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Wilkins AP Biology Cells Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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7986835429	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	0
7986835430	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	1
7986835431	prokaryotic cell	microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles	2
7986835432	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	3
7986835433	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	4
7986835434	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell; made of a phospholipid bi-layer	5
7986835435	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	6
7986835436	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	7
7986835437	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	8
7986835438	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	9
7986835439	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	10
7986835440	nucleolus	located in the nucleus; makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	11
7986835441	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	12
7986835442	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	13
7986835443	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope; a passageway in which proteins and other materials are carried throughout the cell	14
7986835444	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	15
7986835445	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	16
7986835446	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	17
7986835447	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	18
7986835448	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	19
7986835449	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	20
7986835450	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	21
7986835451	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	22
7986835452	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	23
7986835453	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	24
7986835454	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	25
7986835455	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	26
7986835456	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	27
7986835457	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	28
7986835458	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	29
7986835459	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	30
7986835460	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	31
7986835461	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	32
7986835462	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	33
7986835463	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	34
7986835464	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	35
7986835465	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	36
7986835466	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	37
7986835467	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	38
7986835468	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	39
7986835469	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	40
7986835470	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	41
7986835474	Selectively Permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot	42
7986835475	Phospholipid Bilayer	double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes	43
7986835476	Integral Proteins	penetrate the hydrophobic core and often span the membrane	44
7986835477	Peripheral Proteins	Bound to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it.	45
7986835478	Glycoproteins	proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them	46
7986835479	Glycolipids	lipid that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them	47
7986835480	Passive Transport	transport that does not require the cell to expend energy (high to low concentration)	48
7986835481	Active Transport	energy-requiring process where a substance moves against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)	49
7986835482	Diffusion	net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient (high to low)	50
7986835483	Facilitated Diffusion	diffusion of solutes across a membrane, with the help of transport proteins	51
7986835484	Osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	52
7986835485	Hypertonic	solute concentration is greater than inside the cell, cell loses water; plant cells plasmolyze, animal cells crenate	53
7986835486	Hypotonic	solute concentrations in less than inside the cell, cell gains water; animal cells lyse, plant cells have ideal turgor pressure	54
7986835487	Isotonic	solute concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane, cell does not gain or lose water; ideal condition for animal cells	55
7986835488	Sodium-Potassium Pump	actively pumps Na+ ions out and K+ ions in, 3 Na leave for every 2 K that enter	56
7986835489	Proton Pump	pumps (H+ ions) out of the cell, creating a proton gradient, protons diffuse back into the cell, which powers ATP production	57
7986835490	Exocytosis	exporting macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	58
7986835491	Endocytosis	importing macromolecules by forming vesicles derived from plasma membrane	59
7986835492	Phagocytosis	part of the cell membrane engulfs large particles or entire cells (cell eating)	60
7986835493	Pinocytosis	part of the cell membrane engulfs small dissolved substances or fluid droplets in vesicles (cell drinking)	61
7986835494	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis	importing of specific macromolecules by receptor proteins bind to a specific substance which triggers the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits	62
7986835495	Ligands	molecule that binds to the specific receptor site on another molecule	63
7986835496	Fluid Mosaic Model	states that the membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it	64
7986835497	Transport Proteins	allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane	65
7986835498	Concentration Gradient	a difference in concentration across a distance	66
7986835499	Turgor Pressure	the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls, caused by the movement of water into the cell	67
7986835500	Aquaporins	facilitates the passage of water into a cell	68
7986835501	plasmolysis	As a plant cell loses water, it shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall	69
7986835502	cholesterol	A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Its presence helps to maintain flexibility and fluidity in the membrane.	70
7986835471	water potential	a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure to predict the direction water will flow	71
7986835472	solute potential	-iCRT, component of water potential which is proportional to its molarity	72
7986835473	pressure potential	component of water potential which is the physical pressure on a solution	73

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AP Biology Cell Structure Flashcards

This basic review covers bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic cells, cell theory, organelles, cell membrane structure, and passive and active transport.

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5387635722	Prokaryotic cell	Simple, no nucleus, many have cell wall with peptidoglycan, bacteria	0
5387635723	Eukaryotic cell	Complex cell with a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles	1
5387635724	Organelle	"little organ" - compartmentalized structures that perform specific functions	2
5387635727	Cell	Basic functional unit of all living things	3
5387635729	Cell membrane	Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment, controls movement of materials into and out of the cell	4
5387635730	Nucleus	Contains DNA and acts as the control center of the cell	5
5387635731	Nuclear envelope	Two phospholipid bilayers that surround the nucleus; contain nuclear pores to allow RNA and ribosomes to exit; attaches to rough ER	6
5387635734	Nucleolus	Found within nucleus; makes ribosomes	7
5387635735	Ribosomes	Make proteins; consist of small and large subunit; composed of rRNA and proteins	8
5387635736	Free ribosomes	Float in the cytosol; produce proteins used within the cell	9
5387635737	Bound ribosomes	Attached to rough ER; make proteins for export from the cell	10
5387635738	Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	Ribosomes present; creates glycoproteins, packages proteins for secretion, sends transport vesicles to Golgi, makes replacement membranes	11
5387635739	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	No ribosomes; makes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium and helps regulate muscle contraction, breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products	12
5387635740	Golgi apparatus/body/complex	Collect and modify proteins and lipids made in other areas of the cell and package them into vesicles; as proteins exit, they are packaged in a vesicle that goes through exocytosis	13
5387635741	Lysosomes	Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria	14
5387635742	Peroxisomes	Break down various toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids	15
5387635743	Mitochondria	Perform cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP	16
5387635744	Chloroplasts	Perform chloroplasts to convert sunlight into glucose	17
5387635745	Cytoskeleton	Network of protein fibers extending from the nucleus to the membrane - structural support, motility, and regulation	18
5387635746	Microtubules	Tubulin; provides support and motility for cellular activities; found in spindle fibers, flagella, and cilia	19
5387635747	Intermediate filaments	Keratin; provide support for maintaining cell shape	20
5387635748	Microfilaments (actin filaments)	Actin; involved in cell motility, found in muscle cells and amoeba; in plants, they promote cytoplasmic streaming	21
5387635749	Centrioles	Microtubule organizing center; located in centrosome; make up and organize spindle fibers during cell division	22
5387635750	Cilia	Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; oar-like movement that moves the cell perpendicular to the cilium; many and short	23
5387635751	Flagella	Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; whip-like movement; cell moves in same direction as flagellum; few and long	24
5387635752	Transport vesicle	Move materials through the cell	25
5387635753	Food vacuole	Temporary receptacle of nutrients, often merge with lysosomes for digestion	26
5387635754	Contractile vacuoles	Collect and pump excess water out of the cell	27
5387635755	Central vacuoles	Large bodies occupying most of the interior of many plant cells; maintain rigidity of cell wall, stores things, allows cell to "grow"	28
5387635756	Cell wall	Provide support for the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane; found in plants, fungi, and many protists	29
5387635759	Organelles only in plants	Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole	30
5387635760	Organelles only in animals	Centrioles, lysosomes, cholesterol in the plasma membrane	31
5387635761	Endosymbiotic theory	Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient prokaryotes that invaded other prokaryotic cells, and formed a symbiotic relationship	32
5387635762	Evidence for endosymbiotic theory	Mitochondria and chloroplasts possess their own DNA similar to prokaryotes; ribosomes resemble that of prokaryotes; they reproduce independently of the cell; two membranes may have resulted from vesicular endocytosis.	33

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AP Quiz 1 Flashcards

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9685388951	Iambic Pentameter	a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable	0
9685394596	Free Verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	1
9685398423	Ballad	a type of poem that is meant to be sung and is both lyric and narrative in nature	2
9685407807	Meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	3
9685410456	Didactic	Instructive, designed to teach	4
9685413874	Soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	5
9685422101	Mock Heroic Style	satire, parody or trivialization of epic and pastoral genres	6
9685425736	Elegiac	Expressing sorrow or lamentation	7
9685429974	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	8
9685433712	Couplet	two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit.	9
9685436614	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	10
9685446964	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	11
9685452845	Refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	12
9685455712	Somber	Dark, gloomy; depressed or melancholy in spirit	13
9685461905	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	14
9685464918	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	15
9685467539	Colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	16
9685472142	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	17
9685477176	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.	18
9685480003	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	19
9685484708	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	20
9685488612	Secular	Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	21

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AP Biology: Plants Flashcards

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5951944951	plants	--dominant photosynthetic organisms on planet --eukaryotic cells --multicellular --cell walls are made of cellulose --exhibit alternation of generations	0
5951944952	alternation of generations	the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle	1
5951944953	gametophyte	the stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells **egg or sperm, haploid generation	2
5951944954	sporophyte	the stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces haploid spores **spore or seed, diploid generation	3
5951944958	Plants (and classification of) show evolution from...	water to land	4
5951944959	What did plants develop to solve most of the problems of transition from water to land?	vascular tissue seeds cuticle stomata	5
5951944960	xylem	vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves. one direction **in charge of water	6
5951944961	phloem	vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants **in charge of food (phloem and food both start with F...?)	7
5951944962	Bryophytes	Mosses --do NOT have vascular tissue --found in damp, wet areas close to the ground --instead of growing vertically, they grow horizontally --do NOT produce seeds; produce spores --do NOT produce fruit	8
5951944963	Pteridophytes	--Pteridophytes --do have vascular tissue --found in wet areas, usually under trees, because they have to have water for reproduction (for the sperm to swim) --do NOT produce seeds; produce spores --do NOT produce fruit	9
5951944964	Gymnosperms	--do have vascular tissue --can be found anywhere, really --due to wind, pollen carries sperm to cone, which fertilizes egg and produces seeds --do NOT produce fruit	10
5951944965	Angiosperms	Most complex --can be found anywhere except really cold environments --do have vascular tissue --do produce seeds --do produce fruit (purpose: to disperse seeds)	11
5951944966	self pollination	the transfer of pollen from one flower to another flower on the same plant	12
5951944967	cross pollination	a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant	13
5951944969	transpiration	process within plants that is a loss of water in vapor form; it occurs due to plants opening stomata to take in CO2 (regulated by guard cells)	14
5951944972	Why would a plant want to get rid of water?	to get "new" water into the plant, you've got to get rid of some of the "old" water a plant needs to make room for "new" water in order to distribute food throughout the phloem of the plant	15
5951944976	tropism	a growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus (basically a response to a stimulus) **often caused by hormones	16
5951944977	thigmotropism	plant response to contact i.e. vines growing around something	17
5951944978	phototropism	plant response to light **flowers bend toward the sun	18
5951944979	gravitropism	response of a plant to the force of gravity	19
5951944980	positive tropism	plant response towards stimulus	20
5951944981	negative tropism	plant response away from stimulus	21
5951944982	hormones	chemical substances (very simple structures) produced at one location and used at other locations They are effective in very small quantities and can cause a "cascade effect".	22
5951944983	cytokinins	plant hormones that stimulate cell division; they are produced in large quantities in plant roots	23
5951944984	auxins (indole acetic acid - IAA)	plant hormones that lead to phototropism by elongating the dark side of the plant and affect turgor pressure **causes cell elongation (causes plants to bend)	24
5951944988	gibberellins (GAs)	Hormone that promotes stem elongation	25
5951944989	ethylene gas	gaseous plant hormone responsible for fruit ripening (example of positive feedback) **ripe fruit give off ethylene gas	26
5951944990	abscisic acid	A plant hormone that brings about dormancy in buds, mantains dormancy in seeds, and brings about stomatal closing, among other effects. Produced in stressful situations	27
5951944992	photoperiodism	a plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day (particularly with flowering) **length of dark period determining factor	28
5951944994	long day plant	plant which critical photoperiod must be surpassed in order for it to flower **begin forming flower buds when the days are longer than their critical day length	29
5951944995	short day plant	plant which flowers until the critical photoperiod is passed; then becomes vegetative **begin flowering when the days are shorter than their critical day length	30
5952028868	water potential	direction water will flow, impacted by solute concentration and pressure	31

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AP Review Flashcards

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9134517409	Ar: strongest LD IMF, largest # electrons	deviates most from ideal behavior	0
9134523358	36.3 is the average molar mass		1
9134548359	they have the same kinetic energy	If all the balloons are at the same temperature, then	2
9134559471	Hydrogen, smallest molar mass	smallest balloon after 12 hours	3
9134576662	copper	element	4
9134585058	B	similar IMFs to solvent	5
9134591899	A and D are similar compounds		6
9134596084	Contains 1.0 M NH₄Cl		7
9134830748	1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹		8
9134871637	Sc	element	9
9134877888	2	valence electrons	10
9134888108	Galvanic cell		11
9134905755	Anode	Silver	12
9134912752	direction of electrons	left	13
9134922432	To determine the vapor pressure of the oxygen, you would take the air pressure and subtract the water vapor pressure		14
9134974274	interstitial	B	15
9135001296	substitutional	A	16
9135010835	0	order	17
9135030609	Rate = k	rate law	18
9135033118	M/time	k units	19
9135040928	1	order	20
9135052065	rate = k[A]	rate law	21
9135054236	1/time	k units	22
9135057838	2	order	23
9135063209	rate = k[A]²	rate law	24
9135065994	1/(M∙time)	k units	25
9135094848	q = mcΔT (c of ice)	A	26
9135109612	q = mHf	B	27
9135111051	q = mcΔT (c of water)	C	28
9135111052	q = mHv	D	29
9135112327	q = mcΔT (c of steam)	E	30
9135773104	A	if the substance is the same, then this shows a lower temperature	31
9135774059	B	if temperature is the same, then this substance has the smaller molar mass	32
9135804048	432	bond energy	33
9135816183	74	bond length	34
9135825763	2	number of reaction steps	35
9135843799	1	faster step	36
9135855225	exothermic		37
9135859833	strong acid and weak base	type of titration	38
9135861051	20 mL and pH of 5	equivalence point	39
9135876654	0.032	Ka =	40
9135879330	methyl red (pKa = 5.0)	indicator	41
9135899122	weak acid and strong base	type of titration	42
9135904726	1 x 10⁻⁵	Ka =	43
9135906943	20 mL and pH of 8.5	equivalence point	44
9135909406	phenopthalein (pKa = 9.3)	indicator	45
9135928489	The p orbital is further away from the nucleus so the attraction to the electron in the p orbital is smaller and decreases ionization energy	why B has lower ionization energy than Be	46
9135929501	electrons paired up in p orbitals have more repulsion the electrons not paired up. The repulsion makes it easier to remove an electron and lowers the ionization energy	why S has lower ionization energy than P	47
9135929983	effective nuclear charge increases	Ionization energy generally increases across the period because	48
9135930609	distance between the nucleus and valence electrons increases due to more energy levels	ionizatio energy decreases down a group because	49

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AP Statistics (POD 1) Flashcards

Ch.1- The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process.

An Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

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5969539541	Histogram	A graph of vertical bars in intervals representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.	0
5969539542	Statistics	The scientific discipline that provides methods to help us make sense of data.	1
5969539543	Variability	In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean	2
5969539544	Descriptive Statistics	Methods of organizing and summarizing data; usually aided by tables, graph and various other numerical summaries.	3
5969539545	Population	The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired.	4
5969539546	Sample	A subset of the population that is selected for a study in some manner.	5
5969539547	Inferential Statistics	The branch of statistics that involves generalizing from a sample to the population from which it was selected and assessing the reliability of such generalizations.	6
5969539548	Data	Result from making observations either on a single variable or simultaneously on two or more variables.	7
5969539549	Variable	Any characteristic whose value may change from one individual or object to another.	8
5969539550	Univariate data set	A data set consisting of observations on a single variable.	9
5969539551	Categorical data set	A data set that has categorical responses; also known as a qualitative data set.	10
5969539552	Numerical data set	A data set with numerical responses and is also known as a quantative data set.	11
5969539553	Bivariate data set	A data set consisting of simultaneous observations from two different variables.	12
5969539554	Multivariate data	More than two variables are measured on a single experimental unit.	13
5969539555	Discrete Data	When the number of possible values is either a finite number or a "countable" number. (That is, the number of possible values is 0 or 1 or 2 and so on.)	14
5969539556	Continuous Data	Numerical data values that by result from infinitely many possible values along a number line without gaps, interruptions or jumps.	15
5969539557	Frequency	The number of observations in a given statistical category.	16
5969539558	Relative Frequency Distribution	A frequency that is present for categorical data(qualitative) and is the proportion or fraction of the observations resulting in the category. Calculated by taking frequency divided by the number of observations in the data set.	17
5969539559	Bar Chart	Qualitative data display; each category is represented by rectangle that is proportional to the corresponding frequency.	18
5969539560	Dot Plot	A picture of numerical data in which observation is represented by a dot on or above a horizontal measurement scale.	19
5969539561	Outliers	Extreme high or low scores in a distribution	20
5969800892	Quantitative Data	Data that can be measured numerically (added, subtracted, averaged, etc); may be discrete or continuous	21
5969815367	Qualitative Data	Descriptive data that can only be counted but not measured numerically; always discrete	22