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AP Language Vocab Set 3 Flashcards

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5219230387Coherent (adj)logically connected0
5219233313Cohesive (adj)condition of sticking together1
5219236375Impartial (adj)not in favor of one side or the other; unbiased2
5219242723Incontrovertible (adj)not able to be denied or disputed3
5219248512Disdain (noun/verb)(n) contempt or scorn, (v) to regard or treat with contempt4
5219258770Haughty (adj)arrogant; vainly proud5
5219260309Imperious (adj)arrogantly domineering or overbearing6
5219267552Impede (verb)to slow the progress of7
5219274067Obscure (adj/verb)(adj) relatively unknown, (v) to conceal or make indistinct8
5219281150Quandary (noun)a state of uncertainty or perplexity9
5219284078Torpor (noun)laziness; inactivity; dullness10
5219288102Ostentatious (adj)describing a showy or pretentious display11
5219308652Poignant (adj)profoundly moving; touching12
5219313644Flagrant (adj)extremely or deliberately shocking or noticeable13
5219316279Slander (verb)false charges and malicious oral statements about someone14
5219337698Spurious (adj)not genuine15
5219339636Ruse (noun)a crafty trick16
5219341895Apathetic (adj)feeling or showing little emotion17
5219348569Arbitrary (adj)determined by impulse rather than reason18
5219354584Superficial (adj)concerned only with what is on the surface or obvious, shallow19
5219359297Diligent (adj)marked by painstaking effort; hard working20
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Literature AP Review Flashcards

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9736035654Anaphorarepeating of words in the beginning of successive lines of writing0
9736041235Conceitan elaborate metaphor1
9736043739Periodic Syntaxmain clause of predicate2
9736045427Verbal IronyThe use of words to mean something different than what they appear to mean.3
9736049480Paradoxcontradictory statement that is proven to be founded or true4
9736052995Oxymoroncontradictory terms appear in conjunction5
9736055362Caesurabreak of pause in the middle of a line of verse6
9736057354Apostrophewords addressing a nonexistent person or abstract idea as if they are capable of understanding.7
9736065109Synecdochepart is made to represent whole8
9736067247Metonymysubstitution of name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant9
9738210913ellipsis...10
9738210914inverted syntaxreversal of words or phrases in a sentence11
9738213150litotesunderstatement12
9738214679enjambmentthe end of a line without proper punctuation13
9738216440situational ironythe difference between what is expected to happen and what actually happens14
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AP literature vocabulary Flashcards

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7273325532Connotationthe implied or associative meaning of a word0
7273325533AllegoryA story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.1
7273325534AllusionA reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art2
7273325535Anadiplosisrepeating last word of clause at beginning of next clause3
7273325536ClauseA structural element of a sentence, consisting of a grammatical subject and a predicate.4
7273325537Coneitmetaphor that compares two very unlike things in a surprising and clever way.5
7273325538AphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.6
7273325539Anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses7
7273325540AnalogyA comparison of two different things that are similar in some way8
7273325541ApostropheAddressing something nonhuman as if it were human Example: Death, be not proud . . .9
7273325542AlliterationRepetition of consonant sounds10
7273325543AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.11
7273325544Ambiguityuncertainty; vagueness12
7273325545Colloquialused in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary13
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AP World History Fall Final Flashcards

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8400855383Isolating Russia from Western Europe was......the most significant role the Mongols played in Russian history during the early Renaissance​0
8399709260Justinian......undertook massive building projects such as the Hagia Sophia, re-conquered most of the western half of the former Roman Empire and codified Roman law1
8375972235The word Islam means......submission to the will of Allah2
8375985779Islam was......monotheistic3
8375996153Muslims pray......5 times a day4
8376015975Muslims needing to know the precise direction of Mecca during prayer lead to......advancements in astronomy5
8376026900Shari'a is......the system of law that regulates family life, moral conduct, and the business and community life of Muslims6
8376066734Muslims considered Jews & Christians......"people of the book"7
8376075461During the Golden Age of Islam......there was toleration of many other religions8
8376093525Jews & Christians worshipped the same God as Muslims so......they could live in self-governing communities but had to pay a special tax9
8376113037The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was where......scientific and philosophical texts were translated into Arabic10
8376132794Muslim scientist preferred experiments in......the laboratory setting11
8376145000The Golden Age of Islam was best known for......advances in mathematics, science and medicine12
8376158794Calligraphy was the style of writing used to......record Islamic scripture in the Quran13
8376186268A major effect of the decline of the Roman Empire was......that Western Europe entered a period of chaos and disorder14
8376204402Feudalism is the political system that......developed in Western Europe and provided the framework that allowed people to survive the breakdown of central gov't and order15
8376235112The development of feudalism and manorialism filed a void that was created by......the loss of Roman imperial protection16
8376252636The bubonic plague was considered a......pandemic because it spread to areas on separate continents17
8376285267A major goal of the Catholic Church during the Crusades was......the capture of the Holy Land from Islamic rulers18
8376312890Under feudalism......relationships among groups of people were clearly defined by mutual obligation among social classes because a weak national gov't lacked the ability to19
8376350247The most significant effect of the Crusades was......the increased trade between Europe and Asia20
8376369816An important long-term effect result of the Crusades in the Middle East was......the increased tension between the Muslims and Christians21
8376396760The motivation behind the nobles' desire to force King John to sign the Magna Carta was......"no taxation without consent"22
8399767610In the Byzantine Empire, one important feature of life was the......development of Eastern Orthodox Christianity23
8399779839The Byzantine civilization......preserved Greek and Roman learning and passed it on to western and eastern Europe24
8399845535The Justinian Code served to......preserve Roman legal principles and practices25
8400051763Constantinople was the center of the Byzantine Empire because......it was located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia26
8400108199The early Russian civilization adopted......aspects of religion, the Cyrillic alphabet and different styles of art and architecture through contact with missionaries from the Byzantine Empire27
8400162872Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire differed because......the Byzantine Empire maintained a centralized gov't while western Europe broke apart into local political units28
8400197686Orthodox Christianity spread......from the Byzantine Empire to early Russia29
8400273792The Byzantine Empire did not experience conflicts between church and state because......the Emperor played a direct role in the administration of the Church30
8400314154The Byzantine Empire influenced the development of Russia and eastern Russia and eastern Europe because......many early settlements were located on trades routes between the Baltic and the Black Sea31
8400354926Membership in a Mongol clan was determined by a......member's claim of a common ancestor32
8400392161The horsemanship and stirrup gave the Mongols......better stability and versatility33
8400405513The Pax Mongolia led to......regional stability and increased trade on the Silk Road34
8400430655From 1200-1350 the Mongol Empire ruled peoples from China, Russia, Eastern Europe, and India, which showed......diversity was important to the Mongol Empire35
8400839403The Mongol Empire allowed the people who lived in Russia and much of Asia in the late 1200s......the ability to trade and travel from one end of the empire to the other36
8400870799Genghis Khan was.....the first leader to unite all the Mongol clans under a single leader37
8400885350Kublai Khan......favored the Mongols and foreigners for gov't post because he believed that he had no local loyalties38
8400910987Immediately following the death of Genghis Khan......the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 khanates39
8400925104Baghdad was......sacked and obliterated by the Mongols in 125840
8400942875The major effect of the destruction of Baghdad......was the decline of the Golden Age of Islam41
8401051675The Neolithic Revolution is......considered the turning point in history because permanent settlements developed into river valleys42
8401070976Anthropologists examined artifacts at archeological digs to......recreate early peoples cultural behavior43
8401084579During Neolithic times, the development of farming brought about......the establishment of permanent settlements44
8401092561Hammurabi's Code......was Mesopotamia's first uniform code of laws45
8401103499Cuneiform and hieroglyphics were both......early forms of writing46
8401110278Theocracy......is a form of gov't based on the belief that the ruler is a god47
8401121898The Egyptians kept track of time......between floods and planting season with a calendar48
8401131154The Sumerians are credited with......the inventions of the sail, the wheel, arch, number system based on 60, and complex irrigation49
8401139298Cultural diffusion is......the process of a new idea or product spreading from one culture to another50
8401155723The spring monsoon brought......rain to water the crops in India51
8401163894Harappa and Mohenjo Dara had...... well-organized gov't as seen from the evidence found by archeologists such as uniform bricks, plumbing, and a grid system52
8401180048The Mandate of Heaven is......the God-given right to rule53
8401194243The Zhou dynasty justified their overthrow of the Shang dynasty by......claiming the gods had given them the Mandate of Heaven54
8401710546The Assyrians were......the most feared and hated in the ancient world55
8401724236Cyrus the Persian ruler that......allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple56
8401767176The Assyrian military was......a greatly organized and deadly fighting force57
8401831450Hinduism is a......complex religion that evolved from a blend of Aryan and Indus Valley beliefs58
8401881765Karma is......the Hindu belief that what happens to a person in his life depends on their actions in a previous life59
8401937614Siddhartha Gautama......left his royal position in Nepal in search of enlightenment60
8401987425Nirvana is the Buddhist word for......the release from all selfishness and pain61
8402086108On the Silk Road the Indians discovered......they could profit by acting as middlemen62
8402131514The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to......prevent invaders from entering China63
8402210735The Silk Road was a......caravan route that crossed central Asia, introducing silk from China to western Asia and on to the Roman Empire64
8408626693The Chinese were the first civilization to......develop a civil service system, invent gunpowder and manufacture porcelain65
8408640384The two Buddhist sects are......Mahayana and Theravada66
8408673194The Mediterranean Sea contributed the most......to the spread of ancient Greek culture67
8408679140Because of the rugged geography, the Greeks......developed into separate independent city-states68
8408697804People voting directly for their leaders today in the US system was modeled after......Athenian democracy69
8408704063Sparta's gov't was ruled by......a small group of powerful people in an oligarchy70
8408710406The Greeks worshipped......a family of gods and goddess71
8408712757The culture of the Greeks is......the foundation of western civilization72
8408720481After the death of Alexander the Great......the Hellenistic culture emerged which is a blend of Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian73
8408727911A republic is a......political system where the power rests in the citizens who have the right to vote and select their leaders74
8408739121Roman concepts of civil and natural law......impact western civilizations in equal treatment under the law75
8408799146Under the rule of Augustus......Rome entered a 200 year period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana76
8408813930The Roman system of justice was considered a......milestone because it served as a model for many later European legal systems77
8408822953The central location of Italy on the peninsula contributed to......Roman control of the Mediterranean and influenced the development of the Roman Empire78
8408865671Rome fell because of......barbarian invasions. It became too big to control and many leaders and politicians were corrupt79
8408877686A period of disorder and weak central gov't was an......immediate result of the fall of the Roman Empire80
8408886674Olympic games, the poems of Homer, and Hellenistic culture are associated with the......Greeks81
8408892052The Roman Empire differed from the Roman Republic because......the political power was primarily held by one person during the Roman Empire82
8408922277The first major civilization of Meso-America......was the Toltecs83
8408930173The Aztec, Mayan, and Incas were all......polytheistic84
8408945269A major difference between the pre-Columbian civilizations and the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia is that the......pre-Columbians did not develop in river valleys85
8408969435Obsidian was a resource used by......the Aztecs to make razor sharp weapons86
8408977647The Aztec, Maya, and Inca......adapted to their environment with creative farming techniques87
8408988938The Mita which is the tax that the Inca state placed on its people is also known as a......tribute of labor88
8408994849The Maya based their calendar on......observation of the planets, sun, and moon89
8409000519The Aztecs joined with......Texcoco and Tlacopan to form the Triple Alliance90
8409015587The Incan system of gov't was......similar to socialism91
8409021046The Mayans declined hundreds of years before......the arrival of the Europeans92
8409026404The Inca added territory to their empire through......military force and diplomacy93
8409032227The Aztecs were resented by conquered provinces because......the Aztec used them for human sacrifice94
8409037189The Aztec and Mayan flourished......prior to European contact and this is evident through their calendar and writing system95
8409056541Quetzalcoatl was......the featured serpent god worshiped by the Aztecs, Mayans, and the Toltecs96
8409078342The technology of the Spanish conquistadors was a major reason for the......end of the Aztec Empire97
8409088919The decline of the Inca Empire can......be traced to a struggle between rivals for the Incan throne98
8409092363The totem pole was a......symbol of unity99
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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10290951451AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
10290951452DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
10290951453Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
10290951454IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
10290951455IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
10290951456Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
10290951457Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
10290951458LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
10290951459Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
10290951460Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
10290951461Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.10
10290951462Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese11
10290951463Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).12
10290951464Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.13
10290951465Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)14
10290951466BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.15
10290951467Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)16
10290951468Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.17
10290951469OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.18
10290951470Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.19
10290951471Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.20
10290951472ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.21
10290951473VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.22
10290951474CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.23
10290951475DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.24
10290951476FranglaisA form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.25
10290951477EbonicsA dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.26
10290951478SpanglishA hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.27
10290951479FrancophonePlaces and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).28
10290951480HankulThe system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.29
10290951481Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.30
10290951482Germanic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.31
10290951483Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.32
10290951484Balto-Slavic BranchThis branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.33
10290951485Celtic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.34
10290951486Uralic Language FamilyLanguage Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.35
10290951487Austronesian Language FamilyLanguage Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.36
10290951488Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyThis language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.37
10290951489Niger-Congo Language FamilyMore than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.38
10290951490Prehistoric SubgroupA language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European39
10290951491Altaic Language FamilyA language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.40
10290951492Kurgan TheoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.41
10290951493Renfrew (Anatolian) TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.42
10290951494British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.43
10290951495Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.44
10290951496Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).45
10290951497Backward ReconstructionWhen linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.46
10290951498Sound ShiftSlight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).47
10290951499Treaty of TordesillasPope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.48
10290951500HindiApproximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.49
10290951501SwahiliThe lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.50
10290951502UrduPakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.51
10290951503FarsiThe principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.52
10290951504MandarinThis language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.53
10290951505ArabicThis language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.54
10290951506HebrewThis language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.55
10290951507Irish GaelicThis is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.56
10290951508BasqueAlso known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.57
10290951509WelshThis is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.58
10290951510InuktitutThe language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.59
10290951511GlobalizationThe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).60
10290951512QuebecThis province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.61
10290951513Vulgar LatinThis language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.62
10290951514Latin AmericaThis region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.63
10290951515BelgiumThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.64
10290951516SwitzerlandThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).65
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AP Language Vocabulary Unit 2 Flashcards

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5438224108mediocrity (noun)the quality or state of being mediocre Ex. The mediocrity of the effort she was handing in made me cringe. Ex. I remember her now with gratitude and affection—especially in this era when Americans are so wrought-up about a "rising tide of mediocrity" in public education and the problems of finding competent, caring teachers. Miss Bessie was an0
5438224109harangued (adjective)lecture (someone) at length in an aggressive and critical manner Ex. Johnathan got harangued when he took that one cookie out of the cookie jar by his brother, and in my opinion, he went a little too far. Ex. None of us could have articulated it then, but it was because we enjoyed being harangued by her, disciplined by her and taught by her.1
5438494165depravity (noun)moral corruption; wickedness. Ex. The depravity in the Middle East regarding women's right is downright atrocious. Ex. Were my teachers, perhaps, so good that they could not understand the depths of my depravity?2
5438494166pious (adjective)devoutly religious Ex. The pious man gave an empowering sermon in church that left everyone in awe. Ex. I delighted to confront a pious lady who hated the Germans with the proposition that we should love our enemies.3
5438494167gregarious (adjective)fond of company or togetherness Ex. Hannah was extremely gregarious, and that was bad for her because I had just got back from a 4-day conference and did not feel like talking to anyone. Ex. Man is a gregarious animal, and enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.4
5438494168restively (adverb)impatient and hard to control under restriction Ex. I restively awaited my paycheck. I had been working overtime too, so I was ready to get it. Ex. That was too easy, said I restively (for the nearer you were to Ruth, the nicer she was to be near to) since there were more Roman Catholics than Methodists anyway; and they couldn't be wrong, could they - not all those hundreds of millions?5
5438495921libertine (noun)someone who rejects the accepted opinions of society or religion Ex. An atheist in the United States of America would be considered a libertine. Ex. That was too easy, said I restively (for the nearer you were to Ruth, the nicer she was to be near to) since there were more Roman Catholics than Methodists anyway; and they couldn't be wrong, could they - not all those hundreds of millions?6
5438495922portentous (adjective)a pompously or overly solemn manner so as to impress Ex. This portentous kid over here really thinks he is impressing people by thinking he's all that. Ex. The portentous Thinker I placed on the edge of the cupboard so that he looked down at the bath towel and waited for it to slip.7
5438495923inscrutable (adjective)something unable to be interpreted Ex. Your facial expression was inscrutable; I thought you looked upset. Ex. I would have given my Greek and Latin and French and a good slice of my English for enough German to communicate. But we were divided; he was as inscrutable as my headmaster.8
5438498430amiability (noun)a friendly and pleasant manner Ex. The amiability of this conversation made me relax a little bit. Ex. Then Professor Einstein, his whole figure still conveying good will and amiability, drifted away out of sight.9
5439049455languor (noun)the state or feeling, often pleasant, of tiredness or inertia Ex. He remembered the languor and warm happiness of those golden afternoons Ex. Anger and bitterness gad preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle10
5439049456punctuated (adjective)the state of occuring in intervals Ex. The screams were very punctuated as the murderer came by each room and stabbed people. Ex. When things quieted down, in a hushed silence, punctuated by a few ecstatic "Amens," all the new young lambs were blessed in the name of God.11
5439309968supplicants (noun)a person who asks for something in a respectful way from a powerful person or God Ex. Those supplicants are kind of wise asking for guidance from their God. Ex. Who are these wretched supplicants, scribbling notes so laden with anxiety, seeking such miracles of postponement and balm?12
5439309969privy (adjective)sharing in the knowledge of Ex. You are privy to knowing about this incident now. Ex. I am privy to their hopes and fears -- and also to their stereo music and their piercing cries in the dead of night ("Does anybody ca-a-are?").13
5439309970gallow (verb)to frighten Ex. She was gallowed when she got her test back.14
5439309971venerate (verb)regard with great respect; revere. Ex. He venerated Charles Darwin greatly. Ex. Achievement is the national god, venerated in our media -- the million dollar athlete, the wealthy executive -- and the glorified in our praise of possessions.15
5439309972matriculate (verb)be enrolled at a college or university. Ex. Last week, I matriculated to my dream school, UCLA. Ex. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170 students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.16
5439309973exhort (verb)strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something. Ex. I'm exhorting you students to do your homework tonight. Ex. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth.17
5439313328pauperism (noun)state of being poor Ex. The pauperism in Brazil is almost astounding when you see the rich suburbs right next to them. Ex. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students don't have as much time to spend.18
5439313329codified (adjective)something arranged in a systematic code Ex. His codified tone of speaking made it rather awkward to talk to him. Ex. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along, it's almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist -- that they've got to fit into certain slots.19
5439313330blithe (adjective)showing a casual and cheerful indifference considered to be callous or improper. Ex. Sarah was so blithe about her father's death that she had a party after his funeral. Ex. If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it's because that's where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education.20
5439313331tenacity (noun)the quality or fact of being very determined Ex. I had the tenacity to take 7 night classes at my college because I wanted to develop a work ethic. Ex. I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity.21
5439313356proverbial (adjective)referred to in a proverb or idiom Ex. His proverbial sayings were very wise, but funny. Ex. I'm really up the proverbial creek.22
5439315496didactic (adjective)intended to teach Ex. Her didactic essay to 4th graders will hopefully result in less disciplinary issues. Ex. They said it should be something suitable to youth-something didactic, instructive, or something in the nature of good advice.23
5439315497beseech (verb)ask urgently of someone Ex. I beseech you; please do not cheat on this test. Ex. First, then. I will say to you my young friends -- and I say it beseechingly, urgently -- Always obey your parents, when they are present.24
5439315498temperate (adjective)showing moderation or self-restraint Ex. He was temperate when it came to eating candy from his Halloween bag. It was pretty impressive given that he was 12. Ex. That of course, is putting it rather stronger than necessary; still while I cannot go quite so far as that, I do maintain , and I believe I am right, that the young ought to be temperate in the use of this great art until practice and experience shall give them that confidence, elegance, and precision which alone can make the accomplishment graceful and profitable.25
5439315499maxim (noun)expression of a general truth Ex. My grandmother had a wise maxim to help me get through all of my teenage crises. Ex. Think what tedious years of study, thought, practice, experience, went to the equipment of that peerless old master who was able to impose upon the whole world the lofty and sounding maxim that "Truth is mighty and will prevail" -- the most majestic compound fracture of fact which any of woman born has yet achieved.26
5439318035precept (noun)a command or principle intended especially as a general rule of action Ex. The school's honesty precept dictates we only turn in our own work. Ex. Build your character thoughtfully and painstakingly upon these precepts, and by and by, when you have got it built, you will be surprised and gratified to see how nicely and sharply it resembles everybody else's.27
5439380445tatting (noun)knotted lace made by hand with a small shuttle Ex. I mastered the art of crocheting and tatting, and there was a lifetime's supple of dainty doilies that would never be used in sacheted dresser drawers.28
5439380446sacheted (adjective)contained in a sachet Ex. My wallet was satcheted. Ex. I mastered the art of crocheting and tatting, and there was a lifetime's supple of dainty doilies that would never be used in sacheted dresser drawers.29
5439380447impudent (adjective)not showing respect for a person Ex. You are being impudent to the president-elect by sending death threats to him Ex. That cup had its place and it was an act impudent rebellion to place it anywhere else.30
5439380448barrenness (adjective)not producing or incapable of producing offspring; sterile Ex. This woman has a lot of barrenness. Ex. For weeks after, I arrived early, left late and tried very hard to make up for her barrenness.31
5439383305construed (adjective)interpret (a word or action) in a particular way. Ex. You construed my definition of the word good; you threatening suicide is not a good thing! Ex. It was a dangerous 90 practice to call a Negro anything that could be loosely construed as insulting because of the centuries of their having been called...32
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