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AP Language Review Vocab Flashcards

2418600116	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents	0
2418603588	Hyperbole	An exaggeration	1
2418605135	Personifaction	Giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea	2
2418606261	Anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event	3
2418607875	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	4
2418611814	Parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	5
2418623871	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	6
2418627560	Irony	A contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen	7
2418631295	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	8
2418637470	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	9
2418639978	Antecedent	A word, phrase, or clause to which a following pronoun refers. Ex: Iris tried, but she couldn't find the book. (Iris is the antecedent.)	10
2418645962	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	11
2418649010	Antithesis	An exact opposite	12
2418652433	Denotation	Dictionary definition of a word	13
2418657879	Connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	14
2418660659	Diction	A speaker or writer's choice of words (formal, informal, colloquial, full of slang, poetic, ornate, plain, abstract, concrete, etc.); diction has a powerful effect on tone	15
2418662781	Syntax	Sentence structure	16
2418664379	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	17
2418670097	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	18
2418671564	Synedoche	using one part of an object to represent the entire object (for example, referring to a car simply as "wheels")	19
2418675507	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").	20
2418677632	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	21
2418679597	Periodic sentence	A sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end. In other words, the particulars in the sentence are presented before the idea they support.	22
2418690648	Narrative	A story	23
2418692694	Exposition	A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.	24
2418695416	Anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	25
2418697504	Epistrophe	A scheme in which the same word is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: "I believe we should fight for justice. You believe we should fight for justice. How can we not, then, fight for justice?"	26
2418731114	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	27
2418700281	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	28
2418704218	Subordinate clause	A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a dependent clause.	29
2418707001	Dependent clause	does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence, even though it has a subject and a verb. (After the movie was over,)	30
2418710628	Independent clause	expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.	31
2418712802	Understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration.	32
2418714994	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	33
2418719794	Oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms	34
2418725913	Ethos, Pathos, Logos	Trust, Emotion, Logic	35
2418736796	Red herring	An argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery.	36
2418738034	Stacking the deck	giving only evidence that supports your argument while ignoring or disregarding contrary evidence	37
2418740800	Non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	38
2418746566	Complex question	Example: When did you stop beating your wife? (It's not a yes or no question) Did you strangle Mr. Schultz before or after you took your children to the zoo?	39
2418754150	Ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	40
2418758327	Post hoc	Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident Blaming something that has no connection with the problem. A occurs before B.	41
2418766527	Slippery slope	A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	42
2418768868	False dilemma	A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available	43
2418770594	Appeal to tradition	A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new	44
2418773855	Begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt	45
2418779800	Bandwagon	BUT M-O-M!! EVERYBODY ELSE'S PARENTS BUY THEIR KIDS THOSE NIKE SHOES. YOU SHOULD BUY ME SOME, TOO!	46
2418781507	False analogy	Arguing on the basis of a comparison of unrelated things.	47
2418785202	Straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	48
2418788569	Equivocation	A fallacy by which a key word or phrase in an argument is used with more than one meaning. "n.模棱兩可的話, 含糊話"	49
2418793035	Hasty generalization	A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence	50
2418804324	Accusatory	charging of wrong doing	51
2418806439	Apathetic	indifferent due to lack of energy or concern	52
2418807999	Awe	solemn wonder	53
2418808356	Bitter	exhibiting strong animosity as a result of pain or grief	54
2418820697	Cynical	questions the basic sincerity and goodness of people	55
2418826049	Condescending	a feeling of superiority	56
2418829763	Callous	unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others	57
2418831756	Contemplative	studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue	58
2418835641	Critical	finding fault	59
2418842524	Choleric	hot-tempered, easily angered	60
2418845583	Contemptuous	showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect	61
2418849802	Caustic	intense use of sarcasm; stinging, biting	62
2418860351	Conventional	lacking spontaneity, originality, and individuality	63
2418867834	Disdainful	scornful	64
2418869681	Didactic	author attempts to educate or instruct the reader	65
2418873432	Derisive	ridiculing, mocking	66
2418877339	Earnest	intense, a sincere state of mind	67
2418879594	Erudite	learned, polished, scholarly	68
2418881941	Fanciful	using the imagination	69
2418887950	Forthwright	directly frank without hesitation	70
2418890699	Gloomy	darkness, sadness, rejection	71
2418892854	Haughty	proud and vain to the point of arrogance	72
2418895296	Indignant	marked by anger aroused by injustice	73
2418897866	Intimate	very familiar	74
2418899554	Judgemental	authoritative and often having critical opinions	75
2418902222	Jovial	happy	76
2418903632	Lyrical	expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like	77
2418909310	Matter-of-fact	accepting of conditions, not fanciful or emotional	78
2418913760	Mocking	treating with contempt or ridicule	79
2418914943	Morose	gloomy, sullen, surly, despondent	80
2418916617	Malicious	purposely hurtful	81
2418919039	Objective	an unbiased view; able to leave personal judgments aside	82
2418929825	Optimistic	hopeful, cheerful	83
2418933045	Obsequious	polite and obedient in order to gain something	84
2418939196	Patronizing	air of condescension	85
2418940392	Pessimistic	seeing the worst side of things; no hope	86
2418942324	Quizzical	odd, eccentric, amusing	87
2418944109	Ribald	offensive in speech or gesture	88
2418947190	Reverent	treating a subject with honor and respect	89
2418950633	Ridiculing	slightly contemptuous banter, making fun of	90
2418954373	Reflective	illustrating innermost thoughts and emotions	91
2418959294	Sarcastic	sneering, caustic	92
2418960833	Sardonic	scornfully and bitterly sarcastic	93
2418965090	Satiric	ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point, teach	94
2418968077	Sincere	without deceit or pretense; genuine	95
2418970415	Solemn	deeply earnest, tending toward sad reflection	96
2418973718	Sanguineous	optimistic, cheerful	97
2418975381	Whimsical	odd, strange, fantastic; fun	98

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Terms- AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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4178222196	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for _____ in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	0
4178222197	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. _____s can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of _____.	1
4178222198	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An _____ can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. _____s can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	2
4178222199	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the _____ of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; IT exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The _____ of "IT" is...? (answer: all truth)	3
4178222200	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An _____ can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	4
4178222201	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____. Frequently _____ foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	5
4178222202	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. _____s may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	6
4178222203	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the _____ of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal)	7
4178222204	Diction	Related to style, _____ refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP Exam you should be able to describe an author's _____ (for example, formal or informal) and understand how it compliments the author's purpose. _____, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	8
4178222205	Didactic	From the Greek, _____ literally means "teaching." They have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	9
4178222206	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	10
4178222207	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	11
4178222208	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Could include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, understatement.	12
4178222209	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, _____ uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader, deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex _____ while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this _____.	13
4178222210	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	14
4178222211	Irony/Ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. _____ is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of _____ used in language: (1) verbal _____ - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational _____ - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic _____ - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	15
4178222212	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. _____ is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).	16
4178222213	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. _____ical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	17
4178222214	Metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," _____ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	18
4178222215	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the _____. _____ is similar to tone and atmosphere.	19
4178222216	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	20
4178222217	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	21
4178222218	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an _____ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of _____.	22
4178222219	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	23
4178222220	Personification	A _____ __ ______ in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	24
4178222221	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of _____ __ _____, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term _____ __ _____ carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's _____ __ ____, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	25
4178222222	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," _____ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are _____stic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done,_____can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	26
4178222223	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, _____ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the _____ist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	27
4178222224	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a _____ (or _____istic reasoning or _____istic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A _____'s conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. _____s may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").	28
4178222225	Symbol/Symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a _____is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, _____s (1) natural _____s are objects and occurrences from nature to _____lize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn _____lizing hope or a new beginning, a rose _____izing love, a tree _____lizing knowledge). (2) conventional _____s are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious _____s such as a cross or Star of David; national _____s, such as a flag or an eagle; or group _____s, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary _____s are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's _____s may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a _____ for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	29
4178222226	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. _____ is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of _____ as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates _____. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how _____ produces effects.	30
4178222227	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually _____ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the _____ may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	31
4178222228	Thesis	In expository writing, the _____ statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	32
4178222229	Tone	Similar to mood, _____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. ____ is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's ____. Some words describing ____are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	33
4178222230	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, ___________ presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. _____________ is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	34
4178222231	Antihero	A protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	35
4178222232	Archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	36
4178222233	Simile	A comparison using like or as	37
4178222234	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meanin. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The ________ meaning usually deals with the moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	38
4178222235	Antithesis	The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite	39
4178222236	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour:/ England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness". Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed.	40
4178222237	Caricature	A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features and other characteristics.	41
4178222238	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main ______ expresses complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate ______, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent _____. The point that you want to consider is the question or what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	42
4178222239	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, ____________ give a work a conversational, familiar tones. __________ expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	43
4178222240	Conceit	A fanicful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A _______ displays intellectual cleverness as a result of an unusual comparison being made.	44
4178222241	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech", ________s are a mor agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The _________ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or iroinic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of __________.	45
4178222242	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and a political writing. On the AP Language Exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	46
4178222243	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, _____ is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called _____s themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP Language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following _____s: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.	47
4178222244	Homily	This term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	48
4178222245	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") _________s often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, _________ produces irony. The opposite of _________ is understatement.	49
4178222246	Inference/Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice asks for an _________ to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable _________ is the safest answer choice. If an __________ is implausible, it is unlikely to be the correct answeer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not ______ed and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation-negative or positive- of the choices.	50
4178222247	Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic Sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many _____ ________s often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, _____ ________s create loose style. The opposite of a _____ ________ is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.	51
4178222248	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this terms comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another". It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity...") The effects of ___________ are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythym.	52
4178222249	Anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).	53
4178222250	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written ______ offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being ______ed in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occassionally, however, ______es take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	54
4178222251	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of big words).	55
4178222252	Periodic Sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of the ________ ________ is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	56
4178222253	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, _____ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In _____ the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	57
4178222254	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
4178222255	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator", this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
4178222256	Rhetorical Modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of major kinds of writing. The four most common _________ _____ (often referred to as the modes of discourse) are as follows: 1) The purpose of 'exposition' (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP Language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2) The purpose of 'argumentation' is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3) The purpose of 'description' is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in a description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive imaging may be straightforward and objective, or highly emotional and subjective. 4) The purpose of 'narration' is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mod frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.	60
4178222257	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	61
4178222258	Style	The consideration of _____ has two purposes: 1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' _____s are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. we can analyze and describe an author's personal _____ and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. _____s can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. 2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's _____ reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	62
4178222259	Subject Complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it(the predicative nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: 1) The predicate nominative- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star= predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2) The predicate adjective- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic= predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren	63
4178222260	Subordinate Clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subjec and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike independent clauses, the ___________ ______ cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. The ___________ ______ depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how, and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West 'that is known for its geysers'. Parenthesed phrase= ___________ ______	64
4178222261	Synechdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something us used to represent the whorle, or occassionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to referr to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings". **Different tan metynomy, in whcih one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated withi it (but is not necessarily part of it), i.e., regerring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House".	65
4178222262	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example.	66
4178222263	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, __________s effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. a few commonly used __________al words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary,etc. More sophisitcated writers use more subtle means of __________.	67
4178222264	Wit	In modern usage, intllectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A ___ty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speakers verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. ___ usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, ___ originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creating fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	68
4178222265	RHETORICAL STRATEGIES	Any tools used by the author to make his/her point more convincing. Rhetorical strategies help the author to make his claim (Logos) more convincing by appealing to Pathos and Ethos.	69
4178222266	Assertion/claim (noun)/ assert (verb)	Assertions are opinions stated as facts—the basis of all arguments. Assertions are always arguable. Another word for an assertion that controls an argument is claim."America has long had a love affair with violence and guns"(x). Canada begins his book by claiming, or asserting that an important part of America's experience has been their love of violence and guns.	70
4178222267	Qualification (noun)	to modify, restrict or limit. A qualification of an assertion or claim means that you agree in part, or you wish to redefine or reshape the assertion. If you were asked your opinion of Canada's assertion, or claim, you might agree that guns have held an important place in the defense of America, but that "love affair" is too strong a term to describe Americans' feelings for guns. So you would express your opinion as a qualification of Canada's argument: while it is true that guns have played an important part in American history, the reason is not Americans' love for guns but rather their desire for safety and security.	71
4178222268	Speaker's Stance	a "stance" is a position, where you stand on an issue. You might, for example, disagree with Bush's stance on Iraq and believe instead that we should withdraw our troops. That belief, then, would be your stance.	72
4178222269	Rebuttal/Refutation(nouns) rebut/refute (verbs)	an opposing argument; a contradiction. To prove an argument wrong.	73
4178222270	Recapitulate	to repeat briefly; to summarize. Often when you write an argument essay or give a speech, you recapitulate, or sum up your points, in your conclusion. After describing his experience as a teacher with some difficult students (Ch. 4), Canada recapitulates by comparing these students to those he had grown up with in the Bronx and restating his claim that "Violence is a learned response"(28).	74
4178222271	Appeals to authority	using the endorsement , approval or voice of an authority to make an argument seem more convincing. When students voice their opinions in a synthesis essay, they often quote from authority figures to support their opinions.	75
4178222272	Anecdote	the retelling of a brief incident that may illustrate or prove a point made in an argument.	76
4178222273	Juxtaposition	a device by which a writer or speaker juxtaposes, or places two items side by side. This is done to create an ironic contrast or effect. A famous photograph from the Depression shows a long line of men waiting for bread who are standing in front of a billboard that says, "America, Land of Opportunity." The picture of men who are out of work and must rely on food hand-outs is juxtaposed with the message that America provides opportunities for all.	77
4178222274	Litotes (understatement)	deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to create a particular effect. Canada relates an incident which begins with the claiming of a basketball and escalates into the confrontation of a man with a gun. He watches as the older boys reach for their knives and face down an opponent who has a much more powerful weapon. Later, when Geoffrey wants to talk about this incident, Mike and Junior deliberately understate the severity of what happened: '"He was an *******. Forget it."'(42). Their use of litotes or understatement is meant to teach an important lesson: you must keep your emotions under control in order to survive on the streets	78
4178222275	Doublespeak	language used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate. "Not doing so well" instead of very sick or injured	79
4178222276	Ellipsis	The omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in the context. "The eyes of others our prisons; their thoughts our cages."	80
4178222277	Ethnocentric	The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture.	81
4178222278	Euphemism	the substitution of an inoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word or phrase perceived as socially unacceptable or unnecessarily harsh. "overweight" rather than "fat," "disadvantaged" rather than "poor"	82
4178222279	Jargon	refers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. The basis of assessment for Schedule D Case I and II, other than commencement and cessation, is what is termed a previous year basis. (legal jargon)	83
4178222280	Lending Credence	In arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always give the opponent some credit for his / her ideas.	84
4178222281	Logical Fallacies	methods of pseudo-reasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument.	85
4178222282	Shift or Turn	a change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader	86
4178222283	Spin	twist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation"The President's spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing"	87
4178222284	Parallel syntactic structures	using the same part of speech or syntactic structure in (1) each element of a series, (2) before and after coordinating conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, for, nor), and (3) after each of a pair of correlative conjunctions (not only...but also, neither...nor, both...and, etc.). Below are examples for definitions (1) and (3):Over the hill, through the woods, and to grandmother's house we go. (3) That vegetable is both rich in vitamins and low in calories.	88
4178222285	Antithesis	the contrast of opposites within parallel clauses or phrases. Canada uses antithesis to point out the contrast between his innocent belief that the police would help him and his growing awareness that they didn't care about people in his neighborhood: "It was nothing they did, it was what they didn't do"(14).	89

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AP Language Terms Flashcards

PPT Answers and Terms

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2517266389	Abstract Diction	Language that denotes ideas, emotions, conditions, or concepts that are intangible-impenetrable, incredible, inscrutable, inconceivable, unfathomable	0
2517266390	ad hominem	Latin for "against the man." Attacking the person instead of the argument proposed by that individual. An argument directed to the personality, prejudices, previous words and actions of an opponent rather than an appeal to pure reason. Example: "Rush Limbaugh is a big fat idiot," writes left-wing comedian Al Franken.	1
2517266391	adverbial phrases	First, let's define an adverb: word that modifies a verb, verb form, adjective or another adverb. Thus, an adverbial phrases is a group of words that modifies, as a single unit, a verb, verb form, adjective or another adverb. Example: He lost the first game due to carelessness.	2
2517266392	allegory	A fiction or nonfiction narrative, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities, moral values, or concepts. Playing out of the narrative is designed to reveal an abstraction or truth. Characters and other elements may be symbolic of the ideas referred to in the allegory. Example: The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan or A Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne.	3
2517266394	allusion	A reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Generally speaking, the writer assumes the educated reader will recognize the reference. Often humorous, but not always. Establishes a connection between writer and reader, or to make a subtle point. Example: "In gulfs enchanted, where the Siren sings."	4
2517266395	Ambiguity	Use of language where the meaning is unclear or has two or more possible interpretations or meanings. It could be created through a weakness in the way the writer has expressed himself or herself, but often it is used by writers quite deliberately to create layers of meaning in the mind of the reader.	5
2517266396	Ambivalence	This indicates more than one possible attitude is being displayed by the writer towards a character, theme, or idea, etc.	6
2517266397	Anachronism	Something that is historically inaccurate, for example the reference to a clock chiming in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.	7
2517266398	Anadiplosis	Last word of one line is the first word of the next line	8
2517266399	analogy	A comparison to a directly parallel case, arguing that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case. A comparison made between two things that may initially seem to have little in common but can offer fresh insights when compared. Used for illustration and/or argument. Example: "We advance in years somewhat in the manner of an invading army in a barren land; the age that we have reached, as the phrase goes, we but hold with an outpost, and still keep open our communications with the extreme rear and first beginnings of the march." -Robert Louis Stevenson, "On Marriage."	9
2517266400	anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. Deliberate form of repetition to reinforce point or to make it more coherent. Example: In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson places the subject, "He," at the beginning of twenty accusations in a row, each as a single paragraph, to put the weight of responsibility for the problems with King George III, whom Jefferson refers to in the third person.	10
2517266401	Anastrophe (Inversion)	Inversion of the normal syntactical structure of a sentence. Ex. "Ready are you?"	11
2517266402	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	12
2517266406	antithesis	A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases or clauses. Example: ". . .one seeing more where the other sees less, one seeing black where the other sees white, one seeing big where the other sees small. . . ." Example: Shakespeare's Macbeth, Act I, Scene I, Line 11: "Fair is foul and foul is fair." Oxymoron: rhetorical antithesis, juxtaposing two contradictory terms like "wise fool" or "eloquent silent."	13
2517266408	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle	14
2517266411	Archaic	Language that is old-fashioned -not completely obsolete but no longer in current use.	15
2517266414	asyndeton	Sentence where commas are used with no conjunctions to separate a series of words. Gives equal weight to each part. Speeds up the flow of the sentence. Formula: X, Y, Z. As opposed to X, Y, and Z. See polysyndeton for variation.	16
2517266420	bombast	Originally meant "cotton stuffing." Adopted to signify verbose and inflated diction that is disproportionate to the matter it expresses. Popular with the heroic drama of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Although a century after the height of this style, James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Sagas (Last of the Mohicans for example) are typical of bombastic speeches.	17
2517266421	bowdlerize	Named after Thomas Bowdler, who tidied up his Family Shakespeare in 1815 by omitting whatever is unfit to be read by a gentleman in the presence of a lady. Means to expurgate from a work any passages considered indecent or indelicate. High school and some college texts are guilty of this censuring	18
2517266422	Cacaphony	Harsh clashing, or dissonant sounds, often produced by combinations of words that require a clipped, explosive delivery or words that contain a number of plosive consonants. Opposite of Euphony	19
2517266425	Catharsis	A purging of the emotions which takes place at the end of a tragedy.	20
2517266428	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb	21
2517266430	Colloquial	Ordinary, everyday speech and language Colloquial expressions are non-standard, often regional, ways of using language appropriate to informal or conversational speech and writing. Ex. "ya'll"	22
2517266433	Complex Sentence	Contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clause "Because the singer was tired, she went straight to bed after the concert"	23
2517266434	Compound Sentence	Contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon	24
2517266435	Compound-Complex Sentence	Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Ex. The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores."	25
2517266438	Connotation	An implication or association attached to a word or phrase. A connotation is suggested or felt rather than being explicit.	26
2517266443	Declarative Sentence	Makes a statement	27
2517266446	Denouement	The ending of a play, novel, or drama where "all is revealed" and the plot is unraveled	28
2517266448	diatribe	From Latin diatriba meaning "to spend time," or "to wear away." Archaic meaning: a prolonged discourse. A bitter and abusive speech or writing. Ironical or satirical criticism. Example: The challenging candidate shouted his diatribe against the incumbent platform to several thousand supporters in attendance.	29
2517266449	diction	Means "word choice." Refers to word choice as a reflection of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. Purpose, tone, point of view, persona, verve, color, all are affected by diction.	30
2517266452	double entendre	A corruption of a French phrase meaning "double meaning." The term is used to indicate a word or phrase that is deliberately ambiguous, especially when one of the meanings is risqué or improper. Example: The Elizabethan usage of the verb "die," which refers both to death and to orgasm.	31
2517266455	Ellipsis	The deliberate omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context; it creates and elegant or daring economy of words.	32
2517266461	Epic	A long narrative poem, written in an elevated style and usually dealing with a heroic theme or story. Homer's The Iliad and Milton's Paradise Lost are examples of this.	33
2517266463	epigraph	A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme of the fiction or nonfiction text. An aphorism is a short clever saying parting truth. Example: "waste not, want not."	34
2517266465	epiphany	Literally means "a manifestation." Traditionally, Christianity used the word to signify a manifestation of God's presence in the world. Irishman James Joyce, in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, first adapted the word to a secular meaning: a sudden radiance and revelation while observing a commonplace object. Joyce replaced what earlier writers had called "the moment," an instance or moment of revelation.	35
2517266467	Epithet	An adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing to emphasize a characteristic quality or attribute, such as "lily-livered coward"	36
2517266470	ethos	Etymology: Greek. A person's character or disposition. The characteristic spirit or prevalent tone of a people or a community. The essential identity of an institution or system. Ideal excellence; nobler than reality. Example: "The real is preferred to the ideal, transient emotions to permanent lineaments, pathos to ethos."	37
2517266471	euphemism	Originally in Greek meant "to speak well." Has come to mean: to speak well in the place of the blunt, disagreeable, terrifying or offensive term. A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. Example: death becomes "to pass away." Example: "Damn it" becomes "Darn it!" Example: Victorians first used "limb" for leg or "privates" for sexual organs.	38
2517266472	Euphony	Use of pleasant or melodious sounds.	39
2517266475	exposition	Background information provided by author to enhance the audience's understanding of the context of a fiction or nonfiction story. Example: Robert Louis Stevenson gives the reader plenty of cultural background on the small seaside village of his youth in hopes the audience will better appreciate the context of "The Lantern-Bearers."	40
2517266477	Fable	A short story that presents a clear moral lesson.	41
2517266481	Figurative Language	Language that is symbolic or metaphorical and not meant to be taken literally.	42
2517266483	Flat Character	Forester's term for a character with a single quality	43
2517266484	Foil	Usually a character who by contrast points up the qualities or characteristics of another character	44
2517266493	High/Formal Diction	Contains language that creates an elevated tone; free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, and contractions; contains polysyllabic words, sophisticated syntax, and elegant word choice	45
2517266495	hyperbole	Originally in Greek meant "overshooting." A bold overstatement or extravagant expression of fact, used for serious or comic effect. Easily recognized as exaggeration for effect. Example: There must have been ten million people at our Wal-Mart on the day after Thanksgiving. Or, Shakespeare's, Othello, Act III, Scene III, Lines 330-33 reads: Not poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou ow 'dst yesterday.	46
2517266499	Imperative Sentence	Gives a Command	47
2517266501	Informal/low diction	The language of everyday use; relaxed and conversational; common and simple words, idioms, slang, jargon	48
2517266506	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	49
2517266508	irony (verbal)	Verbal irony: demands the most audience sophistication. This requires "reading between the lines." Also, this irony takes the greatest risks with the audience who might misinterpret what is irony and what is literal. Might be simple reversal of literal meanings of words spoken or more complex, subtle, indirect and unobtrusive messages that require the collection of hints from within the text. Compliments the intelligence of the reader, who, by perceiving the irony, is in partnership with the author and the minority of characters who understand, too. Example: "It is truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice). The subtle irony is that a single woman is in want of a rich husband as manifested by the evidence in the novel that follows this opening line. Sarcasm: a type of verbal irony that is crude and blatant praise or dispraise. Example: "Oh, you're God's great gift to women, you are!"	50
2517266512	Jargon	A characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves); "they don't speak our lingo"	51
2517266513	Juxtaposition	A poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ex. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/ Petals on a wet, black bough." ("In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound).	52
2517266514	Lament	A poem expressing intense grief	53
2517266515	litotes	Noun. From Greek lítōtēs for "plain" or "simple." Assertion of an affirmative by negating its contrary. Example: "He's not the brightest man in the world," meaning "he is stupid." It is a simple form of understatement, often in Anglo-Saxon poetry, like Beowulf, it is a statement of grim irony. Example, in describing the dwelling place of the monster Grendel, Hrothgar states, "That is not a pleasant place." General example: "He is two bricks shy of a full load," meaning his reasoning powers are not all there.	54
2517266519	Medium Sentence	Approximately 18 words in length	55
2517266528	Motif	A dominant theme, subject or idea which runs through a piece of literature Often a "motif" can assume a symbolic importance	56
2517266534	Non Sequitur	A fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.	57
2517266539	Omission	1 a : something neglected or left undone b : apathy toward or neglect of duty 2 : the act of omitting : the state of being omitted	58
2517266541	oxymoron	Noun. From Greek: oxi means "sharp, keen, acute, pungent, acid"; moron means "dull, stupid, foolish." A figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side-by-side for effect. Words are obviously opposed or markedly contradictory terms. Casually reference: contradiction of terms. Examples: "civil war," "alone together," "deafening silence," or "jumbo shrimp."	59
2517266543	paradox	A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue. Rhymes with "in your socks" Examples: Books are a poor man's wealth. Or, as Emily Dickinson writes, "Much madness is Divinest Sense." In John Donne's sonnet, "Death, Be Not Proud," he declares: One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.	60
2517266544	Parallelism/parallel structure	Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions. Might be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb. Might be two or more of the same type of phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive). Might be two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Might be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same sentence. Simple Example: He lived well, and he died well.	61
2517266547	pathos	Noun. Etymology: Greek. A quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathetic expression or emotion; transient or emotional. Example: For many audience members, the first time viewing Braveheart in a darkened theatre produced a profound pathos while watching William Wallace scream out "Freedom!" in his last dying moments after suffering a barbaric torture at the hands of the civilized English.	62
2517266548	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	63
2517266551	Periphrasis	A round-about or long-winded way of expressing something	64
2517266555	polysyndeton	Sentence that uses and or other conjunctions multiple times with no commas to separate items in a series. Stresses equally each member of the series. Slows the flow of the sentence for effect, making items more emphatic than in the asyndeton. Formula: X and Y and Z. See asyndeton for variation.	65
2517266556	post hoc, egro propter hoc	Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second.	66
2517266559	Prose	Any kind of writing which is not verse - usually divided into fiction and non-fiction	67
2517266564	red herring	When a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue.	68
2517266578	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development (etymology), their connotations, and their relation to one another.	69
2517266591	straw man	Argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Diverts attention away from the real issues.	70
2517266605	tautology	Noun. From Late Latin tautologia. A repetition of the same statement. The repetition, within the immediate context, of the same word or phrase or the same meaning in different words; usually as a fault of style. Example: "essential necessaries." A repetition of something already said. A mere repetition of acts, incidents or experiences. Modern Logic: A self-evident truth, a truism; a compound proposition which is unconditionally true for all possibilities.	71
2517266614	verisimilitude	The achievement of an illusion of reality in the audience. This is one of the "three unities" of Italian and French drama: unity of place, unity of time, and unity of truth (the drama must have a sense of reality and believability in the audience). The appearance of being true. Having a resemblance to truth, reality or fact. A statement which has the mere show of being true or in accordance with fact; an apparent truth.	72
2517266617	Zeugma	A device that joins together two apparently incongruous things by applying a verb or adjective to both which only really applies to one of them "Kill the boys and the luggage" (Shakespeare's Henry V )s	73

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APES Flashcards

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3830793794	Deforestation	The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc., or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel.	0
3830793795	Old-Growth Factors	A nontechnical term often used to mean a virgin forest (one never cut) but also used to mean a forest that has been undisturbed for a long, but usually unspecified, time.	1
3830795572	Tropical Forests	Are found between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Tropical forests are in a climate where there is no winter or frost so the leaves stay on the trees year-round. Tropical forests have only two seasons - wet and dry	2
3830797062	Selective Cutting	In timber harvesting, the practice of cutting some, but not all, trees, leaving some on the site. There are many kinds of selective cutting. Sometimes the biggest trees with the largest market value are cut, and smaller trees are left to be cut later. Sometimes the best trees are left to provide seed for future generations. Sometimes trees are left for wildlife habitat and recreation.	3
3830797063	Rotation Time	Time between cuts of a stand or area of forest.	4
3830798484	Public Lands	Any land or land interest owned by the federal government within the 50 states, not including offshore federal lands or lands held in trust for Native American groups.	5
3830798485	Restricted-Use Land	Land that is only allowed limited amounts of recreation, hunting, and other human activities.	6
3830801078	National Wildlife Refuge	Is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat. The system consists of over 500 refuges across the nation.	7
3830805119	National Resource Lands	Lands that are protected to be used as sources for renewable resources, such as timber.	8
3830805129	US Forest Service	A United States government agency within the United States Department of Agriculture, is under the leadership of the United States Secretary of Agriculture and protects and manages forests in the U.S.	9
3830808964	US Fish and Wildlife Service	Is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife.	10
3830808965	Controlled Burn	Using prescribed fire to reduce the risk from wildfires, control tree diseases, increase food and habitat for wildlife, and manage forests for greater production of desirable tree species.	11
3830808966	Ecological Island	An area that is biologically isolated so that a species occurring within the area cannot mix (or only rarely mixes) with any other population of the same species.	12
3830811019	Commercial Forestry	In order to retain biodiversity in commercial forest, they must be managed in ways that simulate disturbances that take place in old-growth forests, such as forest fires and storms. Over time, some of the structural characteristics of old-growth forests, such as old trees, deadwood and deciduous trees, can also be added.	13
3830811020	Second- Growth Forests	Forest that has been clear-cut and re-grown.	14
3830813428	Clear Cutting	In timber harvesting, the practice of cutting all trees in a stand at the same time.	15
3830813429	Strip Cutting	In timber harvesting, the practice of cutting narrow rows of forest, leaving wooded corridors.	16
3830814616	Thinning	is in forestry a type of selective cutting primarily undertaken to make the forest more profitable in an upcoming final felling. Most of the harvest in thinning is pulpwood as only mature trees are suitable for timber.	17
3830814617	Multiple- Use Land	Literally, using the land for more than one purpose at the same time.	18
3830816469	National Park	A relatively large area containing representative examples of major natural regions, features, or scenery of national or international significance. National park ecosystems are not heavily altered by humans and they are protected by national governments.	19
3830816470	National Forest	are protected forest woodland areas in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Secretary of Agriculture. The management of these lands focuses on timber harvesting, livestock grazing, water, wildlife, and recreation. Commercial use of national forests is permitted and in many cases encouraged, unlike national parks.	20
3830819779	Riparian Zones (areas)	Thin strips and patches of land and vegetation that border streams.	21
3830821195	US National Park Service	is the United States Federal Government agency that deals with all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation properties with various designations.	22
3830823164	US Bureau of Land Management	is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior which administers America's public lands, totaling 262 million acres (1,060,000 km) or one-eighth of the landmass of the country.	23
3830823165	Edge Effect	An effect that occurs following the forming of a forest island; in the early phases the species diversity along the edge is greater than in the interior. Species escape from the cut area and seek refuge in the border of the forest, where some may last only a short time.	24

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Terms- AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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4232519765	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for _____ in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	0
4232519766	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. _____s can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of _____.	1
4232519767	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An _____ can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. _____s can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	2
4232519768	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the _____ of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; IT exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The _____ of "IT" is...? (answer: all truth)	3
4232519769	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An _____ can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	4
4232519770	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____. Frequently _____ foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	5
4232519771	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. _____s may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	6
4232519772	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the _____ of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal)	7
4232519773	Diction	Related to style, _____ refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP Exam you should be able to describe an author's _____ (for example, formal or informal) and understand how it compliments the author's purpose. _____, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	8
4232519774	Didactic	From the Greek, _____ literally means "teaching." They have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	9
4232519775	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	10
4232519776	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	11
4232519777	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Could include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, understatement.	12
4232519778	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, _____ uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader, deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex _____ while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this _____.	13
4232519779	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	14
4232519780	Irony/Ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. _____ is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of _____ used in language: (1) verbal _____ - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational _____ - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic _____ - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	15
4232519781	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. _____ is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).	16
4232519782	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. _____ical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	17
4232519783	Metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," _____ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	18
4232519784	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the _____. _____ is similar to tone and atmosphere.	19
4232519785	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	20
4232519786	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	21
4232519787	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an _____ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of _____.	22
4232519788	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	23
4232519789	Personification	A _____ __ ______ in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	24
4232519790	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of _____ __ _____, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term _____ __ _____ carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's _____ __ ____, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	25
4232519791	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," _____ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are _____stic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done,_____can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	26
4232519792	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, _____ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the _____ist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	27
4232519793	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a _____ (or _____istic reasoning or _____istic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A _____'s conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. _____s may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").	28
4232519794	Symbol/Symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a _____is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, _____s (1) natural _____s are objects and occurrences from nature to _____lize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn _____lizing hope or a new beginning, a rose _____izing love, a tree _____lizing knowledge). (2) conventional _____s are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious _____s such as a cross or Star of David; national _____s, such as a flag or an eagle; or group _____s, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary _____s are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's _____s may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a _____ for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	29
4232519795	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. _____ is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of _____ as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates _____. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how _____ produces effects.	30
4232519796	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually _____ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the _____ may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	31
4232519797	Thesis	In expository writing, the _____ statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	32
4232519798	Tone	Similar to mood, _____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. ____ is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's ____. Some words describing ____are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	33
4232519799	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, ___________ presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. _____________ is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	34
4232519800	Antihero	A protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	35
4232519801	Archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	36
4232519802	Simile	A comparison using like or as	37
4232519803	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meanin. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The ________ meaning usually deals with the moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	38
4232519804	Antithesis	The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite	39
4232519805	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour:/ England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness". Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed.	40
4232519806	Caricature	A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features and other characteristics.	41
4232519807	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main ______ expresses complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate ______, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent _____. The point that you want to consider is the question or what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	42
4232519808	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, ____________ give a work a conversational, familiar tones. __________ expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	43
4232519809	Conceit	A fanicful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A _______ displays intellectual cleverness as a result of an unusual comparison being made.	44
4232519810	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech", ________s are a mor agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The _________ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or iroinic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of __________.	45
4232519811	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and a political writing. On the AP Language Exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	46
4232519812	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, _____ is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called _____s themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP Language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following _____s: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.	47
4232519813	Homily	This term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	48
4232519814	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") _________s often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, _________ produces irony. The opposite of _________ is understatement.	49
4232519815	Inference/Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice asks for an _________ to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable _________ is the safest answer choice. If an __________ is implausible, it is unlikely to be the correct answeer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not ______ed and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation-negative or positive- of the choices.	50
4232519816	Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic Sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many _____ ________s often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, _____ ________s create loose style. The opposite of a _____ ________ is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.	51
4232519817	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this terms comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another". It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity...") The effects of ___________ are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythym.	52
4232519818	Anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).	53
4232519819	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written ______ offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being ______ed in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occassionally, however, ______es take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	54
4232519820	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of big words).	55
4232519821	Periodic Sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of the ________ ________ is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	56
4232519822	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, _____ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In _____ the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	57
4232519823	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
4232519824	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator", this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
4232519825	Rhetorical Modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of major kinds of writing. The four most common _________ _____ (often referred to as the modes of discourse) are as follows: 1) The purpose of 'exposition' (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP Language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2) The purpose of 'argumentation' is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3) The purpose of 'description' is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in a description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive imaging may be straightforward and objective, or highly emotional and subjective. 4) The purpose of 'narration' is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mod frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.	60
4232519826	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	61
4232519827	Style	The consideration of _____ has two purposes: 1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' _____s are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. we can analyze and describe an author's personal _____ and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. _____s can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. 2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's _____ reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	62
4232519828	Subject Complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it(the predicative nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: 1) The predicate nominative- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star= predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2) The predicate adjective- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic= predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren	63
4232519829	Subordinate Clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subjec and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike independent clauses, the ___________ ______ cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. The ___________ ______ depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how, and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West 'that is known for its geysers'. Parenthesed phrase= ___________ ______	64
4232519830	Synechdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something us used to represent the whorle, or occassionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to referr to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings". **Different tan metynomy, in whcih one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated withi it (but is not necessarily part of it), i.e., regerring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House".	65
4232519831	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example.	66
4232519832	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, __________s effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. a few commonly used __________al words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary,etc. More sophisitcated writers use more subtle means of __________.	67
4232519833	Wit	In modern usage, intllectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A ___ty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speakers verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. ___ usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, ___ originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creating fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	68
4232519834	RHETORICAL STRATEGIES	Any tools used by the author to make his/her point more convincing. Rhetorical strategies help the author to make his claim (Logos) more convincing by appealing to Pathos and Ethos.	69
4232519835	Assertion/claim (noun)/ assert (verb)	Assertions are opinions stated as facts—the basis of all arguments. Assertions are always arguable. Another word for an assertion that controls an argument is claim."America has long had a love affair with violence and guns"(x). Canada begins his book by claiming, or asserting that an important part of America's experience has been their love of violence and guns.	70
4232519836	Qualification (noun)	to modify, restrict or limit. A qualification of an assertion or claim means that you agree in part, or you wish to redefine or reshape the assertion. If you were asked your opinion of Canada's assertion, or claim, you might agree that guns have held an important place in the defense of America, but that "love affair" is too strong a term to describe Americans' feelings for guns. So you would express your opinion as a qualification of Canada's argument: while it is true that guns have played an important part in American history, the reason is not Americans' love for guns but rather their desire for safety and security.	71
4232519837	Speaker's Stance	a "stance" is a position, where you stand on an issue. You might, for example, disagree with Bush's stance on Iraq and believe instead that we should withdraw our troops. That belief, then, would be your stance.	72
4232519838	Rebuttal/Refutation(nouns) rebut/refute (verbs)	an opposing argument; a contradiction. To prove an argument wrong.	73
4232519839	Recapitulate	to repeat briefly; to summarize. Often when you write an argument essay or give a speech, you recapitulate, or sum up your points, in your conclusion. After describing his experience as a teacher with some difficult students (Ch. 4), Canada recapitulates by comparing these students to those he had grown up with in the Bronx and restating his claim that "Violence is a learned response"(28).	74
4232519840	Appeals to authority	using the endorsement , approval or voice of an authority to make an argument seem more convincing. When students voice their opinions in a synthesis essay, they often quote from authority figures to support their opinions.	75
4232519841	Anecdote	the retelling of a brief incident that may illustrate or prove a point made in an argument.	76
4232519842	Juxtaposition	a device by which a writer or speaker juxtaposes, or places two items side by side. This is done to create an ironic contrast or effect. A famous photograph from the Depression shows a long line of men waiting for bread who are standing in front of a billboard that says, "America, Land of Opportunity." The picture of men who are out of work and must rely on food hand-outs is juxtaposed with the message that America provides opportunities for all.	77
4232519843	Litotes (understatement)	deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to create a particular effect. Canada relates an incident which begins with the claiming of a basketball and escalates into the confrontation of a man with a gun. He watches as the older boys reach for their knives and face down an opponent who has a much more powerful weapon. Later, when Geoffrey wants to talk about this incident, Mike and Junior deliberately understate the severity of what happened: '"He was an *******. Forget it."'(42). Their use of litotes or understatement is meant to teach an important lesson: you must keep your emotions under control in order to survive on the streets	78
4232519844	Doublespeak	language used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate. "Not doing so well" instead of very sick or injured	79
4232519845	Ellipsis	The omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in the context. "The eyes of others our prisons; their thoughts our cages."	80
4232519846	Ethnocentric	The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture.	81
4232519847	Euphemism	the substitution of an inoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word or phrase perceived as socially unacceptable or unnecessarily harsh. "overweight" rather than "fat," "disadvantaged" rather than "poor"	82
4232519848	Jargon	refers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. The basis of assessment for Schedule D Case I and II, other than commencement and cessation, is what is termed a previous year basis. (legal jargon)	83
4232519849	Lending Credence	In arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always give the opponent some credit for his / her ideas.	84
4232519850	Logical Fallacies	methods of pseudo-reasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument.	85
4232519851	Shift or Turn	a change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader	86
4232519852	Spin	twist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation"The President's spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing"	87
4232519853	Parallel syntactic structures	using the same part of speech or syntactic structure in (1) each element of a series, (2) before and after coordinating conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, for, nor), and (3) after each of a pair of correlative conjunctions (not only...but also, neither...nor, both...and, etc.). Below are examples for definitions (1) and (3):Over the hill, through the woods, and to grandmother's house we go. (3) That vegetable is both rich in vitamins and low in calories.	88
4232519854	Antithesis	the contrast of opposites within parallel clauses or phrases. Canada uses antithesis to point out the contrast between his innocent belief that the police would help him and his growing awareness that they didn't care about people in his neighborhood: "It was nothing they did, it was what they didn't do"(14).	89

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AP language vocab Flashcards

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2968541861	abjure	reject	0
2968546003	abrogate	abolish	1
2968547814	abstemious	eat or drink in moderation	2
2968549752	acumen	good judgment	3
2968551686	antebellum	before war	4
2968557326	auspicious	giving or being	5
2968560962	belie	misrepresent	6
2968569922	bowdlerize,expurgate	a sensor	7
2968573108	churlish	difficult,rude, uncivil	8
2968576048	diffident	shy or timid	9
2968583025	circumlocution	round-about way of speaking or writing, wordiness	10
2968586858	deleterious	horrible affect, injury, bad for you	11
2968590483	enervate	weaken or destroy	12
2968592657	evanescent	vanish	13
2968598347	enfranchise	give someone the right to citizenship	14
2968604359	epiphany	revaluation	15
2968609820	facetious	smart alec or funny in a critical way	16
2968615128	fatuous	foolish or silly	17
2968617272	feckless	lacking purpose	18
2968622265	fiduciary	relationship of trust	19
2968628804	filibuster	prolonged speech meant to delay legislative action	20
2968637589	gauche	socially awkward or rude	21
2968639496	gerrymander	divide a geographic area into boating districts to give one political parties	22
2984944826	Hegemony	Domint state or region group over others	23
2984948979	Incognito	Identity is disguised and it's like a spy	24
2998813729	Inculate	Frequent repetition	25
3024424391	Incontrovertible	Without a doubt	26
3024427764	Interpolate	To interrupt	27
3024430749	Bellicose	Hostile	28
3024432247	Jejune	Immature, uninteresting dull, lacking nutrition	29
3136754187	incognito	like a spy	30
3136755444	inculcate	frequent repitition	31
3136759452	incontrovertible	without a doubt	32
3136766726	interpolate	insert or to introduce between parts	33
3136770455	bellicose	hostile	34
3136771389	jejune	childish, immature, etc	35
3136772980	lexicon	a dictionary	36
3136775028	kowtow	worship or show respect	37
3136777878	loquacious	not very talkative	38
3136781326	lugubrious	sad, gloomy	39
3136784277	nonsectarian	isn't specific to a religious group	40
3136790315	moiety	part,piece, chunk, section	41
3136796037	obsequious	cause a fuss over something (positive)	42
3192500622	orthography	study of correct spelling	43
3192502477	paradigm	model or pattern	44
3192505387	precipitous	extremely steep or a hasty decision	45
3192511375	quotidian	routine, normal	46
3192516455	recapitulate	repeat or summerize	47
3224205701	subjugate	bring under control or conquer	48
3224208806	tautology	needless repetition or empty statement	49
3239491542	tempestuous	stormy, windy, rainy	50
3239495882	unctuous	oily or slippery	51
3257333367	Vehement	Forceful way of saying something	52
3265079846	winnow	examine something closely to see good vs. bad	53
3295069665	xenophobe	someone afraid of foreign things or people	54
3295073767	ziggurat	terraced temple	55
3303049113	Brigand	Abandoned	56
3324558682	efface	to wipe out or eliminate	57
3325075491	circumspect	to be careful or cautious	58
3342309260	Spasmodic	Sudden, violent and brief	59
3353940760	Feint	Deliberately deceptive movement	60
3359200735	fodder	food for cattle or horses. or raw material	61

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2782740667	Diction	Word choice, especially with regard to connotation, correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. Combines with syntax, literary devices, etc. to create style.	0
2782808436	Tone	The writer's attitude toward the subject or sometimes the audience; tone is created through the writer's word choices, sentence structures, juxtapositions (comparisons), persuasive techniques, etc. Tone should not be confused with mood. Tone words include the following: angry, hollow, allusive, vexed, bitter, restrained, proud, dramatic, urgent, joking, poignant, detached, confused, mocking, objective, vibrant, shocking, somber, sentimental, sympathetic, horrific, apologetic, etc.	1
2782819197	Mood	The emotional response that a piece of literature stimulates in the reader; a work may contain a mood of horror, mystery, holiness, childlike simplicity, etc.	2
2782820333	Style	The manner in which an author uses words, shapes, ideas, forms and sentences and creates a structure to convey ideas or classification of authors to a group.	3
2782821691	Voice	The real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker.	4
2782838918	Figure of Speech	Imaginative comparisons used for tone, purpose, effect.	5
2782841457	Apostrophe	Figure of speech that directly addresses an absent person, an object, or an abstraction. Many apostrophes are also personification, using an object as a point of discussion.	6
2782848698	Euphemism	Greek for "good speech." More agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.	7
2782850356	Analogy	Similarity or comparison between two things or the relationship between them. Can explain something by pointing out its similarity or associating it with something more familiar.	8
2782855877	Aphorism	Terse statement that expresses a general truth or moral principle.	9
2782865185	Hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.	10
2782866875	Imagery	Sensory details used to describe, arouse emotions, or repeat abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five sentences: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	11
2782873918	Extended metaphor	Metaphor developed at great length, appearing frequently throughout a piece.	12
2782878229	Metonymy	Greek meaning "changed label." Figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	13
2782882087	Onamatopoeia	Figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	14
2782882769	Oxymoron	Greek for "pointedly foolish." Author groups two apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	15
2782886312	Paradox	Statement that appears self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but on closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. Enigma.	16
2782890667	Personification	Figure of speech that endows animal, concept, or inanimate object with human attributes.	17
2782910206	Cliche/idiom	An overused or trite expression	18
2782910633	Epithet	An adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a characteristic quality or attribute of some person or thing.	19
2782917260	Idiom	A common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal meaning.	20
2782919960	Jargon	Specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession used in writing/speaking.	21
2782920825	Litotes	A form of understatement in which a statement is affirmed by negating its opposite.	22
2782933077	Pun	A play on words that exploits the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly different meanings.	23
2782966364	Syllogism	Greek meaning "reckoning together;" deductive form of logic.	24
2782968857	Synecdoche	A form of metonymy in which a part of an entity is used to refer to the whole; the difference is that the metonymy uses one thing represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it.	25
2782980415	Adage/Maxim	A saying or proverb embodying a piece of common wisdom based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language.	26
2782981079	Double Entendre	French phrase for double meaning, denotes a pun in which a word or phrase has a second meaning which tends to be sexual.	27
2782986502	Invective	Emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	28
2782996390	Pedantic	Adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. Extreme of didactic.	29
2783385610	Didactic	Means "teaching." Works have primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially moral or ethical principles.	30
2783387386	Sarcasm	Means "to tear flesh." Bitter, caustic language meant to hurt/ridicule.	31
2783388319	Wit	A form of wordplay that displays cleverness or ingenuity with language. Often, but not always, wit displays humor.	32
2783389142	Sentiment	Refined and tender emotion in literature; sometimes used derisively to represent insincerity.	33
2783392824	Verisimilitude	Similar to truth, the quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a vision of life as it is.	34
2783393528	Colloquialism	Slang or informality in speaking or writing. Includes local dialect.	35
2783393852	Connotation	Non-literal, associative meanings of a word. What we think of when we hear of a word.	36
2783394334	Denotation	Strict, literal, dictionary definition.	37
2783394786	Vernacular	Local language or dialect of common speech written in local language or dialect; also sometimes called colloquialism.	38
2783396917	High diction	A sophisticated or educated speaker who uses abstract nouns or complex figures of speech and demands greater intellectual effort from the audience.	39
2783397907	Low diction	A simpler, less cultivated speaker who uses literal nouns and less grammatical complexity than high diction.	40
2783398398	Dialect	Distinct variety of language spoken by members of an identifiable regional group, nation or social class.	41
2783399546	Bombast	Inflated language; the use of high-sounding language for trivial subject.	42
2783399759	Semantics	Branch of linguistics that studies meaning and development of words and their relationship.	43
2783400156	Allegory	Device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literary meaning. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	44
2783402248	Alliteration	Repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words; repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	45
2783403313	Assonance	Repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or close words in proximity.	46
2783403884	Allusion	Direct or indirect reference to something commonly known such as a book, event, myth, place or person to convey tone, purpose, or effect.	47
2783404450	Conceit	Extended metaphor with complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem.	48
2783405062	Consonance	Repetition of two or more consonants	49
2783405291	Deus ex machina	Use of an artificial device or contrived solution to solve a difficult situation.	50
2783406229	Foreshadow	To hint or present actions to come in a story or play.	51
2783406958	Foil	Person or thing that makes another seem better by contrast.	52
2783407371	Irony	Contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant.	53
2783409463	Verbal irony	A discrepancy between the trust meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words.	54
2783410143	Situational irony	A situation that is the opposite of what the reader expects.	55
2783410749	Dramatic irony	A technique in which the author lets the audience or reader in on a character's situation while the character himself remains in the dark.	56
2783411944	Motif	A recurring structure, contrast, or other device that develops or informs a work's major themes.	57
2783412338	Anecdote	The brief narration of a single event or incident.	58
2783412773	Concrete	As opposed to abstract, concrete refers to something that actually exists and can be seen and known; abstract pertains to ideas, concepts, or qualities, as opposed to physical attributes.	59
2783414679	Anachronism	The incorporation of an event, scene or person who does not correspond with the time period portrayed in the word.	60
2783418298	Caricature	A grotesque likeness of striking characteristics in persons or things; verbal description to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or characteristics.	61
2783420822	Point of View	Perspective from which a story is told; First person: Pronoun "I" and is a character in the story. Second: Tells the story with the use of "you." Third: Relates events with the third person pronouns of "he", "she", "it"; third person omniscient occurs when the narrator has godlike knowledge, presenting knowledge of all characters; third person limited omniscient occurs when the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of the remaining characters.	62
2783595781	Protagonist/Antagonist	Protagonist may not be the hero, but the character and audience feels the most sympathy for them. The antagonist is the character or force in a literary work that opposes the main character (may be an object).	63
2783597294	Stream of consciousness	Technique characterized by the continuous unedited flow of experience through the mind recorded on paper; often used as interior monologue, when the reader is privy to a character or narrator's thoughts.	64
2783598569	Symbol	An object, character, figure, or color that is used to represent an abstract idea or concept.	65
2783599245	Theme	A fundamental and universal idea explored in a literary work.	66
2783599724	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literature work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Description of weather/nature (pathetic fallacy) contribute greatly to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events, creating a mood.	67
2783601962	Setting	Total environment for the action of a fictional work. Setting includes time period, the place, the historical milieu, as well as the social, political, and perhaps even spiritual realities. Setting is usually established through description, though narration is used as well; some novels include a "flame" to supply an extended description of the setting.	68
2783607301	Coming-of-age	Novel or story whose theme is the moral or psychological growth of the main character; protagonist in initiated into adulthood through knowledge, experience, or both, often by a process of disillusionment.	69
2783612888	Cause/effect	Pattern of writing/speaking which is characterized by its analysis of why something happens, in contrast to process, which is how.	70
2783614187	Classification/division	Pattern of writing/speaking which is characterized by division, which is the process of breaking a whole into parts, and classification and then sorts individual items into categories.	71
2784564766	Genre	Major category into which a literary work fits. Basic deviations are prose, poetry, and drama. These genres can be divided into sub-genres, such as poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic and epic.	72
2784567169	Homily	Means sermon, but can include any serious talk involving moral or spiritual advice.	73
2784567547	In medias res	Opening a story in the middle of the action, requiring filling in past details by exposition or flashback.	74
2784568167	Narrative	Telling of a story or an account of an event.	75
2784568540	Parody	Work that closely imitates the style or content of another for comic effect or ridicule.	76
2784570006	Description	Writing intended to re-create, invent or visually present a person, place or event.	77
2784571460	Elegy	Song or poem of mourning or lamentation.	78
2784572664	Burlesque	A humorous imitation of a serious work of literature.	79
2784573070	Memoir	An autobiographical work. Rather than focusing on the author's life, it pays significant attention to the author's involvement in historical events and the characterization of individuals other than the author.	80
2784574425	Satire	A work that aims to ridicule the shortcomings of individuals, institutions, or society, often to make a political point.	81
2784575497	Abstract	A very brief synopsis of longer work of scholarship or research. Also something that does not exist in the real world.	82
2784576279	Classic	A highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time.	83
2784576677	Expose	A piece of writing, often journalistic, meant to reveal or expose weakness, faults, frailties, or other shortcomings.	84
2784579673	Lampoon	A violent, satirical attack against a person or institution.	85
2784581510	Coherence	Clear connection among all parts of an essay.	86
2784582018	Exposition	Explaining and analyzing information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.	87
2784582462	Prose	Any language that is not poetry or drama.	88
2784586681	Rhetoric	Greek for orator, principles governing art of writing effectively, eloquently, persuasively.	89
2784587390	Rhetorical Modes	Variety, conventions, and purposes of major kinds of writing.	90
2784588003	Thesis	The central argument that an author makes in a work.	91
2784588548	Explication	A close reading of a text that identifies and explains the figurative language and forms found within the work.	92
2784589132	Intertextuality	The various relationships a text may have with other texts, through allusions, borrowing of formal or thematic elements, or simply by reference to traditional literary forms.	93
2784591760	Poetic license	The liberty that authors sometimes take with ordinary rules of grammar and syntax, employing unusual vocabulary, metrical devices, or figures of speech, or committing factual errors in order to strengthen a passage of writing.	94
2784593976	Antithesis	The rhetorical opposition or contrast of words, clauses, or sentences.	95
2784597942	Anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in successive lines, clauses or sentences.	96
2784600012	Malapropism	A confused, comically inaccurate use of a long word or words.	97
2784601498	Rhetorical question	A question asked for the sake of persuasive effect rather than a genuine request for information. The writer implies the answer is too obvious to require a reply.	98
2784602671	Asyndeton	A form of verbal compression which consists of the omission of connecting words between clauses.	99
2784603252	Cadence	The rising or falling rhythm of speech especially in free verse or prose.	100
2784603851	Circumlocution	The roundabout manner of referring to something at length rather than naming it briefly and directly.	101
2784605017	Digression	A temporary departure from one subject to another more or less distantly related topic before the discussion of the first subject is resumed.	102
2784606016	Ambiguity	Multiple meanings, intentional or not- of a work, phrase, sentence or passage.	103
2784607905	Repetition	Duplication of any element of language- sound, word, phrase, clause, pattern	104
2784608278	Aposiopesis	Rhetorical device in which the speaker suddenly breaks off in the middle of a sentence leaving the sentence unfinished.	105
2784611096	Periphrasis	An elaborate and roundabout manner of speech that uses more words than necessary.	106
2784612118	Ellipsis	Three periods (...) indicating the omission of words.	107
2784613121	Argument	An assertion based on fact, statistics, or logical reasoning.	108
2784614012	Antithesis (Argumentation)	The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	109
2784614267	Assumption	An inference or conclusion	110
2784614573	Assertion	"For" or "against" stance taken by an author in a persuasive essay.	111
2784615295	Deductive reasoning	Sherlock Holme's way of thinking, using general observations that lead to a specific conclusion.	112
2784616568	Evidence	Used to support writer's thesis- proof.	113
2784617214	Infer	Draw a reasonable conclusion based on information presented.	114
2784618343	Persuasion	Type of argumentation having additional aim of urging a particular form of action/call to action.	115
2784619388	Ethos	Form of logical thinking used to analyze an author's credibility. Established by appealing to emotions, not using a hostile tone, and demonstrating knowledge of subject; the speaker claims to be an expert or relies on information provided by experts (appeal to authority).	116
2784621619	Pathos	Greek for "feeling." The quality in a work of literature that evokes high emotion.	117
2784622229	Logos	Greek for "logic." Attempts to persuade the listener through the use of deductive reasoning.	118
2784622832	Propaganda	A work of didactic literature that aims to influence the reader on a specific social or political issue.	119
2784637486	False analogy	Error in assuming that because two things are alike in some ways, they are alike in all ways.	120
2784637734	Hasty generalization	Unsound inductive inference based on insufficient, inadequate, unspecified evidence.	121
2784638346	Nonsequitur	A statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.	122
2784638759	Post hoc	Because one thing follows another, it is held to cause the other.	123
2784639511	Ad hominem	Instead of attacking an assertion, the argument attacks the person who made the assertion.	124
2784639920	Syntax	Way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, sentences	125
2784640436	Inverted syntax	Sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject for effect.	126
2784640937	Antecedent	Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	127
2784641477	Clause	Grammatical unit containing subject and verb. Independent and dependent.	128
2784642325	Loose sentence	Type of sentence in which main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units (phrases and clauses).	129
2784645295	Parallelism	Grammatical and rhetorical framing of words, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. Attracts the reader's attention, adds emphasis, and organization, or rhythm.	130
2784646667	Periodic sentence	Sentence that presents central meaning in a main clause at the end. Independent clause preceded by phrase or dependent clause. Adds emphasis and variety.	131
2784653976	Predicate adjective	Adjective that follows linking verb and compliments subject.	132
2784654434	Predicate nominative	Noun that follows linking verb and renames subject	133
2784655432	Subordinate clause	Group of words with subject and verb that cannot stand alone.	134
2784656607	Sentence structure	The manner in which grammatical elements are arranged in a sentence. Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.	135
2784657618	Simple sentence	Contains a subject and a verb along with modifiers and perhaps an object.	136
2784658719	Compound sentence	Consists of two or more simple sentences liked by a coordinating conjunction such as and or but.	137
2784659889	Complex sentence	It is made up of an independent, or main, clause and any number of dependent or subordinate clauses.	138
2784661928	Compound-complex sentence	It is made up of two independent, or main, clauses, a conjunction, and one or more dependent or subordinate clauses.	139
2784662969	Active verb	The subject of the sentence is doing something.	140
2784663545	Passive verb	Something is being done to the subject of the sentence.	141
2784663900	Subject compliment	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follow a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either remaining it or describing it. The former is called a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective.	142
2784665473	Homonym	Word that is identical in form with another word either in sound or spelling but differs from it in meaning.	143
2784665949	Homophone	A word that is pronounced in the same way as another word but differs in meaning and or spelling. Thus, a kind of homonym.	144

9180888896	Analogy	Explaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple.	0
9180892574	Argument	The combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their point	1
9180910769	Aristotelian/Rhetorical Appeals	Three different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them: logos, ethos, and pathos.	2
9180925395	Attitude	The writer's personal views or feelings about the subjects at hand.	3
9180933836	Compare and Contrast	Discussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose.	4
9180955783	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word. Could be broadly negative, positive or neutral.	5
9180977962	Context	The extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered.	6
9180993005	Counterargument	The argument against the author's position.	7
9180999206	Deductive Reasoning	A form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case.	8
9181403677	Denotation	The literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word.	9
9181412368	Diction	The style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation.	10
9181421474	Ethos	Setting up a source as credible and trustworthy.	11
9181423846	Evidence	The information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position.	12
9181431540	Figurative Language	The use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc.	13
9181440016	Genre	The specific type of work being presented.	14
9181445525	Imagery	Any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language.	15
9181453964	Implication	When something is suggested without being concretely stated.	16
9181461083	Inductive Reasoning	Making a generalization based on specific evidence at hand.	17
9181467156	Irony	At the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe the situations in which the results of an act are dramatically different than intended.	18
9181480625	Juxtaposition	Placing two very different things together for effect.	19
9181489867	Logos	Appealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic.	20
9181495017	Occasion	The reason or moment for writing and speaking.	21
9181500565	Organization	How the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech.	22
9181515105	Pathos	Appeal to someone's emotion.	23
9181529532	Purpose	The author's persuasive intention.	24
9181532712	Repetition	Re-using a word or phase multiple times for emphasis or effect.	25
9181545387	Rhetoric	The use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience.	26
9181561126	Rhetorical Triangle	The relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message and the context.	27
9181612479	Speaker	The persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author.	28
9181625006	Style	The author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice.	29
9181637453	Symbolism	Using a symbol to refer to an idea or concept.	30
9181651282	Syntax	The way sentences are grammatically constructed.	31
9181653393	Synthesis	Combining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point..	32
9181660999	Themes	Overarching ideas or driving premises of work.	33
9181665950	Tone	The use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject.	34
9181674972	Voice	An author's unique sound. Similar to style.	35
9181682652	Alliteration	Using words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence.	36
9181690330	Allusion	Making a brief reference to the cultural canon e.g. the Bible, classical mythology, Shakespeare etc.	37
9181700995	Anecdote	Offering a brief narrative episode.	38
9181896550	Audience	Who the author is directing his/her message to.	39
9181712148	Concession	Agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in a larger argument).	40
9181721166	Didactic	A text with an instructive purpose, often moral.	41
9181728046	Euphemism	Referring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly.	42
9181746713	Exemplification	Providing examples in service of a point.	43
9181749345	Hyperbole	Overstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect.	44
9181755697	Idiom	A commonly used phrase that signifies something very different than its literal meaning e.g. at the drop of a hat.	45
9181785341	Onomatopoeia	Using word that sounds the same as its meaning e.g. crackle.	46
9181802691	Paradox	A phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meeting).	47
9181826416	Parallelism	Repeated structural elements in a sentence.	48
9181926303	Parody	Using the form of something to mimic and make fun of it.	49
9181818914	Personification	Giving human characteristics to a nonhuman subject or idea.	50
9181835341	Sarcasm	Mockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing.	51
9181848199	Satire	A genre of humorous or mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society.	52
9181859573	Synecdoche	Referring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole.	53
9181871120	Understatement	Deliberately minimizing something usually for humorous effect.	54

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