AP Government Flashcards
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| 9788384016 | 1st Amendment | Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. | 0 | |
| 9788393360 | 2nd Amendment | A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. | 1 | |
| 9788396314 | 3rd Amendment | No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. | 2 | |
| 9788414521 | 4th Amendment | The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. | 3 | |
| 9788417153 | 5th Amendment | No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. | 4 | |
| 9788417154 | 6th Amendment | In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense. | 5 | |
| 9788421036 | 7th Amendment | In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. | 6 | |
| 9788421037 | 8th Amendment | Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. | 7 | |
| 9788426457 | 9th Amendment | The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. | 8 | |
| 9788440171 | 10th Amendment | The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. | 9 | |
| 9788509976 | 11th Amendment | The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. | 10 | |
| 9788509977 | 12th Amendment | The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; -- the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. --]* The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. | 11 | |
| 9788509978 | 13th Amendment | Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. | 12 | |
| 9788513570 | 14th Amendment | Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. | 13 | |
| 9788513571 | 15th Amendment | Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude-- Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. | 14 | |
| 9788513572 | 16th Amendment | The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. | 15 | |
| 9788517902 | 17th Amendment | The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. | 16 | |
| 9788517903 | 18th Amendment | Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. | 17 | |
| 9788528296 | 19th Amendment | The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. | 18 | |
| 9788528297 | 20th Amendment | Section 1. The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. | 19 | |
| 9788537837 | 21st Amendment | Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. | 20 | |
| 9788537838 | 22nd Ammendment | Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress. | 21 | |
| 9788544514 | 23rd Amendment | Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation | 22 | |
| 9788544515 | 24th Amendment | Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. | 23 | |
| 9788547700 | 25th Amendment | Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. | 24 | |
| 9788547701 | 26th Amendment | Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. | 25 | |
| 9788551047 | 27th Amendment | No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened. | 26 | |
| 9879357918 | George Washington (1789-1797) | 1st President of the US, led the Revolutionary war and set many traditions for the office | 27 | |
| 9879362036 | John Adams (1797-1801) | 2nd President of the US | 28 | |
| 9879395455 | Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) | 3rd President of the US | 29 | |
| 9879395456 | James Madison (1809-1817) | 4th President of the US, led the US during the war of 1812 | 30 | |
| 9879408197 | James Monroe (1817-1825) | 5th President of the US | 31 | |
| 9879460544 | John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) | 6th President of the US | 32 | |
| 9879473552 | Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) | 7th President of the US | 33 | |
| 9879492082 | Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) | 8th President of the US | 34 | |
| 9879519224 | William Henry Harrison (1841-1841) | 9th President of the US | 35 | |
| 9879527043 | John Tyler (1841-1845) | 10th President of the US | 36 | |
| 9879537519 | James K. Polk (1845-1849) | 11th President of the US | 37 | |
| 9879548248 | Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) | 12th President of the US | 38 | |
| 9879556567 | Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) | 13th President of the US | 39 | |
| 9879564231 | Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) | 14th President of the US | 40 | |
| 9879571416 | James Buchanan (1857-1861) | 15th President of the US | 41 | |
| 9879583149 | Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) | 16th President of the US, led the nation during the Civil War | 42 | |
| 9879592575 | Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) | 17th President of the US | 43 | |
| 9879600204 | Ulysses S Grant (1869-1877) | 18th President of the US | 44 | |
| 9879605453 | Rutherford B Hayes (1877-1881) | 19th President of the US | 45 | |
| 9879614153 | James A Garfield (1881-1881) | 20th President of the US | 46 | |
| 9879622978 | Chester A Arthur (1881-1885) | 21st President of the US | 47 | |
| 9879634971 | Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) | 22nd President of the US | 48 | |
| 9879644513 | Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) | 23rd President of the US | 49 | |
| 9879656699 | Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) | 24th President of the US | 50 | |
| 9879666993 | William McKinley (1897-1901) | 25th President of the US | 51 | |
| 9879678293 | Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) | 26th President of the US | 52 | |
| 9879683605 | William Howard Taft (1909-1913) | 27th President of the US | 53 | |
| 9879690613 | Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) | 28th President of the US, led the nation through WW1 | 54 | |
| 9879703602 | Warren G Harding (1921-1923) | 29th President of the US | 55 | |
| 9879714887 | Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) | 30th President of the US | 56 | |
| 9879726983 | Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) | 31st President of the US, many blame him for the worst of the depression | 57 | |
| 9879743919 | Franklin D Roosevelt (1933-1945) | 32nd President of the US, led the nation out of the depression and into WW2, was the first POTUS to effectively use the power of the media | 58 | |
| 9879759860 | Harry S Truman (1945-1953) | 33rd President of the US | 59 | |
| 9879766831 | Dwight D Eisenhower (1953-1961) | 34th President of the US | 60 | |
| 9879789275 | John F Kennedy (1961-1963) | 35th President of the US, evaded the Cuban Missile Crisis, assassinated | 61 | |
| 9879799069 | Lindon B Johnson (1963-1969) | 36th President of the US | 62 | |
| 9879810431 | Richard Nixon (1969-1974) | 37th President of the US, center of the Watergate Scandal | 63 | |
| 9879825166 | Gerald Ford (1974-1977) | 38th President of the US | 64 | |
| 9879832027 | Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) | 39th President of the US | 65 | |
| 9879839801 | Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) | 40th President of the US, said to have won the cold war "without firing a single shot" | 66 | |
| 9879854699 | George H W Bush (1989-1993) | 41st President of the US | 67 | |
| 9879870158 | Bill Clinton (1993-2001) | 42nd President of the US | 68 | |
| 9879879254 | George W Bush (2001-2009) | 43rd President of the US, War in Iraq, War of Terror | 69 | |
| 9879885928 | Barack Obama (2009-2017) | 44th President of the US | 70 | |
| 9879892933 | Donald Trump (2017-20??) | 45th President of the US | 71 | |
| 9788807860 | Marbury v. Madison, 1803 | Established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review over Congress | 72 | |
| 9788815882 | McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 | Established the federal government's implied powers over the states. | 73 | |
| 9788827715 | Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 | Denied citizenship to African American slaves. | 74 | |
| 9788836026 | Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 | Upheld "separate but equal" segregation laws in states. | 75 | |
| 9788842278 | Korematsu v. United States, 1944 | Upheld internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. | 76 | |
| 9788849280 | Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 | Separating black and white students in public schools is unconstitutional. | 77 | |
| 9788858820 | Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 | Criminal defendants have a right to an attorney even if they cannot afford one. | 78 | |
| 9788865828 | New York Times v. Sullivan, 1964 | Lawsuits based on libel or defamation must show intent or recklessness. | 79 | |
| 9788876083 | Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 | Prisoners must be advised of their rights before being questioned by police. | 80 | |
| 9788882311 | Loving v. Virginia, 1967 | Invalidated state laws prohibiting interracial marriage. | 81 | |
| 9788889325 | Roe v. Wade, 1973 | Women have a constitutional right to an abortion during the first two trimesters. | 82 | |
| 9788896350 | United States v. Nixon, 1974 | President cannot use executive privilege to withhold evidence from criminal trial. | 83 | |
| 9788928861 | Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978 | Upheld use of race as one of many factors in college admissions. | 84 | |
| 9788935963 | Bush v. Gore, 2000 | No recount of the 2000 presidential election was feasible in a reasonable time period. | 85 | |
| 9788943272 | Lawrence v. Texas, 2003 | Struck down state laws that prohibited sodomy between consenting adults. | 86 | |
| 9788948554 | District of Columbia v. Heller, 2008 | Citizens have a right to possess firearms at home for self-defense. | 87 | |
| 9788955566 | Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010 | Corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts in elections. | 88 | |
| 9788962199 | National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 2012 | Upheld the mandate that most Americans have health insurance. | 89 | |
| 9788972421 | Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 | States and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws. | 90 | |
| 9788983974 | United States v. Windsor, 2013 | Federal government must provide benefits to legally married same-sex couples. | 91 | |
| 9788993291 | Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015 | Same-sex marriage is legalized across all 50 states. | 92 | |
| 9788097778 | John Locke | Early Enlightenment philosopher who wrote The Second Treatise of Civil Government in 1689 to justify England's Glorious Revolution. | 93 | |
| 9788110116 | The Ideas of Locke | A belief in natural rights or rights that we are given by nature. -State of nature- before governments rise we are governed by nature that reflects an innate moral sense. -This natural law reflects a right to one's life, liberty and property. This challenges the prospect of monarchical law which may be tyrannical. -A limited government places restrictions on government to protect our natural rights. | 94 | |
| 9788151008 | Consent of the Governed | The idea that government should be at the will of the people | 95 | |
| 9788194937 | Locke's Limits on Government | 1.Standing laws so people understand 2. The preservation of property as to government has no right to take it without consent | 96 | |
| 9788214890 | Conservative Revolution | A revolution with the ends of preserving an existing social order | 97 | |
| 9788222022 | Liberal Revolution | A revolution with the ends of overthrowing an existing social order | 98 | |
| 9788244620 | The Articles of Confederation | The original document of the US Government | 99 | |
| 9788254931 | Problems with the Articles of Confederation | Not enough power was given to the Government to the point that it could not deal with any problems that arose | 100 | |
| 9788278291 | The Northwest Ordinance | The plan for organizing the territory and guiding it to statehood by Thomas Jefferson. | 101 | |
| 9788293645 | Shay's Rebellion | A rebellion of unpaid soldiers who rebelled to get their payment for fighting in the American Revolution. Prompted the writing of the Constitution | 102 | |
| 9788320584 | Constitution | A Nation's most basic laws | 103 | |
| 9788336529 | Federalist Papers | Documents written in favor of a strong central government | 104 | |
| 9788345225 | Federalist 10 | "The most common source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property" | 105 | |
| 9788357654 | Direct Democracy | A system of government where the people vote on issues | 106 | |
| 9788362330 | Representative Democracy | A system of government where the people send others to vote on issues | 107 | |
| 9789014382 | Madisonian System of Government | Feared faction takeover | 108 | |
| 9789029425 | Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments | 109 | |
| 9789054312 | Formal Amendment | Proposed by a two-thirds vote in each house or a national convention with two-thirds of state legislatures. Ratified by a three-quarter vote of state legislatures or state conventions. | 110 | |
| 9789054313 | Informal Amendment | A Judicial Interpretation, such as Marbury v Madison, or Brown vs. Board of Education | 111 | |
| 9804322638 | Federalism | Organizing a nation with two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same amount of people | 112 | |
| 9804346889 | Unitary Governments | Organizing a nation with a central government holding jurisdiction over all it's citizens | 113 | |
| 9804359629 | Confederation | A system of federalism with a weak central government and strong local governments | 114 | |
| 9804370889 | Intergovernmental Relations | Interactions between national, state and local governments. | 115 | |
| 9804388884 | The Supremacy Clause | The national government holds precedent over more local governments | 116 | |
| 9804414778 | Anti-Federalists | A group that believed that a strong federal government would undermine state sovereignty | 117 | |
| 9804505000 | The Civil War | (1861-65) War that permanently established federal supremacy | 118 | |
| 9804547736 | Full Faith and Credit | States are required to give full legal recognition to the public acts , records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state (ie marriage). | 119 | |
| 9804572453 | Privileges and Immunities Clause | States must offer citizens police protection, access to the courts and same sales tax as others in the state. | 120 | |
| 9804586730 | Extradition | States must return fugitives from the state they fled | 121 | |
| 9804593780 | Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) | Recognized marriage as an act between a man and a woman in 1996 | 122 | |
| 9804614557 | Dual Federalism (Layer Cake) | Separation of power between state and federal levels | 123 | |
| 9804633906 | Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake) | Blending of powers between the state and federal levels | 124 | |
| 9804649465 | Creative Federalism | States must follow federal guidelines to get money | 125 | |
| 9804663471 | Competitive Federalism | More responsibility for programs on states 1. Mandated compliance Equal Opportunity Act 1982 2. Used restrictions on other federal programs if states did not meet criteria of another program 3. State gets federal money must agree to do something in return. | 126 | |
| 9804750670 | Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. | 127 | |
| 9804683277 | Crossover sanction | State gets federal money must agree to do something in return. | 128 | |
| 9804706892 | Clinton-Welfare Reform Act | Transferred welfare responsibility to states, allowing fed. gov't to eliminate entitlement (aide). States could develop own programs to move people out of welfare in five years and meet federal goals | 129 | |
| 9804724352 | Block Grant | A grant of money that a state can choose what to do with | 130 | |
| 9804763382 | Grants in Aid | Grants that the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities. | 131 | |
| 9804779406 | Categorical Grants | Grants to states that must be used for specific purposes | 132 | |
| 9804736750 | Devolution | Transferring responsibility for policies from federal government to state and local governments. | 133 | |
| 9804793548 | Cross-Over Sanctions | Federal dollars in one program to influence another ie. No highway money if drinking age not raised by state | 134 | |
| 9804810223 | Cross-Cutting | A condition on a fed grant extended to all activities of the grant, such as colleges receiving money for sports, but only if women's sports are also included | 135 | |
| 9804840554 | Formula Grants | Grants influenced by factors such as population, per capita income, or percentage of rural population | 136 | |
| 9804830592 | Project Grants | Awarded competitive applications (grants to university professors from the National Science Foundation). | 137 | |
| 9804860613 | Unfunded Mandate | A declaration of guidelines for states where states receive no money to help them | 138 | |
| 9879237897 | Mass Media | Media that can easily be spread on a global scale, such as TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet | 139 | |
| 9879256708 | Staged Media Events | Events put together to boost support for a candidate on camera | 140 | |
| 9879297399 | 30-second Presidency | A reference to the commercials on TV for candidates running for President. | 141 | |
| 9879341228 | Investigative Journalism | The Media Practice of ferreting out all truth through journalism | 142 | |
| 9879914031 | Print Media | Began in the US in 1783 in Philadelphia, was the main source of mass media through most of US history | 143 | |
| 9879932918 | Yellow Journalism | Sensationalized news stories, often on corruption, wars, and gossip. This style of journalism led to a war with Spain | 144 | |
| 9879956425 | The Kennedy-Nixon Debate (1960) | The first televised presidential debate, proving the visual power of television | 145 | |
| 9880011266 | Federal Communications Commission (FCC) | Government organization based on regulating the media, limited the number of stations a company could own. | 146 | |
| 9880024320 | Fairness Doctrine | Equal time must be sold to opposing political candidates | 147 | |
| 9880036386 | Narrowcasting | News targeted at specific ideologies and groups to attract them that spreads opinions as opposed to facts | 148 | |
| 9880051546 | Broadcasting | Objective news that reports on facts | 149 | |
| 9880069762 | Internet Revolutionary | Term for the rising tend of change occurring through the internet | 150 | |
| 9880096223 | Trial Balloons | Information leaked to gauge public reaction | 151 | |
| 9880125360 | Policy Enrtrepreneurs | Groups that invest political "capital" in an issue | 152 | |
| 9880157980 | Watchdog Media | Media behavior of exposing the actions of those in office | 153 | |
| 9880168178 | Horse Race Politics | Debates for politics are not based on substantive issues, and rather on inconsequential topics | 154 |
