AP Human Geography Perspective Flashcards
Definitions and key ideas for AP Human Geography Unit 1 - Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives
Terms : Hide Images
| 6520420855 | Latitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator | 0 | |
| 6520420856 | Longitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°). | 1 | |
| 6520420857 | GPS | A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and recievers. | 2 | |
| 6520420858 | GIS | A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. | 3 | |
| 6520420859 | Geography | The study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products. | 4 | |
| 6520420860 | Cartography | The art and science of mapmaking | 5 | |
| 6520420861 | Culture | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition | 6 | |
| 6520420862 | Cultural Landscape | Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group | 7 | |
| 6520420863 | Hearth | The region from which innovative ideas originate | 8 | |
| 6520420864 | Meridian | An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles | 9 | |
| 6520420865 | Map | A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it | 10 | |
| 6520420866 | Parallel | A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at the right angles to the meridians | 11 | |
| 6520420867 | Place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular location | 12 | |
| 6520420868 | Projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map | 13 | |
| 6520420869 | Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features | 14 | |
| 6520420870 | Scale | Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface. | 15 | |
| 6520420871 | Space | The physical gap or interval between two objects | 16 | |
| 6520420872 | Space-Time Compression | The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems | 17 | |
| 6520420873 | Toponym | The name given to a portion of Earth's surface | 18 | |
| 6520420874 | Resource | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use | 19 | |
| 6520420875 | 5 Themes of Geography | Location, Movement, Place, Human Interaction, Region | 20 | |
| 6520420876 | Spatial Association | The distribution of one phenomenon is spatially related to the distribution of another | 21 | |
| 6520420877 | Globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope | 22 | |
| 6520420878 | Infrastructure | The stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area | 23 | |
| 6520420879 | Regionalization | The organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas | 24 | |
| 6520420880 | Spatial Organization | The location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes (defines human life on earth, with all its similarities and differences) | 25 | |
| 6520420881 | Landscapes | The overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences | 26 | |
| 6520420882 | Eratosthenes | Greek scholar in 3rd century BC who accurately calculated the circumference of the earth by measuring the sun's angles at the summer solstice at 2 points along the Nile River | 27 | |
| 6520420883 | Ptolemy | Greek scholar who lived 500 years before Eratosthenes recalculated the earth's circumference inaccurately by 9,000 miles, but his mistake was taken as truth for hundreds of years. He wrote Guide to Geography that included rough maps of landmasses, and developed a global grid system which was a forerunner to our modern system of latitude and longitude. | 28 | |
| 6520420884 | Idrisi | An 11th century Arab geographer that worked for the king of Sicily to collect geographical information into a remarkably accurate representation of the world. Under his direction, an academy of geographers gathered maps and went out on their own scientific expeditions. | 29 | |
| 6520420885 | Types of Distortion | The shapes of areas; the distances between places; the relative size of different areas; the direction from one place to another | 30 | |
| 6520420886 | Mercator Projection | Invented by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator for ships navigating across the Atlantic Ocean in 1569. The map is meant for direction. However, the projection distorts sizes of areas, particularly as you get closer to the North and South poles |  | 31 |
| 6520420887 | Robinson Projection | A map that curves inward to fix the distortion of the Mercator, but makes the landmasses look smaller than they really are. It is an attempt to balance all distortions by making errors in all 4 ways. As a result, it is a good projection for general use |  | 32 |
| 6520420888 | Peters Projection | Introduced in 1974 by Arno Peters, and focuses on keeping landmasses equal in area. As a result, the shapes are distorted, and the map looks unfamiliar to viewers |  | 33 |
| 6520420889 | Scale | Size of the unit studied (local, regional, or global scale); Map scale (mathematical relationship between the size of an area on a map and its actual size on earth) | 34 | |
| 6520420890 | Ways to Identify Place | Place name, site, situation, and absolute location | 35 | |
| 6520420891 | Site | The physical character of a place | 36 | |
| 6520420892 | Situation | The location of a place relative to other places | 37 | |
| 6520420893 | Multi-national Corporations | Companies that have centers of operation in many parts of the globe | 38 | |
| 6520420894 | Physical Site Characteristics | Climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation, and elevation | 39 |
AP Unit 6 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7117233551 | bildungsroman | a novel dealing with the formative years of a character; a coming of age story | 0 | |
| 7117233552 | epiphany | a moment of sudden insight/revelation that a character experiences | 1 | |
| 7117233553 | oxymoron | a phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction, juxtaposition of contradictory elements to create a paradoxical effect | 2 | |
| 7117233794 | sarcasm | a sharp, caustic expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt | 3 | |
| 7117233795 | stream of consciousness | a writing style in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind | 4 | |
| 7117234061 | iamb | the combination of one unstressed followed by a stressed syllable | 5 | |
| 7117234062 | dynamic character | a character that changes throughout a story | 6 | |
| 7117235087 | static character | a character that does not change throughout a story | 7 | |
| 7117235088 | round character | a well-developed character | 8 | |
| 7117235343 | flat character | a partially-developed character | 9 | |
| 7117235737 | trochee | the combination of a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable | 10 | |
| 7117235738 | foot | a basic rhythmic unit formed by a combination of two syllables | 11 | |
| 7117235739 | free verse | a kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythms, or fixed metrical feet | 12 | |
| 7117236235 | meter | the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry | 13 | |
| 7117236236 | pentameter | 5 feet of poetry per line | 14 | |
| 7117236237 | prosody | the grammar of meter and rhythm in poetry | 15 | |
| 7117236512 | pastoral | a work of literature dealing with rural / country life | 16 | |
| 7117236513 | quatrain | four lines of poetry that form a unit | 17 | |
| 7117241160 | scansion | the act of determining the meter of a poetic line | 18 | |
| 7117241449 | asyndeton | deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses used to produce a hurried rhythm in the sentence | 19 |
Vocabulaire 5 (Pre-AP) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8076631416 | Comment es-tu? | How are you? (describe yourself) | 0 | |
| 8076631417 | Je suis | I am | 1 | |
| 8076631418 | Je ne suis pas | I am not | 2 | |
| 8076631419 | grand(e) | tall |  | 3 |
| 8076631420 | de taille moyenne | average height |  | 4 |
| 8076631421 | petit(e) | short |  | 5 |
| 8076631422 | intelligent(e) | smart |  | 6 |
| 8076631423 | sociable | sociable, outgoing |  | 7 |
| 8076631424 | timide | shy, timid |  | 8 |
| 8076631425 | méchant(e) | mean |  | 9 |
| 8076631426 | gentil(le) | nice, kind |  | 10 |
| 8076631427 | beau | handsome |  | 11 |
| 8076631428 | belle | beautiful |  | 12 |
| 8076637575 | vieux/vieille | old |  | 13 |
| 8076640022 | jeune | young |  | 14 |
| 8076645048 | énergique | energetic |  | 15 |
| 8076648731 | fatigué(e) | tired |  | 16 |
| 8076820436 | triste | sad |  | 17 |
| 8076822801 | content(e) | happy |  | 18 |
| 8076631429 | J'ai | I have | 19 | |
| 8076631430 | les cheveux | hair |  | 20 |
| 8076631431 | longs | long |  | 21 |
| 8076631432 | courts | short |  | 22 |
| 8076631433 | bruns/châtains | brown (hair) |  | 23 |
| 8076631434 | blonds | blond (hair) |  | 24 |
| 8076631435 | raides | straight |  | 25 |
| 8076631436 | ondulés | wavy |  | 26 |
| 8076631437 | frisés | curly |  | 27 |
| 8076631438 | les yeux | eyes |  | 28 |
| 8076631439 | marron | brown (not for hair) |  | 29 |
| 8076631440 | bleus | blue |  | 30 |
| 8076631441 | verts | green |  | 31 |
| 8076631442 | noirs | black |  | 32 |
| 8076631443 | noisette | hazel |  | 33 |
APES Ch 4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5229085497 | Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area | 0 | |
| 5229085498 | Community | A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other | 1 | |
| 5229085499 | Population growth | The change in number of individuals within a population | 2 | |
| 5229085500 | Equilibrium | A state of balance among the components of a system | 3 | |
| 5229085501 | Population growth rate | The change in population numbers divided by the time over which that change occurs. | 4 | |
| 5229085502 | Exponential increase | The growth produced when a base population increases by a given percentage (as opposed to a given amount) each year. An exponential increase is characterized by doubling again and again, each doubling occurring in the same period of time. It produces a J-shaped curve. | 5 | |
| 5229085503 | Population explosion | The exponential increase observed to occur in a population when conditions are such that a large percentage of the offspring are able to survive and reproduce in turn. A population explosion frequently leads to over exploitation and eventual collapse of the ecosystem. | 6 | |
| 5229085505 | J-curve | The shape of a population growth graph when the population is growing exponentially. |  | 7 |
| 5229085506 | carrying capacity (K) | Largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support | 8 | |
| 5229085507 | Logistic growth | A pattern of growth of a population that results in an S-shaped curve plotted over time, such that the population levels off at the carrying capacity (K). | 9 | |
| 5229085508 | S-curve | The shape of a population growth graph when the population growth slows and approaches carrying capacity. |  | 10 |
| 5229085509 | Biotic potential | The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions | 11 | |
| 5229085510 | Recruitment | The maturation and successful entry of young into an adult breeding population. | 12 | |
| 5229085511 | Environmental resistance | All the limiting factors that tend to reduce population growth rates and set the maximum allowable population size or carrying capacity of an ecosystem | 13 | |
| 5229085513 | Reproductive strategies | A life history property of a species that involves a balance between reproduction and death. | 14 | |
| 5229085514 | r-strategists | A reproductive strategy of a species that involves producing large numbers of young (a high reproductive rate) and survival of smaller numbers over time. Also called opportunistic species. | 15 | |
| 5229085515 | K-strategists | A reproductive strategy for a species whereby there is a low reproductive rate but good survival of young due to care and protection by adults. Also called equilibrium species. | 16 | |
| 5229085517 | Population density | Number of individuals per unit area | 17 | |
| 5229085518 | Density-dependent factor | Factor that limits a population more as population density increases. Includes competition, predation, and disease | 18 | |
| 5229085519 | Density-independent factor | Factors that limit populations but are unrelated to population density. Includes catastrophic events and natural disaters | 19 | |
| 5229085532 | Parasites | An organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it | 20 | |
| 5229085534 | Pathogens | Microbes that cause disease | 21 | |
| 5229085536 | Territory | An area that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals. | 22 | |
| 5229085537 | Fitness | Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. | 23 | |
| 5229085538 | Natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 24 | |
| 5229085541 | Selective pressures | Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals | 25 | |
| 5229085543 | Biological evolution | Non-random changes in genotype or allele frequencies across generations | 26 | |
| 5229085545 | Reproductive isolation | Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 27 | |
| 5229085546 | Plate tectonics | The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. | 28 | |
| 5229085547 | Tectonic plates | An irregular section of the lithosphere that floats on the earth's mantle | 29 | |
| 5229085548 | tsunami | A long high sea wave usually caused by an earthquake. | 30 | |
| 5229355724 | Ecology | the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their environments | 31 | |
| 5229355734 | Population size | the number of individual organisms present in a population at a given time | 32 | |
| 5229355735 | Population density | the number of individuals in a population per unit of area | 33 | |
| 5229355736 | Population distribution | how organisms are arranged in an area; sometimes called population dispersion | 34 | |
| 5229355737 | Population equilibrium | A state of balance between births and deaths in a population | 35 | |
| 5229355738 | Population explosion | The exponential increase observed to occur in a population when conditions are such that a large percentage of the offspring are able to survive and reproduce in turn. A population explosion frequently leads to over exploitation and eventual collapse of the ecosystem. | 36 | |
| 5229355739 | Sex ratio | the proportion of males to females in a population | 37 | |
| 5229355740 | Survivorship curve | a graph showing the likelihood of survival within a group or population by age | 38 | |
| 5229355741 | Immigration | the movement of individuals to a given area | 39 | |
| 5229355742 | Emigration | the movement of individuals away from a given area | 40 | |
| 5229355743 | Migration | the seasonal movement of organisms into and out of an area | 41 | |
| 5229355744 | Exponential growth | the pattern of population growth in which a population increases by a fixed percentage each year | 42 | |
| 5229355745 | Limiting factor | a characteristic of the environment that restricts population growth | 43 | |
| 5229355746 | Carrying capacity | the largest population a given environment can support | 44 | |
| 5229355747 | Logistic growth | the pattern of population growth in which exponential growth is slowed and finally stopped by limiting factors | 45 | |
| 5229355751 | Symbiosis | The intimate living together or association of two kinds of organisms | 46 | |
| 5229355752 | Mutualism | A close relationship between two organisms from which both derive a benefit | 47 | |
| 5229355753 | Commensalism | A relation between two species in which one is benefited and the other is not affected | 48 | |
| 5229355754 | Amensalism | An interaction between species whereby one species is harmed, while the other is unaffected. | 49 | |
| 5229355755 | Parasitism | A relation between two species in which one is benefited and the other is harmed | 50 | |
| 5229355758 | Keystone species | A species whose role is essential for the survival of many other species in an ecosystem. | 51 | |
| 5229355759 | INTERspecific competition | Competition for resources between members of two or more species | 52 | |
| 5229355760 | INTRAspecific competition | Competition for resources between members of the same species | 53 | |
| 5229355762 | Predator | An animal that feeds on another living organism, either plant or animal | 54 | |
| 5229355763 | Prey | An organism that is fed on by a predator | 55 | |
| 5229355764 | Carnivore | An animal that feeds more or less on exclusively on other animals | 56 | |
| 5229355765 | Herbivore | An organism such as a rabbit or a deer that feeds primarily on green plants or plant products such as seeds or nuts. (Synonym: primary consumer.) | 57 | |
| 5229355766 | Host | In feeding relationships, particularly parasitism, refers to the organism that is being fed upon or affected by the parasite. | 58 | |
| 5229355767 | Reproductive Isolation | One of the processes of speciation, involving anything that keeps individuals or subpopulations from interbreeding. | 59 | |
| 5229355768 | Critical number | The minimum number of organisms necessary for a species to survive | 60 | |
| 5229355769 | Threatened | A species that could become endangered in the near future | 61 | |
| 5229355770 | Endangered | A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction | 62 | |
| 5229355771 | Predation | An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism | 63 | |
| 5229355772 | Dynamic Equilibrium | A state of balance between continuing processes. | 64 |
Deutsch AP Einheit 5 Flashcards
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| 5390743556 | die Reimschema | the rhyme scheme |  | 0 |
| 5390746890 | die hohe Literatur | the high literature |  | 1 |
| 5390759715 | die Inszenierung | the theater production |  | 2 |
| 5390763551 | der Mittelpunkt des Bildes | the center of the picture |  | 3 |
| 5390765501 | die Zeile | the line |  | 4 |
| 5390765502 | die Kunstbewegung | the art movement | 5 | |
| 5390767815 | die Symphonie | the symphonie |  | 6 |
| 5390769476 | die Romantik | the Romanticism | 7 | |
| 5390772003 | die Einbildungskraft | the imagination |  | 8 |
| 5390772004 | die Vernunft | the rationality |  | 9 |
| 5390774182 | die Nachahmung | the impersonation |  | 10 |
| 5390775932 | der Schattenriss | the outline |  | 11 |
| 5390778803 | die Absicht | the intention | 12 | |
| 5390778804 | der Vordergrund | the foreground |  | 13 |
| 5390781557 | die Rezension | the review |  | 14 |
| 5390785900 | die Ablenkung | the distraction |  | 15 |
| 5390789391 | der Hintergrund | the background |  | 16 |
| 5390789392 | das Gemälde | the painting |  | 17 |
| 5390791305 | die brotlose Kunst | the unprofitable Arts |  | 18 |
| 5390795938 | das Selbstbildnis | the self portrait |  | 19 |
| 5390799410 | die Interpretation | the interpretation | 20 | |
| 5390801426 | die Darstellung | the portrayal | 21 | |
| 5390803259 | die Moderne | the modern period | 22 | |
| 5390803261 | die Strophe | the stanza |  | 23 |
| 5390806580 | Das symbolisiert | that symbolizes |  | 24 |
| 5390809245 | auf der rechten Seite | on the right side |  | 25 |
| 5390809246 | auf der linken Seite | on the left side |  | 26 |
| 5390810728 | Im Vordergrund gibt es | In the foreground there is |  | 27 |
| 5390813386 | Im Hintergrund gibt es | In the background there is |  | 28 |
| 5390817419 | Es ist offensichtlich, dass der Künstler | It is obvious that the artist | 29 | |
| 5390824468 | Das wurde 1799 gemalt | That was painted in 1799 | 30 | |
| 5390824469 | Das wurde 1799 geschrieben | That was written in 1799 | 31 | |
| 5390824470 | Das wurde 1799 gemacht | That was done in 1799 | 32 | |
| 5390828868 | Das wurde 1999 aufgenommen | That was recorded in 1999 | 33 | |
| 5390830946 | Das wurde 1799 komponiert | That was komposed in 1799 | 34 | |
| 5390830947 | Das wurde 1999 gefilmt | That was filmed in 1999 | 35 | |
| 5390820727 | Der Künstler verwendet hauptsächlich | The artist uses mainly | 36 |
Flashcards
Luterbach AP PSYCH 3 Flashcards
Biopsychology and the Foundations of Neuroscience
Terms : Hide Images
| 5142078705 | biopsychology | Specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior and mental process |  | 0 |
| 5142078706 | neuroscience | perspective on psychology that emphasizes the study of the brain and its effects on psychological processes and behavior |  | 1 |
| 5142078707 | evolution | the gradual change in a species over time |  | 2 |
| 5142078708 | natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |  | 3 |
| 5142078715 | neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system OR a nerve cell - the basic building block of the nervous system. |  | 4 |
| 5142078716 | sensory neuron | nerve cell that carries information from the environment to the central nervous system | 5 | |
| 5142078717 | motor neuron | a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord | 6 | |
| 5142078718 | interneuron | a nerve cell that relays messages between nerve cells, especially in the brain and spinal cord | 7 | |
| 5142078719 | dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 8 | |
| 5142078720 | soma | cell body of a neuron - includes nucleus and chromosomes | 9 | |
| 5142078721 | axon | long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron | 10 | |
| 5142078722 | resting potential | The stable, negative charge of a neuron when it is inactive or ready to "fire" | 11 | |
| 5142078723 | action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.It is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane | 12 | |
| 5142078724 | all or none principle | the fact that the neuron either fires at 100% or not at all | 13 | |
| 5142078725 | synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. | 14 | |
| 5142078726 | terminal buttons | Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters | 15 | |
| 5142078729 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse (cross) the synaptic gaps between neurons | 16 | |
| 5142078730 | plasticity | the nervous system capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development. | 17 | |
| 5142078731 | glial cells | Cells in the nervous system that are not neurons but that support, nourish, and protect neurons - they also make up the myelin sheath | 18 | |
| 5142078732 | nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems | 19 | |
| 5142078733 | central nervous system | The brain and spinal cord | 20 | |
| 5142078734 | reflex | a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response | 21 | |
| 5142078735 | peripheral nervous system | the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord | 22 | |
| 5142078736 | somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system | 23 | |
| 5142078737 | autonomic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. | 24 | |
| 5142078738 | sympathetic division | the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats | 25 | |
| 5142078739 | parasympathetic division | Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it calms and relaxes the body | 26 | |
| 5142078740 | endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | 27 | |
| 5142078741 | hormone | chemical messenger secreted from glands of the endocrine system into the blood | 28 | |
| 5142078742 | pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland (master gland). Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | 29 | |
| 5142078743 | agonist | A chemical that mimics or enhances the action of a neurotransmitter | 30 | |
| 5142078744 | antagonist | A chemical that opposes or inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter. | 31 | |
| 5142078746 | electroencephalograph - EEG | device used to record the electrical impulses of the brain via electrodes on the scalp | 32 | |
| 5142078747 | computerized tomography - CT scanning | a method of examining body organs (including the brain) by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis | 33 | |
| 5142078748 | positron emission tomography - PET scanning | A brain imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells | 34 | |
| 5142078749 | magnetic resonance imaging - MRI | a noninvasive imaging technique that exposes the body to a high-energy magnetic field, which causes protons in the body to arrange themselves in relation to the field; creates a color-coded image on a monitor | 35 | |
| 5142078751 | brain stem | AKA the hind-brain or reptilian brain, it is the most primitive part of the brain connecting the brain to the spinal cord | 36 | |
| 5142078752 | medulla | part of the brain stem that controls heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration through the spinal cord. Also, all sensory and motor impulses must cross it. | 37 | |
| 5142078753 | pons | part of the brain stem involved in sleep/wake cycles and brain activity during sleep and dreaming. It also connects cerebellum and medulla to the cerebral cortex. | 38 | |
| 5142078754 | reticular formation | a a pencil shaped nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal and alertness | 39 | |
| 5142078755 | Thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard or relay station, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | 40 | |
| 5142078756 | cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance | 41 | |
| 5142078757 | limbic system | AKA the mid-brain or mammalian brain - it is involved in memory and emotion. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and other structures | 42 | |
| 5142078758 | hippocampus | a seahorse shaped part of the limbic system that regulates long term memories | 43 | |
| 5142078759 | amygdala | components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion (particularly fear and aggression) and memory | 44 | |
| 5142078760 | hypothalamus | part of the limbic system, it is a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, | 45 | |
| 5142078761 | frontal lobe | that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead - , associated with reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving | 46 | |
| 5142078762 | motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements | 47 | |
| 5142078763 | somatosensory cortex | a strip of the parietal lobe just behind the motor strip that is involved in sensations of touch, temperature, pain and pressure | 48 | |
| 5142078764 | occipital lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field | 49 | |
| 5142078765 | parietal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position | 50 | |
| 5142078766 | visual cortex | located in the back of the brain, it is the main information-processing center for visual information | 51 | |
| 5142078767 | temporal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear and is involved in speech processing and perhaps long term memory storage | 52 | |
| 5142078768 | association cortex (areas) | cortical regions throughout the brain that combine information from various other parts of the brain - higher level thinking, sets us apart from animal kingdom | 53 | |
| 5142078770 | corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | 54 |
AP Economics Chapter 8 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5018971885 | economic cost | A payment that must be made to obtain and retain the services of a resource | 0 | |
| 5018971886 | explicit cost | The monetary payment a firm must make to an outsider to obtain a resource. | 1 | |
| 5018971887 | implicit cost | The monetary income a firm sacrifices when it uses a resource it owns rather than supplying the resource in the market | 2 | |
| 5018971888 | normal profit | The payment made by a firm to obtain and retain entrepreneurial ability | 3 | |
| 5018971889 | economic profit | The total revenue of a firm less its economic costs(which include both explicit costs and implicit costs) | 4 | |
| 5018971890 | short run | In microeconomics, a period of time in which producers are able to change the quantities of some but not all of the resources they employ | 5 | |
| 5018971891 | long run | In microeconomics, a period of time long enough to enable producers of a product to change the quantities of all the resources they employ | 6 | |
| 5018971892 | total product | The total output of a particular good or service produced by a firm | 7 | |
| 5018971893 | marginal product | The additional output produced when 1 additional unit of a resource is employed | 8 | |
| 5018971894 | average product | The total output produced per unit of a resource employed | 9 | |
| 5018971895 | law of diminishing returns | The principle that as a consumer increases the consumption of a good or service, the marginal utility obtained from each additional unit of the good or service decreases. | 10 | |
| 5018971896 | fixed cost | Any cost that in total does not change when the firm changes its output. | 11 | |
| 5018971897 | variable cost | A cost that in total increases when the firm increases its output and decreases when the firm reduces its output. | 12 | |
| 5018971898 | total cost | The sum of fixed cost and variable cost. | 13 | |
| 5018971899 | average fixed cost | A firm's total fixed cost divided by output | 14 | |
| 5018971900 | average variable cost | A firm's total variable cost divided by output. | 15 | |
| 5018971901 | average total cost | A firm's total cost divided by output | 16 | |
| 5018971902 | marginal cost | The extra (additional) cost of producing 1 more unit of output | 17 | |
| 5018971903 | economies of scale | Reductions in the average total cost of producing a product as the firm expands the size of plant (its output) in the long run. | 18 | |
| 5018971904 | diseconomies of scale | Increases in the average total cost of producing a product as the firm expands the size of its plant (its output) in the long run. | 19 | |
| 5018971905 | constant returns to scale | Unchanging average total cost of producing a product as the firm expands the size of its plant (its output) in the long run. | 20 | |
| 5018971907 | natural monopoly | An industry in which economies of scale are so great that a single firm can produce the product at a lower average total cost than would be possible if more than one firm produced the product. | 21 | |
| 5018971908 | pure competition | A market structure in which a very large number of firms sells a standardized product, into which entry is very easy, in which the individual seller has no control over the product price, and in which there is no nonprice competition | 22 | |
| 5018971909 | pure monopoly | A market structure in which one firm sells a unique product, into which entry is blocked, in which the single firm has considerable control over product price, and in which nonprice competition may or may not be found. | 23 | |
| 5018971910 | monopolistic competition | A market structure in which many firms sell a differentiated product, into which entry is relatively easy, in which the firm has some control over its product price, and in which there is considerable nonprice competition. | 24 | |
| 5018971911 | oligopoly | A market structure in which a few firms sell either a standardized or differentiated product, into which entry is difficult, in which the firm has limited control over product price because of mutual interdependence (except when there is collusion among firms), and in which there is typically nonprice competition. | 25 | |
| 5018971912 | imperfect competition | All market structures except pure competition | 26 | |
| 5018971913 | price taker | A seller (or buyer) that is unable to affect the price at which a product or resource sells by changing the amount it sells (or buys). | 27 | |
| 5018971914 | average revenue | Total revenue from the sale of a product divided by the quantity of the product sold (demanded) | 28 | |
| 5018971915 | total revenue | The total number of dollars received by a firm (or firms) from the sale of a product | 29 | |
| 5018971916 | marginal revenue | The change in total revenue that results from the sale of 1 additional unit of a firm's product | 30 | |
| 5018971917 | break-even point | An output at which a firm makes a normal profit (total revenue=total cost) but not an economic profit. | 31 | |
| 5018971918 | MR = MC rule | The principle that a firm will maximize its profit by producing the output at which marginal revenue and marginal cost are equal, provided product price is equal to or greater than average variable cost. | 32 | |
| 5018971919 | short-run supply curve | A supply curve that shows the quantity of a product a firm in a purely competitive industry will offer to sell at various prices in the short run | 33 | |
| 5018971920 | long-run supply curve | As it applies to macroeconomics, a supply curve for which price, but not real output, changes when the demand curves shifts | 34 | |
| 5018971921 | constant-cost industry | An industry in which expansion by the entry of new firms has no effect on the prices firms in the industry must pay for resources and thus no effect on production costs. | 35 | |
| 5018971924 | productive efficiency | The production of a good in the least costly way | 36 | |
| 5018971925 | allocative efficiency | The apportionment of resources among firms and industries to obtain the production of the products most wanted by society. | 37 | |
| 5018971926 | consumer surplus | The difference between the maximum price a consumer is (or consumers are) willing to pay for an additional unit of a product and its market price. | 38 | |
| 5018971927 | producer surplus | The difference between the actual price a producer receives (or producers receive) and the minimum acceptable price. | 39 | |
| 5041039283 | Creative Destruction | A company creatively overpowers other companies by making better and bigger stuff. | 40 | |
| 5041065445 | Shut Down Rule | AVC>P | 41 | |
| 5260646353 | Monopolistic competition | A market structure in which a large number of firms make similar but slightly different products and compete on product quality, price, and marketing, and firms are free to enter or exit the market. | 42 | |
| 5260652760 | Monopoly | A market structure in which there is one firm, which produces a good or service that has no close substitutes and in which the firm is protected from competition by a barrier preventing the entry of new firms. | 43 | |
| 5260657853 | Normal Profit | The return to entrepreneurship. It is the profit that an entrepreneur earns on average. | 44 | |
| 5311932457 | Game Theory | The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account. | 45 | |
| 5311936092 | Example of an Oligopoly | oil companies, cereal companies, car manufacturers, airlines | 46 | |
| 5311937581 | Cartel | a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production | 47 | |
| 5311943100 | Dominant Strategy | a strategy that is the best for a firm, no matter what strategies other firms use | 48 | |
| 5311946459 | Kinked Demand Curve |  | 49 | |
| 5311950280 | Price Discrimination |  | 50 | |
| 5311957578 | Pure Monopoly |  | 51 | |
| 5311961288 | Perfect Competition |  | 52 | |
| 5311972578 | Monopolistic Competition |  | 53 |
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