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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

5407086089	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
5407086090	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
5407086091	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
5407086092	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
5407086093	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
5407086094	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
5407086095	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
5407086096	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
5407086097	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
5407086098	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
5407086099	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
5407086100	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
5407086101	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
5407086102	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
5407086103	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
5407086104	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
5407086105	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
5407086106	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
5407086107	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
5407086108	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
5407086109	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
5407086110	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
5407086111	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
5407086112	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
5407086113	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
5407086114	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
5407086115	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
5407086116	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
5407086117	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
5407086118	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	29
5407086119	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	30
5407086120	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	31
5407086121	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	32
5407086122	granum	stacks of thylakoids	33
5407086123	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	34
5407086124	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	35
5407086125	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	36
5407086126	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	37
5407086127	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	38
5407086128	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	39
5407086129	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	40
5407086130	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	41
5407086131	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	42
5407086132	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	43
5407086133	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	44
5407086134	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	45
5407086135	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	46
5407086136	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	47
5407086137	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	48
5407086138	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	49
5407086139	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	50
5407086140	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	51
5407086141	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	52
5407086142	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	53
5407086143	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	54
5407086144	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	55

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AP Quiz 2 Flashcards

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9696389035	Pastoral	A work of literature dealing with rural life	0
9696389036	Forboding	a warning or feeling that something bad will happen; marked by fear, ominous	1
9696391632	Idyllic	Naturally peaceful	2
9696391633	Ominous	Menacing; threatening	3
9696394453	Juxtapose	To place side by side for comparison	4
9696394454	Impish	Mischievous	5
9696397551	Fatalistic	Believing that all events in life are inevitable and determined by fate	6
9696397552	Cynical	Doubtful or distrustful of the goodness or sincerity of human motives	7
9696397553	Breadth	The width of something, comprehensive quality	8
9696400158	Mirth	Gladness and merriment usually accompanied by laughter	9
9696400159	Pious	Devoutly religious	10
9696403880	Blank Verse	Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter	11
9696403881	Repentant	feeling or expressing remorse for misdeeds	12
9696405920	Seditious	Resistant to lawful authority	13
9696405921	Irreverant	Disrespectful	14
9696409087	Reclusive	Seeking or preferring seclusion or isolation	15
9696409088	Melancholy	Sad	16
9696411605	Bereave	to deprive and make desolate, especially by death; to deprive ruthlessly or by force.	17
9696411606	Dirge	a funeral hymn or mournful speech	18
9696414647	Ascertain	To find out	19
9696414648	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	20
9696414649	Consecrate	To make sacred, hallow; to set apart for a special purpose	21
9696418477	Metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant	22
9696418478	Metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	23

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AP Biology Ecology Flashcards

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5467437378	Population	a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring	0
5467437379	Community	all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; as assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction	1
5467437380	Ecosystem	all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact	2
5467437381	Biotic	pertaining to the living organisms in the environment	3
5467437382	Abiotic	nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment	4
5467437383	Biosphere	the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems	5
5467437384	Niche	the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment	6
5467437385	Clumped Distribution	individual aggregated patches, some organisms group together where food is abundant	7
5467437386	Uniform Distribution	evenly spaced, some organisms maintain evenly distributed spacing to avoid aggressive interactions between neighbors	8
5467437387	Random Distribution	unpredictable spacing, some plants grow in random groups if their seeds were windblown across an area	9
5467437388	Population Ecology	the study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on populations, on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size	10
5467437389	Birth Rate	rate of annual birth within a population	11
5467437390	Death Rate	rate of annual death within a population	12
5467437391	Sex Ratio	ratio of females to males within a population	13
5467437392	Age Structure	the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	14
5467437393	Immigration Rate	the rate of influx of new individuals INTO a population from other areas	15
5467437394	Emigration Rate	the rate of movement of individuals OUT of a population	16
5467437395	Carrying Capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, (symbolized by K)	17
5467437396	Density Dependent	any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density	18
5467437397	Exponential Growth	growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, (represented by a J-Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time)	19
5467437398	Logistical Growth	population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity	20
5467437399	K-Selected	stabilize around carrying capacity, have fewer offspring later in life, mature later, live longer and invest more parental care	21
5467437400	R-Selected	reside in unstable environment, have many offspring early in life, mature earlier, shorter life span, no parental care	22
5467437401	Survivorship Curve	the plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age	23
5467437402	Type I Surivorship Curve	low death rates during early/middle life then increase among older age groups (humans)	24
5467437403	Type II Surviorship Curve	constant death rate over the organism's life span	25
5467437404	Type III Surviorship Curve	very high death rates for the young and then declines for those few individuals that survive the early period (insects)	26
5467437405	Symbiosis	an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact	27
5467437406	Commensalism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed	28
5467437407	Mutualism	a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit	29
5467437408	Parasitism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) by living either within or on its host	30
5467437409	Intraspecific Competition	interactions between the same species competing for resources	31
5467437410	Interspecific Competition	competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply	32
5467437411	Predation	an interaction between species in which one species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)	33
5467437412	Aposematic Coloration	the bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators. Ex: stripe on skunk	34
5467437413	Batesian Mimicry	a type of mimicry in which a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators	35
5467437414	Cryptic Coloration	camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background	36
5467437415	Mullerian Mimicry	a mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species	37
5467437416	Pioneer Species	the first species to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem	38
5467437417	Climax Community	in a community of organisms in a specific area there is one state of equilibrium controlled solely by climate	39
5467437418	Succession	the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time	40
5467437419	Primary Succession	a type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed	41
5467437420	Secondary Succession	a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substance intact	42
5467437421	Photoautotrophs	an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	43
5467437422	Chemoautotrophs	an organism that needs only CO2 as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances	44
5467437423	Herbivore	an animal that eats mainly plants or algae	45
5467437424	Carnivore	an animal that mainly eats other animals	46
5467437425	Detritivore	a consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organism (a decomposer)	47
5467437426	Food Chain	the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers	48
5467437427	Food Web	the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem	49
5467437428	Trophic Levels	the positions organisms occupy in a food chain	50
5467437429	Secondary Consumer	a carnivore that eats herbivores	51
5467437430	Primary Consumer	a herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs	52
5467437431	Biogeochemical Cycles	any of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems	53
5467437432	Carbon Cycle	forming the framework of organic molecules, photosynthesis & cellular respiration circulate this nutrient	54
5467437434	Nitrogen Cycle	this nutrient is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by plants then returned in gas form to the atmosphere; all processes rely on bacteria	55
5467437435	Nitrogen Fixation	the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia	56
5467437437	Water Cycle	this nutrient cycle involves evaporation from the earth & transpiration from plants and falls then by precipitation back down to the earth to begin the cycle again	57
5467437438	Age Structure Diagrams	a visual representation of the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	58
5467437439	Competitive Exclusion Principle	the concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population	59
5467437440	Resource Partitioning	the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all the coexisting species	60
5467437442	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)	the total primary production of an ecosystem	61
5467437443	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration	62
5467437444	Keystone Species	a species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet experts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche	63
5467437447	Biological Magnification	a process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each high trophic level in a food chain	64
5467437448	Decomposers	organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore	65
5467437449	Eutrophication	a process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria	66
5467437452	Invasive Species	a species often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range	67
5467437453	Altruism	behavior that increases fitness of another individual but decreases their own fitness	68
5467437454	Kin selection	enhancing the reproductive success of one's relatives	69
5467437455	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrates and nitrites	70
5467437457	Classical conditioning	association between neutral stimulus and natural response (ex: dogs salivating to sound of bell ringing)	71
5467437458	Operant conditioning	trial and error learning; making associations between behavior and a reward or punishment	72
5467437459	Communication	tactile, visual, auditory and chemical means of relaying messages to other members of ones species	73
5467437460	Taxis	directed movement towards or away from a stimulus	74
5467437461	Kinesis	movement in response to a stimulus that is not directional	75
5467437462	Fixed Action Pattern	a sequence of unlearned actions that are unchangable and often carried to completion	76
5467437463	Density dependent factor	factor that affects population based on size (disease, predation etc)	77
5467437464	Density independent factor	factor that affect population regardless of size (weather, humans etc)	78
5467437465	Species diversity	variety of organisms in a community	79
5467437466	Species richness	the number of different species in a community	80

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AP Psychology Treatment & Therapy Flashcards

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9420977056	Insight Therapies	a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps their patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset.	0
9420977057	Behavioral Therapies	A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior	1
9420977058	Bio-medical Therapies	Use a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system	2
9420977059	Eclectic Approach	The type treatment used will depend on the client's problems	3
9420977060	Psychoanalytic Therapy	Assumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud	4
9420977061	Free Association	Patient lays on couch freely exposes thoughts, feelings, and mental images going on in their mind Therapist must encourage the flow of associations to provide clues to what the unconscious is hiding	5
9420977062	Dream Analysis	Patient describes the "manifest content" of the dream Therapist uncovers the "latent content" of the dream	6
9420977063	Transference	The patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist (Could be love or hatred of a parent) Therapist helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past relationships	7
9420977064	Psychodynamic Therapy	Similarity to Psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self-insight by focusing on "unconscious forces" that and childhood experiences Differs from Psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much	8
9420977065	Humanistic Therapies	Assumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers	9
9420977066	Client Centered Therapy	Refer to people as "clients" and not patients Non-directive Approach where therapist listens without judgment and refrains from directing the client	10
9420977067	Unconditional Positive Regard	Important element of client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what ether person says or does.	11
9420977068	Active Listening	involves echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings	12
9420977069	Empathy	recognizing the clients feelings and reflecting it back to the client	13
9420977070	Behavioral Therapies (aka Behavior Modification)	Assumption: Problems stem from destructive behaviors Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones	14
9420977071	Counterconditioning	Using classical conditioning principles to create a new conditioned stimulus Includes exposure and aversive therapies	15
9420977072	Systematic Desensitization	Three Step Process: (1) learn progressive relaxation, (2) build an "anxiety hierarchy", (3) combine steps 1 and 2	16
9420977073	Flooding	A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.	17
9420977074	Bell and Pad Treatment	A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder	18
9420977075	Aversive Conditioning	use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior	19
9420977076	Token Economy	A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.	20
9420977077	Cognitive Therapies	Assumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck	21
9420977078	Rational Emotive therapy (RET) or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)	Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs.	22
9420977079	Negative Cognitive Bias	Aaron Beck found depressed people consistently distort their experiences in a negative cognitive way	23
9420977080	Cognitive Behavioral Therpay	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy	24
9420977081	Group Therapy	A group of 3-10 people meet to discuss similar problems, role play new behaviors, and receive instant feedback Evaluation: Effective (financially & psychologically) and people realize they are not alone in their problems	25
9420977082	Family Therapy	Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members hopes to identify unhealthy patterns and create new healthy rules & interactions Couples counseling is very similar	26
9420977083	Placebo Effect	Defined: you believe it works due to the power of the mind Clients' and therapists' believe the treatment will work and therefore it does	27
9420977084	Regression towards the mean	Defined: the tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Example: When things hit bottom, going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent.	28
9420977085	Meta Analysis	a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies	29
9420977086	Effective Therapies	No one therapy has been shown to be best in all cases but some therapies are better suited for particular disorders Most _________ __________ are when the problem is clear cut	30
9420977087	Evidence Based Practice	involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. In short, available therapies are rigorously evaluated and then applied by clinicians who are mindful of their skills and of each patient's unique situation.	31
9420977088	Shared Elements of Therapy	Hope, New perspective, and an empathetic, caring relationship	32
9420977089	EMDR	therapist waves a finger inferno of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories	33
9420977090	Light Exposure Therapy	a client is exposed to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	34
9420977091	Psychopharmacology	Assumption: biological causes exists for the disorders or behaviors Aims: provide the right medication Evaluation: helpful but medicine cannot solve all problems	35
9420977092	Neuroleptics	prescription drugs used to reduce symptoms	36
9420977093	Tardive Dyskinesia	involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors	37
9420977094	Anti-Anxiety Drugs	How it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term	38
9420977095	Typical Anti-Psychotic Drugs	How it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia	39
9420977096	Atypical Anti-Psychotic Drugs	How it works: treat all schizophrenic symptoms by blocking dopamine & serotonin Popular Drugs: Abilify Negative Side Effects: less harmful than typical ones	40
9420977097	Mood Stabilizing Drugs	How it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate levels in order to stabilize current and future moods Popular Drugs: Lithium & Depakote Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level	41
9420977098	SSRI	How it works: Treats depression by preventing the reuptake of serotonin Popular Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil Advantages: milder side effects making it the most popular anti-depressant	42
9420977099	Lobotomy	A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.	43
9420977100	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	44
9420977101	repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)	performed on wide-awake patients where magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain's surface does not have the side effects of ECT	45
9420977102	BioPsychoSocial Approach to Treating Disorders	Using aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements to fight and prevent psychological problems	46
9420977103	Preventing Mental Health Issues	1. Build Resilience: an ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity. 2. Build a loving, nuturing environment	47

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AP Comparative Government: Iran Flashcards

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8312800294	hostile	The middle class in Iran is culturally westernized and often _____ to the clergy. unfriendly	0
8312800295	supreme leader	In Iran, the head of the judiciary is appointed by the _____ _____.	1
8312800296	Legislatures "ok" what the exec does. "Rubber stamp"	Iran and China share this institutional arrangement: A national assembly with only limited powers to oversee the executive and enact laws.	2
8312800297	veto	The Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader can _____ legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis/Legislature)	3
8312800298	clerics	In Iran, the concept of jurist guardianship states that senior _____ have authority over the entire community.	4
8312800299	nonviolent	Best characterizes the Iranian Revolution: A short, relatively _____ upheaval supported by the middle class	5
8312800300	theocracy	a state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.	6
8312800301	sharia	Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.	7
8312800302	Mahmoud Ahmadinejad	President of Iran from 2005-2013 (background in higher ed/local govt. instead of theology - he emphasized social justice, religious piety, and confrontation with the West)	8
8312800304	Assembly of Experts	Elected body of 86 members that chooses the supreme leader (men/Islamic scholars) (8 yr terms) (difficult to say how powerful a role this body will play once Khamenei passes away)	9
8312800305	ayatollah	In Shiite Islam, a title in the religious hierarchy achieved by scholars who have demonstrated highly advanced knowledge of Islamic law and religion	10
8312800306	Basij	"People's militia," which serves as a public morals police (boys who fought against Iraq...)	11
8312800307	bonyads	Parastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution	12
8312800309	Expediency Council	Appointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes	13
8312800311	Guardian Council	Appointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation (limits Majlis) (12 members/6yr terms) (6 lawyers nominated by chief justice and by Majlis, and 6 clerics appointed by supreme leader)	14
8312800313	Iran-Iraq War	The 1980-88 conflict between the two countries, started by Iraq	15
8312800314	Islamic Republic of Iran	Name for post-revolutionary Iran:	16
8312800315	Islamism (or Islamic fundamentalism)	The belief that Islam should be the source of the political regime's legitimacy	17
8312800316	Khamenei, Ali	Current supreme leader of Iran, as of 1989:	18
8312800317	Khatami, Mohammad	President of Iran from 1997 to 2005	19
8312800318	Khomeini, Ruhollah	First supreme leader of Iran, from 1980 to his death in 1989	20
8312800320	Majlis	Legislature of Iran:	21
8312800321	Mosaddeq, Mohammad	Prime Minister of Iran; deposed in 1953 by Operation Ajax. Nationalized Iran's oil.	22
8312800322	National Front	Political party in Iran following WWII; it opposed the monarchy and favored greater Iranian control over natural resources; outlawed after Operation Ajax	23
8312800323	Operation Ajax	U.S.-and UK-backed overthrow of Iranian prime minister Mosaddeq in 1953:	24
8312800324	Pahlavi, Reza Shah	Monarch of Iran from 1925 to 1941	25
8312800325	Persia	Name for Iran before 1935	26
8312800327	Rafsanjani, Akbar	President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, current head of the Expediency Council (rival to Khameinei)	27
8312800328	Revolutionary Guard	Paramilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies	28
8312800330	Second Khordad Front	Reformist party that emerged in Iran to contest 2000 Majlis elections (reformist coalition with Khatami...not very powerful due to conservatives in Guardian Council etc.)	29
8312800331	Shiism	Minority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad (the Mahdi will come)	30
8312800332	supreme leader	Chief spiritual and political leader of Iran	31
8312800333	theocracy	Rule by religion or religious leaders	32
8312800336	White Revolution	Policy of reforms enacted by Reza Shah, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and Westernize Iran	33
8312800337	government	The supreme leader functions as a powerful head of state, while the president is more akin to a head of _____. the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies	34
8312800338	Single-member and multi-member district majoriy	Electoral system for lower house:	35
8312800343	half	Iran's population is young, with nearly ___ the population less than 30 yrs old.	36
8312800344	NOT	The supreme leader is __ democratically elected	37
8312800350	non-Arab	The adoption of Shiism by most Iranian Muslims was in part a reflection of the _____ composition of the population.	38
8312800351	highest	The poverty rate in Iran is one of the ____ in the Middle East.	39
8312800354	rule of law	The 1905 Constitutional Revolution created a short-lived regime governed by the ___ _ ___.	40
8312800356	education system	A major emphasis of the Pahlavi shahs was building an __________ to modernize Iran.	41
8312800358	nationalizing	Mossadeq's reforms in the early 1950's centered on ____ the oil industry.	42
8312800359	communists	The US-sponsored coup that overthrew Mossadeq and put the shah back in power was organized by the CIA because some of Mossadeq's support came from Iranian _____.	43
8312800363	secularize	Reza Khan sought to _____ the Iranian educational system	44
8312800365	Khomeini	When Iranian students occupied the American embassy and held Americans hostage, _____ used the crisis to install his hard line supporters in nearly all positions of authority.	45
8312800367	pragmatic	Rafsanjani's first terms as president (1989-1997) were marked by _____ economic reforms.	46
8312800370	integrating	A major policy challenge for Iran's government in the first decade of the 21st century is economically _____ the huge population under 30 yrs of age.	47
8312800371	Guardian Council	Observers question the democratic nature of Iranian elections because of the role of the _____ in approving candidates.	48
8312800372	Assembly of Experts	Which of the following is elected in Iran:	49
8312800373	unemployment	Evidence that the oil price increases in the early 21st century have NOT helped Iran's economy includes the increasing _____ rate for young people.	50
8312800374	clerical	Economic policy making in Iran today is complicated by ___ control of large segments of the economy. (bonyads/parastatals)	51

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AP Literary Devices Flashcards

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7781899846	Litotes	a form of understatement	0
7781899847	Allusion	a reference to something commonly known, often historical, mythic, literary, or religious	1
7781899848	Antithesis	the direct opposite	2
7781899849	Diction	the writer's word choices	3
7781899850	Symbol	generally anything that represents itself and stands for something else	4
8126602817	Allegory	The device of using characters and story elements to represent an abstraction in addition to a literal idea.	5
8126605183	Alliteration	Repetition of sounds especially the initial consonants of words near each other in written work.	6
8126613303	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or principle. A sort of folk proverb	7
8126617012	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which the speaker directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified idea.	8
8126645077	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	9
8126649788	Connotation	The non-literal meaning of a word; the implied or suggested meaning.	10
8126653184	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word	11
8126658249	Didactic	Didactic words have the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	12
8239255253	Euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. "Earthly remains" rather than "corpse"	13
8239285336	Figurative Language	Writing or language not meant to be taken literally	14
8239297727	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	15
8239352109	imagery	Sensory details	16
8239355950	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong abusive language	17
8239372556	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparisons of seemingly unlike things	18
8239476587	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which the name for one object is substituted for that of another closely related to it. For example, "The White House declared".... the "White House is substituted for the "president".	19
8239505645	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work (different from tone which involves the writer's attitude).	20
8239595923	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	21
8239611686	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but actually contains some degree of truth. For example, "it was the best of time, it was the worst of times".	22
8239639102	Parallelism	Also called parallel structure. Refers to grammatical or rhetorical framing of words phrases, sentences or paragraphs to give structural similarity. For example, "It was the best of times, it was the worse of times".	23
8239669510	Anaphora	a sub type of parallelism, with the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines. MLK uses anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.	24
8239693617	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words or phrases that are overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	25
8239717846	Personification	Figurative language in which the author describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	26
8239743609	Point of View	The perspective from which the story is told.	27
8239748505	Prose	Common writing style in which the writer generally uses complete sentence structure as opposed to poetry (in which the poet determines the length of the line based on other considerations).	28
8239825419	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	29
8239846894	Shift	Tonal, point of view, structural change in writing that may signify an important new element.	30
8239865259	Synecdoche	Figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole. For example, "all hands on deck" in which the hands represent the sailors. how about , "wheels" representing your car?	31
8239929756	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. In literature synesthesia refers to the use of associating two or more senses to the same image.... "Taste the pain" "Jerry's got the blues today"	32
8239975237	Syntax	The way an author decides to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	33
8239990858	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	34
8240001858	Tone	An author's attitude toward her material. Can be formed by author's use of diction as well as other techniques.	35
9228623272	Allusion	Example: "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?"	36
9228630906	Doppelganger	Example: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde	37
9228637911	Litotes	Example: "Not the brightest bulb" or "Not a beauty"	38
9228652837	Inversion	Changing the conventional placement of words (not exclusive to but most common in poetry)	39
9228658363	Portmanteau	Example: "smog" or "brunch"	40
9228687308	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds in quick succession (mid-word sounds as well as opening)	41
9228700634	Paradox	Example: "Fair is foul and foul is fair"	42
9228719491	Consonance	Example: "A Quietness distilled As Twilight long begun" (Dickinson)	43
9228736752	Doppelganger	A character who serves as a twin, shadow, or a mirror-image of a protagonist.	44

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AP Statistics Review Flashcards

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6812945024	5 number summary	The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data	0
6812945025	z score	a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below	1
6812945026	standard deviation	A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean.	2
6812945027	population	(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents	3
6812945028	categorical data	Data that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". Labels or names used to identify categories of like items If you asked people in which month they were born or what their favorite class is, they would answer with names, which would be categorical data. However, if you asked them how many siblings they have, they would answer with numbers, not categories Labels or names used to identify categories of like items	4
6812945029	quantitative data	Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative	5
6812945030	bar graph	a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.	6
6812945031	parameter	(n) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary a characteristic or constant factor something that determines the limits of certain data values	7
6812945032	sample	A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. a small part of a population that represents the whole A survey in star city representing the entire state of arkansas	8
6812945033	random	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Assigning subjects to expenrimental groups based on chance. pulling names or numbers out of a hat	9
6812945034	bias	Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population Any way that tampers with the accuracy of the sample	10
6812945035	Undercoverage	A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample	11
6812945036	nonresponse	bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond When many people of a sample do not respond	12
6812945037	voluntary response bias	Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.	13
6812945038	statistic	Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data	14
6812945039	independent	(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables	15
6812945040	historgram	graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related	16
6812945041	box plot	A dsiplay that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. A box plot is constructed from the five number summary of the data.	17
6812945042	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).	18
6812945043	correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	19
6812945044	skewness	The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center	20
6812945045	varience	commons measure of spread about the mean as center	21
6812945046	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low	22
6812945047	P-value	A measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance.	23
6812945048	empirical rule	The rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve	24
6812945049	lurking variable	A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied	25
6812945050	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis	26
6812945051	alternate hypothesis	, is the hypothesis to be considered as an alternative to the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis will be rejected in favor of the Ha only if the sample data strongly indicate that the null hypothesis is false.	27
6812945052	quota sample	A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population	28
6812945053	probability	A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. example, if a bag contains a red marble, a white marble and a blue marble then the probability of selecting a red marble is 1/3.	29
6812945054	descriptive statistics	Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient	30
6812945055	mean	A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.	31
6812945056	median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.	32
6812945057	mode	Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.	33
6812945058	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.	34
6812945059	data	Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis	35
6812945060	Q1	A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data.	36
6812945061	Q3	A location to measeure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data	37
6812945062	minimum	(n.) the smallest possible amount; (adj.) the lowest permissible or possible	38
6812945063	outlier	A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set	39
6812945064	margin of error	In statistical research, the range of outcomes we expect for a population, given the data revealed by a sample drawn from that population	40
6812945065	statistical normal	scoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring	41
6812945066	simple random sample	A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. Equivalently, all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected.	42
6812945067	sampling distribution	Distribution of sample proportions from sample to sample. A sampling distribution of a sample statistic for a fixed sample size n is the distribution of that statistic derived from every possible sample of size n for a given population. A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population	43
6812945068	stratified random sample	A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum	44
6812945069	systematic sample	A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame. When there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample can be representative.	45
6812945070	cluster sample	Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.	46
6812945071	10% rule	a sample has to be lass than 10% of the whole population	47
6812945072	Interpolation	The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. Interpolation is a way of approximating price or yield using bond tables that do not give the net yield on every amount invested at every rate of interest and for every maturity.	48
6812945073	Qualitative	Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.	49
6812945074	theoretical probability	A probability obtained by analyzing a situation. If all of the outcomes are equally likely, you can find the theoretical probability of an event by listing all of the possible outcomes and then finding the ratio of the number of outcomes producing the desired event to the total number of outcomes. For example, there are 36 possible equally likely outcomes (number pairs) when two fair number cubes are rolled. of these six have a sum of 7, so the probability of rolling a sum of 7 is 6/36 or 1/6	50
6812945075	experimental probability		51
6812945076	block design	The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment)."	52
6812945077	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	53
6812945078	double blind	An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving Neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received	54
6812945079	placebo	A fake treatment. A chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her	55
6812945080	least squares regression line	the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals	56
6812945081	type I error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive	57
6812945082	type II error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative	58
6812945083	joint frequency		59
6812945084	matched pairs	an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable	60
6812945085	conditional prabability	probability given that something else has already occurred	61
6812945086	sample space	Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment	62
6812945087	confounded variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.)	63
6812945088	marginal frequency	A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval.	64
6812945089	coefficient of determination	The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Statistic that represents amount of variance accounted for by a correlation.	65
6812945090	binomial	A two-name naming system.	66
6812945091	unimodal	having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped a data set with one mode such a normal distribution usually has only one mode	67
6812945092	bimodal	A type of distribution, where there is two or more categories with an equal count or cases and with more cases than the other categories. A distribution with two modes	68
6812945093	experiment	A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis	69
6812945094	law of large numbers	(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics	70
6812945095	extrapolation	calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values	71
6812945096	snowball	Huyen wanted to conduct market research to find out why students were unhappy with Marketing 431, probably the finest course ever to be offered by a university. In order to do this she needed to find people who were unhappy with the course. Figuring that these people would talk to each other, she used a sampling technique where she found one person who was unhappy with the course and, after asking her research questions, asked this person for the name of another person who was unhappy with the course.	72
6812945097	IQR	A measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles Difference between upper and lower quartile of a boxplot	73
6812945098	Confidence interval	A range of values for a variable of interest; the specified probability is called the confidence level and the end points of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits A range of numbers in which most of the data values are likely to fall. we are 95% confident that etc.	74
6812945099	Standard Error	A statistic providing an estimate of the possible magnitude to error. The larger the standard error of measurement, the less reliable the score. Standard deviation of sampling distribution	75
6812945100	Residual		76
6812945101	Convenience sample	Whenever a sample is taken it gives an improper results because the sample was taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population	77
6812945102	simulation	A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.	78
6812945103	degrees of freedom	The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.	79
6812945104	two way table	A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. describes to categorical variables with row variable and column variable	80
6812945105	spread	The visible variation in a sample distribution	81
6812945106	center	The measure of the distance the mode is from the center of a distribution	82
6812945107	shape		83
6812945108	discrete random variable		84
6812945109	central limit theorem		85
6812945110	standardized value		86
6812945111	mutually exclusive		87
6812945112	wording bias	Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question	88
6812945113	causation		89
6812945114	z test		90
6812945115	t test		91
6812945116	chi squared goodness of fit	tests how well close the observes data is to what would be expected under the model. If a sign diff is found b/w the two then ob. data has not been generated by chance. nominal data Determine if scores from one variable match expectations for that distribution a gambler placed $1,000 into a game of greed in which he lost. He hopes to catch his opponent and bust him for loading the dice. He does this by choosing one dice to roll 36 times. He knows that the each side has an equal chance of landing face up. He hopes to get an outcome abnormal to this. Given the data below, can we prove that the dice are loaded	92
6812945117	frequency table	A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens.	93
6812945118	area principle	the area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents	94
6812945119	simpsons paradox		95
6812945120	contingency table	displays counts, and, sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of the other. A two-variable table with cross-tabulated data.	96
6812945121	stem and leaf display	A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5, a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2. If a particular stem has more than one leaf, such as the scores 54, 58, and 51, the stem of 5 has three leaves, in this case 458. . It shows the range of values of the variable	97
6812945122	multimodal	Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. A distribution with more than two modes	98
6812945123	uniform	A histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height Evenly spaced	99
6812945124	symetric	When in a normal distribution both sides are identical	100
6812945125	time plot	Displays data that change over time. Often, successive values are connected with lines to show trends more clearly. Sometimes a smooth curve is added to the plot to help show long-term patterns and trends. Displays data that change over time.	101
6812945126	se	standard deviation of residuals	102
6812945127	r2	overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearlly relating to y and x	103
6812945128	leverage		104
6812945129	influential point	a point when omitted will give very different results	105
6812945130	census	When a survey has no sample but instead test or surveys the entire population	106
6812945131	multistage samole		107
6812945132	pilot	small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear	108
6812945133	convenience sample	Choosing a sample because it is convenient. failing to get a proper representation of the population because If you survey everyone on your soccer team who attends tonight's practice, you are surveying a convenience sample.	109
6812945134	response bias	Anything in a survey design that influences responses falls under the heading of response bias. One typical response bias arises from the wording of questions, which may suggest a favored response. Voters, for example, are more likely to express support of "the president" than support of the particular person holding that office at the moment. Anything that changes the response in a survey A police officer asking teenagers about drug use	110
6812945135	observational study	A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. usually a survey	111
6812945136	retrospective study	What study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition? data are collected from the past by going back in time	112
6812945137	prospective study	an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes	113
6812945138	statistic factor	A multifactor model in which statistical methods are applied ot a set of historical returns to determine portfolios that best explain either historical return covariances or variances.	114
6812945139	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	115
6812945140	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	116
6812945141	placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.	117
6812945142	trial	A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made.	118
6812945143	maximum	(n.) the greatest possible amount or degree in a data sample the largest value in a set of data	119