AP Biology: Genetics Flashcards
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| 9658526640 | heredity | The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring. |  | 0 |
| 9658526641 | trait | A genetically determined variant of a characteristic, such as yellow flower color. |  | 1 |
| 9658526642 | pollination | Occurs when pollen grains produced in the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma. |  | 2 |
| 9658526643 | self-pollination | Occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the SAME plant. |  | 3 |
| 9658526644 | cross-pollination | Pollination that occurs between flowers of two plants. |  | 4 |
| 9658526645 | true-breeding | Pure for a trait that always produces offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate. |  | 5 |
| 9658526646 | P generation | The true breeding parent generation in Mendel's experiment. |  | 6 |
| 9658526647 | F1 generation | First filial generation; the offspring of the P generation by cross-pollination in Mendel's experiment. |  | 7 |
| 9658526648 | F2 generation | Second filial generation; the offspring of the F1 generation by self-pollination in Mendel's experiment. |  | 8 |
| 9658526649 | dominant | Masks the factor for another trait in a pair of traits; represented by capital letters |  | 9 |
| 9658526650 | recessive | The trait that sometimes has no observable effect on an organism's appearance (represented by lowercase letters) |  | 10 |
| 9658526651 | law of segregation | States that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes. |  | 11 |
| 9658526652 | law of independent assortment | States that factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. |  | 12 |
| 9658526653 | allele | Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene. |  | 13 |
| 9658526654 | genotype | An organism's genetic makeup (the alleles are represented by letters) |  | 14 |
| 9658526655 | phenotype | an organism's physical traits, represented by words/descriptions |  | 15 |
| 9658526656 | homozygous | When both alleles of a pair are alike (e.g. BB and bb) |  | 16 |
| 9658526657 | heterozygous | When the two alleles in a pair are different (e.g. Bb) |  | 17 |
| 9658526658 | probability | The likelihood that a specific event will occur. |  | 18 |
| 9658526659 | monohybrid cross | a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked (e.g. only look at eye color); the Punnet square is 2 x 2 |  | 19 |
| 9658526660 | Punnett square | diagram used to aid biologists in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring; the parent alleles go on the outside and offspring inside |  | 20 |
| 9658526661 | genotypic ratio | The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring. |  | 21 |
| 9658526662 | phenotypic ratio | The ratio of the offspring's phenotypes. |  | 22 |
| 9658526663 | testcross | A cross in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual. |  | 23 |
| 9658526664 | simple dominance | A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over the other. |  | 24 |
| 9658526665 | incomplete dominance | neither allele is completely dominant over the other (e.g. when a red and white flower make a pink flower) |  | 25 |
| 9658526666 | codominance | When both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring. |  | 26 |
| 9658526667 | dihybrid cross | A cross in which two characteristics are tracked (e.g. eye color and hair color); the Punnet square is 4 by 4 |  | 27 |
| 9658526668 | Mendel | A monk who studied heredity in garden peas. He used statistics to discover dominant and recessive traits, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. |  | 28 |
| 9658526669 | multiple allele trait | trait controlled by one gene with more than two alleles | 29 | |
| 9658526674 | sex-linked traits | passed along the X chromosome; more common in males then females | 30 | |
| 9658526677 | pedigree | Chart showing one trait being carried over many generations | 31 | |
| 9658836464 | Huntington's disease | Autosomal dominant- loss of muscle coordination and brain function | 32 | |
| 9658865034 | Tay Sachs | Autosomal recessive- improperly folded enzyme doesn't break down fat in brain, loss of mental function and death | 33 | |
| 9658876373 | Hemophilia | X-linked recessive: can't clot blood properly | 34 | |
| 9658878010 | Red/green colorblindness | X-linked recessive: can't distinguish between red and green | 35 | |
| 9658894102 | Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21 | Chromosomal disorder- extra chromosome 21- mental retardation and distinctive facial features | 36 | |
| 9658910985 | Klinefleter's syndrome | Chromosomal disorder- genetic male with an extra X chromosome (XXY). Feminized features, sterile. | 37 |
Even More AP WTK Flashcards
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| 9174444909 | Catharsis | A "purgation"--a cleansing of emotions. Serves as a reminder of human frailty |  | 0 |
| 9174457040 | Chorus | Greek tragedies--group serves to comment on characters and events. Represents moral, social & relisious attitudes |  | 1 |
| 9174477182 | Closet Drama | Play that was meant to be read and not performed |  | 2 |
| 9174521396 | Desconstructionism | Approach to literature that suggests that literature does not have a single, fixed meaning because of the ambiguities of language. |  | 3 |
| 9174551111 | Escape literature | Literature that follows a set pattern (happy ending, entertains wide audience, sells well) & allows the reader to be removed from reality |  | 4 |
| 9174577631 | Marxist criticism | Approach to literature that focuses on ideological content--race, culture, class, and power. Aims to correct injustices. |  | 5 |
| 9174614673 | Melodrama | Relies on implausible events, emotion, & sensationalism for effect. |  | 6 |
| 9174634547 | Persona | The "mask" or speaker created by the author to tell a story or speak in a poem. Not a character, but a separate self. |  | 7 |
| 9174645717 | Recognition | The moment when previously unknown or withheld information is revealed, resulting in the discovery of truth or change. |  | 8 |
| 9174674405 | Sentimentality | Effort by an author to induce emotional responses in a reader that exceed what the situation warrants. |  | 9 |
| 9174693379 | Tragicomedy | Combines both tragedy & comedy.Plot is serious & fast-moving, may be a catastrophe. Ends happily from a reversal of circumstances. |  | 10 |
AP Comparative Nigeria Terms Flashcards
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| 7317555651 | Biafra | Eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970. | 0 | |
| 7317555652 | Boko Haram | a Nigerian militant Islamist group that seeks the imposition of Shariah law throughout all 36 states of Nigeria | 1 | |
| 7317555653 | Corporatism | A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state. | 2 | |
| 7317555654 | Coup d'etat | a sudden overthrow of the government | 3 | |
| 7317555655 | Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another [Miss DeLong's favorite World History word!] | 4 | |
| 7317555656 | ECOWAS | The Economic Community of West African States, formed in 1975 to improve trade within Western Africa and with countries outside the region; 15 countries, Nigeria is most prominent. Promotes economic integration | 5 | |
| 7317555657 | Emir | an independent ruler or chieftain; a high title of nobility or office, used throughout the Arab World | 6 | |
| 7317555658 | Ethnic conflict | conflict between ethnic groups that struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense | 7 | |
| 7317555659 | Failed State | a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services, leads to anarchy and violence | 8 | |
| 7317555660 | Hausa-Fulani | the largest ethnic group that lives in northern Muslim Nigeria | 9 | |
| 7317555661 | Igbo | Nigeria's third largest group who are mostly Christian. They are located in the southeast part of Nigeria. This group has many conflicts with the Yoruba and at one point they tried to become a independent nation. | 10 | |
| 7317555662 | Informal economy | Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy | 11 | |
| 7317555663 | International Monetary Fund (IMF) | An international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation | 12 | |
| 7317555664 | "Loyalty Pyramid" | senior government officials supported by a broader base of loyal junior officials who alone have access to wealth and influence | 13 | |
| 7317555665 | Microcredit | The use of very small loans to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development | 14 | |
| 7317555666 | "Military in barracks" | traditional role of the military as the institution that provides national security, is involved in international conflicts, and maintains domestic order. In consolidated democracies, generally under civilian control, not holding high political positions. | 15 | |
| 7317555667 | Military rule | A nondemocratic rule in which the military intervenes directly in politics as the organization that can solve the problems. | 16 | |
| 7317555668 | "National question" | the question of how the country should be governed, or even if Nigeria should remain as one nation. | 17 | |
| 7317555669 | Para-statals | A company or agency owned or controlled wholly or partly by the government. Common in both Mexico (Pemex for example) and Nigeria. Usually inefficient as there is a lack of competition for the goods or services they provide. | 18 | |
| 7317555670 | Patrimonialism | An arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will. | 19 | |
| 7317555671 | Prebendalism | Prebendalism is the extreme practice of clientilistic networks, which is present in Nigeria. The government battle corruption constantly, a form of which is providing government jobs and pay to others in exchange for favors or loyalty. | 20 | |
| 7317555672 | Rent seeking | A process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner. | 21 | |
| 7317555673 | Rule of law | principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern | 22 | |
| 7317555674 | Shari'a | body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Qur'an and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 23 | |
| 7317555675 | Yoruba | Ethnic group largely confined to southwest Nigeria whose members are divided among Christian, Muslim, and local animist faiths. | 24 | |
| 7317555676 | Nigeria |  | 25 | |
| 7317555677 | Egypt |  | 26 | |
| 7317555678 | Kenya |  | 27 | |
| 7317555679 | South Sudan |  | 28 | |
| 7317555680 | Morocco |  | 29 | |
| 7317555681 | South Africa |  | 30 | |
| 7317555682 | Democratic Republic of Congo |  | 31 | |
| 7317555683 | Somalia |  | 32 | |
| 7317555684 | Ghana |  | 33 | |
| 7317555685 | Uganda |  | 34 |
AP GEOGRAPHY VOCABULARY Flashcards
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| 7278075442 | Diffusion | The movement of a phenomenon from a hearth | 0 | |
| 7278089226 | Region | Territory defined by physical or human characteristics | 1 | |
| 7278105100 | Possibilism | Portrays how humans have manipulated the environment or created technological advances. to meet their basic needs | 2 | |
| 7278133263 | Cultural Landscape | The visible imprint of human activity in a location. | 3 | |
| 7278136167 | Environmental Determinism | Housing, food and clothing determined by climate and land forms. | 4 | |
| 7278165620 | Map Scale | The relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. | 5 | |
| 7278176004 | Developed | Country or region with an industrialized economy and population characteristics consisting of low birth rates. | 6 | |
| 7278176005 | Developing | Country or region with an agricultural based society and high birth rates. | 7 | |
| 7278182780 | Globalization | Operating or influencing on an international scale. | 8 | |
| 7278186851 | GPS | Uses Latitude and Longitude to give directions. | 9 | |
| 7278186852 | GIS | Computer layering of maps to gather geographical data. | 10 | |
| 7278188247 | REMOTE SENSING | Scanning the Earth's surface to look for environmental or settlement changes. | 11 | |
| 7278190450 | Core-Periphery | World Systems Theory that describes the location developed and developing countries. Can be based on economic or political criteria. | 12 | |
| 7278194065 | Tertiary | Jobs consisting of retail and public services | 13 | |
| 7278194066 | Primary | Jobs consisting of extraction of natural resources | 14 | |
| 7278204561 | Secondary | Jobs consisting of manufacturing a product | 15 | |
| 7278208303 | Projection | Representing a portion of the Earth on a flat surface. | 16 | |
| 7278211628 | Distortion | Caused by map projections, size, shape, distance, direction | 17 | |
| 7278215008 | Mental Map |  | 18 | |
| 7278220383 | Distance Decay | The further one travels from the hearth, the less likely interaction will occur or will influence. | 19 | |
| 7278220384 | Toponym | Place name representing the culture and history of a location | 20 | |
| 7278365860 | Quantitative | Data that is in numbers | 21 | |
| 7278389251 | Qualitative | Descriptive information gathered concerning the quality of something. | 22 | |
| 7278401480 | Site | The physical character of a place | 23 | |
| 7278402857 | Situation | The location of a place relative to other places. What does a site develop to be or influence other places? | 24 |
AP Biology - Molecules Flashcards
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| 7627476399 | Element | substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |  | 0 |
| 7627476400 | Molecules | Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. | 1 | |
| 7627476402 | Electronegativity | Measure of tendency for the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards it. |  | 2 |
| 7627476403 | Ionic Bond | This type of bond is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another and then there is an attraction between the atoms | 3 | |
| 7627476405 | Ions | Atoms that do not have a neutral charge |  | 4 |
| 7627476406 | Covalent Bond | A bond where electron pairs are shared |  | 5 |
| 7627476407 | Non-polar Covalent Bond | Bond where electrons are shared equally. Often, the two atoms are identical, where the electronegativity is equal and so is the pull. |  | 6 |
| 7627476408 | Polar Covalent Bond | Bond where electrons are shared unequally. Electronegativity numbers are different, unequal electron distribution, and electrons forms bond closer to atom with higher electronegativity. It produces a pole, with weaker pole (+) and stronger pole(-). |  | 7 |
| 7627476409 | Hydrogen bond | Its a weak bond between molecules. It forms when polar positive H molecules attract the polar negative molecules of other covalently bonded molecules, usually O and N. |  | 8 |
| 7627476410 | Excellent Solvent | Property of water that makes ionic substances soluble (dissolvable) in water because of the ions that forms the two poles. When polar covalent bonded substances interact with water and the poles becomes soluble. | 9 | |
| 7627476411 | Why don't non-polar substances dissolve in water? | These substances are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water because they lack charged poles. |  | 10 |
| 7627476412 | High Specific Heat | Property of water that has to do with the change of temperature due to the absorption/loss of heat energy. This property is high in water as it changes temperature very slowly. | 11 | |
| 7627476413 | Expansion upon Freezing | Property of water that causes ice to float | 12 | |
| 7627476414 | Cohesion | Water Molecules are attracted to each other | 13 | |
| 7627476415 | Adhesion | Water Molecules are attracted to something else | 14 | |
| 7627476416 | Organic Molecules | Molecules that have carbon | 15 | |
| 7627476417 | Macromolecules | Large organic molecules with many carbons. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins are big ones. |  | 16 |
| 7627476418 | Polymer | Molecules that consist of multiple monomers together | 17 | |
| 7627476419 | Functional Groups | Specific groups of molecules that are responsible for the characteristic of other molecules due to their make up. Main seven groups are hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl, carbonyl ketone, and carbonyl aldehyde. | 18 | |
| 7627476427 | Carbohydrates | Macromolecule composed of elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio ((CH2O)n), respectively. They are used as storage forms of energy and they are structural molecules. |  | 19 |
| 7627476428 | Monosaccharides | Simplest kind of carbohydrates. It is a single sugar molecule. Glucose and fructose are its most common examples. |  | 20 |
| 7627476429 | Excellent Solvent | Property of water that allows it to dissolve polar substances easily | 21 | |
| 7627476431 | Glucose | Single sugar monomer. Its formula is that of C6H12O6. |  | 22 |
| 7627476432 | Disaccharide | 2 monomer sugar molecules joined by glycosidic linkages. Maltose and sucrose are examples. |  | 23 |
| 7627476434 | Hydrolysis Reaction | A process that breaks down large polymers into smaller subunits by adding water. |  | 24 |
| 7627476435 | Polysaccharides | Polymers or chains of repeating monosaccharide sububits. Glycogen and starch are examples. | 25 | |
| 7627476436 | Starch | Polymer of glucose molecules. It serves as a storage molecules for plant cells. |  | 26 |
| 7627476437 | Glycogen | Polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits. It is a major energy storage molecule in animal cells. |  | 27 |
| 7627476438 | Cellulose | Polymer of glucose. Serves as a structural molecule in plant cells. Only some organisms like bacteria can break down their bonds. |  | 28 |
| 7627476439 | Chitin | Polysaccharide of glucose. It serves as a structural molecule in walls of fungus cells and in exoskeleton of insects, other anthropods, and mollusks. |  | 29 |
| 7627476440 | Lipids | Diverse group of macromolecules that are generally hydrophobic. |  | 30 |
| 7627476441 | Fatty Acids (general) | Hydrocarbons with carboxyl group at one end. They are attached to a glycerol molecule. Used for energy storage. |  | 31 |
| 7627476442 | Hydrocarbons | Chains of covalently bonded Carbon and Hydrogen's. |  | 32 |
| 7627476444 | Saturated Fatty Acid | Lipid Structure with many single bonds- solid at room temperature |  | 33 |
| 7627476445 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Lipid Structure with many double bonds- liquid at room temperature |  | 34 |
| 7627476446 | Phospholipids | A lipid structure but with one of its fatty acids replaced with a phosphate group. Its tails are nonpolar hydrophobic while its phosphate head is hydrophilic and polar. This provides the structure and support of the cell membrane. |  | 35 |
| 7627476447 | Steroids | Type of lipid used as hormones in the body. |  | 36 |
| 7627476449 | Proteins | Macromolecule that are polymers of amino acids. Many diverse uses in the body. |  | 37 |
| 7627476450 | Amino Acids | Polymers and the building blocks of proteins. They are bonded convalently. They are constructed with a central (alpha) carbon bounded to an amino group, carboxyl group, an H-atom, and the R-groups (side chain groups). |  | 38 |
| 7627476451 | Polypeptide Chains | Basic units of Proteins. Chain of amino acids joined through peptide bonds. Also called a peptide because they have become a polymer. |  | 39 |
| 7627476452 | Structural Proteins | Protein Use: These type of proteins contribute to the physical support of cell or tissue and movement. They may be extracellular like collagen in cartilage, bone, and tendons, or intracellular like proteins in cell membrane. Another example the keratin |  | 40 |
| 7627476454 | Transport Protein | Protein use: This type of protein carries important materials in and out of the cell. Hemoglobin is an example that carries oxygen in the circulation and the cytochromes carry electrons during cellular respiration. |  | 41 |
| 7627476458 | Enzymes | Protein use: Biological catalyst that act by increasing the rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions. Amylase, lipase, and ATPase are examples. |  | 42 |
| 7627476459 | Primary Structure | Sequence of amino acids in a straight line. |  | 43 |
| 7627476460 | Secondary Structure | Protein local 3-D shape, determined by hydrogen bonding between amino acid backbone molecules |  | 44 |
| 7627476461 | Tertiary Structure | Protein total 3-D shape, determined by interactions between amino acid R-groups |  | 45 |
| 7627476462 | Quaternary Structure | Protein assembled from two or more chains. Hemoglobin is an example as it consist of four peptide chains that are held together by the interactions between the R-groups. |  | 46 |
| 7627476463 | Nucleic Acid | A macromolecule that contains and transmits our genetic code. |  | 47 |
| 7627476464 | DNA | Nucleic Acid polymer that is double stranded and uses the bases A, G, C, T |  | 48 |
| 7627476465 | Adenine | A two ring purine nitrogenous base that binds to thymine. (or toUracil if it is in a RNA molecule) |  | 49 |
| 7627476466 | Guanine | A two ring purine nitrogenous base that binds to Cytosine. |  | 50 |
| 7627476467 | Thymine | A one ring pyrimidine nitrogenous base that binds to adenine. |  | 51 |
| 7627476468 | Cytosine | A one ring nitrogenous base that binds to guanine. |  | 52 |
| 7627476470 | RNA | Nucleic Acid polymer that is single stranded and uses the bases A, G, C, U |  | 53 |
| 7627476474 | Cation | Positively charged ion due to loss of electron | 54 | |
| 7627476475 | Anion | Negatively charged ion due to gain of electron | 55 | |
| 7627476484 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate- a nucleotide that is the "universal currency molecule" for cells | 56 | |
| 7627497811 | Compound | Substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio | 57 | |
| 7627511854 | Elements that make up 96% of living matter | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) | 58 | |
| 7627571309 | Dehydration Synthesis | A process that builds large polymers from smaller subunits by taking water away. | 59 | |
| 7634333512 | Isotope | Atoms with different numbers of neutrons- radioactive ones are useful in dating of fossils | 60 | |
| 7634342034 | Valence Shell | Outermost layer of electrons- involved in bonding | 61 | |
| 7634346383 | Structural Formula | Represents both atoms/elements and bonds in molecule | 62 | |
| 7634350323 | Molecular Formula | Only shows number of atoms/elements in molecule | 63 | |
| 7634370369 | High Heat of Vaporization | Property of water where it takes a lot of energy to make water turn from liquid to gas | 64 | |
| 7634372965 | Buffers | Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution | 65 | |
| 7634380290 | pH | Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration of solution | 66 | |
| 7634387262 | Monomer | Small molecular subunit of a polymer | 67 | |
| 7634390686 | Properties of Carbon | Can make 4 bonds, likes to make binds with itself and with other atoms to make large molecules | 68 | |
| 7634397534 | Denaturation | Proteins lose their secondary and tertiary structure due to breaking of bonds. If they lose their shape, they can't function. Could be due to changes in pH, temp, etc. | 69 | |
| 7634412548 | Chaperone proteins | Help other proteins to fold correctly | 70 |
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AP Chinese/Academics 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9756596330 | 申请 | (shēn qǐng) - application, to apply | 0 | |
| 9756602945 | 申请表 | (shēn qǐng biǎo) application form |  | 1 |
| 9756591670 | 奖学金 | scholarship money (jiǎngxuéjīn) |  | 2 |
| 9756602901 | 资格 | qualifications (zīgé) | 3 | |
| 9756604900 | 录取 | (lù qǔ) to recruit; to enroll | 4 | |
| 9756591671 | 学费 | Tuition Fees (xuéfèi) |  | 5 |
| 9756591672 | 免费 | to be free of charge (miǎnfèi) |  | 6 |
| 9756593500 | 住宿 | (zhù sù)accommodation |  | 7 |
| 9756794914 | 宿舍 | (sùshè) dormitory |  | 8 |
| 9756593501 | 室友；同屋 | (shì yǒu; tóng wū) |  | 9 |
| 9756607108 | 成绩单 | transcript (chéng jì dān) |  | 10 |
| 9756607109 | 推荐信 | (Tuījiànxìn) Recommendation Letter |  | 11 |
| 9756610502 | 专业 | (zhuān yè) - specialist are of study, major in college |  | 12 |
| 9756623521 | 医学院 | medical school（yī xué yuàn） |  | 13 |
| 9756623522 | 文科 | liberal arts (wénkē) | 14 | |
| 9756623523 | 理工科 | science and engineering (lǐ gōng kē) | 15 | |
| 9756633762 | 工程师 | engineer (gōngchéngshī) |  | 16 |
| 9756633763 | 报名 | (bào míng) - to sign up, enter one's name |  | 17 |
| 9756858402 | 参加 | (cān jiā) to participate; to take part; to join |  | 18 |
| 9756633764 | 表格 | (biǎogé) form; table; |  | 19 |
| 9756637355 | 学生证 | (xuéshengzhèng) Student ID Card |  | 20 |
| 9756637356 | 身份证 | (shēn fèn zhèng) ID Card |  | 21 |
| 9756613390 | 出国 | to go abroad (chū guó) |  | 22 |
| 9756613389 | 留学 | to study abroad (liúxué) |  | 23 |
| 9756613388 | 读书 | studying (dú shū) |  | 24 |
| 9756617983 | 经验 | experience (jīngyàn) | 25 | |
| 9756617984 | 看法 | (kànfă)- point of view |  | 26 |
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