| CourseNotes

AP WORDs/TERMs Flashcards

8864088222	apostrophe	figure of speech that directly expresses an absent or imaginary person or abstraction	0
8864098539	slant rhyme	A rhyming sound that is not exact.	1
8864103448	terza rima	A three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc.	2
8864118614	rhyme royal	a seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc	3
8864121078	ode	a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject	4
8864132468	ardour/ardor	passion, enthusiasm	5
8864137078	abhor	to detest; to hate strongly	6
8864147113	verisimilitude	the appearance of being true or real	7
8864147116	veracity	truthfulness	8
8864148958	bildungsroman	coming of age story	9
8864153588	conceit	an extended metaphor/simile that is surprising or uncommon	10
8864161027	metaphysical poetry	+Concerned with the fundamental problems of the nature of the universe/man's function or place in life +the work of poets, particularly those of the seventeenth century, that implies elaborate conceits +discusses philosophy of knowledge and existence	11
8864175323	sonnet	14 lines of iambic pentameter	12
8864180466	iambic	unstressed, stressed	13
8864184398	trochaic	stressed, unstressed	14
8864184402	alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	15
8864186267	allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	16
8864191195	Petrarchan sonnet	Italian sonnet octave (8 lines) rhyming abbaabba, followed by sestet (6 lines) rhyming cdecde	17
8864202142	Shakespearean Sonnet	a sonnet form divided into three quatrains and one couplet; also called an English sonnet ABAB CDCD EFEF GG	18
8864212414	capricious	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	19
8864215087	benevolent	kindly, charitable	20
8864219148	archetype	a very typical example of a certain person or thing	21
8864308684	ballad	a type of poem that is meant to be sung and is both lyric and narrative in nature	22
8864313579	metonymy	replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated	23
8864320333	synecdoche	using a part of something to represent the whole thing	24
8864333340	volta	the turn of thought or argument in a sonnet	25
8864340172	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	26
8864350051	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	27
8864354543	pastoral poem	a poem that deals with idealized rural life	28
8864360972	foot	A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables (2-3syllables).	29
8864368845	meter	A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	30
8864371410	form	fixed metrical arrangement	31
8864378494	free verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter	32
8864383440	enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	33
8864385722	end stopped	A line of poetry that ends with a punctuation mark	34
8864389615	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	35
8864394037	circumspect	careful, cautious	36
8864398216	quasi	somewhat	37
8864401705	paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth	38
8864404468	ethos	credibility	39
8864404469	pathos	Appeal to emotion	40
8864407045	logos	Appeal to logic	41
8864411356	debilitate	impair the strength of; weaken	42
8864415335	countenance	facial expression	43
8864419237	fastidious	giving and careful attention to detail	44
8864430704	vignettes	brief descriptive sketches; short stories; anecdotes	45
8864532894	didactic	intended to instruct	46
8864536647	amiable	(adj.) friendly, good-natured	47
8864538351	malevolent	spiteful, showing ill will	48
8864544679	irony	a contrast between what is expected and what actually exists or happens	49
8864550161	hyperbole	exaggeration	50
8869136553	synecdoche	referring to a violin as "strings" is an example of...	51
8869149689	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	52
8869161524	alliteration	"beaded bubbles winking at the brim" (Keats) is an example of...	53
8869198616	epithet	Term replacing a name/thing (used to characterize). Ex. "Jack the Ripper"	54
8869211503	epigram	short, witty statement, graceful and ingenious	55
8869630352	miser	one who saves greedily	56
8869707035	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	57
8869720764	quatrain	4 line stanza	58
8869720767	tercet	3 line stanza	59
8869729314	couplet	two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme (usually)	60
8869775422	allegory	+A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions +A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	61
8869790376	antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	62
8869798103	juxtapose	to place side by side, especially for comparison or contrast	63
8869802502	vile	disgusting	64
8869802504	fiend	evil spirit; devil	65
8869806103	colloquial	pertaining to common everyday speech; conversational	66
8869815678	repartee	quick, witty conversation	67
8869824192	fallibility	capable of making a mistake/being wrong	68
8869847510	terza rima	aba bcb cdc etc.	69
8869852644	Spenserian sonnet	abab bcbc cdcd ee	70
8869953116	static character	A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end	71
8870005430	dynamic character	A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action	72
8870005434	flat character	A character who is not very well developed; has few identifiable characteristics	73
8870009910	round character	this character is fully developed and complex - the writer reveals good and bad traits as well as background	74
8870017308	foil character	a character's whose main purpose is to highlight the strengths of another character	75
8870871741	syntax	the manner in which words are arranged into sentences	76
9806589146	motif	a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work	77
9806601465	theme	A message about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader. Central idea of a work of literature	78
9806614979	abstract	theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational	79
9806614980	concrete	existing in a material or physical form; real or solid; not abstract.	80
9806623451	ambiguity	multiple meanings--- The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	81
9806639897	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	82
9806643068	tone	the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	83
9806661578	pedantic	adjective that describes words, phrases, or a general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	84
9806678122	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	85
9806685950	bathos	insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity	86
9806690150	dissonance	harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds	87
9806692546	litotes	understatement	88
9806713668	direct characterization	Author directly describes character	89
9806719678	indirect characterization	we find out about characters indirectly through thoughts, comments, or actions of the characters	90
9806752856	tragic flaw	the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall	91
9806756665	character motivation	an emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action for a character.	92
9806761475	anti-hero	a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero (or her a heroine)	93
9806767086	aside	a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage	94
9806767087	colloquial	conversational	95
9806770561	diction	word choice	96
9806773444	euphemism	Substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one.	97
9806780333	Figure of speech	Broadly, any way of saying something other than the ordinary way; more narrowly, a way of saying on thing and meaning another.	98
9806786858	monologue	a dramatic soliloquy	99
9806790821	soliloquy	A device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters.	100
9806794595	pun	A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.	101
9806806098	sarcasm	bitter or cutting speech	102
9806813309	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	103
9806822425	denouement	(resolution) conclusion of the story.	104
9806825349	exposition	The part of a play (usually at the beginning) that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and actions.	105
9806829441	First Person	"I" and "Me" standpoint. Personal perspective.	106
9806833013	flashback	when a portion of the story goes back in time	107
9806833014	flashforward	A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and returns to the present	108
9806835965	in medias res	in or into the middle of a plot; into the middle of things	109
9806848954	limited omniscient	A third person who reports only the thoughts of only one character and what he sees.	110
9806854619	stream of consciousness	A literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur.	111
9806858460	unreliable narrator	a narrator whose account of events appears to be faulty, misleadingly biased, or otherwise distorted	112
9806861831	objective POV	the narrator knows or appears to know no more than the reader	113
9806868532	omniscient POV	all-knowing speaker shares the actions, thoughts, and dialogue of all characters	114
9806874006	frame narrative	a story within a story	115
9806881337	anticlimax	abrupt decline from the dignified or important to the trivial or ludicrous; comedown; bathos	116
9806896431	comic relief	A humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood	117
9806896432	dilemma	a situation in which a character must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable.	118
9806901140	deus ex machina	an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation	119
9806915869	inversion	reversal in order, nature, or effect.	120
9806922239	aversion	firm dislike	121
9806926485	suspension of disbelief	occurs when you surrender doubts about the reality of a story and become caught up in the story	122
9806937791	connotation	the implied or associative meaning of a word	123
9806940898	denotation	the dictionary definition of a word	124
9806945703	extended figure	a figure of speech (usually metaphor, simile, personification, or apostrophe) sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	125
9806956915	parallel structure	the repetition of phrases, clauses, or sentences that have the same grammatical structure	126
9806964857	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	127
9806964858	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	128
9806974280	ballad meter	stanzas formed of quatrains of iambs, alternating between tetrameter and trimeter.	129
9806985440	dactyl	a foot of one accented and two unaccented syllables	130
9806988376	anapest	foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented	131
9806998743	end rhyme	Rhyme that occurs at the end of two or more lines of poetry	132
9807003946	heroic couplet	Poems constructed by a sequence of two lines of (usually rhyming) verse in iambic pentameter.	133
9807013214	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end	134
9807024322	tetrameter	four feet per line	135
9807024323	pentameter	five feet per line	136
9807032795	Shift	In writing, a movement from one thought, tone or idea to another; a change.	137
9807046008	villanelle	a nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain	138
9807058886	gothic	of the middle ages; of or relating to a mysterious, grotesque, and desolate style of fiction	139
9807058887	fable	A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters	140

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AP Psychology AP Practice Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9711886924	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9711886925	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9711886926	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9711886927	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9711886928	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9711886929	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9711886930	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9711886931	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9711886932	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9711886933	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9711886934	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9711886935	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9711886936	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9711886937	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9711886938	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9711886939	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9711886940	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9711886941	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9711886942	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9711886943	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9711886944	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9711886945	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9711886946	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9711886947	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9711886948	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9711886949	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9711886950	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9711886951	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9711886952	theory	general idea being tested	28
9711886953	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9711886954	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9711886955	mode	appears the most	31
9711886956	mean	average	32
9711886957	median	middle	33
9711886958	range	highest - lowest	34
9711886959	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9711886960	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9711886961	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9711886962	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9711886963	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9711886964	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9711886965	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9711886966	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9711887159	neuron		43
9711886967	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9711886968	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9711886969	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9711886970	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9711886971	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9711886972	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9711886973	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9711886974	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9711886975	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9711886976	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9711886977	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9711886978	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9711886979	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9711886980	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9711886981	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9711886982	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9711886983	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9711886984	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9711886985	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9711886986	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9711886987	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9711886988	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9711886989	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9711886990	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9711886991	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9711886992	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9711886993	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9711886994	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9711886995	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9711886996	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9711886997	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9711886998	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9711886999	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9711887000	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9711887001	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9711887002	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9711887003	occipital lobe	vision	80
9711887004	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9711887005	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9711887006	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9711887007	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9711887008	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9711887009	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9711887010	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9711887011	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9711887012	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9711887013	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9711887014	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9711887015	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9711887016	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9711887017	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9711887018	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9711887019	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9711887020	rods	night time	97
9711887021	cones	color	98
9711887022	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9711887023	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9711887024	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9711887025	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9711887026	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9711887027	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9711887028	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9711887029	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9711887030	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9711887031	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9711887032	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9711887033	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9711887034	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9711887035	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9711887036	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9711887037	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9711887038	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9711887039	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9711887040	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9711887041	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9711887042	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9711887043	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9711887044	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9711887045	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9711887046	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9711887047	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9711887048	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9711887049	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9711887050	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9711887051	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9711887052	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9711887053	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9711887054	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9711887055	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9711887056	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9711887057	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9711887058	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9711887059	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9711887060	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9711887061	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9711887062	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9711887063	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9711887064	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9711887065	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9711887066	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9711887067	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9711887068	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9711887069	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9711887070	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9711887071	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9711887072	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9711887073	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9711887074	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9711887075	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9711887076	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9711887077	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9711887078	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9711887079	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9711887080	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9711887081	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9711887082	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9711887083	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9711887084	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9711887085	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9711887086	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9711887087	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9711887088	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9711887089	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9711887090	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9711887091	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9711887092	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9711887093	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9711887094	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9711887095	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9711887096	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9711887097	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9711887098	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9711887099	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9711887100	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9711887101	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9711887102	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9711887103	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9711887104	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9711887105	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9711887106	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9711887107	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9711887108	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9711887109	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9711887110	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9711887111	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9711887112	encoding	information going in	189
9711887113	storage	keeping information in	190
9711887114	retrieval	taking information out	191
9711887115	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9711887116	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9711887117	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9711887118	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9711887119	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9711887120	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9711887121	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9711887122	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9711887123	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9711887124	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9711887125	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9711887126	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9711887127	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9711887128	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9711887129	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9711887130	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9711887131	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9711887132	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9711887133	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9711887134	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9711887135	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9711887136	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9711887137	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9711887138	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9711887139	context	environment helps with memory	216
9711887140	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9711887141	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9711887142	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9711887143	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9711887144	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9711887145	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9711887146	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9711887147	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9711887148	prototypes	generalize	225
9711887149	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9711887150	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9711887151	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9711887152	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9711887153	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9711887154	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9711887155	grammar is _________	universal	232
9711887156	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9711887157	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

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4737089136	empiricism	Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method.	0
4737089137	structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	1
4737089138	functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	2
4737089139	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	3
4737089140	behaviorism	A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior	4
4737089141	humanistic psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	5
4737089142	cognitive neuroscience	A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.	6
4737089143	psychology	Scientific study of behavior and mental processes	7
4737089144	nature-nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors	8
4737089145	natural selection	Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	9
4737089146	biopsychosocial approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	10
4737089147	biological psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	11
4737089148	evolutionary psychology	A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.	12
4737089149	psychodynamic psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	13
4737089150	behavioral psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	14
4737089151	cognitive psychology	an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes	15
4737089152	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	16
4737089153	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	17
4737089154	basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	18
4737089155	developmental psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	19
4737089156	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	20
4737089157	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	21
4737089158	social psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	22
4737089159	applied psychology	The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems	23
4737089160	industrial-organizational psychology	application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	24
4737089161	human factors psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use	25
4737089162	counseling psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	26
4737089163	clinical psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	27
4737089164	psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree M.D.	28
4737089165	sQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review	29

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AP Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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4719446718	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
4719446719	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
4719446720	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
4719446721	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
4719446722	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	4
4719446723	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	5
4719446724	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment.	6
4719446725	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.	7
4719446726	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	8
4719446727	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	9
4719446728	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	10
4719446729	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	11
4719446730	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).	12
4719446731	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	13
4719446732	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	14
4719446733	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	15
4719446734	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic versions of this vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.	16
4719446735	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.	17
4719446736	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.	18
4719446737	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.	19
4719446738	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.	20
4719446739	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.	21
4719446740	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	22
4719446741	accomodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.	23
4719446742	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	24
4719446743	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	25
4719446744	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	26
4719446745	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.	27
4719446746	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	28
4719446747	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.	29
4719446748	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	30
4719446749	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.	31
4719446750	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	32
4719446751	audition	the sense or act of hearing.	33
4719446752	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).	34
4719446753	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	35
4719446754	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	36
4719446755	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	37
4719446756	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	38
4719446757	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.	39
4719446758	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	40
4719446759	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.	41
4719446760	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.	42
4719446761	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.	43
4719446762	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	44
4719446763	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	45
4719446764	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	46
4719446765	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	47
4719446766	gestalt	an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes	48
4719446767	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	49
4719446768	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.	50
4719446769	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	51
4719446770	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.	52
4719446771	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.	53
4719446772	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.	54
4719446773	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.	55
4719446774	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.	56
4719446775	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.	57
4719446776	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.	58
4719446777	perceptual adaptation	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.	59
4719446778	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	60
4719446779	extrasensory perception (ESP)	the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.	61
4719446780	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.	62

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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6704173068	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6704173069	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6704173070	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6704173071	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6704173072	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6704173073	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6704173074	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6704173075	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6704173076	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6704173077	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6704173078	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
6704173079	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
6704173080	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
6704173081	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
6704173082	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
6704173083	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
6704173084	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
6704173085	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
6704173086	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
6704173087	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
6704173088	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
6704173089	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
6704173090	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
6704173091	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
6704173092	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
6704173093	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
6704173094	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
6704173095	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
6704173096	theory	general idea being tested	28
6704173097	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
6704173098	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
6704173099	mode	appears the most	31
6704173100	mean	average	32
6704173101	median	middle	33
6704173102	range	highest - lowest	34
6704173103	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
6704173104	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
6704173105	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
6704173106	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
6704173107	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
6704173108	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
6704173109	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
6704173110	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
6704173111	neuron		43
6704173112	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
6704173113	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
6704173114	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
6704173115	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
6704173116	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
6704173117	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
6704173118	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6704173119	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6704173120	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6704173121	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6704173122	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6704173123	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6704173124	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6704173125	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6704173126	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6704173127	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6704173128	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6704173129	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6704173130	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6704173131	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6704173132	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6704173133	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6704173134	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6704173135	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6704173136	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6704173137	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6704173138	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6704173139	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6704173140	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6704173141	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6704173142	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6704173143	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6704173144	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6704173145	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6704173146	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6704173147	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6704173148	occipital lobe	vision	80
6704173149	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6704173150	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6704173151	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6704173152	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6704173153	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6704173154	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6704173155	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6704173156	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6704173157	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6704173158	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6704173159	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6704173160	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6704173161	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6704173162	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6704173163	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6704173164	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6704173165	rods	night time	97
6704173166	cones	color	98
6704173167	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6704173168	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6704173169	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6704173170	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6704173171	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6704173172	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6704173173	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6704173174	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6704173175	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6704173176	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6704173177	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6704173178	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6704173179	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6704173180	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6704173181	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6704173182	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6704173183	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6704173184	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6704173185	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6704173186	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6704173187	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6704173188	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6704173189	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6704173190	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6704173191	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6704173192	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6704173193	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6704173194	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6704173195	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6704173196	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6704173197	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
6704173198	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6704173199	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6704173200	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6704173201	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6704173202	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6704173203	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6704173204	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6704173205	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6704173206	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6704173207	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6704173208	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6704173209	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6704173210	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6704173211	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6704173212	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6704173213	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6704173214	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6704173215	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6704173216	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6704173217	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6704173218	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6704173219	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6704173220	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6704173221	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6704173222	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6704173223	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6704173224	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6704173225	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6704173226	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6704173227	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6704173228	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6704173229	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6704173230	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6704173231	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6704173232	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6704173233	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6704173234	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6704173235	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6704173236	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6704173237	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6704173238	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6704173239	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6704173240	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6704173241	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6704173242	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6704173243	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6704173244	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6704173245	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6704173246	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6704173247	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6704173248	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
6704173249	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
6704173250	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
6704173251	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
6704173252	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
6704173253	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
6704173254	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
6704173255	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
6704173256	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
6704173257	encoding	information going in	189
6704173258	storage	keeping information in	190
6704173259	retrieval	taking information out	191
6704173260	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
6704173261	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
6704173262	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
6704173263	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
6704173264	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
6704173265	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
6704173266	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
6704173267	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
6704173268	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
6704173269	implicit memory	naturally do	201
6704173270	explicit memory	need to explain	202
6704173271	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
6704173272	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
6704173273	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
6704173274	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
6704173275	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
6704173276	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
6704173277	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
6704173278	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
6704173279	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
6704173280	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
6704173281	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
6704173282	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
6704173283	priming	association (setting you up)	215
6704173284	context	environment helps with memory	216
6704173285	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
6704173286	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
6704173287	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
6704173288	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
6704173289	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
6704173290	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
6704173291	children can't remember before age __	3	223
6704173292	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
6704173293	prototypes	generalize	225
6704173294	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
6704173295	against problem-solving	fixation	227
6704173296	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
6704173297	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
6704173298	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
6704173299	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
6704173300	grammar is _________	universal	232
6704173301	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
6704173302	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology Biological Basis Flashcards

AP Psychology terminology for biological basis of psychology

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9654298606	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	division that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body; divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system	0
9654298607	neural impulse	action potential; the firing of a nerve cell; the entire process of the electrical charge (message/impulse) traveling through inner on; can be as fast as 400 fps (with myelin) or 3 fps (no myelin)	1
9654298608	motor projection areas	primary motor cortex; areas of the three boat cortex for response messages from the brain to the muscles and glands	2
9654298609	endocrine glands	the bodies "slow" chemical communication by secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream	3
9654298610	synaptic cleft	synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny gap between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron (almost never touch); location of the transfer of an impulse from one neuron to the next	4
9654298611	parasympathetic division	a branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal body functions; it calms the body ever conserves energy	5
9654298612	cerebral cortex	80% of weight of human brain; 70% of CNS's neurons; wrinkled outer portion of un-myelin aided cells (cerebrum) covering both hemispheres; processes thought, vision, language, memory, and emotions; most recently of all part of nervous system	6
9654298613	behavioral genetics	study of hereditary influences and how it influences behavior and thinking	7
9654298614	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic formation in a double-helix; can replicate or reproduce itself; made of genes	8
9654298615	acetylcholine (ACh)	distributed widely throughout CNS; involved in arousal, attention, memory, motivation, and movement; involved in muscle action at neuromuscular joints (skeletal muscles); implicated in Alzheimer's disease-loss of memory and severe language problems; too much dopamine = spasms and tremors; too little dopamine = paralysis and torpor	9
9654298616	interneurons	connection neurons; Association neurons that carry messages to another neuron	10
9654298617	serotonin	"mood molecule"; chemical that affects regulation asleep, dreaming, mood, hunger, pain, and aggressive behavior; and attaches to many receptors (receptor sites)	11
9654298618	dopamine	chemical that influences voluntary movement, learning, pleasure, memory,-is implicated in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia; in Parkinson's disease a causes tremors, muscle spasms, increasing muscular rigidity; recently implicated in ADHD	12
9654298619	occipital lobe	part of cerebral cortex that receives visual information	13
9654298620	axon	Greek for axle; a single long, fluid-filled tube that carries outgoing messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands; can be 1 or 2 mm to 3 feet in length; often referred to as a nerve or tract; bundled together	14
9654298621	endocrine system	the body slow chemical communication system which is made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; made of the glands-pineal, pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal, ovaries and testes	15
9654298622	parathyroid	for glands embedded in the thyroid; secretes parathormone; controls announces level of calcium and phosphate (which influence levels of excitability)	16
9654298623	reticular formation (RF) (RES)	netlike system of neurons that weaves through limbic system and plays an important role in attention, arousal, and alert functions; arouses and alerts higher parts of the brain; anesthetics work by temporary shutting off RF system	17
9654298624	pituitary gland	endocrine gland that produces a large amount of hormones; it regulates growth and helps control other endocrine glands; located on underside of brain	18
9654298625	frontal lobe	part of the cerebral cortex; coordinates messages from other cerebral lobes; involved in complex problem-solving tasks, thinking, self-control, judgment, emotion regulation, personality affects, concentration, goal directed behavior; restructures in teen years	19
9654298626	hypothalamus	small area of the brain that is part of the limbic system and regulates behaviors related to survival such as, eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, motivation	20
9654298627	neural plasticity	Ability of the brain to change their experience, both structurally and chemically	21
9654298628	forebrain	top of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex; responsible for emotional regulation, complex thought, memory aspect of personality	22
9654298629	brainstem	top of the spinal column	23
9654298630	graded potential	shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire	24
9654298631	strain studies	studies of hereditability it be a behavioral traits using animals that have been inbred to produce strains that are genetically similar to one another	25
9654298632	family studies	studies of hereditability on the assumption that if a gene influences a certain trait, close relatives should be more similar on that trait in distant relative	26
9654298633	identical twins	twins from a single fertilized oval with the same genetic makeup	27
9654298634	epinephrine	adrenaline; activates a sympathetic nervous system by making the heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging pupils, sending sugar into the bloodstream, preparing a blood clot faster	28
9654298635	hippocampus	a curved portion of the forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and processing new memories	29
9654298636	neurogenesis	production of new brain cells; November 1988: cancer patients proved that new neurons grew until the end of life	30
9654298637	cerebellum	"little brain"; part of the brain that coordinates balance, movement, reflexes	31
9654298638	limbic system	a donut ring-shaped of loosely connected structures located in the forebrain between the central core and cerebral hemispheres; consists of: septum, cingulate gyrus, endowments, hypothalamus, and to campus, and amygdala; associated with emotions and memories	32
9654298639	autonomic nervous system	a division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions; it takes a message from the central nervous system to the internal organs	33
9654298640	relative refractory period	a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarize state and will only fire again if the incoming message open parentheses impulse) is stronger than usual; returning to arresting state	34
9654298641	insulin	hormone backpacks in the regulation of blood sugar by acting in the utilization of carbohydrates; released by pancreas; too much-hypoglycemia, too little-diabetes	35
9654298642	synaptic vesicles	tiny oval-shaped sacs in a terminal of one neuron; assist in transferring mineral impulse from one neuron to another neuron by releasing specific neurotransmitters	36
9654298643	absolute refractory period	a. After firing when a neuron will not fire again no matter how strong the incoming message may be; length-1000th of a second	37
9654298644	norepinephrine	noradrenaline; chemical which is excitatory, similar to adrenaline, and affects arousal and memory; raises blood pressure by causing blood vessels to become constricted, but also carried by bloodstream to the anterior pituitary which relaxes ACTH thus prolonging stress response	38
9654298645	dendrites	the bushy, branching extensions of the cell body that receives messages and conducts impulses; Greek for tree	39
9654298646	human genomes	30,000 genes needed to build a human	40
9654298647	twin studies	studies as identical and rhetorical twins to determine relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior	41
9654298648	endorphins	chemical inhibiting the transmission of pain, often experienced during exercise, i.e. "runner's high"; discovered in 1970s when trying to find out how opiates were (morphine, heroin); "endorphins" is a pharmacological (drug/med) term	42
9654298649	myelin sheath	a white, lipoid (fatty) material in casing many neuron fibers and enables faster transmission of an impulse; white matter; it's pinched at intervals; not on all neurons but found throughout the body; insulin to prevent interference from other neurons	43
9654298650	sympathetic division	a branch of the autonomic nervous system and prepares the body for quick action in emergencies; fight or flight; busiest when frightened, angry, or aroused; increases heart rate, increases breathing rate, enlarges pupils, stops digestion; connects to all internal organs; sudden reaction	44
9654298651	ions	electrically charged particles found both inside and outside a neuron; negative ions are found inside the cell membrane in a polarized neuron	45
9654298652	Association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, rather, they are involved in higher mental processes such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	46
9654298653	Genetics	study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next	47
9654298654	recessive gene	member of the gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait only if it is paired with the same gene	48
9654298655	thyroid gland	located in the net; it regulates metabolism by secreting two hormones: thyroxine and parathormone	49
9654298656	midbrain	the middle division of brain responsible for hearing and sight; location where pain is registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and most of the parietal lobe	50
9654298657	polarization	when the neuron is at rest; condition of neuron when the inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside of Enron; is necessary to generate the neuron signal in release of this polarization	51
9654298658	resting potential	when a neuron is in polarization; more negative ions are inside the neuron cell membrane with a positive ions on the outside, causing a small electrical charge; release of this charge generates a neuron's impulse (signal/message)	52
9654298659	glial cells	Greek for glue; forms myelin sheath; holds neuron in place; provides nourishment and removes waste; prevents harmful substances from entering bloodstream; may play important role in memory and learning; affects brain's response to new experiences	53
9654298660	dominant genes	member of a gene terror that controls the appearance of a certain trait	54
9654298661	pons	part of the brain involved in sleep regulation also connects a cerebellum to the cerebral cortex; sleep and wake cycles	55
9654298662	thyroxine	released by thyroid; hormone that regulates the body's metabolism; OVERACTIVE-over-excitability, insomnia, reduced attention span, fatigue, snap decisions, reduced concentration (hyperthyroidism); UNDERACTIVE-desire to sleep, constantly tired, weight gain (hypothyroidism)	56
9654298663	nerve	bundles of axons	57
9654298664	chromosomes	pair of threadlike bodies within the cell ; contains genes	58
9654298665	somatic nervous system	division of peripheral nervous system; carries messages from afferent neurons central nervous system and between central nervous system to skeletal muscles; controls voluntary actions	59
9654298666	gonads	reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries	60
9654298667	receptor site	a location on a receptor neurons which is like a key to a lock (with a specific nerve transmitter); allows for orderly pathways	61
9654298668	psychobiology	study that focuses on biological foundations of behavior and mental processes; overlaps with neuroscience	62
9654298669	Central nervous system (CNS)	the brain and spinal cord; 90% of the bodies neurons	63
9654298670	medulla	part of the brain which controls living functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature	64
9654298671	neuron	100 billion in brain; individual cells that are the smallest unit of the nervous system; it has three classes: efferent, afferent, and interneurons; made of Colin dendrites, axons, synaptic gap, terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles, and sometimes myelin	65
9654298672	selection studies	studies that estimate the hereditability of a trait by breeding animals with another animal that has the same trait	66
9654298673	(beta) endorphins	a natural painkiller released by the body, often experienced during exercise; discovered in 1970s when investigating how opiates were; beta endorphins are natural	67
9654298674	spinal cord	a bundle of neuron axons which act like cables carrying messages to the PNS; connects brain to the rest of the body; wrapped in myelin and, surrounded and protected by vertebral bones; spinal injuries-paralysis, bowel/bladder control, low blood pressure	68
9654298675	hindbrain	division which includes the cerebellum, Pons, and medulla; responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles	69
9654298676	adrenal glands	located above the kidney and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; stimulated by autonomic nervous system	70
9654298677	motor neurons	efferent neurons; neurons that carry messages from spinal cord/brain to muscles and glands	71
9654298678	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers released by synaptic vesicles and travel through the synaptic gap assisting neural impulses (messages) as they leave one neuron to the next; affects adjacent neurons; examples: ACh, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, and norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine	72
9654298679	parathormone	hormone that controls imbalances levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluid; influences levels of excitability; secreted by parathyroids	73
9654298680	genes	elements that control transmission of traits; on the chromosomes	74
9654298681	hormones	serves a function similar to neurotransmitters in that they carry messages; chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream; manufactured by glands (mostly); help regulate bodily functions	75
9654298682	synapse	the point of communication between two neurons-includes axon terminal of the sending neuron, the synaptic space (gap), and dendrites/cell body of the receiving neuron	76
9654298683	pancreas	organ lying between the stomach and small intestine; regulates blood sugar by secreting to regulating hormones: insulin and glucagon	77
9654298684	thalamus	motor sensory relay center for four of the five senses; and with a brain stem and composed of two egg-shaped structures; integrates in shades incoming sensory signals; Mnemonic-"don't smell the llamas because the llamas smell bad"	78
9654298685	temporal lobe	involved in complex visual tasks and processing; balance; emotional regulation and maturity; Strong oral and language comprehension; smell; hearing; still developing after age 16	79
9654298686	ACTH (arenocorticotropic hormone)	released by adrenal glands; triggered by norepinephrine to prolong the response to stress (used in the sympathetic nervous system)	80
9654298687	polygenic inheritance	process by which several genes interact to produce a certain trait; responsible for most important traits	81
9654298688	parietal lobe	part of the cerebral cortex never see sensory information from skin, muscles, joints, organs, taste buds; involved in spatial/visual abilities and integrates all sensory signals; immature until age 16	82
9654298689	amniocentesis	collection of fetal cells and testing them for genetic abnormalities; using a long needle to withdraw cells from third trimester pregnant woman; uses amniotic fluid which surrounds fetus in the womb	83
9654298690	axon terminal	terminal button, synaptic knob; the structure at the end of an excellent terminal branch; houses the synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters	84
9654298691	corpus callosum	large band of white neural fibers that connects to to brain hemispheres and carries messages between them; myelinated; involved in intelligence, consciousness, and self-awareness; does it reach full maturity until 20s	85
9654298692	neuroscience	study of the brain and nervous system; overlaps with psychobiology	86
9654298693	sensory neurons	afferent neurons; neurons that carry messages from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cords	87
9654298694	fraternal twins	two children developed on two separate eggs that share a room; no more genetically similar than other brother and sisters (i.e. different genetic makeup)	88

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AP Bio Cell Organelles Flashcards

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7557180895	Chromatin granules	DNA	0
7557190449	Golgi complex	stacks of flat sacs that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell.	1
7557193007	Lysosome	cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell	2
7557197764	microfilaments	Long, thin fibers that function in the movement of the cytoplasm and support of the cell, part of the cytoskeleton	3
7557206705	microtubules	Thick hollow tubes made of protein that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers, provide internal support,part of cytoskeleton.	4
7557226090	mitochondria	powerhouse of cell because of the ATP production through cellular respiration	5
7557228899	chloroplast	site of photosynthesis, contains the green pigment chlorophyll	6
7557239095	nucleus	Control center of the cell, contains chromatin (DNA)	7
7557246014	Nucleolus	small dark region found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes	8
7557248452	ribosome	small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein	9
7557252772	Rough endoplasmic reticulum	Contains ribosomes; proteins are manufactured here and then exported out of the cell after being shipped to the Golgi, part of transport system of the cell	10
7557257690	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum	Has no ribosomes, makes lipids (steroid hormones) and detoxifies drugs/poisons, part of transport system of cell	11
7557278831	central vacuole	large water-filled organelle that keeps plant cells rigid	12
7557282207	cell wall	All plant cells have this. It is a protective wall made of cellulose.	13
7557286592	centrioles	Made of microtubules, aids in cell division in animal cells only	14
7557288672	cilia	made of microtubules, short hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner	15
7557290404	flagella	made of microtubules, whip-like structures that help with cell movement	16
7557299255	secretory vesicle	releases its contents to the exterior of the cell by exocytosis	17
7557302454	vacuole	A small sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area	18

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AP Statistics Flash Cards Flashcards

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9739292173	Categorical vs Quantitative Data	Data are categorical if they fall into groups or categories and data are quantitative if they take on numeircal values where it makes sense to find an average. -Use bar graphs, pie graphs, or segmented bar charts for categorical variables -Use dotplots, stemplots, histograms or boxplots for quantitative variables such as age or weight.	0
9739318373	Marginal vs. Conditional Distributions	In a two-way table, marginal distributions consider only one variable and use the total row/column of the table only. Conditional distributions describe the distribution of one variable for a specific value of the other (one row/column inside the table).	1
9768900763	SOCS	Shape - Skewed Left, Skewed Right, Symmetric, Uniform, Unimodal (one peak), Bimodal (two peaks) Outliers - Discuss them if they are obvious Center - Mean or median Spread - Range, IQR, or Standard Deviation	2
9768932036	Comparing Distributions	Address SOCS in context! You must use comparison phrases like "is greater than", etc.	3
9768943930	Outlier Rule	Upper Cutoff = Q3 + 1.5xIQR Lower Cutoff = Q1 - 1.5xIQR IQR = Q3-Q1	4
9768965302	Interpret Standard Deviation	Standard deviation measures spread by giving "typical" distance that the observations (context) are away from the mean (context)	5
9768984020	How does the shape affect measures of center?	In general, Skewed Left (meanmedian) Fairly Symmetric (mean and media are close to equal)	6
9769047552	Interpret a z-score	Z = (value - mean)/(standard deviation) A z-score describes how many standard deviations a value falls above/below the mean. Positive z-scores are above the mean, negative z-scores are below the mean.	7
9769080965	Linear Transformations	a+bx adding/subtracting "a" to every member of a data set adds "a" to the measures of center, but does not affect shape or spread. Multiplying every member of a data set by "b" multiplies measures of center by "b", measures of spread by absolute value of "b" and does not affect shape.	8
9769129653	Percentiles	The kth percentile of a distribution is the point that has k% of the values less than that point. For example, a student who has a test score in the 90th percentile has a score higher than 90% of all test takers.	9
9769153310	The Standard Normal Distribution	The standard normal distribution with mean=0 and standard deviation = 1. Table displays areas to the left of z-scores.	10
9769179022	Normalcdf and Invnorm calculator tips	Using boundaries to find area (probability) normlacdf(lower,upper,mean,SD) Using area (probability/percentile) to find boundary: invnorm(area to the left, mean, SD)	11
9769203852	Describe an association in a scatterplot	S - strength of relationship (strong, moderate, weak) O-Obvious Outliers? F - Form (linear or non-linear) A - Association (positive/negative)	12
9769238178	Interpret "r", the correlation coefficient	r is always between -1 and 1 Close to zero = very weak Close to 1 or -1 = very strong Exactly 1 or -1 = perfectly straight line Positive r = positive correclation Negative r = negative correlation	13
9769807531	Interpret LSRL slope	For every one unit change in the x variable (context) the y variable (context) is predicted to increase/decrease by "b" units (context)	14
9769836926	Interpret LSRL y-intercept "a"	When the x-variable (context) is zero, the predicted y-value (context) is "a"	15
9769854415	What is a residual?	residual = actual y (or observed) - predicted y the residual measures the difference between the actual y-value and the predicted y-value.	16
9769881518	Interpreting a residual plot	If there is a leftover pattern in the residual plot, then the model is not appropriate If there is no leftover pattern in the residual pot, then the model is appropriate.	17
9769922575	Interpret LSRL "y-hat"	y-hat is the estimated or predicted value by the LSRL	18
9769927316	Extrapolation	Using a LSRL to predict outside the domain of the explanatory variable. (can lead to ridiculous conclusions if the observed association does not continue)	19
9769947749	Interprete LSRL "s"	s=______, the standard deviation of the residuals or a typical prediction error (context)	20
9769961215	Interpret r-squared	_____% of variation in the y-variable (context) that is explained by the x-variable (context) using the LSRL model	21
9769981213	Outliers and influetial points in regression	Any point that falls outsied the pattern of association should be considered an outlier. An influential point has a big effect on calculations like correlation and slope. It's usually an outlier in the x-direction.	22
9770011631	LSRL computer printout	Use foot length to predict height: Predictor Coeff Constant 103.41 Foot Length 2.7469 S=7.95126 LSRL: Predicted Height = 103.41 + 2.7469xFoot length Typical predicted height will differ from the actual height by about 7.951 units	23
9770125113	SRS	An SRS (simple random sample) is a sample taken in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance of being the sample selected.	24
9770141603	Using a random digits table to select a sample	Label - give every member of the population a numerical label wit hteh same number of digits. Use as few digits as possible. Randomize - read consecutive groups of digits of the appropriate length from left to right across a line in the table. Ignore reapeats and groups not used as labels. Stop when you have n different labels. The individuals who correspond to the labels selected are your sample.	25
9770180811	Sampling Techniques	SRS - names in a hat Stratified - split the population into homogeneous groups, select SRSs from each group Cluster - Split the population into gropus(usually by location) called clusters, and randomly select whole clusters for the sample Census - An attempt to reach the entire population Convenience - Selects individuals in easiest to reach way Voluntary Response - People choose themselves by responding to a general appeal	26
9786155280	Advantage of using a stratified random sample over SRS	Stratified sampling guarantees that each of the strata will be represented. When strata are chosen properly, a stratified random sample will produce better (less variable/more precise) information than an SRS of the same size.	27
9786170017	Bias	A sampling method is biased if it consistently produces estimates that are too small or too large	28
9786182399	Experiment vs. Observational Study	A study is an experiment ONLY if researchers impose a treatment upon the experimental units. In an observational study, researchers make no attempt to influence the results and cannot conclude cause-and-effect.	29
9786214455	Confounding	Two variables are confounded if it cannot be determined which variable is causing the change in the response variable. For example, if people who take vitamins on their own have less cancer, we cannot say for sure that the vitamins are causing the reduction in cancer. It could be other characteristics of vitamin takers, such as diet or exercise.	30
9786238638	Why use a control group?	A control group gives the researchers a comparison group to be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. (context) It allows the researchers to measure the effect of the treatment (context) compared to no treatment at all.	31
9786262154	Blinding	When the subjects in an experiment don't know which treatment they are receiving, they are blind. If the people interacting with the subjects and measuring the response variable don't know which subjects received treatments, they are blind. If both groups are blind, the study is double-blind.	32
9786294825	Experimental Designs	Completely Randomized Design - Units are allocated at random among all treatments. Randomized Block Design - Units are put into homogenous blocks and randomly assigned to treatments within each block. Matched Pairs - A form of blocking in which each subject receives both treatments in a random order or subjects are matched in pairs with one subject in each pair receiving each treatment, assigned at random.	33
9787372833	Benefit of Blocking	Blocking helps account for variability in the response variable (context) that is caused by the blocking variable (context). If there really is a difference in the effectiveness of the treatments, using an appropriate blocking variable will increase power (probability of finding convincing evidence that the treatments are not equally effective)	34
9787405084	Scope of Inference: generalizing to a larger population	We can generalize the results of a study to a larger population if we used a random sample from that population.	35
9787499877	Scope of Inference: Cause-and-Effect	We can make a cause-and-effect conclusion if we randomly assign treatments to a experimental units in an experiment. Otherwise Association is NOT Causation!	36
9787514940	Interpreting Probability	The probability of an event is the proportion of times the event would occur in a very large number of repetitions. Probability is a long-term relative frequency.	37
9787530169	Law of large numbers	The law of large numbers says that if we observe many repetitions of a chance process, the observed proportion of times that an event occurs approaches a single value, called the probability of that event.	38
9787575213	Complementary Events	Two mutually exclusive events whose union is the sample space. For Example: -Rain/No Rain -Draw at least one heart/Draw NO hearts	39
9787630720	Conditional Probability	Probability that one event occurs given that another event is already known to have occurred. On Formula Sheet	40
9787652535	Two events are independent if		41
9787661162	Two events are mutually exclusive if		42
9787683423	Interpreting Expected Value/Mean	If we were to repeat the chance process many times, the average value of __________ (context) would be about __________ (context)	43
9787701233	Mean and Standard deviation of a discrete random variable		44
9789257028	Mean and standard deviation of a transformation of a random variable		45
9789267128	Mean and standard deviation of a difference of two random variables		46
9789277664	Mean and standard deviation of a sum of two random variables		47
9789284235	Binomial Setting and random variable		48
9789323208	Binomial Distribution (Calculator usage)		49
9789330244	Mean and standard deviation of a binomial random variable		50
9789349225	What is a sampling Distribution?	A sampling distribution is the distribution of a sample statistic in all possible samples of the same sample size. It describes the possible values of the statistic and how likely these values are to occur. Contrast with the distribution of the population, and the distribution of a sample.	51
9789408582	What is the sampling distribution of p-hat (sample proportions)?		52
9789421180	What is the sampling distribution of x-bar (sample means)?		53
9789429294	What is the central limit theorem (CLT)?	If the population distribution of a variable is not normal, the sampling distribution of the sample mean will become more and more normal as the sample size (n) increases.	54
9789455166	4-Step Process Confidence Intervals		55
9789468769	Unbiased estimator	A statistic is an unbiased estimator of a parameter if the mean of its sampling distribution equals the true value of the parameter being estimated.	56
9789490876	Interpreting a confidence interval	I am ______% confident that the interval from ______ to _______ captures the true ___________ (parameter in context)	57
9789501495	Interpreting a confidence level	If many, many samples are selected and many, many confidence intervals are calculated, about _____% of them will capture the true ________(parameter in context)	58
9789602391	Standard error vs margin of error	The standard error of a statistic measures how far the value of the statistic typically differs from the true value of the parameter. The margin of error estimates how far we expect the parameter to differ from the statistic, at most.	59
9789634878	What factors affect the margin of error?	The margin of error decreases when: -the sample size increases -the confidence level decreases	60
9789651619	Inference for means (conditions)		61
9789661446	Inference for proportions (conditions)		62
9789670053	4-Step process Significance tests		63
9789679273	Explain a p-value	Assuming that the null hypothesis is true (context) there is a ______ probability of observing a statistic (context) as large or larger than the one actually observed by chance alone.	64
9789704119	Type I and Type II Error and Power		65
9789728958	Factors that affect Power		66
9789739534	Paired t-test, Identification hints		67
9789748914	Two sample t-test, Identification hints		68
9789760216	Chi-squared tests (conditions)		69
9789768449	Types of Chi-squared tests	Goodness of Fit: Use to compare the distribution of a categorical variable in one population to a hypothesized distribution. Homogeneity: Use to compare distribution of a categorical variable for 2+ populations or treatments. Independence: Use to test the association between two categorical variables in one population.	70
9789807469	Chi-squared tests, df and expected counts		71
9789816316	Inference for regression with computer output		72