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Flashcards

AP Test Flashcards

9950475458	Antinatalist Population Policies	Encouraging couples to limit the number of children they have	0
9950477089	Arithmetic Density	Number of people in a given unit area	1
9950477090	Baby Boomers	Individuals born post WWII (between 1946 and 1964)	2
9950479792	Baby Bust	Period of time when the fertility rates in the United States dropped.	3
9950481973	Cairo Plan	Policies that focuses on giving women greater social and economic control of their lies. (1994 UN)	4
9950482023	Carrying Capacity	The number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resource base.	5
9950486656	Chain Migration	Describes migrant flows from a common organ to the same destination. Usually families.	6
9950486657	Channelized Migration	The flows between a particular organ and destination are larger than would normally be the case. Not family or kinship ties.	7
9950488186	Cohort	Group of people who share common, temporal demographic experience; typically people of similar age range.	8
9950491730	"Cornucopians"	Believe that with increasing populations come increasing opportunities for innovation	9
9950493525	Crude Birth Rate (CBR)	Number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people in population.	10
9950495588	Crude Death Rate (CDR)	Number of deaths in a country per 1000 people	11
9950499116	Demographic Equation	summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain period of time; births - deaths (+ or -) migration to the area	12
9950504396	Demographic Momentum	Tendency of a population to continue to grow in spite of stringent population policies or rapid fertility decline because of the large number of individuals in their childbearing years.	13
9950504397	Demographic Transition Model		14
9950508650	Demographic Transition	Stage 1- High birth and death rates and little to no growth Stage 2- birth rates high, death rates drop, and population growth is rapid Stage 3- Birth rates begin to drop Stage 4 and 5- population growth is stable or negative (in stage 5)	15
9950510390	Dependency Ratio	A measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population	16
9950510391	Doubling Time	The amount of time it takes a particular population to double in time	17
9950510392	Ecumene	The portion of Earth's surface that is inhabited by humans	18
9950516346	Global Population distribution patterns	Near oceans, has high land fertility and mild climates, and urban regions are most populated	19
9950520686	global refugee patterns	Boarders are more constricted with refugees since terrorists attacks and it protects against people refugees and asylum seekers.	20
9950520687	guest workers	Individuals who migrate temporarily to take advantage of job opportunities in other countries.	21
9950524199	HIV/AIDs	Disease that deters the birth rates and fertility rates	22
9950524200	Illegal Immigration	Unforced migrants (undocumented workers)	23
9950528150	Infant Mortality	Number of deaths during the first year of life per thousand live births.	24
9950530993	Internal Migration: History of the US	Wave 1- Migrants of colonization Wave 2- 19400s-1970s: African Americans migrating within America Wave 3- Post WWII-now: Movement into the Sun Belt	25
9950530994	Internally Displaced Persons	People who have had to leave their homes because of conflict, but do not leave their country to seek safety.	26
9950533930	Life Expectancy	Average number of years a person is expected to live	27
9950533931	Migration	Movement to a new activity space or movement from one administrative region to another.	28
9950536762	Mobility	Implies the ability to move from one place to another, either permanently or temporarily.	29
9950541562	Natural Increase vs Natural Decrease	The difference between CBR and CDR indicates natural growth or decline within a population.	30
9950545132	Neo-Malthusians	Believe population growth is a problem and advocate for zero population growth where migrants and population evens out.	31
9950548663	Overpopulation vs underpopulation	Area does not have enough resources to to support the population living in it vs areas without enough people to fully exploit the local resource base.	32
9950548664	Place Utility	benefits a place offers to pull people to that destination	33
9950554249	Population Centroid of the United States	Geographic center of the United States.	34
9950554250	Population Data	Includes all population data and sources include national organizations	35
9950560064	Population Density	Crude density, also called arithmetic density is total number of people divided by the total land area.	36
9950560065	Population Geography	Similar to demographic rates except patterns are studies from spatial perspectives.	37
9950563799	Population Growth Rate	Country's growth rate is determined by its natural increase expressed as a percentage.	38
9950566983	Population Growth since 1750	Less developed regions have grown exponentially and more developed countries have barely grown	39
9950577074	Population Pyramid		40
9950580333	Population Pyramid: US		41
9950586239	Pronatalist Population Policies	typically exist in countries where population is declining and involve providing incentives for omen to have children.	42
9950588420	Ravenstein's Migration Laws	-migration flow generates usually generates a counterflow -Short distance migration -Long distances are usually big city destinations -Urban residents are less migratory than rural residents -Families are less likely to migrate.	43
9950590608	Refugees	Individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum	44
9950593194	Reluctant and forced Migration	an individual migrates against his or her will. Individual reluctantly choses to move because of factors in their current location	45
9950593195	Rust Belt	1960s-1970s: Large members of white middle class Americans moved from older northeastern and midwestern cities to the South and West Coast for industrial jobs.	46
9950596763	Sun Belt Migration	Movement towards Florida, Texas, California in the last several decades.	47
9950596764	Sustainability	Using resources in a manner that supplies existing populations while not compromising availability of resources.	48
9950600001	Thomas Malthus	(1798) Carrying capacity is limited by food availability.	49
9950601887	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	Average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years (age 15-49)	50
9950609610	Voluntary Migration and Push-and-Pull Factors	Individual chooses to move either by factors drawing them to a place or pushing them away from their own home country.	51

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AP Psychology- Intelligence (*) Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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8892525116	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.	0
8892525117	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. it is one's potential, not what they achieve.	1
8892525118	general intelligence	according to Spearman and others, this underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.	2
8892525119	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	3
8892525120	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.	4
8892525121	emotional intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Daniel Goleman developed a theory concerning it that focused on the importance of self control, empathy, and awareness of one's own emotions.	5
8892525122	mental age	The average age at which children could successfully answer a particular level of questions. a measure of intelligence devised by Binet; the age at which a person is mentally performing at. It can be higher, lower, or the same as their chronological age.	6
8892525123	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. Louis Terman of Stanford University created it.	7
8892525124	intelligence quotient (IQ)	Originally defined as the mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 Developed by Louis Terman.	8
8892525125	achievement tests	tests designed to assess what a person has learned. The AP Psychology Exam is an example	9
8892525126	aptitude tests	tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. SAT, and IQ test are examples	10
8892525127	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.	11
8892525128	standardization	The process of giving the test to a large group of representative and randomly selected people to establish consistent methods administration.	12
8892525129	normal curve	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	13
8892525130	reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results. a test can be reliable but not valid. Can determine by retesting or by comparing the consistency of scores on two halves of the test (split half reliability)	14
8892525131	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. In order for a test to be valid it has to be reliable.	15
8892525132	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. The AP Psychology exam will measure your knowledge of Psychology, and not Chemistry.	16
8892525133	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. The SATs have predictive validity.	17
8892525134	intellectual disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.	18
8892525135	Howard Garnder	Developed the theory of Multiple Intelligences	19
8892525136	Louis Terman	Pioneer in the field of intelligence. Conducted the famous "termite" study, also created the Stanford-Binet test and the IQ formula.	20
8892525137	Terman's Termites	Landmark longitudinal study on intelligence that put to rest many myths regarding genius	21
8892525138	Robert Sternberg	Developed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	22
8892525139	Alfred Binet	Created the first known intelligence test and developed the concept of mental age.	23
8892525140	David Wechsler	Created what is today the most popular IQ test.	24
8892525141	Multiple Intelligences	Theory created by Howard Gardner that there are many types of intelligences such as musical, interpersonal, naturalist, and bodily-kinetics. Come critics say these are more abilities than intelligences	25
8892525142	Triarchic Theory	Robert Sternberg's theory that intelligence is composed of Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence.	26
8892525143	Charles Spearman	Saw intelligence as being composed of the g factor (ability to reason and solve problems) and the s factor (specific intelligence)	27
8892525144	Deviation IQ Scores	Replaced the old IQ formula. IQ scores are now determined based on a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.	28
8892525145	Cultural bias	Tendency for IQ tests to reflect the language, culture, history, and customs of the people who designed the test.	29
8892525146	heritability	Proportion of change that is due to genetic factors. For intelligence, it is about 50%. Estimates of heritability apply to groups, not individuals.	30
8892525147	stereotype threat	just being aware of negative stereotypes that apply to your group can negatively impact your performance on intelligence tests	31
8892525148	Noam Chomsky	Linguist who theorized that humans are born with the innate ability to understand and produce language. The complexities of language are hard wired in us	32
8892525149	B.F. Skinner	Believed that language was acquired through imitation and reinforcement.	33
8892525150	Critical Period Hypothesis	Theory that if one's Language Acquisition Device is not activated withing the first few years of life, the person will never fully acquire language. Likewise, if a second language is not introduced before puberty, the person's acquisition will be limited and they will speak that language with an accent.	34
8892525151	Flynn Effect	Idea that over the course of history, intelligence has increased due to factors such as better diet and health and technological advancements.	35

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4 diciembre 2018 TCSF AP: Los Desafios Mundiales Flashcards

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9501867388	abolir	to abolish	0
9501867389	agotarse	dried up (withered/worn out)	1
9501867390	ambiente	atmosphere	2
9501867391	atmósfera	atmosphere	3
9501867392	bastante	enough or rather	4
9501867393	dióxido de carbono	carbon dioxide	5
9501867394	calentamiento global	global warming	6
9501867395	cambio climático	climate change	7
9501867396	capa de ozono	ozone layer	8
9501867397	cepa	stump	9
9501867398	combustible	fuel, combustible	10
9501867399	de bajo consumo	energy efficient	11
9501867400	derramar	to spill	12
9501867401	derretimiento	melting	13
9501867402	desechos	garbage/ waste (not the desperdicios version)	14
9501867403	desperdicios	garbage/ waste (not the desechos version)	15
9501867404	deteriorarse	to deteriorate	16
9501867405	disminuir/reducirse	to diminish; to reduce	17
9501867406	efecto invernadero	greenhouse	18
9501867407	el abuso doméstico	domestic abuse	19
9501867408	el albergue	housing; shelter	20
9501867409	el alfabetismo	literacy	21
9501867410	el analfetbetismo	illiteracy	22
9501867411	el carbón	carbon	23
9501867412	el comercio	trade	24
9501867413	el crecimiento	growth	25
9501867414	el derrame	the spill	26
9501867415	el ecosistema	ecosystem	27
9501867416	el envejecimiento	aging	28
9501867417	el etnocentrismo	ethnocentrism	29
9501867418	el foco	flashlight, focus	30
9501867419	el gobierno	the government	31
9501867420	el medio ambiente	the environment	32
9501867421	el petróleo	petroleum	33
9501867422	el racismo	racism	34
9501867423	el refugiado	sheltered	35
9501867424	el terremto; el sismo	earthquake	36
9501867425	el terrorismo	terrorism	37
9501867426	el tráfico	traffic	38
9501867427	el viento	the wind	39
9501867428	empeorar	to worsen	40
9501867429	energéticamente eficiente	energy efficient	41
9501867430	energia eólica	wind energy	42
9501867431	entorno	surroundings or environment	43
9501867432	esclavizar	to enslave	44
9501867433	especies en peligro de extinción	endangered species	45
9501867434	extinguir	to extinguish or get rid of	46
9501867435	extinguirse	to go extinct	47
9501867436	fósil	fossil	48
9501867437	glaciar	glacier	49
9501867438	huella de carbono carbón	carbon fingerprint	50
9501867439	la biodiversidad	biodiversity	51
9501867440	la contaminación	contamination	52
9501867441	la deforestación	deforestation	53
9501867442	la enfermedad	illness	54
9501867443	la escasez	shortage/ scarcity	55
9501867444	la especie	species	56
9501867445	la etnicidad	ethnicity	57
9501867446	la extinción	extinction	58
9501867447	la falta de recursos	lack of resources	59
9501867448	la inundación	flood	60
9501867449	la pobreza	poverty	61
9501867450	la segregación	segregation	62
9501867451	la tasa de analfabetismo	illiteracy rate	63
9501867452	la tasa de natalidad	birth rate	64
9501867453	a largo plazo	long term	65
9501867454	las armas	weapons	66
9501867455	lluvia ácida	acid rain	67
9501867456	los derechos humanos	human rights	68
9501867457	masa polar	polar	69
9501867458	mejorar	to improve	70
9501867459	periférico	outlying, peripheral	71
9501867460	placas	tectonic plate, license plate	72
9501867471	que consume poco (o que ahorra)		73
9501867461	reciclaje	recycling	74
9501867462	reciclar	to recycle	75
9501867463	renovables	resources	76
9501867464	residuos radiactivos	radioictive waste	77
9501867465	residuos tóxicos	toxic waste	78
9501867466	recursos	resources	79
9501867467	retroceder	to recede	80
9501867468	sobre población	overpopulation	81
9501867469	sostenible	sustainable	82
9501867470	suficiente	sufficient	83

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Membranes & Transport - AP Biology Flashcards

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8702370430	aquaporin	Channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane.	0
8702370431	bulk transport	Movement of substances too large for protein transport into or out of cell. Includes Endocytosis and exocytosis.	1
8702370432	carrier protein	Protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane. (protein changes shape in process)	2
8702370433	channel protein	Protein that forms a channel that allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane.	3
8702370434	cholesterol	A steroid found in animal plasma membranes that helps keep them fluid	4
8702370435	lysis	Bursting of a cell.	5
8702370436	Selectively permeable	Ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of into and out of the cell; allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others.	6
8702370437	diffusion	Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lead to an equal distribution.	7
8702370438	enzymatic protein	Protein that catalyzes a specific reaction.	8
8702370439	facilitated diffusion	Passive movement of substances through protein carriers.	9
8702370440	fluid-mosaic model	Model for the cell membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid layer.	10
8702370441	glycoprotein	Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain. usually acts as an ID marker	11
8702370442	hypertonic solution	Higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes a cell to lose water by osmosis.	12
8702370443	hypotonic solution	Lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell;	13
8702370444	isotonic solution	Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes a cell to neither gain nor lose water by osmosis.	14
8702370445	junction protein	Proteins that assist cell-to-cell communication at the plasma membrane.	15
8702370446	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane.	16
8702370447	plasmolysis	Contraction of the cell contents in plants due to the loss of water resulting in cell membrane pulling away from cell wall.	17
8702370448	receptor protein	Protein located in the plasma membrane or within the cell; binds to a substance and sends a message into the cell to respond.	18
8702370449	solute	Substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution.	19
8702370450	solvent	Liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve the solute.	20
8702370451	turgor pressure	Pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall; determined by the water content of the vacuole and provides internal support.	21
8702370452	flaccid	when a plant cell is somewhat wilted (opposite of turgid)	22
8702370453	sodium-potassium pump	Type of active transport that moves Na+/K+ across membranes (3Na+ out and 2 K+ in. Requires 1 ATP)	23
8702370454	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane	24
8702370455	Electrochemical Gradient	a difference in ions and in charge across a membrane (results in membrane potential)	25
8702370456	Proton pump	Protein that performs Active transport of H+ across membrane	26
8702370457	Co-transport	When a molecule can only be carried across the membrane with a second molecule (usually linked to a pump)	27
8702370458	phospholipid	main component of the cell membrane. Has a hydrophilic & hydrophobic portion.	28
8702370459	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	proteins on surface stimulate a cell to engulf particles. Cholesterol taken in this way	29
8702370460	Water Potential	The measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another. Water travels toward the LOWER one.	30
8702370461	Solute Potential	-iCRT (measured in bars). For pure water it is zero.	31
8702370462	simple diffusion		32
8702370463	Active Transport	Movement of substances against the concentration gradient through protein carrier.	33
8702370464	Phagocytosis	Cell engulfing large particle.	34
8702370465	Pinocytosis	Cell Engulfing small particles/liquid droplet (cell drinking)	35
8702370466	Cell mediated Endocytosis	Cell Engulfing substance after receptors stimulated (cholesterol for ex. is taken in this way)	36

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AP Comparative Iran Terms Flashcards

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7317540672	Assembly of Religious Experts	86 man assembly of clerics elected directly by the people; broad constitutional interpretation responsibility; selects the Supreme Leader; has the right to dismiss Supreme Leader; must have a seminary degree	0
7317540673	Ayatollah	Supreme leader of Iran; following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation.	1
7317540674	Dual society	a society and economy that are sharply divided into a traditional, usually poorer, and a modern, usually richer, sector	2
7317540675	Faqih	an expert in Islamic Law; leading Islamic jurist to interpret the meaning of religious documents and sharia; another form of jurist's guardianship	3
7317540676	Farsi	the language and people group of Iran, also often called Persian	4
7317540677	Fundamentalism	Religious beliefs of a literal nature that often lead to right-wing political views.	5
7317540678	Guardian Council	This is the most powerful theological body in Iran. It consists of 12 members 6 clerics appointed by the Supreme Leader and 6 judges appointed by the Majils. The importance of them is they have to approve all candidates and all legislation.	6
7317540679	Hezbollah	A radical Shiʿite Muslim organization in Lebanon engaged in guerrilla warfare against Israel; have strong ties to Iran	7
7317540680	Hojjat al-Islam	literally "the proof of Islam." In Iran, it means a medium-ranking cleric.	8
7317540681	Imam	Prayer leaders in mosques	9
7317540682	Jihad	Literally "struggle"; although often used to mean armed struggle against unbelievers, most commonly means spiritual struggle for self-improvement.	10
7317540683	Jurist's guardianship	Developed by Ayatollah Khomeini, supports the notion that senior clerics have the best capacity to rule in a Muslim society; Iranian clergy should rule on the grounds that they are the divinely appointed guardians of both the law and the people	11
7317540684	Majles	Arabic term for "assembly"; used in Iran to describe the parliament.	12
7317540685	Mosque	Muslim place of worship, equivalent to a church, temple, or synagogue.	13
7317540686	OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Founded in 1960 by Iran, Venezuela, and Saudi Arabia, it now includes most oil-exporting states with the notable exceptions of Mexico and former members of the Soviet Union. It tries to regulate prices by regulating production.	14
7317540687	Pahlavis	Leaders of the dynasty of the shahs, favored westernization	15
7317540688	Pasdaran	Persian term for guards, used to refer to the army of Revolutionary Guards formed during Iran's Islamic Revolution.	16
7317540689	People of the Book	The Muslim term for recognized religious minorities, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians.	17
7317540690	Qanun	Regular laws passed by the government. Are second to Shariah law	18
7317540691	Qur'an	Muslim holy book, believed to be the word of God, given to prophet Muhammad	19
7317540692	Rentier state	A country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources.	20
7317540693	Shari'a	Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.	21
7317540694	Shi'ism (or Shiite)	Dominant branch of Islam in Iran, believe that the head of Islam should be a descendant of prophet Muhammad	22
7317540695	Supreme Leader	Title given to the ayatollah who sits atop all Iranian political institutions.	23
7317540696	Theocracy	A government ruled by religion; religious leaders are the head of the nation-state; rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.	24
7317540697	Tudah Party	an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role duringMohammad Mosaddeq's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and his term as prime minister. Its influence waned in the crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddeq. The party still exists, but is much weaker as a result of the banning of the party and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982 and the executions of political prisoners in 1988.	25
7317540698	White Revolution	The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979	26
7317540699	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end	27
7317540700	Iran		28
7317540701	Iraq		29
7317540702	Turkey		30
7317540703	Israel		31
7317540704	Palestine		32
7317540705	Egypt		33
7317540706	Syria		34
7317540707	Afghanistan		35
7317540708	United Arab Emirates (UAE)		36
7317540709	Saudi Arabia		37

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AP Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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9228338224	acculturation	the process of adjustment	0
9228338227	assimilation	the process of giving up cultural traditions and adopting the social customs of the dominant culture of a place	1
9228345155	custom	the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people preforming the act.	2
9228351469	Folk Culture	Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.	3
9228355259	Habit	a repetitive act preformed by a particular individual	4
9228363870	Popular Culture	Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics	5
9228367755	Taboo	A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.	6
9228371005	Terrior	the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.	7

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AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

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5054487678	hindsight bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- "I knew it all along"	0
5054487679	critical thinking	Is rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence.	1
5054487680	theory	A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data	2
5054487681	hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	3
5054487682	operational definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables	4
5054487683	replication	replicate the original study	5
5054487684	case study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	6
5054487685	survey	A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.	7
5054487686	population	the whole group that you want to study and describe	8
5054487687	random sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
5054487688	naturalistic observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	10
5054487689	correlation	A measure of the relationship between two variables	11
5054487690	correlation coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	12
5054487691	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.	13
5054487692	illusory correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	14
5054487693	experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process	15
5054487694	random assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	16
5054487695	double-blind study	An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo	17
5054487696	placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.	18
5054487697	experimental group	A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested.	19
5054487698	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	20
5054487699	independent variable	(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables	21
5054487700	confounding variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	22
5054487701	dependent varibale	the outcome factor the cariable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates)	23
5054487702	mode	Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.	24
5054487703	mean	Average	25
5054487704	median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.	26
5054487705	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.	27
5054487706	standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	28
5054487707	normal curve	the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.	29
5054487708	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	30
5054487709	culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	31
5054487710	informed consent	A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.	32
5054487711	debriefing	A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study	33
5054487712	sample	A part of the population you are studying.	34

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AP Statistics (POD 2) Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Collecting Data Sensibly.
An Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

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6009303203	Observational Study	Investigator observes characteristics of a subset an existing population(s) to draw conclusions relating to the differences between two or more populations.	0
6009303204	Survey	Interviewer seeks information from a respondent by engaging in a special type of conversation	1
6009303205	Experiment	Investigator observes how a response variable behaves when other explanatory variables (aka factors) are manipulated; factors should be determined by random assignment.	2
6009303206	Factors	Another name for the variables that researchers manipulate to create experimental conditions.	3
6009303207	Confounding Variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be distinguished from the effects of the treatment; if one is present it is impossible to draw cause and effect conclusions	4
6009303208	Random Sampling	Technique that allows every member of a population an equal probability of being selected for the sample; allows generalizations from a sample to a population.	5
6009303209	Census	Data is collected on every member of a population	6
6009303210	Selection Bias	A sample systematically excludes part of the population of interest; also called undercoverage	7
6009303211	Measurement Bias	Observed values systematically differ from the actual values; may occur due to improper calibration or leading surveying questions or techniques; also known as response bias	8
6009303212	Nonresponse Bias	Responses are not obtained from all individuals selected for inclusion in a sample; limited when the response rate is high and/or serious efforts to follow up with non-respondents are used	9
6009303213	Simple Random Sample (SRS)	Sample chosen using a method that ensures that each different possible SAMPLE of the desired SIZE has an equal chance of being chosen	10
6009303214	Sampling Frame	A list that is used to select a random sample; typically a random number table or generator is used to select the sample.	11
6009303215	Sampling with Replacement	Individuals can potentially be selected more than one time since they are returned to the pool of potential subjects after each selection	12
6009303216	Sampling without Replacement	Individuals can only be selected once since they are not returned to the pool of potential subjects after each selection	13
6009303217	Stratified Sampling	A method of dividing a population into non-overlapping homogenous subgroups and then selecting a SRS from EACH subgroup	14
6009303218	Cluster Sampling	A method dividing a population into non-overlapping heterogeneous subgroups and then random selecting entire subgroups; used to save time and money	15
6009303219	Systematic Sampling	A procedure that selects one of the first k individuals at random and then every k-th individual in the sequence is included in the sample; list of items must contain no repeating patterns	16
6009303220	Voluntary Response Sampling	Sample suffers from selection bias because only people with strong opinions choose to participate in the survey	17
6009303221	Convenience Sampling	Sample suffers from selection bias because subjects are chosen without regard to whether they are representative of a population	18
6009303222	Experimental Condition	Any particular combination of values for the explanatory variables; aka a treatment	19
6009303223	Design	The overall plan for conducting an experiment; should limit confounding variables and extraneous factors to achieve conclusive results	20
6009303224	Extraneous Factor	A variable that is not of interest in the current study but is thought to affect the response variable.	21
6009303225	Blocking	Filters out extraneous factors , by creating subgroups that are homogenous with respect to those factors, and then randomly assigns subjects from each subgroup to all treatment and/or control groups	22
6009303226	Confounded	When two or more factors effects on the response varaible cannot be distinguished from one another.	23
6009303227	Blocks	Homogenous subgroups used to ensure that all experimental groups are similar in regards to one or more extraneous factor(s)	24
6009303228	Randomization	Used to ensure extraneous factors that can not be controlled through blocking or direct control are equally likely to occur in any experimental group	25
6009303229	Replication	The design strategy of making multiple observations for each experimental condition.	26
6009303230	Control Group	The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment; receives either the current standard treatment or no treatment at all	27
6009303231	Placebo	An object that is identical in appearance, taste, feel etc. to the treatment received by the treatment group, except that it contains no active ingredients.	28
6009303232	Placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert condition, which is assumed to be an active agent	29
6009303233	Single Blind	An experiment in which subjects do not know the treatment that they have received but the individuals measuring the response do know or occasionally vice-versa.	30
6009303234	Double Blind	An experiment where neither the subjects or the individuals who measure the response know which treatment was received.	31
6009303235	Experimental Unit	The smallest unit to which the treatments (which are assigned at random) are applied.	32
6009565854	Strata	Homogenous subgroups used to ensure that all characteristics of a population are represented by a random sample	33
6009755425	Direct Control	Filters out extraneous factors by ensuring that experimental conditions are constant for all subjects in regard to these factors	34

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AP Vocabulary Lesson 10 Flashcards

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8836069822	abstracted	removed in thought, lost in one's mind	0
8836069823	adulation	extreme praise or admiration	1
8836069824	adversity	misfortune, unfavorable happening	2
8836069825	burgeon	to sprout, to newley emerge	3
8836069826	chimera	fantasy, horrible creature of imagination	4
8836069827	culpable	deserving blame; guilty	5
8836069828	decadent	declining, degenerated	6
8836069829	entreaty	a plea, earnest request	7
8836069830	fatuous	foolish, silly in an obnoxious way, inane	8
8836069831	humane	kind, compassionate, sympathetic and considerate	9
8836069832	indulgent	lenient, especially toward oneself	10
8836069833	ineptness	lack of competence or judgement	11
8836069834	ingrate	an ungrateful person	12
8836069835	inundate	to flood, overflow	13
8836069836	miser	one who lives wretched circumstances to hoard money	14
8836069837	nefarious	extremely wicked, evil, vicious	15
8836069838	prattle	meaningless sounds, babble	16
8836069839	predilection	preference	17
8836069840	procrastinate	to defer action; delay	18
8836069841	stoic	not showing passion or feeling	19
8836069842	suffrage	right to vote	20
8836069843	summon	to bring together, request to appear	21
8836069844	transparent	quality of being seen through, clear	22
8836069845	turbulence	wild or disturbing activity	23
8836069846	viable	capable of working, functioning	24