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AP Bio - Cellular Communication Flashcards

5893397075	Local Signals	Cells communicating by direct contact	0
5893397076	Local Regulators	Messenger molecules that travel short distances	1
5893397077	Paracrine Signaling	Local regulator released directly onto one cell by another	2
5893397078	Synaptic Signaling	A nerve signal triggers the release of a local regulator onto a nearby cell	3
5893397079	Hormones	Chemical messengers that travel a long distance	4
5893397080	Signal Transduction Pathway	Set of a step that triggers after a signal is received, it activates a certain response from a cell.	5
5893397081	Reception	Delivery of a signal to a cell	6
5893397082	Ligands	Signal Molecules, hormones.	7
5893397083	G protein-coupled-receptor	Membrane receptor that activates a G protein when a ligand is present.	8
5893397084	G Protein	When activated, uses energy from GDP becoming GTP to turn on an enzyme.	9
5893397085	Receptor Tyrosine Kinase	Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines	10
5893397086	Dimer	When a ligand is present the two kinases form this, then trigger multiple transduction pathways.	11
5893397087	Ligand-gated Ion Channel	Receptor opens like a gate when a ligand is present to allow ions in	12
5893397090	Protein Kinases	transfer phosphates from ATP to protein (phosphorylation)	13
5893397092	Second Messengers	Small molecules that diffuse throughout the cell to carry the signal during transduction.	14
5893397093	Apoptosis	Controlled cellular death	15
5893397094	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia	16
5893397095	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens	17
5893397096	Inflammatory Response	nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain	18
5893397097	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	19
5893397098	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	20
5893397099	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	21
5893397101	Adaptive immunity	(specific immunity) aquired ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products. Requires exposure of the immune system to the pathogen	22
5893397102	Lymphocyte	White blood cell	23
5893397103	B Cells	Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by Helper T cells or free antigens	24
5893397104	T Cells	Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.	25
5893397105	Helper T Cell	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC	26
5893397106	Cytotoxic T Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells	27
5893397107	Macrophages	Can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader	28
5893397110	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection	29
5893397111	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	30
5893397112	Antigen	Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen	31
5893397113	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	32
5893397115	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself and attacks its own body cells	33
5893397117	Endocrine System	Releases hormones, chemicals released by ductless glands into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body	34
5893397118	Tropic hormones	Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones	35
5893397119	Pheromones	Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals	36
5893397132	Positive Feedback	A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.	37
5893397133	Negative Feedback	Metabolic pathway that helps maintain homeostasis	38
5893593317	cAMP molecule	(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate) a second messenger important for intracellular signal transduction	39

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AP Hug: Population & Migration Flashcards

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5918307739	crude birth rate	annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population	0
5918307740	crude death rate	the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people	1
5918307741	age distibution	aka population pyramid	2
5918307742	arithmetic population density	the total number of people divided by the total land area - least accurate (does not take in to account areas that are uninhabited)	3
5918307743	carrying capacity	largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	4
5918307744	chain migration	a stream of people out of an area as first movers communicate with people back home stimulate others to follow later ex: mexicans moving to americans	5
5918307745	child mortality rate	number of children who die between their 1st-5th year of their life	6
5918307746	cohort	the age bracket in a population pyramid category of people with something in common, usually their age	7
5918307747	cyclic movement	movement has a closed route/repeated daily ex: commuting to work	8
5918307748	demographic equation	birth-death+net migration calculates population change	9
5918307749	demographic momentum	tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility declining because of their young age distribution once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model	10
5918307750	demographic transition model	a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moved from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time	11
5918307751	dependency ratio	number of people who are too young/too old to work compared to those who are the right age to work ex: europe has a high dependency ratio cause there is more old people	12
5918307752	contagious diffusion	how disease spreads in a populations determines how disease spread ex: cholera	13
5918307753	distance decay	becomes less important/relevant further from origin	14
5918307754	doubling time	time it takes for the population to double (prediction) dt=70/percent of growth rate	15
5918307755	ecumene	parts of the earth that have been inhabited	16
5918307756	epidemiological transition model	distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model stage 1- famine, wild animal attacks stage 2-infectious diseases ex: malaria stage 3 and 4 are degenerative and human created diseases ex: cancer, heart disease, old age stage 5- reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases	17
5918307757	eugenics	government polices designed to favor one racial sector over others ex: Nazi, Hitler	18
5918307758	forced migration	forced to leave because of government polices or natural disasters	19
5918307760	gravity model	a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them	20
5918307762	infant mortality rate	the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society	21
5918307764	internal migration	movement within a country Ex: moving from illinois to california	22
5918307765	international migration and refugees	people fleeing from their country and crossing borders	23
5918307766	interregional migration	migration between regions (ie. moving from Northeast to South)	24
5918307767	intervening opportunity	the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away ex: car breaks down and they decide to live in that town	25
5918307768	J-curve	a growth curve that depicts exponential growth	26
5918307769	life expectancy	a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live	27
5918307770	migratory movement	movement that consists of one person migrating from one place to another	28
5918307771	neo-malthusian	support thomas mathus's views in the present, advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for future populations	29
5918307772	periodic movement	movement that involves temporary recurrent relocation ex: military, college	30
5918307773	physiologic population density	the number of people per square unit of arable land	31
5918307774	population density	measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	32
5918307777	population pyramid	a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex	33
5918307778	push factors	encouragement for people to move from the region that they live in ex: genocide, dictatorship, environmental problems	34
5918307779	pull factors	reasons that attract people to a new region ex: well paying jobs, preferable weather conditions	35
5918307780	rate of natural increase	crude death rate- crude birthrate	36
5918307781	refugee	a person who has been forced to migrate and cannot return due of fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion	37
5918307782	rural urban migration	migration between rural and urban areas	38
5918307783	s- curve	leveling off an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow	39
5918307784	sex ratio	the proportion of males to females in a population	40
5918307785	stage 1	low growth; high death and birth rates leads to a population that varies overtime with little long term growth	41
5918307786	stage 2	rapidly declining death rates high birth rates high growth	42
5918307787	stage 3	moderate growth significant natural increase declining birth rates and low death rates	43
5918307788	stage 4	low growth stationary stage low birth and death rate	44
5918307789	stage 5	Very low birth rates low death rates. Natural decrease. Japan and Europe.	45
5918307790	standard of living	quality of life based on the possion of necessities and luxuries that make life easier	46
5918307791	step mirgration	long distance migration done in stages	47
5918307793	Thomas Malthus	believed that population was exponential and food supply was linear	48
5918307794	transhumance	seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures	49
5918307795	voluntary migration	movement in which people relocated in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move	50
5918307796	zero population growth	when the birth rates equals the death rate	51
5918307797	Distribution	How things are spread across an area	52
5918307798	Agricultural density	Number of farmers per unit of arable land - higher the agricultural density, less developed the country	53
5918307799	RNI/NIR	(CBR-CDR)/10	54
5918307800	Boserup	Anti Malthusian. Humans will always find a way to produce more food. Necessity breeds ingenuity.	55
5918307801	TFR	Number of children a woman is expected to give birth too in her lifetime.	56
5918307802	Replacement Level MDC	TFR 2.1	57
5918307803	Fecundity	Years in which a woman is able to conceive 15-45	58
5918307804	Expansive (pro-natalist) population policy	Countries that encourage pop growth. May offer money, tax breaks, daycare. Denmark	59
5918307805	Restrictive (anti-Natalist) population policy	Countries that want to limit population growth. China's One child policy	60
5918307806	Immigration	Migrants entering a country	61
5918307807	Emmigration	Migrants leaving a country	62
5918307808	Ravenstein's Laws of Migration	Laws that show patterns of migration. For example most migration is rural to urban. Young males are the most likely migrants. Most migration takes place in steps.	63
5918307809	Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model	Overlay of the DTM. Where people are migrating based on development. 1 not much moving. 2 most likely to be international 3 & 4 mostly internal	64
5918307810	Remittances	Guest workers and migrants who send money back home to help your family. Large part of the economy typically in the receiving country.	65
5918307811	Guest Workers	people legally working in countries on a visa to fill a labor need.	66
5918307812	Intervening Obstacles	Something that prevents you from getting to your intended destination. Great Wall of China. Border patrol. Checking Passports.	67

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AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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8537639123	Transcription	Process that converts DNA Nucleic Acid language into RNA Nucleic Acid language.	0
8537639124	RNA Structure	• Ribose sugar. • Nitrogen bases: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine. • Single stranded.	1
8537639125	Types of RNA	• mRNA • tRNA • rRNA • siRNA	2
8537639126	Template Strand	Transcribed DNA strand; the strand of DNA that is temporarily paired with the RNA.	3
8537639127	Coding Strand	Untranscribed DNA strand; same sequence as RNA.	4
8537639128	Transcription Bubble	Where DNA unzips for transcription to begin.	5
8537639129	RNA Polymerase I	Only transcribes rRNA genes; makes ribosomes.	6
8537639130	RNA Polymerase II	Transcribes genes into mRNA.	7
8537639131	RNA Polymerase III	Only transcribes tRNA genes.	8
8537639132	Promoter Region	Binding site before beginning of gene; for RNA Polymerase and transcription factors.	9
8537639133	TATA Box Binding Site	A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.	10
8537639134	Enhancer Region	Binding site far upstream of gene. Turns transcription on HIGH.	11
8537639135	Initiation Complex	Transcription factors bind to promoter region. Trigger the binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA.	12
8537639136	Exons	The real gene; expressed/coding DNA.	13
8537639137	Introns	The junk genetic material; INbetween sequence.	14
8537639138	mRNA Splicing	Post-transcriptional processing; edits out introns.	15
8537639139	Pre-mRNA	Primary transcript of the process.	16
8537639140	Mature mRNA	The final product of mRNA splicing.	17
8537639141	snRNPs	Small nuclear RNA; proteins. Responsible for splicing RNA.	18
8537639142	Spliceosome	Several snRNPs. Recognize splice site sequence. "Cut and paste" gene.	19
8537639143	Alternative Splicing	Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene; different segments treated as exons.	20
8537639144	Post-Transcriptional Processing	Need to protect mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm; enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA.	21
8537639145	mRNA Caps	5' GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail; longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein.	22
8537639146	Reading Frame	Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. If a single base is added or lost, it throws off the entire reading frame.	23
8537639147	Translation	From nucleic acid language to amino acid language.	24
8537639148	Codon	A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.	25
8537639149	Start Codons	AUG and Methionine.	26
8537639150	Stop Codons	UGA, UAA, and UAG.	27
8537639151	Anti-Codon	Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.	28
8537639152	tRNA	Transfer RNA: follows its complementary codon, carries a specific attached amino acid.	29
8537639153	Ribosomes	Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon. Organelle/enzyme hybrid.	30
8537639154	Structure of Ribosomes	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Large and small subunits.	31
8537639155	A Site	Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain.	32
8537639156	P Site	Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain.	33
8537639157	E Site	Exit site. Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit side.	34
8537639158	Initiation	Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA.	35
8537639159	Elongation	Adding amino acids based on codon sequence.	36
8537639160	Termination	End codon.	37
8537639161	Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes	Translation and transcription coupled, translation begins before transcription is completed.	38

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AP Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards

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5747955967	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.	0
5747955968	catabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.	1
5747955969	anabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.	2
5747955970	bioenergetic	The study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems.	3
5747955971	energy	The ability to cause change.	4
5747955972	kinetic energy	The energy an object has due to its motion.	5
5747955973	thermal energy	Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.	6
5747955974	potential energy	The energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition.	7
5747955975	chemical energy	A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.	8
5747955976	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	9
5747955977	first law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	10
5747955978	entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness.	11
5747955979	second law of thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	12
5747955980	spontaneous process	A process that can occur without an input of energy.	13
5747955981	free energy	Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.	14
5747955982	exergonic reaction	Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.	15
5747955983	endergonic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.	16
5747955984	energy coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.	17
5747955985	ATP	A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.	18
5747955987	enzyme	A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.	19
5747955988	catalyst	A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	20
5747955989	activation energy	The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.	21
5747955990	substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	22
5747955991	enzyme-substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	23
5747955992	active site	The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.	24
5747955993	induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.	25
5747955994	cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.	26
5747955995	coenzyme	If the cofactor is an organic molecule.	27
5747955996	competitive inhibitor	An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made.	28
5747955997	noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.	29
5747955998	allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.	30
5747956000	feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	31
5747956001	Exergonic reaction		32
5747956002	Endergonic reaction		33
5747956003	ATP		34
5747956004	Normal binding		35
5747956005	Competitive inhibition		36
5747956006	Noncompetative inhibition		37
5747956007	Feedback inhibition		38
5747956008	Allosteric regulation		39

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AP Salud - EL CUERPO Flashcards

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8895343990	la cabeza	head	0
8895343991	los hombros	shoulders	1
8895343992	las rodillas	knees	2
8895343993	los pies	feet	3
8895343994	la nariz	nose	4
8895343995	las orejas	ears	5
8895343996	la boca	mouth	6
8895343997	los ojos	eyes	7
8895343998	la espalda	back	8
8895343999	el brazo	arm	9
8895344000	la ceja	eyebrow	10
8895344001	el cabello/ el pelo	hair	11
8895344002	el cuerpo	body	12
8895344003	el codo	elbow	13
8895344004	las piernas	legs	14
8895344005	la frente	forehead	15
8895344006	los dedos de mano	fingers	16
8895344007	los dedos de pie	toes	17
8895344008	los dientes	teeth	18
8895344009	los labios	lips	19
8895344010	La lengua	tongue	20
8895344011	el cerebro	brain	21
8895344012	el corazón	heart	22
8895344013	las caderas	hips	23
8895344014	la barbilla	chin	24
8895344015	los huesos	bones	25
8895344016	la cara	face	26
8895344017	las manos	hands	27
8895344018	el cuello	neck	28
8895344019	el bigote	mustache	29
8895344020	la barba	beard	30
8895344022	la garganta	throat	31
8895344023	la cintura	waist	32
8895344024	el tobillo	ankle	33
8895344025	el pulgar	thumb	34
8895344026	el pecho	chest	35
8895344027	el estómago	stomach	36
8895344028	las pestañas	eyelashes	37
8895344029	las uñas	nails	38
8895344030	los pulmones	lungs	39
8895344031	la muñeca	wrist	40
8895344032	la sangre	blood	41
8895344033	la mejilla	cheek	42
8895344034	el ombligo	bellybutton	43
8895344035	los músculos	muscles	44
8895344036	los muslos	thighs	45
8895344037	el párpado	eyelid	46
8895344038	la piel	skin	47
8895362548	los riñones	kidneys	48
8895366907	las arterías	arteries	49
8895369469	las venas	veins	50
8895378076	la columna vertical	spinal column	51
8895386004	los intestinos	intestines	52
8895391014	el oído	inner ear	53
8895460345	la pantorrilla	calf muscle	54
8895468568	las costillas	ribs	55

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AP Psych: Monocular Cues Flashcards

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7556918425	Relative Height	Objects higher in visual field are perceived as being farther away.	0
7556918426	Relative Size	Allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size	1
7556918427	Interposition	If one object blocks another it is closer.	2
7556918428	Linear Perspective	Parallel lines appear to converge.	3
7556918429	Light and Shadow	Indicate concavity/ convexity of objects and can relate their position relative to the ground	4
7556918430	Relative Motion	Closer objects move faster	5

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Ap Biology Cell Organelles Flashcards

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7556426556	Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule plant cells only	0
7556426557	Peroxisomes	makes hydrogen peroxide to detoxify alcohol or convert lipids to be used for energy plant and animal cells	1
7556426564	Contractile Vacuole	Osmoregulation Takes water from cell then pushes the water out through cell membrane or wall Protists and algae	2
7556426565	Cell Membrane	Protects cell from surroundings Allows certain substances in, keeps others out Phospholipid bilayer with proteins plant and animal	3
7556426566	Nucleus	Brain of cell contains dna plant and animal	4
7556426567	Nucleolus	Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus plant and animal	5
7556426568	Centrioles	Small microtubles arranged in specific ways aids in cell division Animal only	6
7556426569	Ribosomes	complexes that makes proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope plant and animal	7
7556426570	Golgi Apparatus	organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Plant and animal	8
7556426571	Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough+Smooth	network of membranous sacs and tubes active in making and transporting proteins and lipids Plant and animal	9
7556426572	Mitochondria	organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated plant and animal	10
7556426573	Lysosomes	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (broken down); autophagy; apoptosis animal only	11
7556426574	Cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of protein plant and animal	12
7556426578	Central Vacuole	Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it is inflated with water. plant only	13
7556426579	Cell Wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins Plant only	14
7556426580	Cilia	located on outside of cell. pushes cell forward; short, numerous, and hair-like plant and animal	15
7556426581	Flagellum	located on the outside of a cell; used for locomotion whip like structure made of microtubles; 9 pair ring outside, 1 pair inside	16

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AP Terms #2 Flashcards

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7400022186	Figurative Language	language with levels of meaning expressed through figures of speech such as personification, metaphor, litote, etc.	0
7400031225	Flashback	an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration	1
7400036254	Homily	a sermon, but more contemporary uses include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual life	2
7400050742	Idiom	an accepted phrase or expression having a meaning different from the literal meaning	3
7400059639	Inverted ordered sentence	a sentence (inversion) involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject	4
7400066789	Isocolon	parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length	5
7400077947	Juxtaposition	the location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose	6
7400092849	Mood	a feeling or ambience resulting resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view. It is a "feeling" that establishes the atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse.	7
7400121412	Motif	a pattern or strand of imagery or symbolism in a work of literature.	8
7400134936	Narrative	a mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort and it is based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework.	9
7400151756	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but may probably be true.	10
7400168281	Parallel Structure (Parallelism)	the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts. In prose, recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed alike to show that their ideas are equal in importance.	11
7400184527	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis - to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentences pattern; it slows the pace of the sentence.	12
7400201442	Prose	the ordinary form of written language without metrical structure in contrast to verse and poetry.	13
7400210213	Realism	attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail.	14
7400224490	Repetition	a device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis.	15
7400236823	Sarcasm	a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical. Can be light, and gently poke fun at something, or it can be harsh and mean.	16
7400371528	Simile	a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, using the words like or as.	17
7400383822	Style	the manner in which a writer combines and arranges words, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure.	18
7400390645	Symbolism	use of a person, place, thing, event, or pattern that figuratively represents or "stands for" something else.	19
7400403248	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part signifies a whole.	20
7400415294	Syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Basically, sentence structure.	21
7400423943	Tone	the attitude of the narrator/author has toward the subject and theme. Based on particular stylistic devices employed by the author.	22
7400435673	Voice	the acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's or narrator's particular "take" on an idea based on a particular passage.	23
7400456085	Hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention.	24