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AP World History Unit 1-1 Vocabulary Flashcards

AP World History

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1149518057Agricultural RevolutionThe transition from foraging to the cultivation of food occurring about 8000-2000 B.C.E; also known as the Neolithic Revolution0
1149518058ArtifactAn object made by human hands1
1149518059Alexander the Great (356-323 BC)King of Macedon (336-323), the son of Philip II. He was a pupil of Aristotle. After his succession he invaded Persia, liberating the Greek cities in Asia Minor, and then defeating the Persians in Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. While in Egypt he founded Alexandria (332 BC), his first and best-known city2
1149518060AristocracyRule by a privileged hereditary class or nobility3
1149518061Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)Greek philosopher and scientist. A pupil of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, in 335 BC he founded a school and library (the Lyceum) outside Athens. His surviving written works constitute a vast system of analysis, including logic, physical science, zoology, psychology, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and rhetoric. He established the inductive method of reasoning and proposed a system for the classification of plants and animals.4
1149518062ArtisanA craftsman5
1149518063CivilizationA cultural group with advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology, and a system of recordkeeping6
1149518064ClimateThe pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time7
1149518065Cultural DiffusionThe transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another8
1149518066CuneiformA system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay tablets9
1149518067DemocracyA political system in which the people rule10
1149518068DynastyA series of rulers from the same family11
1149518069ForagingA term for hunting and gathering12
1149518070Geocentric TheoryThe belief held by many before the Scientific Revolution that the earth is the center of the universe13
1149518071HieroglyphicsA system of picture writing used in Egypt14
1149518072Hellenistic AgeThe era (c. 323-30 B.C.E) in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great15
1149518073Independent InventionThe development of innovation or technology independent of cultural diffusion16
1149518074Indo-EuropeansA group pf semi-nomadic peoples who, around 2000 B.C.E., began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East17
1149518075JatiOne of the many sub-castes in the Hindu caste system18
1149518076MonsoonA seasonal wind19
1149518077Mandate of HeavenThe concept developed by the Zhou dynasty that the deity granted a dynasty the right to rule and took away that right if the dynasty did not rule wisely20
1149518078MatrilinealReferring to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through their mother21
1149518079Mystery ReligionDuring the Hellenistic Age, religions that promised their faithful followers eternity in a state of bliss22
1149518080Neolithic AgeFinal stage of technological development or cultural evolution among prehistoric humans. It is characterized by the use of stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, the domestication of plants or animals, the establishment of permanent villages, and the practice of such crafts as pottery and weaving.23
1149518081Neolithic RevolutionThe discovery of farming and the domestication of animals brought an end to the slow development of the hunting societies of the PALAEOLITHIC and MESOLITHIC periods and initiated a time of rapid change that soon produced metal-working, cities, states, and empires.24
1149518082Oracle BonesAnimal bones or shells used by the Chinese priests to receive messages from the gods25
1149518083PatriarchalPertaining to a social system in which the father is the head of the family26
1149518084PharaohAn Egyptian monarch27
1149518085PolytheismThe belief in many gods28
1149518086Pax RomanaThe Roman Peace; the period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E.29
1149518087Paterfamilias "father of the family"the head of Roman family life; the oldest living male who looked after the family's business affairs and property and could perform religious rites on their behalf; he had absolute rule over his household and children. If they angered him, he had the legal right to disown his children, sell them into slavery or even kill them.30
1149518088SteppeA dry grassland31
1149518089Slash and Burn AgricultureA agricultural method in which farmers clear fields by cutting and burning trees, then use the ashes as fertilizer32
1149518090Specialization of LaborThe division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work33
1149518091ZigguratA multilayered pyramid constructed by Mesopotamians34
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AP World History Chapter 13 Flashcards

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9304134483Mali EmpireBecame known for its great rulers like Mansa Musa. Became rich because of its salt and gold trade. Located in West Africa. Islam spread throughout the empire. Throughout the mid-1200s to 1600s. Peaceful conversion. Ghana - violent conversion Mali - peaceful conversion. A key point in trans - Saharan trade network. Founded by Chiefton Sundiata. Commercial and cultural center at Timbuktu. Power declined due to foreign attacks. Collapsed due to rebellion. The ruler was weakened by foreign attacks. Economy rested on agriculture.0
9304156693East Africa - Swahili city statesFlourished between 1000 - 1500. 40 autonomous urban centers sprinkled along the coastline. Heavily involved in Indian Ocean trade network. Multi-Ethnic Persians, Arabs, local Africans. Key ports - Zanzibar and Mombasa. Predominately Islam.1
9304130289Delhi-SultinateRose up after the collapse of Gupta Empire in South Asia. The 1200s to 1520s. In 1206, Muslim invaders captured the city of Delhi in Northern India. Huge consequence: Islam introduced into India - clashed with hindus Mid-1200s and 1300s - empire grew and shrank. City was attacked by warlord Timur. Fell into new power years later. Ruled by terror.2
9304187513Indian Ocean trade networkMaritime trade network that stretched from East Africa to China. Trade network that included new, innovative vassals who sailed over a 6,000 mile expanse in the Indian Ocean.3
9304197085Indian Ocean - West ZoneControlled largely by Arab and Persian trader. Goods came from East-Africa and the Middle-East. Ivory, diamonds, animal hides, ebony, gold, copper, textiles, and Arabian hores4
9304201497Indian Ocean - Middle ZoneDominated by South Asian cities and kingdoms. India offered gems, elephants, salt, and cotton. Sri Lanka and Indonesia provided cinnamon and exotic wood.5
9304206209Indian Ocean - East ZoneChina and Japan. Traded silk, porcelain, paper, Japan traded silver6
9304210944Key regions in Indian Ocean trade network.Swahili city-states on the coast of East Africa Mecca in Arabia Calicut in Western India Malacca in Malasia Chinese ports of Canton and Hangzhou7
9304217111Types of vessels used in Indian-Ocean trade.junks: water-tight compartments; withstand a lot of weight Portuguese Caravels: Withstand strong winds Dhows (lateen sails) Triangle shaped to avoid or help navigate winds8
9304227358Innovations/new technology that emerged during Indian Ocean tradeAstrolabe - "sundial" used to measure lattitude Compass - magnetic invented in China Junks and Dhows Viking longboats and sailing ships Camel saddles Standard weights and measures paper money an expanded system of credit and banking man-made water ways9
9304234418Slave TradeThe business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves. Predominately seen in Africa and India. Slaves shipped across Sahara and Red Sea. Sold and bought for very cheap because of large volume.10
9304246528Middle Passagethe sea journey was undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. Had three legs and was also called the Atlantic System. Brought slaves from Africa to Carribean area. From Carribean area to Europe it brought rum and sugar. From Europe to Africa it brought firearms and salt.11
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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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4423990190BaghdadCapital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.0
4423992263Bubonic PlagueAlso known as the Black Death, a disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.1
4423992264BuddhismBelief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Founded by Siddhartha.2
4423993998Caesaro-papismA monarch who is head of both church and state. First created by Justinian but was a tradition throughout the Byzantine Empire.3
4423993999CaliphA person considered a political and religious successor to the prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community.4
4423996119CaravanseraiAn inn with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans.5
4423996120Champa RiceQuick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)6
4423998170ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.7
4423998171CrusadesA series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.8
4424107644Cyrillic AlphabetAn alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages.9
4424000669DaimyoA Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai.10
4424003257Diasporic Communitya group (in this case, merchants) scattered far from home who settles together.11
4424003258Five Pillars of IslamDeclaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage.12
4424003259HangulAlphabet that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken Korean.13
4424004961HajjA pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims.14
4424004962Kievan RusA monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine.15
4424004963MonsoonsSeasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons.16
4424009888Muslim Agricultural RevolutionThis period of agricultural innovation from the 8th to the 13th century led to the diffusion throughout the Islamic world of many new farming and irrigation techniques, as well as new goods including coffee, sugarcane, and citrus fruits.17
4424009889Neo-ConfucianismTerm that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism.18
4424011938PastoralismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.19
4424013597Pax MaongolicaThe Pax Mongolica (less often known as Pax Tatarica) (Latin for "Mongol Peace") is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana, which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian.20
4424013598SamuraiClass of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.21
4424013599SilkAn ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.22
4424016026Sharia Lawthe system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran.23
4424019099SouternizationWesternization refers to certain developments that first occurred in Western Europe. Those developments changed Europe and eventually spread to other places and changed them as well. In the same way, southernization changed Southern Asia and later spread to other areas, which then underwent a process of change.24
4424019100SrivijayaaSrivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century. In Sanskrit, śrī means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and vijaya means "victorious" or "excellence". The earliest evidence of its existence dates from the 7th century.25
4424020729Straits of MalaccaWell-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route.26
4424020730SyncretismThe unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.27
4424020731Tribute SystemA system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.28
4424022662Trung SistersLeaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society.29
4424025326VassalA knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land.30
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AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

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4941588975Our understanding of Harappan society depends entirely on:Archeological discoveries of Harappan physical remains above the water table.0
4941588976The inhabitants of Harappan society enjoyed a rich variety in their diet. Their food includedWheat, barley, chicken, cattle, sheep, and goats.1
4941588977In the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, archeologists have found a high degree of standardization of weights, measures, architectural styles, and even brick sizes. Such standardization may suggest thatThere might have been a central authority powerful enough to reach all corners of society.2
4941588978Archaeologists claim that there were sharp social distinctions in Harappan society, which can be illustrated by the peopleHouses, ovens, and wells.3
4941588979Harappan religion reflected a strong concern for fertility. We know this becauseOf the similarities between the images of Harappan deities and the images of Hindu fertility deities.4
4941588980By about 1700 B.C.E., the residents of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro began to abandon their cities becauseDeforestation of the Indus River valley brought about ecological degradation.5
4941588981The AryansForcibly drove the Harappans out of their cities. Came suddenly, in a massive migration. entered the Indus valley at the height of the Harappan society. Refused to intermingle with the Dravidians.6
4941588982The Indo-Europeans who migrated to the Indian subcontinentWere primarily herders. Utilized horses for transportation. Judged wealth by the number of cattle. Called themselves Aryans.7
4941588983The period of Indian history from 1500 to 500 B.C.E. is called the Vedic age. It is so called becauseThe four earliest religious texts were compiled in this period.8
4941588984The Aryans' term for their four original castes wasVarnas.9
4941588985The Indian caste systemWas a central institution that served to promote social stability10
4941588986One of the hymns in the Rig Veda offered a brief account of the origins of the four varnas (castes). It was said thatThe gods created the castes during the early days of the world so that Brahmins and Kshatriyas would lead their societies.11
4941588987Which of the following is evidence of the subordination of women to men in Aryan society?Patrilineal descent The Law book of Manu The practice of sati The fact that women had no responsibilities for religious rituals12
4941588988Aryan religion during the early Vedic age was relatively unconcerned with ethics, but concerned itself more withRitual sacrifices and the god of war.13
4941588989The Upanishads can be best characterized asThe blending of Aryan and Dravidian values.14
4941588990According to the teachings of the Upanishads, the highest goal of the individual soul wasTo attain the state of moksha.15
4941588991According to the Upanishads,Each person is part of a larger cosmic order. The highest goal of the individual is to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth. Individuals who live virtuous lives and do their duty can expect rebirth into a purer form. Ascetics and meditation are vehicles for escaping the cycle of birth and rebirth.16
4941588992According to the Rig Veda,The world was created when the gods sacrificed Purusha.17
4941588993According to the teachings of the Upanishads, an individual shouldObserve high ethical standards like honesty, self-control, and charity.18
4941588994Believers in the UpanishadsOften are vegetarians. Believe you should respect all living things, even animals and insects. Believe that animals might be holding incarnations of unfortunate souls. Believe humans should have compassion for the suffering of the souls in animals.19
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AP Language Set F Flashcards

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6593277691PALPABLEplainly seen, heard; capable of being touched or felt0
6593277692PANACEAa remedy for all disease or ills; cure-all; usually used negatively1
6593277693PRISTINEhaving its original purity; uncorrupted or unsullied.2
6593277694MALLEABLEcapable of being shaped or bent3
6593277695PARAMOUNTchief in importance or impact; supreme4
6593277696UPSHOTthe final issue, the conclusion, or the result5
6593277697PARIAHan outcast; any person or animal that is generally despised or avoided6
6593277698ANTIQUATEDold-fashioned; no longer used7
6593277699INEPTwithout skill or aptitude for a particular task or assignment8
6593277700PEDESTRIANlacking in vitality, imagination, distinction, etc.; commonplace; dull9
6593277701CHARLATANa person who pretends or claims to have more knowledge or skill than he or she possesses10
6593277702POSEURa person who attempts to impress others by pretending to be someone they're not11
6593277703MASOCHISTa person who loves experiencing pain, self-imposed or imposed by others12
6593277704SADISTa person who obtains pleasure from inflicting pain on others13
6593277705MISOGYNISTa person who hates, dislikes, mistrusts, or mistreats women14
6593277706SYCOPHANTa self-seeking, servile flatterer15
6593277707VACUOUSempty; lacking intelligence16
6593277708INANElacking sense, significance; silly17
6593277709RELEGATEto assign or send to an inferior position, place, or condition18
6593277710SUBJUGATEto bring under complete control; conquer; master19
6593277711FLIPPANTfrivolously disrespectful, shallow, or lacking in seriousness20
6593277712PATRONIZEto behave in an offensively condescending manner toward someone21
6593277713DUPLICITOUSdeceitfulness in speech or conduct (speaking or acting in two different ways to different people concerning the same matter)22
6593277714SPECIOUSseemingly true, but actually false23
6593277715OSTENSIBLEoutwardly appearing as such; pretended24
6593277716VENERATEto regard or treat with reverence25
6593277717VERACITYcorrectness or accuracy26
6593277718FORTUITOUShappening or produced by chance; accidental; lucky27
6593277719DEFUNCTceased to exist or live28
6593277720INCENDIARY1. capable of arousing strife, sedition 2. causing fire29
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AP Language Test Vocab Flashcards

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7975677230ad homineman argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack ex: "You wouldn't understand since you have never had to struggle."0
7975683532adjectivepart of speech (or word class) that modifies a noun or a pronoun1
7975686066adverbpart of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb2
7975690188allegoryextending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text ex: Animal Farm by George Orwell is a political allegory of events in Russia and Communism.3
7975706638alliterationrepetition of an initial consonant sound4
7975821129allusiona brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event-real or fictional5
7975830468ambiguitypresence of two or more possible meanings in any passage ex: A good life depends on a liver - Liver may be an organ or simply a living person.6
7975838388analogyreasoning or arguing from parallel cases ex: Life is like a box of chocolates - you never know what you're going to get!7
7975843351anaphorarepetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses ex: AFTER the torchlight red on sweaty faces, AFTER the frosty silence in the gardens, AFTER the agony in stony places8
8003742296anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person ex: High school students go around the classroom telling their favorite memories from elementary school.9
7980858536antecedentthe noun or noun phrase referred to by a pronoun10
7980863915antithesisjuxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases ex: We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.11
7994778321anticlimaxa disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events12
7980884758aphorism-a tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion -brief statement of a principle ex: All that glitters is not gold.13
7980897135apostrophea rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing ex: "Death be not proud, though some have called thee. Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so, For, those, whom thou think'st, thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me." The poet talks to death, an abstract idea, as if it were a person capable of comprehending his feelings.14
7980903429appeal to authoritya fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution ex: A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast.15
7980939355appeal to ignorancea fallacy that uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness ex: You can't prove that there isn't a mirror universe of our own, so there must be one out there somewhere!16
7980944933argumenta course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood17
7980953004assonanceidentity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words ex: It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans! (long e)18
7980959510asyndetonomission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (opposite of polysyndeton) ex: "I came. I saw. I conquered."19
7994585431bathos-an effect of anticlimax created by an unintentional lapse in mood from the sublime to the trivial or ridiculous -insincere pathos ex: He spent his final hour of life doing what he loved most: arguing with his wife.20
7983963142chiasmusverbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed ex: Do I love you because you're beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?21
7983963753circular argumentargument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove ex: X is true because of Y. Y is true because of X.22
7983968180claimarguable statement, which may be a claim of fact, value, or policy23
7983971783clausegroup of words that contains a subject and a predicate24
7983974303climaxmounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in parallel construction with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of a series of events25
7983978462colloquialcharacteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English ex: go bananas - go insane or be very angry26
7983986407comparisonrhetorical strategy in which a writer examines similarities and/or differences between two people, places, ideas, or objects27
7983987272complementa word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence28
7983989783concessionargumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point29
7984116105confirmationmain part of a text in which logical arguments in support of a position are elaborated30
7984120069conjunctionpart of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences31
7984122059connotationemotional implications and associations that a word may carry ex: Home suggests family, comfort and security.32
7984125476coordinationgrammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance; contrast with subordination33
7988164990deductionmethod of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises ex: All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore all dolphins have kidneys.34
7988171670denotationdirect or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings35
7988173851dialectregional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary ex: "We's safe, Huck, we's safe! Jump up and crack yo' heels. Dat's de good ole Cairo at las', I jis knows it."36
7988185261diction-choice and use of words in speech or writing -way of speaking usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution37
7988218265didacticintended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively ex: Children's books and fables38
7988250211encomiumtribute or eulogy in prose or verse glorifying people, objects, ideas, or events39
7988268170epiphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses (Also known as epistrophe) ex: Hourly joys be still upon YOU! Juno sings her blessings on YOU. . . . Scarcity and want shall shun YOU, Ceres' blessing so is on YOU.40
7988284721epitaph-short inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone or monument -statement or speech commemorating someone who has died: a funeral oration41
7980874938juxtapositionfact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect ex: beauty and ugliness; calm and chaos42
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AP World History Chapter 9 Flashcards

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2922752598Russian kingVladimir0
2922755130Russia centered aroundKiev1
2922758165Vladimir chose which religionOrthodox Christianity2
2922760783Vladimir was baptized inCherson3
2922777484Finished ByzantinesTurkish invaders4
2922804853Built elegant buildings on the foundations of ByzantiumEmperor Constantine5
2922828078historian who described JustinianProcopius6
2922832995Justinian's wifeTheodora7
2922837056the church Justinian builtHagia Sophia8
2922846060Justinian's generalBelisarius9
2922850852Justinian's forces made temporary capital atRavenna10
2922889249new Byzantine weapon, a kind of napalmGreek Fire11
2922906592pressed Byzantine territory in the BalkansBulgaria12
2922913239Bulgarian king titleTsar13
2922917664Byzantine emperor who slayed the BulgariansBasil II or Bulgaroktonos14
2922936702joint empressesTheodora and Zoe15
2922955593hated Greek educationMichael II16
2922985985Zoe's consortMonomachus17
2922991321mosiac of Christ from church ofChora18
2936956917revived old church issuesPatriarch MIchael19
2936961545the churches split in105420
2937018913battle that the Byzantines never recovered fromManzikert21
2937043325Byzantine missionariesCyril and Methodius22
2937051245the Byzantine missionaries made the _____ alphabetCyrillic23
2937114954Kiev is on theDnieper River24
2937121259first prince of Kievan Rus'Rurik25
2937136916last great Kievan prince who issued legal code, built churches, and translated religious literatureYaroslav26
2937155884Slavs original lands were around thePripet River27
2937180461Russian Aristocratsboyars28
2937189012arranged over 30 marriagesYaroslav the Wise29
2937197300Russians called MongolsTatars30
2937234229famous white stone cathedral called _____ built by _____The Cathedral of St. Dimitry Prince Vsevolod III31
2937265326a Czech religious dissenter who foreshadowed the Protestant ReformationJan Hus32
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