophic level in a food chain or a food web.	52
7351354889	Tropical Rainforest	most diverse and hottest terrestrial biome, biome near the equator with warm climate wet weather and lush plant growth	53
7351375245	Tundra	treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes; occur in the arctic and Antarctica. Dominated by lichens, mosses, sedges, and dwarfed shrubs Characterized by extremely cold climate, permanently frozen ground (permafrost) low biotic diversity, simple vegetation structure, limitation of drainage, short season of growth and reproduction.	54

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APES - Unit 4: Biodiversity Flashcards

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5276353889	Climate	average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time.	0
5276355950	Weather	short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, moisture, air pressure and wind.	1
5276359200	Troposphere	thin layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the earth in which temperature decreases with altitude.	2
5276361501	Stratosphere	layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, in which temperature increases with altitude.	3
5276365428	Albedo	the percentage of incoming solar radiation that is reflected from a surface.	4
5276368683	Saturation point	the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.	5
5276369527	Adiabatic cooling	the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands.	6
5276371938	Adiabatic heating	the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the Earth and decreases in volume.	7
5276374972	Latent heat release	release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water.	8
5276379316	Atmospheric convection current	global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth.	9
5276382357	Hadley cell	an atmospheric convection current that cycles between the equator and 30 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees south latitude.	10
5276392264	Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)	the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge.	11
5276398536	Polar cell	an atmospheric convection current formed by rising air at 60 degrees north and south latitudes and sinks at the poles.	12
5276409613	Ferrell cell	an atmospheric convection current formed by the movement of the Hadley cells and Polar cells.	13
5276420452	Coriolis effect	the deflection of an object's (wind) path due to the rotation of the Earth.	14
5276425318	Rain shadow	a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side of the mountains.	15
5349991471	Terrestrial biome	geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation and distinctive plant growth forms on land	16
5349999908	Aquatic biome	an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth and water flow.	17
5350004473	Tundra	a cold and treeless biome with low growing vegetation	18
5350007952	Permafrost	impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil	19
5350010582	Boreal forest	forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons	20
5350025944	Temperate rainforest	coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation	21
5350029563	Temperate seasonal forest	biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 39 inches of annual precipitation	22
5350039737	Woodland/Shrubland	biome characterized by hot, dry summer and mild rainy winters	23
5350049901	Temperate grassland/cold desert	biome characterized by cold, harsh winters and hot, dry summers	24
5350056457	Tropical rainforest	warm and wet biome found between 20N and 20S latitudes with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation	25
5350074733	Tropical seasonal forest / savannah	biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons	26
5350080305	Subtropical desert	biome prevailing at about 30N and 30S with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions and sparse vegetation.	27
5366750720	Species richness	number of species in a given area	28
5366701913	Species evenness	relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area	29
5366704440	Phylogeny	branching pattern of evolutionary relationships	30
5366705288	Evolution	change in the genetic composition of a population over time	31
5366707206	Microevolution	evolution below the species level	32
5366708200	Macro evolution	evolution that gives rise to a new species, genera, families, classes or phyla.	33
5366710012	Gene	physical location on the chromosome within each cell of an organism	34
5366711657	Genotype	complete set of genes in an individual	35
5366712464	Phenotype	set of traits expressed by an individual	36
5366714146	Mutation	random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process	37
5366714871	Recombination	genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division	38
5366717966	Evolution by artificial selection	process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind.	39
5366724334	Evolution by natural selection	process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce.	40
5366727968	Fitness	an individual's ability to survive and reproduce	41
5366729226	Adaptation	a trait that improves an individuals fitness	42
5366730553	Gene flow	process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations	43
5366737502	Genetic drift	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating	44
5366739302	Bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size	45
5366742643	Extinction	the death of the last member of a species	46
5366743259	Founder effect	a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals	47
5395893588	Geographic isolation	physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species	48
5395923663	Allopatric speciation	process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation	49
5395925360	Reproductive isolation	result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring.	50
5395927289	Sympatric speciation	evolution of one species into two without geographic isolation	51
5395929508	Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)	an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting then into another species	52
5395931955	Range of tolerance	limit to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate	53
5395932548	Fundamental niche	suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow and reproduce	54
5395933866	Realized niche	range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	55
5395934953	Distribution	areas of the world in which a species lives	56
5395937534	Niche generalist	species that can live under a wide range of abiotic and biotic conditions	57
5395938303	Niche specialist	species that is specialized to line a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species	58
5395940487	Mass extinction	large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time	59
5424360624	Endemic species	a species that lives in a very small area of the world and nowhere else	60
5424363868	Biodiversity hotspot	an area that contains a high proportion of all the species found on Earth	61
5424371442	IUCN Threatened species	according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), species that have a high risk of extinction in the future	62
5424376222	Near-threatened species	species that are very likely to become threatened in the future	63
5424379549	Least concern species	species that are widespread and abundant	64
5424382760	Intrinsic value	value independent of any benefit to humans	65
5424384841	Instrumental value	worth as an instrument or a tool that can be used to accomplish a goal	66
5424387434	Provision	a good that humans can use directly	67
5424399451	Native species	species that line in their historic range, typically where they have lived for thousands or millions of years	68
5424402912	Exotic species	species living outside its historic range (AKA alien species)	69
5424406277	Invasive species	species (usually exotic) that spreads rapidly across large areas and is likely to cause harm	70
5424415021	Lacey Act	U.S. act that prohibits interstate shipping of all illegally harvested plants and animals	71
5424424366	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora	CITES - 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals	72
5424433966	IUCN Red List	list of worldwide threatened species	73
5424458005	Marine Mammal Protection Act	1972 US act to protect declining populations of marine mammals	74
5424463992	Endangered species	species that is in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range	75
5424471792	US Threatened species	according to the US legislation, any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range	76
5424507195	Convention on Biological Diversity	international treaty to help protect biodiversity	77
5424510931	Edge habitat	habitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition, such as where a grassy field meets a forest	78
5424515893	Biosphere reserve	protected area consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact	79

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AP Biology Cell Cycle Flashcards

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5600669884	Mitosis	Cell division that produces normal cells, produces two identical daughter cells.	0
5600669885	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, produces four identical daughter cells.	1
5600669887	Centrioles	In animal cells, a pair of centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers. These guide chromosomes in mitosis.	2
5600669888	IPMAT	Pneumonic device to remember the stages and order of cell division: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.	3
5600669889	Interphase	90% of the cell cycle. The cell does its "everyday job": RNA is produced, proteins are synthesized. The cell is preparing for duplication -- it is ready whenever it is triggered.	4
5600669891	G1 Phase	Initiated by a signal to divide. 1st growth period of the cell. Cell does its "everyday job." Cell grows, preparing for division.	5
5600669892	S Phase	DNA Synthesis. The cell copies chromosomes.	6
5600669893	Chromatin	The DNA-Protein complex formed when DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins.	7
5600669894	Chromosomes	A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.	8
5623551779	4N	Tretaploid, four copies of each chromosome, a cell ready for division	9
5600669895	Centromeres	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.	10
5600669896	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis.	11
5600669897	Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. Code for the same gene, but may have different alleles.	12
5600669898	G2 Phase	The cell prepares for division. Cell grows even more. Produces more organelles, proteins, and membranes.	13
5600669901	Prophase	Chromatin condenses. Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell. Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane breaks down.	14
5600669903	Prometaphase	Transition to metaphase. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. Microtubules attach at kinetochores. Chromosomes begin moving.	15
5600669904	Kinetochores	Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.	16
5623413613	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	17
5600669906	Metaphase	Chromosomes align along middle of cell, ensuring chromosomes separate properly.	18
5600669907	Metaphase Plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.	19
5600669909	Anaphase	Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores. Poles move farther apart.	20
5600669912	Chromosome Movement	Kinetochores use motor proteins that "walk" chromosomes along attached microtubule. Microtubule shortens by dismantling at kinetochore.	21
5600669913	Telophase	Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Spindle fibers disperse. Cytokinesis begins.	22
5600669915	Cytokinesis in Plants	A cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes. A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes	23
5600669916	Cytokinesis in Animals	Constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell. Cleavage furrow forms. Splits cell in two, like tightening a draw string.	24
5600669917	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	25
5600669918	Cytokinesis in Plants	Cell plate forms from vesicles lining up at the equator. They proceed to fuse and form two cell membranes. A new cell wall is laid between membranes. The new cell wall fuses with the existing cell wall.	26
5600669919	Evolution of Mitosis	In, eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria (single circular chromosome with no membrane bound organelles).	27
5600684204	Cancer	A collection of related diseases in which cells divide uncontrollably	28
5600694557	G1 checkpoint	At the end of G1 phase, if cell is not ready to divide it may arrest here (G0 phase - nerve and muscle cells remain here, rarely divide after maturing) and never proceed or wait until it is ready.	29
5600718816	S checkpoint	DNA damage checkpoint: DNA recplication halted if genome is damage	30
5623281786	cyclin	one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	31
5623325630	gamete	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	32
5623327866	zygote	A fertilized egg	33
5623382762	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	34
5623400924	budding	Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism	35
5623418992	parthenogenesis	Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. No males involved.	36
5623430112	chiasmata	The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	37
5623439972	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	38
5623444913	point of sexual reproduction	increase variation in offspring, increase diversity in a population	39
5623459992	DNA replication	DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.	40
5623463642	DNA Polymerase III	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' → 3' direction.	41
5623471741	DNA Ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.	42
5623474700	DNA Helicase	An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication	43
5623484965	semi-conservative replication	in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new	44
5623492812	Meselson and Stahl experiment	Cultured bacteria in a medium containing heavy Nitrogen (15N) then moved them to a medium containing light Nitrogen (14N). Here they allowed the bacteria to replicate and divide once. The new strands possessed one heavy strand and one light strand.	45
5623505320	Okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.	46
5623509230	leading strand	the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction	47
5623511343	lagging strand	The newly forming daughter strand of DNA that is replicated in a discontinuous fashion, via Okazaki fragments that will ultimately be ligated together; the daugther strand that is replicated in the opposite direction that parallel DNA is unwinding	48
5623519280	RNA Primase	An enzyme that creates an single stranded RNA primer, which serves as a starting point for DNA replication.	49

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AP Human Unit One Flashcards

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4791477978	Hearth	The site of an innovation's origin	0
4791478782	Relocation Diffusion	When an aspect of culture moves from one location to another.	1
4908549793	Mercator projection		2
4908551727	Robinson projection		3
4908553658	Winkle Tripel projection		4
4908555120	Peters projection		5
4908556792	Goode's Interrupted Projection		6
4908558707	Contour Map		7
4908587464	Dot Map		8
4908593449	Graduated Symbol		9
4908596566	Cartogram		10
4908599713	small scale map		11
4908603751	large scale map		12
4908606327	graphic scale		13
4908619082	written (verbal) scale		14
4908667319	prime meridian	This line was established in 1884 taking the Greenwich meridian as 0 degrees longitude	15
4908683616	isoline map		16
4908687675	choropleth maps		17
4908690892	political map		18
4908693233	physical map		19
4908696341	longitude	these lines, also called meridians, meet at the poles and measure distances east and west of the prime meridian	20
4908700710	latitude	these lines measure distances north and south of the equator	21
4908714942	International Date Line	This line is measured from approximately 180 degrees longitude	22
4908724956	site	The small Himalayan nation of Bhutan is located within the world's highest mountain range, the terrain of the country is extremely rugged and hard to get around.	23
4908744292	situation	Canada's Eastern Provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are some of that country's most economically downtrodden areas due to their isolation from the rest of Canada making manufacturing and the little agriculture possible too expensive.	24
4908790304	Formal Regions	An area with a unifying political boundary or long lasting unified economy	25
4908806474	Vernacular (Perceptual) region	An area that people's individual ideas of culture shape and define for them like Southern California or New England.	26
4908818924	Functional Region		27
4915983953	Aristotle	Early Greek philosopher and scientist who demonstrated that the Earth was spherical by observing the movements of the night sky	28
4916016881	Eratosthenes	Greek mathematician and geographer who first used the term geography.	29
4916035618	Ptolemy	Greek-Egyptian geographer and astronomer who is credited with the terms latitude and longitude	30
4916046489	Idrisi	Arab geographer who collected all known geographical information and created an accurate representation of the world on a disc of silver weighing 300 pounds	31
4916063802	Waldseemuller	German cartographer who first used the term America to refer to the newly discovered lands in the western hemisphere.	32
4916081659	Ortelius	Created the first known atlas of the world	33
4916086390	Carl Sauer	Geographer best associated with the ideas of possibilism	34
4916100755	Qualitative	Data obtained through interviews, field studies and analysis of historical accounts	35
4916110018	Quantitative	Data obtained through statistical studies and analysis	36
4916115702	Census	A study taken every ten years which provides the United States with extensive data on its population and their makeup	37
4916127789	Remote sensing	The art and science of making measurements of the Earth using satellites and images taken by airplanes	38
4916152500	Geographic Information Systems	A computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing feature events on earth.	39
4916165764	Global Positioning Systems	System that uses satellites to determine the absolute location of a place	40
4916175645	Cartography	The science of making maps	41
4916184404	Absolute Location	the intersection of longitude and latitude	42
4916215538	Relative location	Hartford is located approximately 40 miles north of New Haven	43
4916233863	Toponym	Influenced by settlers, physical features and history	44
4916258295	Globalization	heightened interdependence due to increasing interactions in the Internet age	45
4916265596	Diffusion	The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time	46
4916276331	Relocation diffusion	The spread of a feature or trend through physical movement of people from one place to another.	47
4916285202	Expansion diffusion	The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.	48
4916294126	Hierarchical Diffusion	The spread of fashion trends from New York City and Paris to smaller cities and communities	49
4916309163	Contagious diffusion	The widespread diffusion of a trend through the population	50
4916332822	Stimulus Diffusion	Iced tea is an example of drink that became popular in the South due to the habits of English settlers	51
4916358046	Environmental Determinism	The belief that the success of a population was largely determined by "geographic luck"	52
4916366106	Possibilism	The belief that people can overcome the challenges presented to them by geography	53
4916374904	sustainability	the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefinitely	54
4916383097	preservation	when resources are saved by not using them at all	55
4916390576	conservation	using resources carefully and sparingly	56