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Flashcards

AP Language & Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

5373681106	abstract	opposed to concrete, not quantifiable.	0
5373685832	ad hominem argument	this term comes from the latin phrase meaning 'to the man' , it refers to an argument that attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand.	1
5373717199	adjective	modifies, alters, changes a noun.	2
5373719283	adverb	modifies, alters, changes a verb.	3
5373720386	aesthetic	the study or philosophy of beauty in art, literature, and nature.	4
5373726602	allegory	form of a metaphor, the meaning of a person, object, or action resides outside the story, the concrete is within the story. It is a fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts. In Paul Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, for example, the characters named Faithful, Mercy and Mr Worldly Wiseman are clearly meant to represent types of people rather than to be characters in their own rights.	5
5373749705	alliteration	repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words: example is the repeated 't' and 'c' sounds in the sentence "The tall tamarack trees shaded the cozy cabin."	6
5373761051	allusion	a reference, usually oblique or faint, to another thing, idea or person. example: "she faced the challenge with Homeric courage" "Homeric" is an allusion to Homer's works THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY.	7
5373816088	ambiguity, ambiguous	having more than one meaning, used in verbal, written and nonverbal communication. It is uncertain or indefinite. It is subject to more than one interpretation. example: 'the poet's use of the word is ambiguous' - to begin to discuss the multiple meanings suggested by the use of the word and to indicate there is an uncertainty of interpretation.	8
5373846682	anachronism	out of time, placing something in a time where it does not belong.	9
5374002700	analogy	ask a reader to think about the correspondence or resemblance between 2 things that are essentially different example "pond as smooth as a mirror'".	10
5374014733	analysis	to separate into parts for inspection or evaluation.	11
5374016180	anaphora	the intentional repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines, stanzas, sentences, or paragraphs.	12
5374020904	anecdote	short narrative detailing the particulars of an event.	13
5374022914	antagonist	the force against the protagonist, a person, nature, or the person's psyche.	14
5374027618	antecedent	every pronoun refers back to a previous noun or pronoun - the antecedent. It is the grammatical term for the noun/pronoun from which another pronoun derives its meaning. example: "The car he wanted to buy was a green one", the pronoun 'one' derives its meaning from the antecedent 'car'.	15
5374932011	antihero	a protagonist who is particularly graceless, inept, stupid, or dishonest.	16
5374933294	antithesis	a figure of speech, using strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas. It is an opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses. example: "whereas he was boisterous, I was reserved." - it's a sentence that balances two antithetical observations.	17
5374944022	aphorism	a short witty statement.	18
5374945121	apology	written or spoken defense.	19
5374946823	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker. example: "love' is personified and addressed as though present in the sentence. "Oh love, where have you gone?"	20
5374950924	apotheosis	derived from Greek word meaning to deify (make like a god); It occurs in literature when a character or thing is elevated to such a high status that it appears godlike.	21
5374955909	appositive	a word or phrase that follows a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity. they are usually set off by commas. example: "The luxury train, The Orient Express, crosses Europe from Paris to Istanbul in just twenty-six hours," the name "The Orient Express" is the appositive for 'train'.	22
5374955910	archetype	a blocked off memory of our past or of pre-human experience, a type of struggle or character to which a culture relates without prior knowledge.	23
5374956820	artificial setting	man-made setting.	24
5374956821	assonance	type of internal rhyming in which vowel sounds are repeated. example: short o sounds in "the pot's rocky, pocked surface".	25
5374957632	asyndeton	occurs when conjunctions (like and or but) that would normally connect a string of words, phrases or clauses are omitted from a sentence. example: "I came, I saw, I conquered."	26
5374957633	atmosphere	the emotional feeling or mood of a place, scene or event. In Toni Morrison's BELOVED, example, the opening chapters convey a mood of loneliness and grief.	27
5374958385	attitude	describes the feeling of a particular speaker or piece of writing toward a subject, person, or idea. synonym for tone.	28
5374958386	audience	the intended receivers for a speaker or writer's message.	29
5374958387	bathos	It is false or forced emotion that is often humorous. Pathos draws upon deep emotion, where this takes emotion to such an extreme that the reader finds it humorous rather than touching.	30
5374959107	begging the question	a fallacy in reasoning which omits the minor premise and goes directly to the conclusion. example: first time drivers are reckless (major premise) Steven is a first time driver (minor premise) Steven will be reckless (conclusion) To beg the question, you must omit the minor premise, therefore the syllogism breaks down.	31
5374959780	bildungsroman	a coming of age novel, the story of a person's development, such as CATCHER IN THE RYE.	32
5902897165	canon	an accepted list. religious canon = matthew, mark, luke, john, etc.	33
5902897166	carpe diem	literally, "seize the day;" a philosophy of living for the day and not thinking about tomorrow.	34
5902897167	catharsis	a moral and spiritual cleansing you receive when watching a protagonist overcome great odds to survive	35
5902897168	character	a person described as an individual with reference to characterization. characterization: an imaginary person who seems life-like	36
5902897169	chiasmus	a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed. ex: susan walked in, and out rushed mary. "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."	37
5902897170	chronological	in order of time; first, second, third. the simplest way to structure a narrative.	38
5902897171	clause	any combination of subject and verb which makes a complete sentence. if the subject-verb combination expresses complete meaning, the clause is independent. if the subject-verb combination doesn't express complete meaning, the clause is dependent.	39
5903108633	colloquial	informal conversation; it differs in grammar, vocabulary, syntax, imagery, or connotation.	40
5903108634	conceit	a type of metaphor that is strikingly odd and thoughtful. ex: love compared to a motorcycle	41
5903108635	concrete	opposed to abstract; quantifiable	42
5903108636	concrete detail	details used in a persuasive paper which attempt to convince the reader; proof or evidence	43
5903108637	confidant (male) / confidante (female)	a person who partakes little in action, is very close to the protagonist, and hears all of the intimate secrets of the protagonist.	44
5903108638	conflict	protagonist/antagonist clash; anytime these two come into the same arena, there is some form of conflict; conflict may be external or internal.	45
5903108640	contrast	writers often use contrasts, or oppositions, to elaborate ideas. contrasts help to expand on their ideas by allowing them to show both what a thing is and what it is not.	46
5903143774	controlling image	an image or metaphor which runs throughout the work	47
5903143775	crisis	the point of the highest clash	48
5903143776	criticism	analysis, study and evaluation of individual works of literature.	49
6012303972	deductive reasoning	reasoning from general to specific ex: students are bad drivers. aaron drives recklessly. aaron hits small animals daily.	50
6012303973	descriptive detail	details in an essay which use sensory description (5 senses) therefore you analyze these descriptions by each sense.	51
6012303974	detail	specifically described items placed in a work for effect and meaning	52
6012303975	deus ex machina	literally "god in the machine". greek idea from when gods would come on stage to rescue the hero, now it applies to anytime the hero is saved by a miraculous or improbable event.	53
6012303976	devices	speech, syntax, diction; stylistic elements collectively that produce an effect	54
6012303977	diction	word choice; denotation=dictionary definition and connotation=associated ideas, concepts, emotions the word suggests	55
6012303978	didactic	a teaching type of tone, usually lesson like or boring in nature (like drivers ed films)	56
6012303979	digression	insertion of material not closely related to the work or subject	57
6012303980	dilemma	two choices both bad or two choices either one producing a bad outcome	58
6012303981	doppelgänger	literally "double goer". a mysterious twin or doubly fight against your work	59
6012355823	dystopia	"bad place"; an imaginary world which was constructed to be perfect yet failed. present tendencies are carried out to their intensely unpleasant end	60
6012355824	elegiac, elegy	work (of music, literature, dance, or art) that expresses sorrow. it mourns the loss of something, such as the death of a loved one	61
6012355825	ellipsis/ellipse	the omission of one or more words	62
6012355826	epiphany	a sudden understanding or realization which prior to this was not thought of or understood.	63
6012355827	ethos	the characteristic spirit or ideal that informs a work; referring to ethnics, or values; appeal to ethnical principles.	64
6012355828	euphemism	mild or unpleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea. often used to soften the impact of what is being discussed. for ex: using the word "departed" for the word "dead"	65
6012355829	exposition	refers to writing or speech that is organized to explain	66
6248768240	fantasy	from "fancy", usually the breaking away from reality	67
6248768241	fiction	comes from the latin word meaning to invent, to form, to imagine; works of fiction can be based on actual occurrences but something has been imagined or invented in the telling of the occurrence	68
6248768242	figurative language	an umbrella term for all uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison; ex: similes, metaphors, and symbols	69
6248768243	figure of speech	uses of language in the non-literal sense; another way of saying figurative language	70
6248768244	foreshadowing	a purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later in the narrative	71
6248768245	generic conventions	from "genre" or type; each type of writing uses particular conventions or techniques. ex: persuasive writing uses technique of syllogism to prove a point.	72
6248768246	genre	particular type or category of writing such as tragedy, comedy, epic, historical fiction, etc.	73
6248768247	grammar	a set of rules that specify how a given language is used effectively.	74
6248768248	hamartia	from greek and translated in the new testament as "sin"; literally it means an error, mistake, frailty, or misstep; protagonists hamartia will cause his or her downfall.	75
6248768249	hyperbole	figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis	76
6248768250	image, imagery	a mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations, but there can be auditory and sensory components to imagery as well	77
6248768251	independent/ dependent clause	inde-a sentence which stands alone de-a sentence which needs to be joined with another sentence in order to make sense	78
6248768252	inductive reasoning	reasoning from specific to general	79
6248768253	inference	to conclude by reason an idea, attitude, tone which is not directly stated by the author.	80
6248925960	invective	violent verbal attack	81
6248925961	in medias res	"in the midst of things"; starting a story in the middle of the action. later the first part will be revealed	82
6248925962	inference	to conclude an idea, attitude, or tone that isn't directly stated in the text.	83
6248925963	irony, itonic	when a situation produces an outcome that is the opposite of what is expected	84
6248925964	juxtaposition	when two contrasting things--ideas, words, or sentence elements--are placed next to eachother for comparison	85
6248925965	kitsch	"gaudy trash"; shallow, flashy art designed to have a mass, commercial appeal	86
6248925966	language	the style of the sentence and the vocab used in conversation and written communication	87
6248925967	linking verb	a verb (am, is, are, was, be, being, been, has been) which joins a subject to a predicate nominative or predicate adjective.	88
6248925968	litotes	figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite; a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion. ex: "not uncommon" means "frequent"	89
6249178743	logos	the use of reason as a controlling principle in an arguement	90
6249178744	mechanics	any form of sentence regulation which aides in interpretation; period, comma, hyphen, question mark, capitalization, etc.	91
6249178745	metaphor	two unlike things are completed directly; saying one thing is something else	92
6249178746	metonymy	a figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. ex: crown=royalty	93
6249178747	microcosm	"small world" representing an entire idea through a small situation or conflict	94
6249178748	mood/atmosphere	the prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event	95
6249178749	motif	a simple device that serves as a basis for explained narrative; recurring feature in the work	96
6249178750	narrative devices	ordering of events, w/holding info until a climatic moment and all tools the story teller used to prograde the story line.	97
6249178751	narrative techniques	the "style" of the story; the writers order of events and details.	98
6249178752	natural setting	all setting that is produced through nature including weather and light/darkness	99
6249191542	noun	any name of a person, place, or thing	100
6321172365	onomatopoeia	an effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning	101
6321172366	overview	brief summary of a while work	102
6321172367	oxymoron	combines two contradictory words in one expression	103
6321172368	pacing or narrative pacing	the speed of a story's action, dialogue, or narration	104
6321249500	paradox	seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth	105
6321249501	parallelism	literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures (phrases, clauses, sentences) in a series in order to develop an argument or emphasize an idea	106
6321249502	parody	an effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing an imitation of the work or of the authors style	107
6321473246	pathos	appeal to emotion, sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion	108
6321473247	pedantic	bookish and scholarly tone; often dull and boring	109
6321473248	periodic sentence	a sentence not grammatically complete until the end; dependent clause at beginning and independent clause at the end.	110
6321473249	person	describes the relationship of a writer or speaker to an audience by examining the pronouns that are used •first person(i,we) •second person(you) •third person(he,she)	111
6321473250	persona	character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text	112
6321473251	personification	ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities	113
6321524112	persuasive devices	devices used in the writing mode of persuasion; strong connotations, order of intensity from lesser to greater, the logic of the argument	114
6322244782	plagiarism	literary theft	115
6322244783	plot	framework upon which a story is placed; chronological, flashback, in medias res, or others	116
6322244784	point of view	perspective from which a story is told	117
6322244785	polysyndeton	use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	118
6322244786	predicate	the verb part of the sentence	119
6322244787	predicate adjective	an adjective in the predicate which modifies the subject; must follow a linking verb	120
6322244788	predicate nominative	a noun in the predicate that renames the subject; must follow a linking verb	121
6322244789	pronoun	a word which takes the place of a noun to prevent repetition or to act as the subject of a clause	122
6322244790	protagonist	main character of a work who has some type of contest to complete	123
6322244791	pun	a play on words	124
6322244792	realism	being as close to reality as possible	125
6322244793	repetition	reiteration of a word, sound, phrase, or idea for emphasis	126
6322244794	resources of language	an authors use of fiction, syntax, sentence structure, and figures of speech to produce and effect	127
6322244795	rhetoric; rhetorical purpose	the art and logic of a written or spoken argument	128
6322244796	rhetorical, or stylistic, devices	the specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy ex: allusion, diction, imagery, syntax, repetition, and figurative language)	129
6322244797	rhetorical features	all of the parts of tone: diction, imagery, details, language, and sentence structure	130
6322291810	rhetorical question	question asked for the stake of the argument; no direct answer needed	131
6322291811	rhetorical shift	changing from one tone, attitude, or distance to another	132
6322291812	rhetorical, or narrative, strategy	plan of action or movement to achieve a d goal	133
6322291813	rhetorical structure	to analyze study, and evaluates rhetorical structure	134
6526582744	sarcasm	a bitter expression of disapproval; sometimes intended to be harsh and hurtful, levels of intensity exist	135
6526582745	satire	to ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines, or to make fun of human foibles or weaknesses.	136
6526582746	selection of detail	the specific words, incidents, images, or events the author uses to create a scene of narrative.	137
6526582747	sentence structure	sentence length: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, phrases, repetition, altered word order	138
6526582748	setting	the time and place the events in the work occur. aspects of setting include:	139

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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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4554632532	Allegory	A narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning and significance. Often is a universal symbol or personified abstraction.	0
4554632533	Alliteration	The sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables.	1
4554632534	Allusion	A literary, historical, religious, or mythological reference.	2
4554632535	Anaphora	The regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses.	3
4554632536	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or	4
4554632537	Aphorism	A concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief.	5
4554632538	Apostrophe	An address or invocation to something inanimate.	6
4554632539	Appeal to...authority, emotion, or logic	Rhetorical argue nets in which the speaker claims to be an authority or expert in a field, or attempts to play upon the emotions, or appeals to the use of reason.	7
4561637918	Assonance	The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words.	8
4561637919	Asyndeton	A syntactical structure in which conjunctions are omitted in a series, usually producing more rapid prose.	9
4561637920	Attitude	The sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author's feelings towards his or her subject, characters, events, or theme. It might even be his or her feelings for the reader.	10
4561637921	Begging the question	An argumentative ploy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict, evades or ignores the real question.	11
4561637922	Cannon	That which has been accepted as authentic.	12
4561637923	Chiasmus	A figure of speech and generally a syntactical structure wherein the order of the terms in the first half of a parallel clause is reversed in the second.	13
4592226815	Claim	In argumentation, an assertion of something as fact.	14
4592226816	Colloquial	A term identifying the diction of the common, ordinary folks, especially in a specific region or area.	15
4592226817	Comparison and Contrast	A mode of discourse in which two or more things are related to each other through similarities and/or differences.	16
4592226818	Connotation	The implied, suggested, or underlying meaning of a word or phrase.	17
4592226819	Conceit	A comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature. In particular an extended metaphor within a poem. However, can also be used in non-fiction and prose.	18
4592226820	Consonance	The repetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels.	19
4592226821	Convention	An accepted manner, model, or tradition.	20
4592226822	Critique	An assessment or analysis of something, such as a passage of writing, for the purpose of determining what it is, what its limitations are, and how it conforms to the standard of the genre.	21
4592226823	Deductive Reasoning (Deduction)	The method of argument in which specific statements and conclusions are drawn from general principles.	22
4592226824	Dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group.	23
4703158357	Diction	The specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect.	24
4592226825	Didactic	(From Greek, meaning "good teaching") Writing or speech is this when it has an instructive purpose or a lesson. It is often associated with a dry, pompous presentation, regardless of its innate value to the reader/listener.	25
4593757389	Elegy	A poem or prose work that laments, or mediates upon the death of a person or persons. Sometimes will end with words of consolation.	26
4593757390	Epistrophe	In rhetoric, the repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences.	27
4593757391	Epitaph	Writing in praise of a dead person, most often inscribed upon a headstone.	28
4593757392	Ethos	In rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	29
4593757393	Euphemism	An indirect, kinder, or less harsh or hurtful way of expressing unpleasant information.	30
4593757394	Exposition	The interpretation or analysis of a text.	31
4593757395	Eulogy	A speech or written passage in praise of a person; an oration in honor of a deceased person. Does not lament, but praises.	32
4593757396	Extended Metaphor	A series of comparisons within a piece of writing.	33
4593757397	Figurative Language/ Figure of Speech	In contrast to literal, has levels of meaning expressed through personification, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, oxymoron, etc...	34
4593757398	Flashback	(Also known as retrospection) An earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration.	35
4593757399	Genre	A type or class of literature, such as epic, narrative, poetry, biography, history, etc...	36
4593757400	Homily	A sermon, but more contemporary uses include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual life.	37
4593757401	Hyperbole	Overstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention.	38
4614930136	Imagery	Any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, call an idea to mind, or to describe an object.	39
4614930137	Inductive Reasoning (Induction)	The method of reasoning or argument in which general statements and conclusions are drawn from specific principals.	40
4614930138	Inference	A conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, it some other specific data.	41
4614930139	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant the intended meaning is often the opposite of what is stated.	42
4614930140	Verbal Irony	What the author/narrator says is actually the opposite of what is meant.	43
4614930141	Situational Irony	When events end up the opposite of what is expected.	44
4614930142	Dramatic Irony	Facts and situations are known to the reader or audience but not the characters.	45
4614930143	Isocolon	Parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only on grammatical structure, but also in length.	46
4614930144	Jargon	Specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.	47
4614930145	Juxtaposition	The location of one thing adjacent with another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.	48
4594092348	Litote	A figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement.	49
4594092349	Loose Sentence	A long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases.	50
4594092350	Metaphor	One thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy. Is an implicit comparison or identification of one thing with another, without the use of a verbal signal such as like or as.	51
4594092351	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something.	52
4594092352	Mode of Discourse	The way in which information is presented in written or spoken form.	53
4594092353	Mood	A feeling or ambience resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view. Establishes atmosphere.	54
4594092354	Narrative	A mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort and is based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework.	55
4594092355	Onomatopoeia	A word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes.	56
4594092356	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements.	57
4594092357	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory bit may be true. For example, during the 1960's was said that war protestors would "fight for peace."	58
4594092358	Parallel Structure	The use of similar forms in writing nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts. For example, "Jane enjoys reading, writing, and skiing." In prose, recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed alike to show that their ideas are equal in importance.	59
4594092359	Pathos	That element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow. In argument or persuasion it tends to be the evocation of pity from the reader/listener. Think of it as the "poor starving children" approach to convincing you.	60
4594092360	Periodic Sentence	A long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end. For example, "The child, who looked as if she were being chased by demons, frenzied and ignoring all hazards, ran."	61
4594092361	Personification	Treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human features or qualities. William Wordsworth speaks of stars " tossing their heads in sprightly dance."	62
4594092362	Point of View	The relation in which a narrator/author stands to a subject of discourse. In nonfiction it requires the reader to establish the historical perspective of what is being said.	63
4594092363	Prose	The ordinary form of written language without metrical structure in contrast to verse and poetry.	64
4594092364	Realism	Attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail. Mark Twain is an author of this school. Thoreau, with his romantic outlook on nature, is not.	65
4594092365	Rebuttal/Refutation	An argument technique wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and countered.	66
4594092366	Rhetoric	The art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking. All types of writing may seek to persuade and some study these genres for their persuasive qualities.	67
4594092367	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered.	68
4594092368	Sarcasm	A form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical. Can be light, and gently poke fun at something, or it can be harsh, caustic, and mean.	69
4614962038	Satire	A literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure. Jonathan Swift and George Orwell were masters of this.	70
4614962039	Similie	A direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, usually using the words like or as to draw the connection.	71
4614962040	Style	The manner in which a writer combines and arranges words, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure.	72
4614962041	Symbolism	Use of a person, place, thing, event, or pattern that figuratively represents or stands for something else. Often the thing or idea represented is more abstract or general than the symbol, which is concrete.	73
4614962042	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole, such as fifty masts representing fifty ships.	74
4614962043	Syntax	The way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Is sentence structure an show it influences the way the reader receives a particular piece of writing. It is important in establishing the tone of a piece and the attitude of the author/narrator.	75
4614962044	Theme	The central or dominant idea or focus of a work. The statement a passage makes about its subject.	76
4703158358	Tone	The attitude the narrator or writer takes toward a subject and theme; the tenor of a piece of writing based on particular stylistic devices employed by the writer. Reflects attitude.	77
4614962045	Voice	The acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's or narrator's particular take on an idea based on particular passages and how all the elements of the style of the piece come together to express his or her feelings.	78
4614962046	Zeugma	A grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated. Often used to comic effect. ( The thief took my wallet and the bus.)	79

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AP Psychology: Language and Intelligence Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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6681953579	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.	0
6681953580	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. it is one's potential, not what they achieve.	1
6681953581	g factor	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.	2
6681953582	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	3
6681953583	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.	4
6681953584	emotional intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Daniel Goleman developed a theory concerning it that focused on the importance of self control, empathy, and awareness of one's own emotions.	5
6681953585	mental age	The average age at which children could successfully answer a particular level of questions. a measure of intelligence devised by Binet; the age at which a person is mentally performing at. It can be higher, lower, or the same as their chronological age.	6
6681953586	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. Louis Terman of Stanford University created it.	7
6681953587	intelligence quotient (IQ)	Originally defined as the mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 Developed by Louis Terman.	8
6681953588	achievement tests	tests designed to assess what a person has learned. The AP Psychology Exam is an example	9
6681953589	aptitude tests	tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. SAT, and IQ test are examples	10
6681953590	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.	11
6681953591	standardization	The process of giving the test to a large group of representative and randomly selected people to establish consistent methods administration.	12
6681953592	Norms/Norming a Test	The standard(s) against which all others who take the test will be compared. Formed from the group used to standardize the test.	13
6681953593	normal curve	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	14
6681953594	reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results. a test can be reliable but not valid. Can determine by retesting or by comparing the consistency of scores on two halves of the test (split half reliability)	15
6681953595	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. In order for a test to be valid it has to be reliable.	16
6681953596	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. The AP Psychology exam will measure your knowledge of Psychology, and not Chemistry.	17
6681953597	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. The SATs have predictive validity.	18
6681953598	intellectual disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.	19
6681953599	Howard Garnder	Developed the theory of Multiple Intelligences	20
6681953600	Louis Terman	Pioneer in the field of intelligence. Created the Stanford-Binet test and the IQ formula.	21
6681953601	Robert Sternberg	Developed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	22
6681953602	Alfred Binet	Created the first known intelligence test and developed the concept of mental age.	23
6681953603	David Wechsler	Created what is today the most popular IQ test.	24
6681953604	Multiple Intelligences	Theory created by Howard Gardner that there are many types of intelligences such as musical, interpersonal, naturalist, and bodily-kinetics. Come critics say these are more abilities than intelligences	25
6681953605	Triarchic Theory	Robert Sternberg's theory that intelligence is composed of Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence.	26
6681953606	Charles Spearman	Saw intelligence as being composed of the g factor (ability to reason and solve problems) and the s factor (specific intelligence)	27
6681953607	Deviation IQ Scores	Replaced the old IQ formula. IQ scores are now determined based on a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.	28
6681953608	Fluid Intelligence	Ability to quickly problem solve, reason abstractly and pick up new skills. Decreases as we age	29
6681953609	Crystallized Intelligence	Ability to use knowledge and facts we've gained over time Increases as we age	30
6681953610	Cultural bias	Tendency for IQ tests to reflect the language, culture, history, and customs of the people who designed the test.	31
6681953611	heritability	Proportion of change that is due to genetic factors. For intelligence, it is about 50%. Estimates of heritability apply to groups, not individuals.	32
6681953612	stereotype threat	just being aware of negative stereotypes that apply to your group can negatively impact your performance on intelligence tests	33
6681953613	Grammar	System of rules that govern a language. For instance, in English, we put the adjective before the noun- pretty sunset.	34
6681953614	Phonemes	The smallest units of sound in a language th is a one; the word past has 4	35
6681953615	Morphemes	The smallest units of meaning in a language Snowman- has 2 (snow, man)	36
6681953616	Syntax	rules for combining words and phrases to make grammatically correct sentences.	37
6681953617	Semantics	Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences. I have to go to a wake tonight vs. I have to wake my mom at 6 am have very different meanings	38
6681953618	Noam Chomsky	Linguist who theorized that humans are born with the innate ability to understand and produce language. The complexities of language are hard wired in us	39
6681953619	Language Acquisition Device	theorized by Chomsky, it's an innate program that contains the schema for human language	40
6681953620	Linguistic relativity hypothesis (determinism)	Developed by Benjamin Whorf, theory that language influences and controls thought processes and concepts.	41
6681953621	Over-generalization/Over-regularization of Language	Tendency for young children to over enforce the rules of language inappropriately. For example, saying, "I gooed to the potty." Used to support the idea of the LAD.	42
6681953622	B.F. Skinner	Believed that language was acquired through imitation and reinforcement.	43
6681953623	Critical Period Hypothesis	Theory that if one's Language Acquisition Device is not activated withing the first few years of life, the person will never fully acquire language. Likewise, if a second language is not introduced before puberty, the person's acquisition will be limited and they will speak that language with an accent.	44
6681953624	Flynn Effect	Idea that over the course of history, intelligence has increased due to factors such as better diet and health and technological advancements.	45

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AP English language Glossary Flashcards

Personification The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."
Antithesis the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."
Oxymoron From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."
Sarcasm from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.
Synecdoche . a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.
Hyperbole a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
Anaphora repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
Euphony the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.
Theme The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
Metonomy a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

Terms : Hide Images

1734254809	Personification	The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."	0
1734254810	Antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."	1
1734254811	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."	2
1734254812	Sarcasm	from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.	3
1734254813	Synecdoche	. a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.	4
1734254814	Hyperbole	a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	5
1734254815	Anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.	6
1734254816	Euphony	the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.	7
1734254817	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	8
1734254818	Metonomy	a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"	9
1734254819	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	10
1734254820	Transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.	11
1734254821	Onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.	12
1734254822	Cacophony	harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word.	13
1734254823	Metaphor	a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example.	14
1734254824	Symbol	generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract.	15
1734254825	Begging the Question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	16
1734254826	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	17
1734254827	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	18
1734254828	Either-or reasoning	When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives.	19
1734254829	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	20
1734254830	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	21
1734254831	Causal Relationship	In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument.	22
1734254832	Equivocation	When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.	23
1734254833	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks.	24
1734254834	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.	25
1734254835	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	26
1734254836	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.	27
1734254837	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	28
1734254838	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."	29
1734254839	Epigraph	The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.	30
1734254840	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	31
1734254841	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	32
1734254842	Ethos	an appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.	33
1734254843	Situational Irony	a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.	34
1734254844	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	35
1734254845	Pathos	an appeal based on emotion.	36
1734254846	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	37
1734254847	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	38
1734254848	Verbal Irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	39
1734254849	Anecdote	A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.	40
1734254850	Abstract Language	Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.	41
1734254851	Ad Hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	42
1734254852	Denotation	the literal or dictionary meaning of a word	43
1734254853	Cumulative	Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars	44
1734254854	Dramatic Irony	In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	45
1734254855	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	46
1734254856	Connotation	the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.	47
1734254857	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	48
1734254858	Syntax	The grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	49
1734254859	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	50
1734254860	Voice	can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style.	51
1734254861	Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	52
1734254862	Argument	A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer	53
1734254863	Allusion	A reference contained in a work	54
1734254864	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	55
1734254865	Stream-of-consciousness	This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be.	56
1734254866	Allegory	A work that functions on a symbolic level	57
1734254867	Explication	The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.	58
1734254868	Parallelism	refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	59
1734254869	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	60
1734254870	Rhetorical Modes	The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.	61
1734254871	Analogy	a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.	62
1734254872	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	63
1734254873	Example	an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern	64
1734254874	Description	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses.	65
1734254875	Narrative Device	This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect.	66
1734254876	Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.	67
1734254877	Exposition	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.	68
1734254878	Attitude	the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience	69
1734254879	Backing	Support or evidence for a claim in an argument	70
1734254880	Ellipsis	Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.	71
1734254881	Argumentation	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.	72
1734254882	Didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.	73
1734254883	Ambiguity	an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.	74
1734254884	Narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	75
1734254885	Rhetoric	from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	76
1734254886	Third Person Limited Omniscient	This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters	77
1734254887	Third Person Omniscient	In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.	78
1734254888	Comic Relief	the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event.	79
1734254889	Character	those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types.	80
1734254890	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style.	81
1734254891	Antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.	82
1734254892	Style	an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	83
1734254893	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.	84
1734254894	Authority	Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience.	85
1734254895	Chiasmus	Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea.	86
1734254896	Deconstruction	a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself."	87
1734254897	Balance	a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.	88
1734254898	Conflict	a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self	89
1734254899	Tone	Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	90
1734254900	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.	91
1734254901	Dialect	the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God.	92
1734254902	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	93
1734254903	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.	94
1734254904	Point of View	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	95
1734254905	Deduction	The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.	96
1734254906	Annotation	explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.	97
1734254907	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	98
1734254908	Diction	the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning	99

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AP English Language Diction Terms Flashcards

From Mrs. Sprigg's website
Partial credit given to Mr. Christian for finding the website

Terms : Hide Images

5135358413	pedantic	overly concerned with minute details or formalisms, esp. in teaching; concern for book learning formal rules	0
5135358414	euphemistic	substituting a mild term for a harsher or distasteful one. "Upset Stomach" instead of puke, barf, up chuck	1
5135358415	pretentious	attempting to impress by making an exaggerated outward show; ostentatious;	2
5135358416	sensuous	Of, relating to, or derived from the senses; Appealing to or gratifying the senses	3
5135358417	exact	precise; characterized by or using strict accuracy	4
5135358418	cultured	enlightened; refined; the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc	5
5135358419	plain	clear to the mind; evident, manifest, or obvious; without intricacies or difficulties; with little or no embellishment, decoration, or enhancing elaboration; ordinary	6
5135358420	literal	not figurative or metaphorical: the literal meaning of a word	7
5135358421	colloquial	informal, conversational (specific to a region or area)	8
5135358422	artificial	insincere or unnatural	9
5135358423	detached	unbiased; not involved or concerned; aloof	10
5135358425	moralistic	Characterized by or displaying a concern with morality; marked by narrow-minded morality	11
5135358426	slang	very informal usage in vocabulary and idiom that is characteristically more metaphorical, playful, elliptical, vivid, and ephemeral than ordinary language, as Hit the road.	12
5135358427	idiomatic	an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up. containing or using many idioms (idiom=an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, as kick the bucket or hang one's head, or from the general grammatical rules of a language; regional speech or dialect eat crow)	13
5135358428	esoteric	understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; private; secret; confidential; belonging to a select few	14
5135358429	symbolic	characterized by or involving the use of symbols	15
5135358430	simple	not grand or sophisticated; unpretentious; not complex or complicated; natural, unembellished; ordinary	16
5135358431	figurative	of the nature of or involving a figure of speech, esp. a metaphor; metaphorical; not literal: a figurative expression	17
5135358432	bombastic	high sounding but with little meaning; inflated	18
5135358433	abstruse	hard to understand; recondite; esoteric; secret, hidden	19
5135358434	grotesque	odd or unnatural in shape, appearance, or character; fantastically ugly or absurd; bizarre, distorted, deformed, weird	20
5135358435	vulgar	characterized by ignorance of or lack of good breeding or taste; indecent; obscene; lewd	21
5135358436	scholarly	concerned with academic learning; of, like, or befitting a scholar; academic	22
5135358437	insipid	without distinctive, interesting, or stimulating qualities; vapid: an insipid personality. bland	23
5135358438	precise	definitely or strictly stated, defined, or fixed, carefully distinct, explicit	24
5135358439	learned	having much knowledge; scholarly; erudite;	25
5135358440	picturesque	strikingly graphic or vivid; creating detailed mental images: a picturesque description of the Brazilian jungle; having pleasing or interesting qualities; strikingly effective in appearance	26
5135358443	trite	lacking in originality	27
5135358444	obscure	not clear or plain; uncertain	28
5135358445	archaic	marked by the characteristics of an earlier period; primitive; ancient; old	29
5135358446	verbose	characterized by the use of many or too many words; wordy: a verbose report	30
5135358447	abstract	difficult to understand; abstruse; thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances	31
5135358448	biting	cutting, sarcastic	32
5135358449	brusque	abrupt in manner; blunt	33
5135358451	casual	without definite or serious intention; careless or offhand; seeming or tending to be indifferent to what is happening; apathetic; unconcerned	34
5135358452	caustic	severely critical or sarcastic; biting, mordant, bitter, scathing,	35
5135358453	concrete	constituting an actual thing or instance; real; pertaining to or concerned with realities or actual instances rather than abstractions; particular	36
5135358454	colorful	richly eventful or picturesque; presenting or suggesting vivid or striking scenes; spirited	37
5135358455	connotative	the implied meaning	38
5135358457	curt	rudely brief in speech or abrupt in manner; short, brief, concise	39
5135358458	denotative	the primary or specific meaning of a word. Dictionary definition	40
5135358459	divisive	creating dissension or discord; forming or expressing division	41
5135358460	emotional	pertaining to or involving emotion or the emotions; appealing to the emotions; showing or revealing strong emotions, temperamental, effusive, demonstrative, sentimental	42
5135358463	flowery	rhetorically ornate or precious; showy; bombastic	43
5135358464	formal	of, reflecting, or noting a usage of language in which syntax, pronunciation, etc., adhere to traditional standards of correctness and usage is characterized by the absence of casual, contracted, and colloquial forms	44
5135358465	inflammatory	tending to arouse anger, hostility, passion; fiery; provocative	45
5135358466	informal	suitable to or characteristic of casual and familiar, but educated, speech or writing; unconventional	46
5135358467	insincere	not sincere; not honest in the expression of actual feeling; hypocritical; deceitful; disingenuous	47
5135358468	jargon	the language, esp. the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group	48
5135358469	loaded	charged with emotional or associative significance that hinders rational or unprejudiced consideration of the terms involved in a discourse	49
5135358473	nostalgic	a wistful desire to return in thought or in fact to a former time in one's life, to one's home or homeland, or to one's family and friends; a sentimental yearning for the happiness of a former place or time	50
5135358474	offensive	causing resentful displeasure; highly irritating, angering, or annoying; insulting; displeasing, vexatious, vexing, unpleasant	51
5135358475	ornate	ostentatious, elaborately adorned, showy, embellished with rhetoric, high flown (extravagant in aims/pretentious)	52
5135358476	passionate	having, compelled by, or ruled by intense emotion or strong feeling; fervid; zealous; ardent; enthusiastic; glowing; fiery	53
5135358477	patriotic	expressing or inspired by patriotism; love of one's country	54
5135358478	political	of, pertaining to, or concerned with politics; government	55
5135358479	romantic	of, pertaining to, or of the nature of romance; characteristic or suggestive of the world of romance; fanciful; impractical; unrealistic: romantic ideas; imbued with or dominated by idealism, a desire for adventure, chivalry;	56
5135358480	sentimental	expressive of or appealing to sentiment, esp. the tender emotions and feelings, as love, pity, or nostalgia; weakly emotional; mawkishly susceptible or tender; romantic, tender, nostalgic; maudlin, bathetic	57
5135358481	shocking	causing intense surprise, disgust, horror; staggering, astounding, startling, appalling	58
5135358482	sincere	free of deceit, hypocrisy, or falseness; earnest; genuine; real; pure; unmixed; unadulterated; frank, candid, honest, open, guileless; straightforward	59
5135358484	tame	lacking in excitement; dull; insipid; softened; meek; subdued	60
5135358485	technical	peculiar to or characteristic of a particular art, science, profession, trade; using terminology or treating subject matter in a manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book;	61
5135358487	uppity	affecting an attitude of inflated self-esteem; haughty; snobbish; presumptuously arrogant	62

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3998727575	assonance	the repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words ex. the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain	0
3998727576	ad hominem argument	From the Latin meaning "to or against the man," this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect	1
3998727577	chiasmus	a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of term ex. Fair is foul, and foul is fair	2
3998727578	juxtaposition	placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast	3
3998727579	rhetoric appeal	The persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to any given work.	4
3998727580	meiosis	rhetorical figure by which something is referred to in terms less important than it really deserves ex. when Romeo calls his mortal wound a scratch	5
3998727581	concrete detail	details in the passage	6
3998727582	descriptive detail	sensory details	7
3998727583	fallacy	a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning	8
3998727584	circular argument	An argument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove.	9
3998727585	synedoche	a figure of speech where part of something is used to represent a whole, or the whole is used to represent a part, ex. to refer to a boat as sails	10
3998727586	synesthesia	when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another, ex. the sight of red ants makes you itch	11
3998727587	syntax	the way the author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences, similar to diction, but is a group of words vs. individ words	12
3998727588	theme	central idea/message of a work, insight it offers	13
3998727589	thesis	sentence/group of sentences that directly expresses author's opinion	14
3998727590	tone	similar to mood, describes author's attitude toward material, audience, or both	15
3998727591	transition	a word or phrase that effectively links different ideas, used esp in expository and argumentative writing, signals a shift from one idea to another	16
3998727592	understatement	ironic minimalizing of fact, presents something as less significant than it is, effect can be humorous, opposite of hyperbole	17
3998727593	wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises/delights, humorous	18
3998727594	invocation	the call to a muse or deity for help or inspiration	19
3998727595	pathetic fallacy	the fallacy of attributing human feelings to inanimate objects, often in reflection of human doings, ex. It rains when I am sad	20
3998727596	pathos	feeling of sympathy, esp sorrow aroused by literature	21
3998727597	simile	a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with 'like' or 'as')	22
3998727598	vignette	brief literary sketch or verbal description of a scene or individual	23
3998727600	prose	printer determines length of line vs. poetry, poet determines length of line	24
3998727601	rhetorical modes	variety, conventions, and purpose of major kinds of writing, there are 4 used most often	25
3998727602	expository writing	used to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion	26
3998727603	argumentation	used to prove the validity of an idea or point of view by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader	27
3998727604	description	used to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described, sometimes author engages all 5 senses	28
3998727605	narration	used to tell a story or series of events, frequently uses tools of descriptive writing	29
3998727606	sarcasm	involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something, may use irony as a device	30
3998727607	satire	a work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform/ridicule, style of writing, effects can be thought provoking and insightful about human condition	31
3998727608	semantics	branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and relation to one another	32
3998727609	style	evaluation of the sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices	33
3998727610	subject complement	word w/ any accompanying phrases or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either renaming it (the predicate nominative) or describing it (the predicate adjective)	34
3998727611	predicate nominative	noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject, ex. Jennifer Lawrence is a movie star, movie star is the pn	35
3998727612	predicate adjective	adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb, ex. Warren remained optimistic, optimistic is the PA	36
3998727613	symbol	generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else, usually something concrete that represents something more abstract	37
3998727614	natural symbol	a symbol that consists of objects and occurrences from nature and ideas commonly associated with them, ex. dawn=hope	38
3998727615	conventional symbol	a symbol that is invested with meaning by a group, ex. religious/national symbols	39
3998727616	literary symbol	a symbol that is created and exists only within a work of literature, ex. jungle in Heart of Darkness	40
3998727617	metaphor	comparing two unlike things without the use of a connecting work	41
3998727618	metonymy	figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated w/it	42
3998727619	mood	the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work	43
3998727620	narrative	the telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	44
3998727621	paradox	a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense	45
3998727622	parallelism	refers to grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity, can involve repetition of a grammatical element, etc., often acts as an organizational force to attraction attention, emphasize, provide musical rhythmn	46
3998727623	parody	a work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect/ridicule	47
3998727624	pedantic	an adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	48
3998727625	periodic sentences	a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end, this independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone.	49
3998727626	personification	giving human characteristics to non human objects.	50
3998727627	point of view	perspective from which the story is told	51
3998727628	first person narrator	tells story w/ pronoun "I," and is a character in the story	52
3998727629	third person narrator	relates to events w/ pronouns, "he/she"	53
3998727630	third person omniscient narrator	has godlike knowledge, presents thoughts and actions of all characters	54
3998727631	third person limited narrator	presents feelings and thoughts of only one character, and only actions of remaining characters	55
3998727632	clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb	56
3998727633	colloquialism	the use of slang or informalities in a speech or writing	57
3998727634	conceit	a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy b/t seemingly dissimilar objects, displays intellectual cleverness	58
3998727635	connotation	the non-literal, associative meaning of a word, the implied, suggested meaning	59
3998727636	denotation	the strict, literal definition of a word	60
3998727637	diction	related to style, writer's word choices, esp in regard to correctness, clearness, or effectiveness	61
3998727638	didactic	teaching or instructing, esp in the teaching of moral principles	62
3998727639	euphemism	"good speech," more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept, may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness	63
3998727640	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in a work	64
3998727641	figure of speech	a device used to produce figurative language, may compare dissimilar things, include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, etc.	65
3998727642	alliteration	repetition of sounds at the beginning of words, ex. She sells seashells by the seashore	66
3998727643	descriptive narrative	describing something so vividly that the audience feels like they are there	67
3998727644	allusion	direct or indirect reference to something in history, literature, or pop culture.	68
3998727645	ambiguity	having multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional; unclear	69
3998727646	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is referred to by a pronoun	70
3998727647	antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas, the direct opposite	71
3998727648	aphorism	a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle	72
3998727649	apostrophe	a figure of speech that direcly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love	73
3998727650	atmosphere	the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work	74
3998727651	caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive personal features	75
3998727652	analogy	a similarity or comparison b/t 2 different things or the relationship b/t them, can explain something unfamiliar	76
3998727653	rhetoric	describes principles governing the art of writing or speaking effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	77
3998727654	figurative language	writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	78
3998727655	repetition	the duplication of any exact or approximate, of any element of language, words, phrases, sounds, clauses, sentences, or grammatical pattern	79
3998727656	run-on sentence	two independent clauses joined incorrectly by a comma or no punctuation at all.	80
3998727657	syllogism	deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises, first major and second minor, that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion, ex. major: all men are mortal, minor: Socrates is a man, conclusion: Socrates is a mortal	81
3998727658	independent clause	a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence	82
3998727659	dependent clause	word group that contains both a subject and a verb, plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers, cannot stand alone, does not express a complete thought	83
3998727660	objective tone	language or tones that are neutral and without subjectivity or bias	84
3998727662	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses (ex. I Have A Dream speech)	85
3998727663	asyndeton	a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions	86
3998727664	parenthetical emphasis	setting off a phrase or clause with parentheses or dashes to emphasize it.	87
3998727665	compound-complex sentence	structure two independent and at least one dependent clause	88
3998727666	parenthetical appositive	part of a sentence that adds info... parentheses, dashes, afterthought, etc	89
3998727667	polyparallelism	multiple sentences that have similar structure and length	90
3998727668	oxymoron	pointedly foolish, figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms together to suggest a paradox (jumbo shrimp, icy hot)	91
3998727669	zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way but producing different, often incongruous, meanings, ex. she opened the door and her heart	92
3998727670	onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words	93
3998727671	allegory	the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	94

2458469842	Surreptitiously	Done by secretive means	0
2458469843	Wary	On guard	1
2458469844	Wily	Cunning	2
2458469845	Ambiguous	Open to more than one interpretation	3
2458469846	Ambivalent	having opposite feelings at the same time	4
2458469847	Apathetic	Feeling or showing little emotion	5
2458469848	Arbitrary	Determined by impulse rather than reason	6
2458469849	Capricious	Impulsive and unpredictable	7
2458469850	Equivocate	To avoid making a definite statement	8
2458469851	Indifferent	Not caring one way or the other	9
2458469852	Spontaneous	Unplanned	10
2458469853	Whimsical	unpredictable	11
2458469854	Inconsequential	Unimportant	12
2458469855	Superficial	Concerned only with what is on the surface or obvious	13
2458469856	Tenuous	Having little substance or strength	14
2458469857	Trivial	Of little importance or significance	15
2458469858	Assiduous	Hard-working	16
2458469859	Compelling	urgently demanding attention	17
2458469860	Diligent	hard-working	18
2458469861	Dogged	Stubbornly persevering	19

2889054467	Psyche	the human mind, spirit, soul	0
2889058488	Id	the unconscious; instinctual drives and needs	1
2889060800	Ego	perception of and adaptation of reality	2
2889063101	Superego	system of moral attitudes, conscience, and sense of guilt	3
2889065234	Ambivilant	simultaneous and contradictory attitudes or feelings	4
2889068960	Inimical	hostile, unfriendly	5
2889070257	Sublimate	to divert the expression from its unacceptable form to one that is considered more socially or culturally acceptable	6
2889072111	Arcehtypal	recurrent as a symbol or motif in literature, art, or mythology	7
2889073302	Repression	the unconscious exclusion of painful impulses, desires or fears from the conscious mind	8
2889074442	Regression	to return to a former or less developed state; a return to an earlier stage of life/less mature pattern of feeling or behavior	9
2889076223	Gluttony	habitual eating to excess	10
2889077932	Conscious	aware of one's existence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings	11
2889079897	Conscience	an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior	12
2889081300	Symbiotic	describing a relationship of mutual benefit or dependence+	13
2889082363	Subservience	the condition of being something that is useful in reaching an end or carrying out a plan	14
2925622336	Tone	Attitude toward the subject manner	15
2925622876	Admonishing	Warning or reprimandning	16
2925623278	Awe	Reverential respect	17
2925624034	Baffled	Confused or perplexed	18
2925625420	Bemused	Puzzled	19
2925625643	Candid	Open and honest	20
2925626064	Detached	Separate or disconnected; Aloof	21
2925626421	Elegiac	Having a mournful quality	22
2925627109	Facetious	Inappropriate humour; Flippant, Frivolous	23
2925627825	Incredulous	Unwilling to believe something	24
2925628403	Resigned	Having accepted something unpleasant	25
2958536482	Indignant	Feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived to be unfair treatment	26
2958537966	Indifferent	Having no particular interest or sympathy	27
2958540760	Ironic	Sarcastic, saying one thing and meaning the opposite	28
2958543151	Patronizing	Condescending, talk down to	29
2958547270	Sardonic	Grimly mocking or synical	30
2958549148	Sentimental	Cheesy, prompted by feelings of tenderness	31
2958551414	Vexed	Annoyed, frustrated, or worried	32
2958553763	Whimsical	Playfully quaint or fanciful	33
2958555832	Zealous	Having or showing great passion or enthusiasm	34
2958558563	Apathetic	Not caring	35
2958560475	Disdainful	Showing contempt or lack of respect	36
3162093384	Audacious	willing to take risks/impudent lack of respect	37
3162097890	Cynical	distrusting the motives of others	38
3162100082	Didactic	Inclined to teach or lecture too much	39
3162104115	Foreboding	Fearful apprehension	40
3162106097	Frivolous	Not having any serious purpose	41
3162107872	Insolent	Showing an arrogant lack of respect	42
3162110261	Melancholic	Expressing sadness	43
3162112059	Sanctimonious	Making a show of being morally superior	44
3162114935	Contemptuous	Scornful, disdainful	45
3162118593	Plaintive	Sounding sad and mournful	46
3162120780	Irreverent	Showing a lack of respect for things taken seriously	47
3162123285	Solemn	Formal and dignified	48
3203822502	Allusion	An indirect reference	49
3203823408	Discernment	The ability to judge well	50
3203824272	Ostracize	To exclude someone from a society group	51
3203825987	Renounce	To refuse to recognize or abide	52
3203828322	Supplication	The action of asking or begging	53
3203829295	Belie	To disguise or contradict the truth	54
3203830325	Duplicity	Double dealing; Decietfulness	55
3203831446	Complicit	Involved with other in an illegal activity or wrongdoing	56
3203833991	Agency	The capacity of a person to act in any given environment	57
3203835879	Sophistry	The use of fallacious arguments in order to decieve	58
3203837834	Subtle	Delicately complex, precise or understated	59
3203841267	Abhorrent	Inspiring disgust or loathing; repugnant	60
3203842830	Hubris	Excessive pride or self confidence, arrogance	61
3203844572	Catharsis	Releasing or providing relief from strong, repressed emotions	62
3203847626	Tragedy	Drama based on human suffering, invokes catharsis	63
3203849806	Melodrama	Form of drama based on human suffering, characters more toward disaster in spite of themselves	64
3203854700	Pathos	Appeals to passion	65
3203855344	Logos	Appeals to logic	66
3203855998	Ethos	Appeals to character	67
3344821218	Nostalgia	A sentimental longing or wistful affection	68
3344821512	Wistful	Regretful longing	69
3344821754	Disillusionment	Disappointment; something isn't as good as you believed	70
3344822870	Ambiguous	Open to more than one interpretation	71
3344823188	Epiphany	A moment of sudden realization	72
3344823689	Primal	Essential, fundamental stage in development	73
3344824154	Juxtapose	Place or deal with close together for contrasting effect	74
3344824627	Insatiable	Having an unsatisfiable appetite	75
3344824841	Incipient	At an initial stage	76
3344825127	Chivalrous	Courteous and gallant	77
3344825269	Macabre	Disturbing or horrifying	78
3344825605	Metamorphose	To change completely in form	79
3385400925	Vivacity	The quality of being lively and animated	80
3385401641	Implicit	Implied though not plainly expressed	81
3385402607	Incongruous	Not in harmony or in keeping with surroundings	82
3385402970	Lyricism	An artist's expression of emotion in an imaginative, beautiful way	83
3385403874	Attentuates	To reduce the force	84
3385404333	Cosmopolitan	Familiar and at ease in many different countries with different cultures	85
3385404951	Reproach	To address in such a way as to express dissaproval	86
3385405688	Improvident	Not showing foresight	87
3385406066	Raffish	Unconventional and slightly disreputable	88
3385406592	Overwrought	In a state of nervous over-excitement or anxiety	89
3421329840	Peruse	To read in a thorough way	90
3421332304	Sheepish	Showing embarrassment	91
3421334411	Affected	Artificial, pretentious an designed to impress	92
3421337130	Morbid	Appealing to abnormal and unhealthy interest in disturbing and unpleasant subjects	93
3421342603	Abscond	To leave hurriedly and secretly	94
3421345438	Lurid	Very vivid in colour, shown in an explicit manner	95
3421349573	Stolid	Calm, dependable	96
3421351906	Ersatz	Not real or genuine	97
3421353772	Obscure	Unclear, concealed	98
3421355286	Swindle	To use deception to deprive someone of money or possessions	99

5266642816	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American author, poet, and philosopher who espoused transcendentalism, a philosophy that views nature as a direct manifestation of the divine, and who promoted a holistic view of of nature among the public	0
5266642817	Walt Whitman	American poet who espoused transcendentalism	1
5266644821	John Muir	Scottish immigrant to the United States who eventually settled in California and made the Yosemite Valley his wilderness home and is associated with the preservation ethic. He argued that nature deserved protection for its own inherent values (ecocentric argument) and that nature played a big role in human happiness and fulfillment (anthropocentric argument) (Hetch Hetchy)	2
5266646593	John Stuart Mill	British philosopher who believed that as resources become harder and harder to find and extract, economic growth will slow and eventually stabilize into a steady-state economy. Wrote: On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and The Subjection of Women	3
5266648917	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist author, poet, and philosopher. His book "Walden" recording hos observations thoughts while he lived at Walden Pond away from the bustle of the urban city, remains a classic of literature	4
5266648918	Rachel Carson	an American marine biologist and conservationalist who wanted to protect the world from pollution, particularly pesticides which were hazardous (DDT)	5
5266650916	Aldo Leopold	Author whose book "The Land Ethic" argued that humans should view themselves and the land itself as members of the same community and that humans are obligated to treat the land ethically	6
5267658708	Gifford Pinchot	the first professionally trained American forester. He helped establish the US Forest Service. Today, he is the person most closely associated with the conservation ethic	7
5270662056	Adam Smith	Scottish philosopher known today as the father of classical economics. He believed that when people are free to pursue their own economic self-interest in a competitive marketplace, the marketplace will behave as if guided by an invisible hand that ensures that their actions will benefit society as a whole	8
5270694923	Thomas Malthus	British economist who maintained that increasing human population would eventually deplete the available food supply until starvation, war, or disease arose and reduced the population	9
5357467430	Charles Darwin	English naturalist who proposed the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living things	10
5357467431	Alfred Russell Wallace	English naturalist who proposed, independently from Charles Darwin, the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living things	11

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