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AP Biology - Enzymes Flashcards

7609536804	enzyme	a protein catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction	0
7609536805	red	Which line (red or blue) represents an enzyme catalyzed reaction?	1
7609536806	blue	Which line (red or blue) represents an uncatalyzed reaction?	2
7609536807	progress of reaction	What is the x-axis of this graph?	3
7609536808	energy	What is the y-axis of this graph?	4
7609536809	activation energy	What is the "hill" of this graph called?	5
7609536810	decrease	Does an enzyme increase or decrease the activation energy of a reaction?	6
7609536811	substrate	the reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction	7
7609536812	active site	the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds	8
7609536813	enzyme	What is the arrow pointing at?	9
7609536814	substrate	What is the arrow pointing at?	10
7609536815	active site	What is the arrow pointing at?	11
7609536816	products	What is the arrow pointing at?	12
7609536817	reaction rate	a measure of how fast an enzyme catalyzed reaction occurs	13
7609536818	enzyme activity	another word for reaction rate	14
7609536819	optimum conditions	the temperature and pH where enzyme activity is highest	15
7609536820	denaturation	destruction of the active site of the enzyme by breaking the weak bonds of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures	16
7609536821	denaturation	What has happened to this protein?	17
7609536822	high temperatures or changes in pH	What are two environmental factors that can denature a protein?	18
7609536823	inhibitor	prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme, decreasing enzyme activity	19
7609536824	competitive inhibitor	binds to the enzyme at the active site and blocks the substrate from binding	20
7609536825	competitive inhibitor	What kind of inhibitor is this?	21
7609536826	noncompetitive inhibitor	binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site and changes the shape of the active site	22
7609536827	noncompetitive inhibitor	What kind of inhibitor is this?	23
7609536830	pH	What is the x-axis on this graph?	24
7609536831	enzyme activity	What is the y-axis on this graph?	25
7609536832	optimum pH	What does the green x represent?	26
7609536833	substrate concentration	What is the x-axis on this graph?	27
7609536834	enzyme activity	What is the y-axis on this graph?	28
7609536835	point of saturation	What does the green x represent?	29
7609536836	temperature	What is the x-axis on this graph?	30
7609536837	enzyme activity	What is the y-axis on this graph?	31
7609536838	optimum temperature	What does the green x represent?	32

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AP Statistics (POD 3) Flashcards

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6016242774	Pie Chart	Qualitative data display that shows how a "whole" divides into categories using wedges of a circle whose area corresponds to the category proportions; avoid when there are many different categories	0
6016242775	Outliers	Individual observation(s) that falls outside the overall pattern of the distribution; often unusually high or low values	1
6016242776	Bar Chart	Qualitative display showing the frequency or relative frequency for each category next to the each other for easy comparison.	2
6016242777	Segmented Bar Chart	Qualitative display where sub-categories are represented by a segment of the bar which is proportional to its relative frequency; aka stacked bar chart	3
6016242778	Relative Frequency	Proportion of a data set with a certain value (or range of values); allows meaningful comparisons between data sets even if the sample sizes differ	4
6016242779	Stem and Leaf Plot	Quantitative display that groups similar values into class intervals while still displaying the individual data values; useful for discussing shape and outliers of relatively small data sets	5
6016242782	Histogram	Quantitative display that groups silimar values into class intervals whose relative frequencies are represented by adjacent bars; useful for discussing shape and outliers of larger data sets	6
6016242783	Class interval	Span of values of a quantitative (usually continuous) variable; used to group similar values together to identify larger patterns	7
6016242784	Frequency Distribution	Quantitative display that shows each measurements of a sample and the number of times each measurement was observed	8
6016242785	Cumulative relative frequency	The proportion of a data set that is less than or equal to a given value or interval	9
6016242788	Mode	Most common value(s) in a data set; visually the peak of a data distribution	10
6016242789	unimodal	Having one mode; shape of a data distribution with a single peak	11
6016242790	bimodal	Having two modes; shape of a data distribution with two, approximately equal peaks	12
6016242791	uniform	Distribution with approximately equal frequencies for all values or class intervals; shape of a distribution with very little variation in frequency	13
6016242792	Skewed right	Distribution where the positive tail stretches significantly farther than the negative tail	14
6016242793	normal curve	Symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes many distributions; most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes	15
6016242794	Heavy-tailed	Distribution whose upper and lower tails do not decline as rapidly as a normal curve; more variability than a normal distribution	16
6016242795	Light-tailed	Distribution whose upper and lower tails decline more rapidly than the normal curve; less variability than a normal distribution	17
6016242796	Sampling Variability	The tendency of sample results to differ between samples—something we must measure in order to effectively do inference	18
6016242797	Scatterplot	Quantitative display which represents the values of two variables; can be used to determine the direction and strength of the relationship between the two variables	19
6016242798	Time series plot	Quantitative display used to study patterns in the values over time; points can be connected since neither variable is independent	20
6016335147	Comparative Bar Chart	Qualitative display where sub-categories are represented by seperate bars that are grouped together into categories	21
6016529185	Skewed left	Distribution where the negative tail stretches significantly farther than the positive tail	22

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AP Biology Chromosomal Inheritance Flashcards

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8175269321	Translocation	A chromosomal mutation when a segment of one chromosome ends up on a different chromosome.	0
8175288395	Inversion	A chromosomal mutation when a segment of a chromosome is reversed.	1
8175302128	Duplication	A chromosomal mutation when an extra segment of a chromosome is copied and added	2
8175313380	Deletion	What chromosomal mutation is shown?	3
8175323045	Down Syndrome	What is one example of a disorder associated with nondisjunction of chromosomes?	4
8175335636	Anaphase I	What stage of cell division would the situation pictured occur?	5
8175368915	Law of independent assortment	Mendel's law that states that traits are not "linked".	6
8175372983	Law of segregation	Mendel's law that states organisms have an equal chance of inheriting either a maternal or paternal version of an allele.	7
8175850099	The one gene, one enzyme hypothesis	Scientists discovered the pathway pictured by randomly damaging DNA with radiation and observing the effects. This research lead scientists to discover:	8
8175874772	Replication, prokaryotic	The process pictured is _____________. It is occurring in a ________________ cell.	9
8175891740	3/16	The diagram pictured shows the inheritance of Brown eyes and Straight hair. What are the odds of offspring of these parents having curly hair and brown eyes?	10
8175928028	Polygenic Inheritance	What genetic concept is illustrated in the diagram?	11

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AP Test Flashcards

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9949516568	Cognitive Distance	Perceived distance to a place. It may seem longer coming back from point B than going to point B even though it's the same distance.	0
9949527333	Absolute vs Relative Location	Absolute is a longitudinal/latitudinal location where as relative is a location in relation to something else.	1
9949536439	accessibility	The ease at which information/good can reach a place. Determined by connectivity to the place	2
9949546341	Administrative Regions	Places that are politically determined and boundaries are exact.	3
9949562973	aggregation	Size of unit under investigation such as cities, counties, states, or countries.	4
9949571799	Azimuthal Projections	Flat projections usually made looking down or up on the world from top or bottom	5
9949588352	Barriers to diffusion	Physical- Environment prohibits diffusion from happening Sociocultural- beliefs, culture, or place in society prohibit diffusion Psychological- Generally fear or ignorance that prohibits diffusion.	6
9949614770	Cartograms	Maps that represent data and can be useful for detecting patterns	7
9949620945	Cartography	The art and science of making maps. The goal is to be as accurate as possible.	8
9949626145	Cartographic Scale	The ratio between distance on a map and the actual distance on Earths distance	9
9949640255	Choropleth Maps	A type of map that the data is represented by certain colors.	10
9949647123	Cognitive Maps	A type of map that is a representation of the place or environment as seen by the individual and thats individuals experience with the land.	11
9949666231	Cognitive/Perceptual/Vernacular Regions	Describes how people informally organize places in their mind. People generally share when they share beliefs.	12
9949640256	Conformal Projection	Type of map that preserves small shapes on the maps. ex: Mercator	13
9949671361	Concentration	When things appear to be close together or in close proximity (aka cluster)	14
9949698329	Connectivity	A measure of all the means of connection and communication between places.	15
9949717260	Contagious Expansion Diffusion	Type of diffusion resulting from direct contact with individuals.	16
9949730785	Density	Amount of a particular feature within a given area. Not a dense which is a cluster.	17
9949742078	Diffusion	The ways in which stuff travels over space. Relocation- physical movement Expansion- Interaction leads to spread and grows rapidly before stabilizing.	18
9949761990	Distance Decay	The amount of interaction to a place diminishes as distance from that place increases.	19
9949804683	Distance Decay Curve		20
9949807615	Distortion	All flat maps have distortion because they represent a three demential object. globes are the only projections that don't distort	21
9949822861	Distribution Concepts	Concepts used to explain how stuff is organized in space. ex: concentration, density, discretion, and pattern	22
9949845141	Dot Density Maps	Type of map that uses dots to represent numerical data. Doesn't represent all data because some census may not completely fill a category.	23
9949854893	Earths Graticule		24
9949873513	Environmental Geography	anything from the history of a landscape an d the effects of pollution on impoverished neighborhoods, to the creation of natures reserves for endangered species.	25
9949894565	Equal-Area Projection	Shows the preservation of an area. Directions and shapes are distorted but sizes of landmasses are correct in relation to each other. (Robinson)	26
9949912675	First Law of Geography/ Friction of distance	Everything is related but near things are more closely related/ the farther away something is the less likely someone is to interact with it.	27
9949922432	Formal Regions	Regions that share a cultural aspect but don't have a defined boundary. Change between regions tends to be gradual. ex: The South	28
9949940184	Functional Regions	A region that has a particular hearth in which everyone centers around. ex: Newspaper Circulation or Airline patterns	29
9949960247	Generalization	Averaging over details. Small scale has high generalization less detail. Large scale has less generalization more detail.	30
9949980521	Geographic Information System (GIS)	Software program that allows geographers to map, analyze, and model spacial data. Uses thematic layers.	31
9949989646	global Positioning Sytem (GPS)	Satellites that orbit Earth and map information of places in terms of longitude and latitude that are then projected on Earths surface.	32
9950003217	Gravity Model	Large cities may still have great interaction despite the big distance.	33
9950018827	Heirarchical Expansion Diffusion	Diffusion from major nodes and then down a hierarchy. ex: fashion	34
9950031104	Human Geography	Field of geography that looks at variations in human behavior over space. Relationships between humans and their environment.	35
9950044572	Isoline Maps	Maps that use lines to represent quantities of equal value. (topographic)	36
9950075588	Landscape	The observable elements of a particular space	37
9950090336	Latitude and Longitude	Latitude- Run East to West Longitude- run North to South	38
9950098469	Maps	Models of reality that use symbols to convey meaning. Only way to see the entire Earths surface at once.	39
9950114447	Mercator Projection	Preserves accurate compass direction but distorts area of landmasses relative to each other	40
9950121633	Network	Areal pattern of connections between places	41
9950126299	Pattern	Distribution concept that conveys how stuff is spatially situated in relation to one another	42
9950146464	Peter's Projection	A cylinder shaped map of the world that doesn't distort the shape of land masses. Often viewed as a political stamens-an attempt to put attention on poorer countries.	43
9950163170	Physical Geography	Study spatial characteristics of the Earths physical and biological systems	44
9950175504	Preference Maps	Show peoples ideas about environment, social, or economic quality of life in various places.	45
9950189295	Preference Map of the United States		46
9950194472	Projection	The process in which Earth is portrayed on a two dimensional surface.	47
9950224738	Proportional Symbols Map	Size of the chosen symbol indicates relative magnitude of some value for a given geographic region	48
9950232908	Reference Maps	Reference maps are used to navigate between places.	49
9950267470	Regional Geography	Study of regions	50
9950272953	Remote Sensing	Process of capturing images from Earths surface from airborne platforms	51
9950280862	Resolution	Smallest thing visible on a map	52
9950291862	Robinson Projection	Does not maintain accurate shape, area, distance, or direction, but minimizes errors in each.	53
9950304865	Scale	general concept that refers to a conceptual hierarchy of spaces that reflect actual levels of organization in the real world.	54
9950323443	Sense of place	Peoples attitudes or feelings towards a particular place made from experience and interaction.	55
9950330906	Simplification	Level of detail portrayed on a map. Level depends on the purpose of the map and the size of the area the map is portraying.	56
9950343930	Site vs Situation	Site- Describes the actual place Situation- Describes a place in relation to there places around it	57
9950353037	Spatial Association	distribution of two or more feature and how they do or do not correspond to one another.	58
9950248618	Region	areas of land that share similar characteristics within people	59
9950377356	Spacial Perspective	Allows geographers to look at the Earth in terms of the relationships between various places.	60
9950385909	Stimulus Expansion Diffusion	Diffusion pattern in which concepts are diffused but not in its original form. Concepts are tweaked.	61
9950396323	Systematic Geography	Study of Earths integrated systems as a whole.	62
9950402180	Thematic Maps	Display one or more variables across a specific space. ex: population, voting, or economic data	63
9950420004	Time- Distance Decay	The more time something takes to diffuse the less likely it will defuse.	64
9950426131	Time- Space Convergence	Idea that technology is decreasing the absolute distance between certain places.	65
9950435106	Topographic Map		66
9950439197	Visualizations	Digitally made maps to show the Earth in three dimensions and some are interactive.	67

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Organelles and Cells- AP BIO Flashcards

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7575199296	Cytoskeleton	Maintains cell shape and moves both the cell and its organelles	0
7575199297	Mitochondria	Uses chemical energy in food to make usable compounds; powerhouse of the cell; produces energy (ATP) for the cell	1
7575199298	Chloroplasts	Uses sunlight to make food for the cell; only in plant cells	2
7575199299	Ribosomes	Makes proteins	3
7575199300	Nucleus	Contains DNA; "brain" of the cell	4
7575199301	Nucleolus	Makes ribosomes	5
7575199302	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Assembles lipid and carbohydrates; detoxification; sends to Golgi Apparatus	6
7575199303	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Assembles proteins; sends to Golgi Apparaturus; has ribosomes attached	7
7575199304	Cell/Plasma Membrane	Monitors what material enters and leaves the cell; protects and supports the cell; in BOTH plant and animal cells	8
7575199305	Cell Wall	Shapes, supports, and protects the cell; only in plant cells	9
7575199306	Golgi Apparatus/Body	Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids; sends to storage or outside of cell	10
7575199307	Lysosomes	Breaks down and recycles lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates; "trash can" of the cell	11
7575199308	Cytoplasm	Gel-like fluid that fills the cell; mostly water and salt	12
7575199309	Centrioles	Involved in cell reproduction	13
7575199310	Vacuoles	Stores water and nutrients; much bigger in plant cells	14
7575199311	Prokaryote	A cell with no nucleus or organelles	15
7575199312	Eukaryote	A cell with nucleus and organelles	16
7575199313	Animal cell	A cell with no chloroplasts, no cell walls, and small vacuoles	17
7575199314	Plant cell	A cell with chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large vacuole	18
7575247679	Microtubule	part of cytoskeleton; tube of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella; made of tubulin	19
7575260560	Intermediate filament	part of cytoskeleton; intertwined protein fibers that provide support and strength and are the middle size	20
7575272496	Microfilament	part of cytoskeleton; twisted protein fibers that are responsible for cell movement; made of actin	21
7575294608	Peroxisome	detoxifies certain chemicals through oxidation reactions, metabolizes fatty acids, synthesizes certain phospholipids	22
7575302686	Nuclear envelope	double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm with pores for opening	23
7575333905	Vesicles	Transports material to be excreted or taken in by cell; created by cell membrane, golgi, etc.	24
7575350919	Extracellular matrix	ECM can regulate a cell's behavior by communicating with a cell through integrins; made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin	25
7575358554	Plasmodesmata	channels that perforate plant cell walls; microscopic channels that enable transport and communication	26

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Myers AP- Unit 2 Flashcards

Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP

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8697392314	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
8697392315	Double Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	1
8697392316	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied	2
8697392317	Dependent Variables	The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	3
8697392318	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	4
8697392319	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	5
8697392320	Median	The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it	6
8697392321	Standard Deviations	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
8697392322	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	8
8697392323	Random Sampling	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
8697392324	Scatter plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation	10
8697392325	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	11
8697392326	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	12
8697392327	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	13
8697392328	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	14
8697392329	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	15
8697392330	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable	16
8697392331	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
8697392332	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	18
8697392333	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.	19
8697392334	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	20
8697392335	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	21
8697392336	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	22
8697392337	Population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	23
8697392338	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	24
8697392339	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	25
8697392340	Placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	26
8697392341	Placebo Effect	any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo	27
8697392342	Experimental Group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	28
8697392343	Control Group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	29
8697392344	Confounding Variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	30
8697392345	Range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	31
8697392346	Normal Curve/distribution	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes	32
8697392347	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	33
8697392348	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	34
8697392349	Informed Consent	an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	35
8697392350	Debriefing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants	36
8697392351	Kenneth and Mamie Clark	Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.	37
8697392352	Daniel Kahneman	an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.	38
8697392353	James Randi	magician exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomena	39
8697392354	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	40

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Membranes & Transport - AP Biology Flashcards

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5304269675	aquaporin	Channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane.	0
5304269676	bulk transport	Movement of substances too large for protein transport into or out of cell. Includes Endocytosis and exocytosis.	1
5304269677	carrier protein	Protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane. (protein changes shape in process)	2
5304269679	channel protein	Protein that forms a channel that allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane.	3
5304269680	cholesterol	A steroid found in animal plasma membranes that helps keep them fluid	4
5304269681	lysis	Bursting of a cell.	5
5304269682	Selectively permeable	Ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of into and out of the cell; allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others.	6
5304269683	diffusion	Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lead to an equal distribution.	7
5304269684	enzymatic protein	Protein that catalyzes a specific reaction.	8
5304269686	facilitated diffusion	Passive movement of substances through protein carriers.	9
5304269687	fluid-mosaic model	Model for the cell membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid layer.	10
5304269689	glycoprotein	Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain. usually acts as an ID marker	11
5304269690	hypertonic solution	Higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes a cell to lose water by osmosis.	12
5304269691	hypotonic solution	Lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell;	13
5304269692	isotonic solution	Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes a cell to neither gain nor lose water by osmosis.	14
5304269693	junction protein	Proteins that assist cell-to-cell communication at the plasma membrane.	15
5304269694	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane.	16
5304269696	plasmolysis	Contraction of the cell contents in plants due to the loss of water resulting in cell membrane pulling away from cell wall.	17
5304269697	receptor protein	Protein located in the plasma membrane or within the cell; binds to a substance and sends a message into the cell to respond.	18
5304269698	solute	Substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution.	19
5304269700	solvent	Liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve the solute.	20
5304269702	turgor pressure	Pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall; determined by the water content of the vacuole and provides internal support.	21
5304285636	flaccid	when a plant cell is somewhat wilted (opposite of turgid)	22
5304287647	sodium-potassium pump	Type of active transport that moves Na+/K+ across membranes (3Na+ out and 2 K+ in. Requires 1 ATP)	23
5304289296	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane	24
5304290655	Electrochemical Gradient	a difference in ions and in charge across a membrane (results in membrane potential)	25
5304292987	Proton pump	Protein that performs Active transport of H+ across membrane	26
5304294528	Co-transport	When a molecule can only be carried across the membrane with a second molecule (usually linked to a pump)	27
5304300205	phospholipid	main component of the cell membrane. Has a hydrophilic & hydrophobic portion.	28
5304305754	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	proteins on surface stimulate a cell to engulf particles. Cholesterol taken in this way	29
7969745338	Water Potential	The measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another. Water travels toward the LOWER one.	30
7969750440	Solute Potential	-iCRT (measured in bars). For pure water it is zero.	31
7969759325	simple diffusion		32
7969763681	Active Transport	Movement of substances against the concentration gradient through protein carrier.	33
7969792551	Phagocytosis	Cell engulfing large particle.	34
7969794835	Pinocytosis	Cell Engulfing small particles/liquid droplet (cell drinking)	35
7969798566	Cell mediated Endocytosis	Cell Engulfing substance after receptors stimulated (cholesterol for ex. is taken in this way)	36

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Ap Biology Chapter 45 Flashcards

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5082108511	Endocrine system	Secretes hormones into blood from ductless glands that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses	0
5082117532	Paracrine	Signals act on cells near the secreting cell	1
5082120578	Local regulators	Chemical signals that travel over short distances due to diffusion	2
5082123079	Autocrine	Signals act on the secreting cell itself (usually for apoptosis)	3
5082130107	Pheromones	Chemical signals that are released from the body and are used to communicate with other individuals	4
5082282292	Hypothalamus	What gland is this?	5
5082286518	Pineal	What gland is this?	6
5082286519	Pituitary	What gland is this?	7
5082287749	Thyroid	What gland is this?	8
5082289573	Parathyroid	What gland is this?	9
5082289574	Adrenal	What gland is this?	10
5082291273	Pancreas	What gland is this?	11
5089322569	Kidney	What gland is this?	12
5089322570	Ovaries	What gland is this?	13
5089324775	Thymus	What gland is this?	14
5089324776	Heart	What gland is this?	15
5089324777	Liver	What gland is this?	16
5089326700	Stomach	What gland is this?	17
5089326701	Small intestine	What gland is this?	18
5089411759	Type I diabetes mellitus	An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells (usually develops while you're young)	19
5089520943	Type II diabetes mellitus	Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors (due to being overweight and not exercising)	20

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AP Terms - Argument #2 Flashcards

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7684689683	Logos	the appeal of a text to logic (facts and statistics)	0
7684711428	Loose (cumulative) Sentence	a long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases	1
7684730691	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something	2
7684744838	Pathos	in argument or persuasion it tends to be the evocation of pity or emotion	3
7684773645	Periodic Sentence	a long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end	4
7684793168	Purpose	the goal the sender has in mind, the outcome the sender hopes for as a result of the message. Normally in persuasion the purpose is to gain some sort of behavioral change. Sometimes purposes are only informational or attitudinal	5
7684810618	Rebuttal	an argument technique wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and countered	6
7684823654	Refutation	to prove wrong by argument or evidence; show to be false (usually made BEFORE your argument)	7
7684857559	Rhetoric	the art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking	8
7684891027	Rhetorical Question	a question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered	9
7684899479	Simple Sentence	contains one independent clause	10

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AP Psychology Biology of Psychology Flashcards

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7922731898	Acetylcholine (ach)	A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction.	0
7922731899	Action potential	A neural impulse: a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon, The action potential is generated by the movement of positively changed atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.	1
7922731900	Adrenal glands	A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.	2
7922731901	Agonist	Excite neurons by mimicking natural neurotransmitters or blocking their reuptake to keep more of them in your system. (pretends to be something else)	3
7922731902	Amygdala	Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to fear and aggression.	4
7922731903	Antagonist	Inhibit neural impulses by blocking receptor sites or diminishing their release.	5
7922731904	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	6
7922731905	Autonomic nervous system	The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses: its parasympathetic division calms.	7
7922731906	Axon	The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons of to muscles or glands.	8
7922731907	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull: the brain-stem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	9
7922731908	Central nervous system (CNS)	The brain and spinal cord.	10
7922731909	Cerebellum	The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain-stem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.	11
7922731910	Corpus callosum	The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	12
7922731911	Dendrites	The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	13
7922731912	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	14
7922731913	Endocrine system	The body's 'slow" chemical communication system:set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	15
7922731914	Endorphins	"Morphine within"-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to plain control and to pleasure.	16
7922731915	Hormones	Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and effect another.	17
7922731916	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus: is directs several maintenance activities (eating,drinking,body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.	18
7922731917	Interneurons	Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	19
7922731918	Lesioning	Tissue destruction, a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	20
7922731919	Limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neuronal structures at the border of the brain-stem and cerebral hemispheres: associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and dives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	21
7922731920	(MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging	A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues: allows us to see structures within the brain.	22
7922731921	Medulla	The base of the brain-stem: controls heartbeat and breathing.	23
7922731922	fMRI-Functional MRI	A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain actity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy: FMRI scans show brain function.	24
7922731923	Myelin sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers pf many neurons: enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	25
7922731924	Neuron	A nerve cell: the basic building block of the nervous system	26
7922731925	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing weather that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	27
7922731926	Parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	28
7922731927	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.	29
7922731928	Pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Master gland	30
7922731929	Plasticity	The brain's capacity for modification, s evidence in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experiments on brain development.	31
7922731930	(PET) Positron emission tomography	A visual display of the brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	32
7922731931	Resting potential	Neuron is in its normal, resting state. Ions within the cell give the axon a small negative charge, fluid outside is positive charged.	33
7922731932	Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brain-stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	34
7922731933	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.	35
7922731934	Sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	36
7922731935	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.	37
7922731936	Synapse cleft	The gap at the junction of the synapse.	38
7922731937	Terminal buttons	Enlarged area at the end of the axon; contains the synaptic vesicle.	39
7922731938	Thalamus	The brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain-stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	40
7922731939	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	41
7922731940	Motor Neurons	Efferent Neurons; a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.	42
7922731941	Broca's Area	part of the brain that is responsible for speech production	43
7922731942	Wernicke's area	part of the brain that is responsible for understanding spoken language	44
7922731943	split brain patients	Corpus Collosum is severed, two hemispheres of the brain don't communicate	45
7922731944	Afferent Neurons	Sensory Neurons; carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.	46
7922731945	Efferent neurons	Motor Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs	47
7922731946	neuron firing order	dendrite--soma---axon--terminal bulb	48
7922731947	occipital lobe	The occiptial lobe is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing.	49
7922731948	temporal lobe	mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening.	50
7922731949	frontal lobe	decision making	51
7922731950	parietal lobe	processes sensory information	52
7922731951	absolute refractory period	the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied	53
7922731952	all or none principle	states that the strength of a response of a neuron or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a stimulus is above a certain threshold, a neuron or muscle fiber will fire.	54