| 6548873942 | psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes | | 0 |
| 6548892956 | positive psychology | -a field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. | | 1 |
| 6548897882 | biological psychologists | -they analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes. | | 2 |
| 6548902625 | developmental psychologists | -they seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime. | | 3 |
| 6548907773 | cognitive psychologists | -they study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. Also called experimental psychologists. | | 4 |
| 6548911031 | clinical & counseling psychologists | -they seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior. | | 5 |
| 6548915496 | educational psychologists | -they study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods | | 6 |
| 6550430471 | forensic psychologists | -they assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law. | | 7 |
| 6550436171 | psychodynamic approach | -a view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior. | | 8 |
| 6550455551 | behavioral approach | -an approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments. | | 9 |
| 6627567570 | structuralism | -an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind | | 10 |
| 6627569777 | functionalism | -a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function
-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish | | 11 |
| 6627573592 | humanistic psychology | -historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth | | 12 |
| 6627578062 | cognitive neuroscience | -the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) linked with cognition. | | 13 |
| 6627581855 | nature-nurture debate | -the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
-Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture | | 14 |
| 6632773075 | biopsychosocial approach | -an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis | | 15 |
| 6632775654 | biological psychology | -a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes | | 16 |
| 6632777481 | evolutionary psychology | -the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection | | 17 |
| 6632779133 | psychodynamic therapy | -therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight | | 18 |
| 6632780222 | behavioral psychology | -the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning | | 19 |
| 6632781553 | cognitive psychology | -the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | | 20 |
| 6632782530 | social-cultural psychology | -the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | | 21 |
| 6632784301 | psychometrics | -the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits | | 22 |
| 6632785499 | basic research | -pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | | 23 |
| 6632786357 | developmental psychology | -a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | | 24 |
| 6632786835 | educational pscyhology | -the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning | | 25 |
| 6632788702 | personality psychology | -the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | | 26 |
| 6632789604 | social psychology | -the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another | | 27 |
| 6632790688 | applied psychology | -scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | | 28 |
| 6632792861 | industrial-organizational psychology | -application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | | 29 |
| 6632793912 | counseling psychology | -a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | | 30 |
| 6632795294 | clinical psychology | -a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | | 31 |
| 6632796300 | psychiatry | -a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | | 32 |
| 6632800538 | hindsight bias | -the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | | 33 |
| 6632802995 | theory | -an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations | | 34 |
| 6632803644 | hypothesis | -a testable prediction, often implied by a theory | | 35 |
| 6632805541 | operational definition | -a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures | | 36 |
| 6632806755 | replication | -repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | | 37 |
| 6632807515 | case study | -an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | | 38 |
| 6632808594 | survey | -a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them | | 39 |
| 6632809570 | population | -all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study | | 40 |
| 6632810264 | random sample | -a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | | 41 |
| 6632811864 | naturalistic observation | -observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | | 42 |
| 6632813025 | correlation | -a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other | | 43 |
| 6632814102 | correlation coefficient | -a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) | | 44 |
| 6632815640 | scatterplot | -a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | | 45 |
| 6632817086 | illusory correlation | -the perception of a relationship where none exists | | 46 |
| 6632818083 | experiment | -research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | | 47 |
| 6632821769 | random assignment | -assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | | 48 |
| 6632824149 | double-blind procedure | -experimental procedure in which both the research participant and the research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or the placebo | | 49 |
| 6632825449 | placebo | -experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | | 50 |
| 6632826424 | experimental group | -in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable | | 51 |
| 6632828188 | control group | -in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | | 52 |
| 6632829213 | independent variable | -the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | | 53 |
| 6632829214 | dependent variable | -the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | | 54 |
| 6632830060 | confounding variable | -a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment | | 55 |
| 6632875604 | mode | -the most frequently occurring score in a distribution | | 56 |
| 6632875605 | mean | -the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores | | 57 |
| 6632877829 | median | -the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | | 58 |
| 6632879975 | range | -the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | | 59 |
| 6632880877 | standard deviation | -a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | | 60 |
| 6632881882 | normal curve | -the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes | | 61 |
| 6632882746 | statistical significance | -a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | | 62 |
| 6632886636 | culture | -the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | | 63 |
| 6632887498 | informed consent | -an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate | | 64 |
| 6632888545 | debriefing | -the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants | | 65 |
| 6632899697 | selective attention | -involves filtering out irrelevant information around us and focusing on the things that demand our attention
-cocktail party effect is an example | | 66 |
| 6632907304 | depth perception | -the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions, coupled with the ability to gauge how far away an object is
-size, and distance are ascertained through both monocular (one eye) and binocular (two eyes) cues
-monocular vision is poor at determining depth
-visual cliff was used to test in infants | | 67 |
| 6632923837 | perceptual adaptation | -the ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality
- in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field (as when wearing visual displacement goggles). | | 68 |
| 6632932349 | Gestalt Grouping Principles | -the gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate
-the "laws" suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept
-there are five:
1. similarity
2. proximity
3. continuity
4. closure
5. connectedness | | 69 |
| 6632937655 | similarity | -gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects | | 70 |
| 6632940701 | proximity | -gestalt principle that we tend to group objects together when they are near each other | | 71 |
| 6632942223 | continuity | -gestalt grouping principle that we tend to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones | | 72 |
| 6632948120 | connectedness | -gestalt grouping principle that when uniform (in color or texture)objects are linked (no space exists between them) we perceive them as a single unit | | 73 |
| 6632956539 | closure | -gestalt grouping principle that we fill in "gaps" to create a full, complete object | | 74 |
| 6632965829 | figure-ground | -a gestalt perceptual phenomenon
-the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings | | 75 |
| 6633000677 | grouping | -a gestalt perceptual phenomenon
-the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | | 76 |
| 6633004266 | visual capture | -a gestalt perceptual phenomenon
-tendency for vision to dominate the other senses | | 77 |
| 6635018590 | Ivan Pavlov | -a Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory of learning
-conducted famous salivating dogs experiment to research classical conditioning | | 78 |
| 6635022614 | classical conditioning | -a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | | 79 |
| 6635030163 | stimulus generalization | -in classical conditioning, occurs when an organism displays a conditioned response (CR) to a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus (CS) | | 80 |
| 6635032388 | stimulus discrimination | -the leaned ability to distinguish between a conditioned (CS) stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | | 81 |
| 6635038945 | John Watson | -an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
-conducted an experiment with a little boy named Little Albert which dealt with classical conditioning
-believed psychology should be the science of observable behavior | | 82 |
| 6635270640 | reinforcer | -something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur | | 83 |
| 6635279719 | partial reinforcement | -a pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced
-partial reinforcement is on a variable schedule whereas continuous reinforcement is on a fixed schedule | | 84 |
| 6635290954 | positive reinforcement | -occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event | | 85 |
| 6635296470 | negative reinforcement | -occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event | | 86 |
| 6635309782 | primary reinforcer | -reinforcer such as water, food, or sex | | 87 |
| 6635312276 | secondary reinforcer | -reinforcer whose value allows an individual to acquire other reinforcers like food and water; examples: money, credit cards | | 88 |
| 6635317338 | schedules of reinforcement | -the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will continue
-four types of schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval
-interval means over a time and ratio means an act; -variable schedules are more effective in learning | | 89 |
| 6635333446 | punishment | -any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that behavior will occur | | 90 |
| 6635345615 | positive punishment | -focuses on decreasing the rate of any specific undesired behavior from an individual.
-present a certain negative consequence to the individual once an undesired behavior has been exhibited
-when any individual is subjected to negative consequence, the individual is less likely to repeat the same behavior in the future. | | 91 |
| 6635349656 | negative punishment | -focuses on decreasing the rate of any specific undesired behavior from an individual.
-remove a certain favorite or desired item from the individual's life.
-when removed the undesired behavior is exhibited, and there is less chance of the behavior occurring again in the future. | | 92 |
| 6635376855 | BF Skinner | -purposed operant conditioning
-deals with operants - intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment.
-believed external forces controlled human behavior
-Skinner box | | 93 |
| 6635400448 | over justification effect | -when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task | | 94 |
| 6635420300 | neuron | -a nerve cell
-the basic building block of the nervous system | | 95 |
| 6635422127 | sensory neurons | -neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | | 96 |
| 6635424335 | motor neurons | -neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands | | 97 |
| 6635479483 | dendrites | -the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | | 98 |
| 6635487047 | action potential | -a neural impulse
-a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
-example; flushing a toilet | | 99 |
| 6635490578 | refractory period | -a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation
-example; filling the toilet bowl up | | 100 |
| 6635503927 | resting potential | -neuron is charged but waiting for the next action potential signal
-example; waiting to flush again | | 101 |
| 6635544729 | all-or-none-response | -when the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire
-if the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire.
-intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. | | 102 |
| 6635554845 | neurotransmitters | -chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
-when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse | | 103 |
| 6635563659 | sympathetic nervous system | -the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
-triggers fight-or-flight reaction | | 104 |
| 6635565551 | parasympathetic nervous system | -the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
-calms the fight-or-flight response | | 105 |
| 6635761705 | plasticity | -concept that some of our brain will attempt to reroute itself if damaged. | | 106 |
| 6635769601 | hippocampus | -part of the limbic system; involved in memory | | 107 |
| 6635781978 | belief perseverance | -clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | | 108 |
| 6635796847 | representativeness heuristic | -judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | | 109 |
| 6635812530 | Stanford-Binet intelligence test | -the test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score
-developed to identify children likely to have difficulty in school | | 110 |
