| CourseNotes

ap Flashcards

4812143236	Abdominal cavity	Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the small intestine, and part of the large intestine	0
4812146411	Abdominopelvic cavity	A cavity inferior to the diaphragm that is subdivided into a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity.	1
4812150091	Active transport	The movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP).	2
4812153815	Anabolism	Synthetic, energy-requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones.	3
4812159858	Anaphase	The third stage of mitosis in which the chromatids that have separated at the centromeres move to opposite poles of the cell.	4
4812163536	Anaplasia	The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies.	5
4812166747	Anatomical position	A position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor.	6
4812168759	Anatomy	The structure or study of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts to each other.	7
4812171286	Angiogenesis	The formation of blood vessels in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion at the beginning of the third week of development.	8
4812175744	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death; a normal type of cell death that removes unneeded cells during embryological development, regulates the number of cells in tissues, and eliminates many potentially dangerous cells such as cancer cells.	9
4812203977	Aqueous humor	The watery fluid, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid, that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.	10
4812206878	Atoms	Unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus (containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons) and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus.	11
4812224765	Atrophy	A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away.	12
4812228583	Auscultation	Examination by listening to sounds in the body.	13
4812231801	Autolysis	Self-destruction of cells by their own lysosomal digestive enzymes after death or in a pathological process.	14
4812240202	Autophagy	Process by which worn-out organelles are digested within lysosomes.	15
4812253497	Autopsy	The examination of the body after death.	16
4812256706	Blood plasma	Extracellular fluid within blood vessels.	17
4812259472	Body cavities	A space within the body that contains various internal organs.	18
4812261451	Bulk-phase endocytosis	A process by which most body cells can ingest membrane-surrounded droplets of interstitial fluid.	19
4812264688	Cancer	A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell division.	20
4812266363	Catabolism	Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones, with the net release of energy.	21
4812269101	Cell biology	The study of cellular structure and function. Also called cytology.	22
4812277778	Cell cycle	Growth and division of a single cell into two identical cells; consists of interphase and cell division.	23
4812280036	Cell division	Process by which a cell reproduces itself that consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis); types include somatic and reproductive.	24
4812282233	Cells	The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all the activities vital to life.	25
4812284053	Centrioles	Paired, cylindrical structures of a centrosome, each consisting of a ring of microtubules and arranged at right angles to each other	26
4812285884	Centromere	The constricted portion of a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined; serves as the point of attachment for the microtubules that pull chromatids during anaphase of cell division.	27
4812288721	Centrosome	A dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material.	28
4812290708	Cerebrospinal fluid	A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.	29
4812292420	Cholesterol	Classified as a lipid, the most abundant steroid in animal tissues; located in cell membranes and used for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts.	30
4812295268	Chromatids	One of a pair of identical connected nucleoprotein strands that are joined at the centromere and separate during cell division, each becoming a chromosome of one of the two daughter cells.	31
4812307969	Chromosome	One of the small, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell, normally 46 in a human diploid cell, that bears the genetic material; composed of DNA and proteins (histones) that form a delicate chromatin thread during interphase; becomes packaged into compact rodlike structures that are visible under the light microscope during cell division.	32
4812311956	Cilia	A hair or hairlike process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell.	33
4812412999	Control center	Part of a feedback system that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands.	34
4812415152	Cranial cavity	A subdivision of the dorsal body cavity formed by the cranial bones and containing the brain.	35
4812417933	Crossing-over	The exchange of a portion of one chromatid with another during meiosis. It permits an exchange of genes among chromatids and is one factor that results in genetic variation of progeny.	36
4812420940	Cytokinesis	Distribution of the cytoplasm into two separate cells during cell division; coordinated with nuclear division (mitosis).	37
4812423861	Cytoplasm	Cytosol plus all organelles except the nucleus.	38
4812426102	Cytoskeleton	Complex internal structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.	39
4812428668	Cytosol	Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved. Also called intracellular fluid.	40
4812431159	Diagnosis	Distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease from signs and symptoms by inspection, palpation, laboratory tests, and other means.	41
4812433332	Diaphragm	Any partition that separates one area from another, especially the dome-shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Also a dome-shaped device that is placed over the cervix, usually with a spermicide, to prevent conception.	42
4812441067	Differentiation	The development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.	43
4812444534	Diffusion	A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.	44
4812447002	Disease	An illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.	45
4812449684	Dysplasia	Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation.	46
4812451378	Effector	An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons.	47
4812453413	Endocytosis	The uptake into a cell of large molecules and particles by vesicles formed from the plasma membrane.	48
4812456867	Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	A network of channels running through the cytoplasm of a cell that serves in intracellular transportation, support, storage, synthesis, and packaging of molecules.	49
4812460928	Enzymes	A substance that accelerates chemical reactions; an organic catalyst, usually a protein.	50
4812462434	Epidemiology	Study of the occurrence and transmission of diseases and disorders in human populations.	51
4812468189	Exocytosis	A process in which membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents into the interstitial fluid; achieves secretion of materials from a cell.	52
4812471317	Extracellular fluid	Fluid outside body cells, such as interstitial fluid and plasma.	53
4812473779	Feedback system	Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, and reevaluated.	54
4812477171	Flagella	A hairlike, motile process on the extremity of a bacterium, protozoan, or sperm cell.	55
4812480084	Frontal	A plane at a right angle to a midsagittal plane that divides the body or organs into anterior and posterior portions. Also called a coronal (kō-RŌ-nal) plane.	56
4812481811	Genes	Biological unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA.	57
4812486584	Genome	The complete set of genes of an organism.	58
4812490188	Geriatrics	The branch of medicine devoted to the medical problems and care of elderly persons.	59
4812492999	Germ cell	A gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete.	60
4812496218	Golgi complex	An organelle in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of four to six flattened sacs (cisternae), stacked on one another, with expanded areas at their ends; functions in processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles.	61
4812499306	Growth	An increase in size due to an increase in (1) the number of cells, (2) the size of existing cells as internal components increase in size, or (3) the size of intercellular substances.	62
4812502063	Haploid (N) cells	Having half the number of chromosomes characteristically found in the somatic cells of an organism; characteristic of mature gametes.	63
4812506771	Head	The superior part of a human, cephalic to the neck. The superior or proximal part of a structure.	64
4812510434	Hemolysis	The escape of hemoglobin from the interior of a red blood cell into the surrounding medium; results from disruption of the cell membrane by toxins or drugs, freezing or thawing, or hypotonic solutions.	65
4812513119	Homeostasis	The condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits.	66
4812519682	Homologous chromosomes	Two chromosomes that belong to a pair.	67
4812529788	Hypertonic solution	Solution that causes cells to shrink due to loss of water by osmosis.	68
4812533413	Hypotonic solution	Solution that causes cells to swell and perhaps rupture due to gain of water by osmosis.	69
4812535658	Inferior	Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure. Also called caudal (KAW-dal).	70
4812537826	Intermediate filaments	Protein filament, ranging from 8 to 12 nm in diameter, that may provide structural reinforcement, hold organelles in place, and give shape to a cell.	71
4812557944	Interphase	The period of the cell cycle between cell divisions, consisting of the G1 (gap or growth) phase, when the cell is engaged in growth, metabolism, and production of substances required for division; S (synthesis) phase, during which chromosomes are replicated; and G2 phase.	72
4812560730	Interstitial fluid	The portion of extracellular fluid that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues; the internal environment of the body. Also called intercellular or tissue fluid	73
4812563460	Intracellular fluid	Fluid located within cells.	74
4812565768	Isotonic solution	A solution having the same concentration of impermeable solutes as cytosol.	75
4812570723	Ligand	A chemical substance that binds to a specific receptor.	76
4812572709	Lipid bilayer	Arrangement of phospholipid, glycolipid, and cholesterol molecules in two parallel sheets in which the hydrophilic "heads" face outward and the hydrophobic "tails" face inward; found in cellular membranes.	77
4812578786	Lysosomes	An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes.	78
4812580885	Median plane	A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves. Situated in the middle.	79
4812583751	Mediastinum	The broad, median partition between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column in the thoracic cavity.	80
4812585563	Meiosis	A type of cell division that occurs during production of gametes, involving two successive nuclear divisions that result in cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.	81
4812587368	Membrane	A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures	82
4812590270	Meninges	Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.	83
4812592432	Metabolism	All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including the synthetic (anabolic) reactions and decomposition (catabolic) reactions.	84
4812595200	Metaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which chromatid pairs line up on the metaphase plate of the cell.	85
4812599176	Metaplasia	The transformation of one type of cell into another.	86
4812599177	Microtubules	Cylindrical protein filament, from 18 to 30 nm in diameter, consisting of the protein tubulin; provides support, structure, and transportation.	87
4812600916	Microvilli	Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.	88
4812600917	Midline	An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides.	89
4812604552	Midsagittal plane	A vertical plane through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides. Also called a median plane.	90
4812605601	Mitochondria	A double membraned organelle that plays a central role in the production of ATP; known as the "powerhouse" of the cell.	91
4812607794	Mitosis	The orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures that each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus. The process includes the replication of chromosomes and the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei.	92
4812610018	Molecules	Two or more atoms joined together.	93
4812611084	Neck	The part of the body connecting the head and the trunk. A constricted portion of an organ.	94
4812612600	Negative feedback system	A feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition.	95
4812613746	Nucleoli	Spherical bodies within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that are the sites of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits.	96
4812616548	Nucleosome	Structural subunit of a chromosome consisting of histones and DNA.	97
4812617502	Nucleus	A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the hereditary factors of the cell, called genes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons.	98
4812618464	Oblique plane	A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either the midsagittal, parasagittal, or frontal plane.	99
4812620968	Organelles	A permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities.	100
4812623715	Organism .	A total living form; one individual	101
4812623716	Organs	A structure composed of two or more different kinds of tissues with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape.	102
4812625850	Osmosis	The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached.	103
4812625851	Parasagittal plane	A vertical plane that does not pass through the midline and that divides the body or organs into unequal left and right portions.	104
4812627177	Pelvic cavity	Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures.	105
4812629618	Pericardial cavity	Small potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium that contains pericardial fluid.	106
4812629619	Pericardium	A loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer.	107
4812631373	Peritoneum	The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera within it.	108
4812632696	Peroxisomes	Organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxide; abundant in liver cells.	109
4812632818	Phagocytes	Body cells that engulf large solid particles.	110
4812634979	Phagocytosis	The process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter.	111
4812636427	1 Physiology	Science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts.	112
4812637331	Plasma membrane	Outer, limiting membrane that separates the cell's internal parts from extracellular fluid or the external environment.	113
4812637395	Pleura	The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and the diaphragm.	114
4812639394	Pleural cavities	Small potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.	115
4812639441	Positive feedback system	Feedback system that strengthens a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.	116
4812642017	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis during which chromatid pairs are formed and aggregate around the metaphase plate of the cell.	117
4812644354	Proteasomes	Tiny cellular organelle in cytosol and nucleus containing proteases that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins.	118
4812647005	Proteomics	The study of the proteome (all of an organism's proteins) in order to identify all of the proteins produced; it involves determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins so that drugs can be designed to alter protein activity to help in the treatment and diagnosis of disease.	119
4812648071	Proto-oncogenes	Gene responsible for some aspect of normal growth and development; it may transform into an oncogene, a gene capable of causing cancer.	120
4812650739	Receptor	A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal (generator or receptor potential). A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand.	121
4812652742	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	A highly selective process whereby cells take up specific ligands, which usually are large molecules or particles, by enveloping them within a sac of plasma membrane.	122
4812654850	Reproduction	The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual.	123
4812656463	Reproductive cell division	Type of cell division in which gametes (sperm and oocytes) are produced; consists of meiosis and cytokinesis	124
4812657131	Ribosomes	A cellular structure in the cytoplasm of cells, composed of a small subunit and a large subunit that contain ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins; the site of protein synthesis.	125
4812659505	Sagittal plane	A plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions.	126
4812659506	Selective permeability	The property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others.	127
4812661397	Serous membrane	A membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior. The membrane that lines the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities.	128
4812662858	Sex chromosomes	The twenty-third pair of chromosomes, designated X and Y, which determine the genetic sex of an individual; in males, the pair is XY; in females, XX.	129
4812664915	Sodium-potassium pump	An active transport pump located in the plasma membrane that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell at the expense of cellular ATP. It functions to keep the ionic concentrations of these ions at physiological levels. Also called the Na+-K+ ATPase.	130
4812666805	Superior	Toward the head or upper part of a structure. Also called cephalic or cranial.	131
4812668820	Synapsis	The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	132
4812671593	System	An association of organs that have a common function.	133
4812671594	Telophase	The final stage of mitosis.	134
4812672855	Thoracic cavity	Cavity superior to the diaphragm that contains two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.	135
4812672903	Tissues	A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function.	136
4812675878	Transverse plane	A plane that divides the body or organs into superior and inferior portions. Also called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.	137
4812676894	Trunk	The part of the body to which the upper and lower limbs are attached.	138
4812678808	Vertebral (spinal) canal	A cavity within the vertebral column formed by the vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae and containing the spinal cord.	139

Powered by Quizlet.com

ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4200548651	lymphaden/o	0
4200548652	spleno	1
4200550397	mediastino	2
4200550398	nephr/o	3
4200551872	pyelo	4
4200554066	vesico	5
4200554067	ophthalmo	6
4200555397	globin	7
4200555398	endo	8
4200557023	hepato	9
4200560627	cholecysto	10
4200560628	dynia	11
4200560629	orchido	12
4200562447	partum	13
4200562448	pleuro	14
4200562449	poiesis	15
4200564393	techy	16
4200564394	vasculo	17
4200565991	peritoneo	18
4200565992	oopharo	19
4200567423	myelo	20
4200567424	brody	21
4200567425	cephalo	22
4200568747	thrombo	23
4200578731	radicul/o	24

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

THE AP! Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5886511216	Fall of Constantinople (1453)	Ottomans take, scholars flee leads to spread of ideas which leads to renaissance. End of Byzantine Empire and intros turks to Europe.	0
5886511217	Black Death (1347-1352)	plague, killed 1/3-1/2 of population, ended feudalism, rise of middle class 3 responses 1) seclusion 2) deep religion 3) eat, drink, be merry	1
5886511218	Decameron (1350)	Boccacio's book on Florence plague	2
5886511219	Hundred Year's War (1337-1453)	England vs France over claim to French throne, rise of nationalism, end of chivalry, political centralization, English Parliament created	3
5886511220	Humanism	back to the classics, human achievement matters. Italians emphasized study of ancient latin texts	4
5886511221	Petrarch "Father of Humanism" (1304-1347)	credited for starting Renaissance, revived classic texts (Cicero), created term "humanism", death marked start of Renaissance... wore loral leaves for ancient greece	5
5886511222	Machiavelli and The Prince (1469-1527) (Prince, 1513)	civic humanist, "ends justify the means," secular in stating religion as a tool. Described how a ruler needed to act in order to maintain power. Basic text of western political science.	6
5886511223	Castiglione (1478-1529) (Courtier, 1528)	"The Courtier" model for Renaissance man. Serve court not God, new idea.	7
5886511224	Printing press	Gutenberg, SPREAD OF IDEAS	8
5886511225	Renaissance Era (1350-1550)	began in Florence, patronage led to new art, the Medici's. "rebirth" of new ideas, humanism, secularism, individualism.	9
5886511226	Renaissance (art)	classicism, humanism, secularism, individualism North: dark, religious, royalty Italian: secular, humanist, wealthy merchant	10
5886511227	Vernacular literature	Dante's "Divine Comedy" Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" literacy increases from 14th cen., taking texts and translating them into common language, more people read ancient ideas	11
5886511228	Donatello (1386-1466)	"Bronze David" 1st freestanding nude since classical time, one of the Masters	12
5886511229	Michelangelo (1475-1564)	"Marble David", "Creation of Adam" (Sistine chapel), "Pieta" (triangle symmetry), "Last Judgment," patronized by Pope Julius II. Master of Renaissance... moving into science, revolutionized sculptor	13
5886511230	Naturalism (art)	emphasis on nature, secular, big in Northern Renaissance, realistic rather than spiritual ideal	14
5886511231	Raphael (1483-1520)	"School of Athens," humanist, secular, individualist, loved to paint women, painted so many that he let go of them which allowed his art to spread	15
5886511232	Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)	"Mona Lisa," "Lady with Ermine," "Last Supper," "Vitruvian Man," also interested in science. Symmetry and "sfumato" (smoky background)	16
5886511233	Rembrandt (1606-1669)	Dutch Golden Age Master, painter/etcher	17
5886511234	Mannerism (art) 1500's	artificial qualities, elongated figures, instability, intellectually sophisticated	18
5886511235	Baroque 1600's	exaggerated, encouraged by Catholic Church as response to Reformation, think broken, includes tension	19
5886511236	El Greco (1541-1614)	Spanish Renaissance, "the Greek," altarpieces	20
5886511237	Rubens (1577-1640)	Baroque, heavy figures, history paintings, counter-reformation alter pieces	21
5886511238	Scientific Revolution 1550s-1600s	paradigm shift, challenging old views leads to discovery... struggle between tradition and new views	22
5886511239	Copernicus (1473-1543)	heliocentric universe, glorify God	23
5886511240	Galileo (1564-1642)	experimental method, law of inertia, challenged Aristotle's "matter and form," tried in inquisition by Pope Urban VIII, challenged idea of "form" and "matter"	24
5886511241	Newton (1642-1726)	SYNTHESIS, law of universal gravitation, laws of motion. His book Prinicipia presented 3 laws of motion and created Calculus.	25
5886511242	Harvey (1578-1657)	circulatory system, heart like pump, modern medicine	26
5886511243	Paracelsus (1491-1531)	sickness a chemical imbalance, pioneered drugs, studied alkahest(idea of an atom)	27
5886511244	Bacon (1561-1626)	Empiricism, inductive reasoning through observation, practical, useful knowledge.	28
5886511245	Descartes (1596-1650)	Cartesian Dualism, reality reduced to mind and matter, deductive reasoning, geometry	29
5886511246	Kepler (1571-1630)	proved Copernican hypothesis with math, laws of planetary motion, Created idea of elliptical orbits, discredits Ptolemaic system	30
5886511247	Richard III (R. 1483-85)	died in Battle of Bosworth, last York king, scoliosis, last warrior king	31
5886511248	The Tudors	began with Henry VII (Lancaster) after Wars of the Roses	32
5886511249	Star Chamber 1500s-1600s	court to try nobles and reduce aristocratic power, used by Henry VII, example of royal abuse, unfair trials	33
5886511250	Ferdinand and Isabella (R. late 1400s-early 1500s)	political unification of Spain, unify in 1479, national church, Inquisition, Reconquista of land from Muslims, currency	34
5886511251	Concordat of Bologna (1516)	Pope Leo X and Francis I, pope gets $ and king gets church control in France	35
5886511252	Peace of Augsburg (1555)	let German princes chose religion in their state	36
5886511253	Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)	ended wars over Religion, bad for Germany, good for France, promotes rise of diplomacy	37
5886511254	Edict of Nantes (1598)	issued by Henry IV of France, politique, allowed Huguenots	38
5886511255	Peace of Westphalia (1648)	ended 30YW, ended Catholic Ref. in Germany, renewed Augsburg, dissolved HRE	39
5886511256	New forms of warfare	state had cannons, centralization as individuals can't afford same weaponry, limited noble power	40
5886511257	Nobles of the robe	bankers, merchants, judges etc. in France, self made men. treated almost like nobles bc of their intelligence	41
5886511258	Jean Bodin (1530-1596)	advocates strong central government, "theory of sovereignty" ruler had rights to tax, control, make laws etc.	42
5886511259	Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)	idea of universal code, based on natural law, reduce gov't to a system, of reason and order	43
5886511260	The Habsburgs (1438-1740)	ruled HRE, only united by Catholicism...until reformation	44
5886511261	English Civil War (1642-1651)	Parliamentarians and Royalists fight over government, Charles I vs Oliver Cromwell. Monarchy vs Parliament	45
5886511262	Charles I (R. 1625-1649)	first public beheading of monarch, was an absolutist and wouldn't work with Parliament, son of James I	46
5886511263	James I (R. 1603 -1625	King James Bible (1611), ruled first Scotland than Scotland and England, Protestant, believed in divine right	47
5886511264	Oliver Cromwell (R. 1653-1658) as "Lord Protector"	Parliamentarian, puritan, lead Commonwealth of England, became dictator of the protectorate	48
5886511265	Louis XIII (R. 1610-1643)	2nd Bourbon king, overseen by Richelieu, Duchy of Brittany, took power as young child	49
5886511266	Cardinal Richelieu "Red Eminence" (1585-1642)	Catholic, shady dealings, Machiavellian methods, rose to power by his own means, politique	50
5886511267	Protestant Reformation	break from Rome, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinism, prompted predominantly by Henry VIII and Martin Luther, reach salvation through grace, not through actions in church	51
5886511268	Indulgences	forgiveness of sins for $	52
5886511269	St. Teresa of Avila	"Ecstasy of St. Teresa," she got women involved in the church during Counter Reformation, connected with God in a dream and this led her to want to help reform	53
5886511270	Index of Prohibited Books	books banned by Catholic Church in Counter Reformation	54
5886511271	Inquisition (Roman, 1542)	Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, tried Protestants etc..... group inside Catholic church who would combat heresy	55
5886511272	Book of Common Prayer (1549)	Thomas Cranmer for Anglican Church, under reign of Edward VI, included order and prayers for Church of England	56
5886511273	Catholic Reformation	Catholic response to Protestant Reformation 1) Council of Trent 2) Jesuits 3) Spiritual Revival 4) revived papacy	57
5886511274	Christian Humanism	classics combined with Catholicism, in making Bible accessible (Erasmus, Luther, Calvin), reform and deepen spiritual lives	58
5886511275	Erasmus (1466-1536)	"Praise of Folly," humanist, education is means of reform	59
5886511276	Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)	opposed Protestant Reformation, wrote "Utopia," canonized as martyr	60
5886511277	Luther & 95 Theses (1517)	arguments against indulgences and other immoralities in Catholic Church "faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone"	61
5886511278	Calvin (1509-1564)	Geneva became mode of ideal Reformed community, Protestantism in Switzerland, compelling force of international protestantism	62
5886511279	Anabaptists	those who delay baptism until one chooses Christ, "radicals", separation of church and state like how it is in the New Testament	63
5886511280	Jesuit Order	Super Catholics, Ignatius Loyola, very successful goals: 1) education 2) missions 3) fight Protestantism	64
5886511281	Council of Trent (1545-1563)	called by Pope Paul III to: 1) affirm doctrine of 7 sacracments 2) reform church (trying to get people back to the faith)	65
5886511282	Henry VIII (with Reformation) (R. 1509-1547)	Catholic turned Protestant bc he wanted to divorce wife, founder of Anglicanism with Act of Supremacy (1534), dissolved monasteries for $$	66
5886511283	Elizabeth I (with religion) (R. 1558-1603)	Anglican, had national church but "did not want to make windows" (politique) national unity of greater importance that having one religion, daughter of Henry and Anne, defeats Spanish Armada	67
5886511284	Huguenots	French protestants	68
5886511285	Puritans	religion under Cromwell, those who fled to NW and created New England when royalists regained power over England (when Elizabeth came to power) wanted to purify church of england from all forms of Catholicism	69
5886511286	French Wars of Religion (1562-98)	weak monarchy under boy kings dominated by Catherine d'Medici, St. Bartholomew's Massacre, War of 3 Henries: 1) Henry III of Valois 2) Henry of Guise 3) Henry of Navarre (wins to become 1st Bourbon) Henry saves France with politique "Paris well worth a mass" Burbon Fam (Huguenots) vs Guise Fam (protestants)	70
5886511287	St. Bartholomew's Massacre (1572)	20,000 Huguenots killed, organized by Catherine d'Medici during Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre's marriage	71
5886511288	Henry IV (R. 1589-1610)	Protestant turns Catholic to save France, wins War of the 3 Henries, 1st Bourbon king, Edict of Nantes 1598, politque "Paris well worth a mass"	72
5886511289	Philip II England (R. 1556-1558) Spain (R. 1556-1598)	married to Mary Tudor, Catholic, defeated by Elizabeth I with his Spanish Armada	73
5886511290	Spanish Armada (1588)	Spanish naval forces defeated against all odds bc of a storm, decisive win for England, leads to English Golden Age	74
5886511291	Commercial motives of exploration	land in NW, goods, crops, slaves, prove strength	75
5886511292	Religious motives of exploration	conversions to either Catholicism or Protestantism	76
5886511293	Mercantilism	EXPORT don't import, gold and silver, changed European trade patterns, originally pursued by Colbert with France	77
5886511294	Navigational technology	charts/maps, atlas, new ships, compass	78
5886511295	Military technology	handguns, continued use of gunpowder, arequebus, 1st standing army (James II),faster ships, new metals	79
5886511296	Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and South America	first country to enslave in NW, enslaved up to 4 million, also wanted: spices, dyes, wood, ivory	80
5886511297	Spain in the Americas, Caribbean, and the Pacific	Spanish government allowed slave trade with Asiento (1518), Portugal got Africa and Spain the Americas, Columbus	81
5886511298	France (exploration)	attempt to find Northern Passage, settled Canada, originally involved for spice trade	82
5886511299	England (exploration)	attempt to find Northern Passage, settled New England, British East India Company	83
5886511300	Netherlands (exploration)	discovers New England in attempt to become a commercial power, FUR TRADE	84
5886511301	The Columbian Exchange	exchange between Old and New World, trade of foods, livestock, goods, diseases	85
5886511302	African slave trade	formatted in a triangle between NW, OW, Africa	86
5886511303	Economic changes	new social patterns and economic elite go hand in hand with banking/finance innovations	87
5886511304	Double-entry bookkeeping	accounting	88
5886511305	Bank of Amsterdam	1st European national bank	89
5886511306	The Dutch East India Company	monopoly on spice trade, went to India etc.	90
5886511307	The British East India Company	TEA! acted as a sovereign power like a state, had stockholders	91
5886511308	Gentry in England	new class of landowners created by Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, boosted economy	92
5886511309	Hidalgos in Spain	nobles with out hereditary title (self-made men), landowners	93
5886511310	Subsistence agriculture	3 crop field rotation and later 4 crop rotations ex: wheat, oats, clover, turnips	94
5886511311	Price Revolution 1400s-1600s	population increases, urbanization, huge inflation, gold and silver coming from NW, leads to market economy and widens gap between rich and poor	95
5886511312	Enclosure movement 1700s	combination of small plots to make enclosed big plots, bad for poor farmers, good for production, led to market oriented farming	96
5886511313	Serfdom codified in the east	Maria Theresa kept serfdom while others abolished it nobles dominated peasants lives and took away their rights , but reduced lords' power over serfs	97
5886511314	German Peasant revolts (1524-1525)	inspired but rejected by Luther, who wanted church reform but not civil reform, includes thousands and organized but ultimately a failure	98
5886511315	Expansion of cities	city sizes more than double, commoners go to cities for work ex: London grows in size more than 40%	99
5886511316	Effects of population growth	improved production, lack of jobs/land leads to moving to new areas in Europe or moving to NW, increase in poverty	100
5886511317	Effects of migration to cities	sanitation issue, poverty/crime, employment shortage, strained resources	101
5886511318	Calvin's Geneva	model for reformed Christian society	102
5886511319	La Querelle des Femmes	French debate about women's societal role, emergence of feminism	103
5886511320	European Marriage Pattern	late marriage given each spouse sought economic independence, improved economy and restrained population growth	104
5886511321	Blood sports	animal fighting for amusement	105
5886511322	Charivari	mock serenade in derision of a person, used to censor unwanted behavior	106
5886511323	Stockades	public punishment, deterrent	107
5886511324	Witchcraft accusations 1400s-1700s	in both Catholic and Protestant regions, most in Scotland, 300,000 convicted, mostly unmarried women and social outcasts	108
5886511325	Absolute Monarchy	sovereignty is main goal, all aspects of state (church, nobility, etc.) controlled	109
5886511326	James I of England House of Stuart Scotland (R. 1567-1625) England (R. 1603-1625)	King James Bible (1611), tolerated Catholics, sent Virginia Company to create Jamestown in NW, ignored Parliament led to civil war, began witch hunts, translated bible to King James Version	110
5886511327	Louis XIV of France House of Bourbon (R. 1643-1715)	"sun king," Revocation of Edict of Nantes (1598) replaced with Fontainebleau, Versailles, Louisiana	111
5886511328	Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)	worked under Louis XIV, mercantilism, followed Dutch model to make French economically successful	112
5886511329	Frederick II of Prussia House of Hohenzollern (R. 1740-1786)	allowed religious and intellectual freedom, "first subject of the state," educated the masses, strong military power	113
5886511330	Enlightened absolutism	think but OBEY, freedoms given to an end, rationality, religious toleration	114
5886511331	Partition of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795)	3 divisions of Poland by RAP out of fear of Poland's constitutional monarchy, wipes Poland off of map, threatened balance of power	115
5886511332	Peter the Great House of Romanov (R. 1682-1721)	westernized Russia, created military bureaucracy, founded St. Petersburg, absolute	116
5886511333	Catherine the Great House of Romanov (R. 1762-1796)	"self-declared autocrat," largely westernized Russia, educated her people, Jews and Muslims were tolerated, killed her husband to gain power	117
5886511334	English Bill of Rights (1689)	inspired American Declaration of Independence, many of the same components	118
5886511335	The Dutch Republic	merchant oligarchy, religious tolerance, Dutch Golden Age	119
5886511336	Maria Theresa House of Habsburg HRE Empress (R. 1745-1765) Ruler of Austria, Croatia, Hungary (R. 1740-1780)	founded hospitals, SCHOOLS, decreased papacy and nobility's power in state, created central bureaucracy	120
5886511337	Battle of Vienna (1683)	central European kingdoms vs Ottomans, Siege of Vienna, largest cavalry charge in history, end of ottoman empire	121
5886511338	Louis XIV's wars (1661-1715)	all attempts for French land gain, 4 wars and other smaller conflicts, aka 9 years war	122
5886511339	War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)	triggered by death of heirless Charles II King of Spain, throne given to Louis XIV's grandson caused concern of Bourbon monopoly, led to wars. France vs. HRE	123
5886511340	Voltaire (1694-1778)	"Candide," anti-war, separation of church and state, freedom of religion	124
5886511341	Diderot (1713-1784)	"Diderot's Encyclopedia" synthesized his period's general knowledge into accessible form, led to greater literacy etc.	125
5886511342	Locke "Father of Liberalism" (1632-1704)	empiricism, mind blank slate at birth and all acquired by experience, "Two Treatises on Government", supported self gov and natural rights	126
5886511343	Montesquieu (1689-1755)	"The Spirit of the Laws," SEPERATION OF POWERS 1) executive, 2) legislative, 3) judiciary..... ideas basis of constitution	127
5886511344	Beccaria (1738-1798)	"Essays on Crimes and Punishments," innocent until proven guilty, laws to preserve order not punish	128
5886511345	Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)	French feminist in Revolution, killed by guillotine in radical phase "Declaration of the Rights of Women", playwright	129
5886511346	Rousseau (1712-1778)	"The Social Contract," humans good by nature but corrupted by society, GENERAL WILL is always correct, inspired French to overthrow monarch, direct democracy	130
5886511347	Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)	"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," pioneer of modern feminism, also education reform	131
5886511348	Salons and academies	intellectual discussion in groups hosted by wealthy elite which led to spread of ideas, led to Enlightenment ideas passed down to lower classes	132
5886511349	Kant (1724-1804)	central figure in modern philosophy/democracy, idea of the "nonage," used rationalism and empiricism, HUMAN AUTONAMY, human mind=human experience	133
5886511350	development of "public opinion"	GENRAL WILL, also spread of literacy with accessible literature	134
5886511351	Mercantilism (2)	after France's success with mercantilism, other countries followed suit, but couldn't work with everyone exporting and not importing	135
5886511352	Adam Smith (1723-1790)	free market LAISSEZ FAIRE economy, "Wealth of Nations" first modern work of economics, division of labor and invisible hand	136
5886511353	Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781)	advocate for economic liberalism, "Reflexions" says land is the only source of wealth, theory of interest rate	137
5886511354	Natural religion	Hume's "Natural History of Religion," some kind of higher power but not necessarily God	138
5886511355	religious tolerance	Enlightened absolutists, Elizabeth I "to not make windows," Edict of Nantes, Westphalia, Augsburg	139
5886511356	Deism, Skepticism, atheism	deism: intelligent being, not necessarily God skepticism: question all atheism: no God	140
5886511357	David Hume (1711-1776)	said all religion "traces, in the end, to dread of the unknown" so based on fear, not reason	141
5886511358	Baron d'Holbach (1724-1789)	"The System of Nature," noted atheist, body as clock logic	142
5886511359	Baroque art and music 1600s-1700s	reply to controlled, dull art of Protestant Reformation/mannerism, "broken" included Bernini, Rubens, Bach, palace at Versailles	143
5886511360	J.S. Bach (1685-1750)	Baroque composer known for harmony, artistic beauty and intellectual depth in music	144
5886511361	Neoclassicism	drawing again from the "classics", decorative and visual arts, derived from Ancient Greece and Rome	145
5886511362	Dutch Art	Jan Van Eyck, Rembrandt, Breughel	146
5886511363	Rembrandt (1606-1669)	methods: chiaroscuro types of work: prints, painting the Dutch master, self portraits and bible scenes	147
5886511364	Vermeer (1632-1675)	depicted middle class life ex: Girl with a Pearl Earring	148
5886511365	Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)	"Robinson Crusoe,"(whit and black man characters) pioneer of novel form in English literature, early idea of "white man's burden"	149
5886511366	Goethe (1749-1832)	"Faust," against radical rationalism, stated necessity of art in society, poet/Enlightenment, Sturm and Drang school led to emergence of Romanticism	150
5886511367	mass politics (1880-1914)	result of rise of mass society w/ Industrial Revolution, major rise in political interest/action	151
5886511368	Nationalism	rose greatly as a result of Napoleon's wars, countries identified as countries	152
5886511369	emergence of Romanticism end of 18th century	combination of reaction to Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment, rationalization of nature, sublimity, awe etc. EMOTION, included: Byron, Keats etc.	153
5886511370	Main causes of the revolution	success of American Revolution, financial issues/debt, Enlightenment thought, estates and Old Regime, conflict between Bourgeoisie and nobility	154
5886511371	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)	establishes natural rights and freedoms for all men	155
5886511372	Abbe Sieyès (1748-1863)	"What is the 3rd Estate?", 1st estate member who brought a voice to the masses	156
5886511373	The Jacobin Republic	Radicals key players: Robespierre, Danton, Marat	157
5886511374	Marie Antoinette (R. 1774-1792)	represented hated French extravagance	158
5886511375	Louis XVI (R. 1774-1792)	clung to Old Regime and executed for it	159
5886511376	Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793)	killed by Charlotte Courday, martyr of Revolution	160
5886511377	La Marseilles	French national anthem, created in one night during the Revolution	161
5886511378	Robespierre (1758-1794)	head of Committee on Public Safety, said "virtue powerless without fear" Justification for use of terror	162
5886511379	Reign of Terror (1793-1794)	radical phase, people tried for being "enemies of the revolution", GUILLOTINE	163
5886511380	Toussaint L'Ouverture & the slave revolt in Saint Domingue	Haiti formed, slavery abolished in French colonies	164
5886511381	Napoleon Bonaparte (R. 1804-1814)	French hero but also tyrant, Napoleonic Code, domestic reforms and incredible military successes	165
5886511382	Concordat of 1801	Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, re-established Catholicism in France under the understanding Napoleon controlled the church	166
5886511383	Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)	established security of wealth and private property, equality of men before law, made women dependents	167
5886511384	Women during French Revolution	March on Versailles in October Days, Olympe de Gouges, Wollstonecraft, Courday	168
5886511385	Napoleon military tactics	failed invasion of Russia, dissolved HRE, Continental System, European Campaign and many more	169
5886511386	Responses to Napoleons expansion	rise of French nationalism and other nationalism	170
5886511387	The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)	BRAP and Bourbon France conference, led by Austria Goals: peace plan for Europe, defeat Bonaparte	171
5886511388	Free market economy	Adam Smith's Laissez Faire, economic liberalism, no control by government (this is how it all was before government kicked in, then this movement to return to the old ways)	172
5886511389	Le Chapelier laws (1791)	ban on guilds by National Assembly	173
5886511390	Thomas Malthus (1766-1864)	Malthusian population theory, population will outgrow food supply, however not proponent of birth control (don't be confused by Malthusian league, who was, and who used his name and idea of exponential population growth for their purposes)	174
5886511391	Swift's Modest Proposal	satire that says the Irish could solve problems of poverty by killing and eating their children	175
5886511392	The Agricultural Revolution 1700s	time of great agricultural progress all SET: Scientific Revolution Entrepreneurship Technology (new)	176
5886511393	cottage industries	production through working at home system	177
5886511394	Bank of England (1694)	included system of money and credit, government backing but commercially run meant less risk	178
5886511395	Mercantilism exploited colonies	took resources, captured slaves, created unrest ex: warfare in Africa	179
5886511396	Middle Passage	stage of Atlantic Triangle Trade	180
5886511397	European consumer culture	production of goods controlled by demand, start of modern economy	181
5886511398	Columbian Exchange	between New and Old World	182
5886511399	Triangle Trade	included slaves, cash crop, manufactured goods between Africa, America, Europe	183
5886511400	Sugar, tobacco, rum, etc.	some of the goods imported in Triangle Trade system (rum and tobacco in America, sugar made in Europe, slave labor from Africa)	184
5886511401	population growth	inoculation reduced smallpox mortality, plague goes away, food supply and population increase	185
5886511402	smallpox inoculation	pioneered by Lady Wortley Montague who witnessed them in Asia and brought them to England	186
5886511403	Consumer Revolution (1600-1750)	increase of buying luxury goods caused by emergence of disposable income, new marketing methods	187
5886511404	Changes to private lives	homes include private spaces, readily accessible literature leads to introspection	188
5886511405	Boudoirs	women's private rooms	189
5886511406	new consumer goods in homes	porcelain, Wedgewood, cotton and linen décor, mirrors, prints, TP	190
5886511407	new leisure venues	coffee and chocolate houses, taverns, theatres, dance halls, opera, idea of celebrity emerges	191
5886511408	Changes to child-raising	more time/resources dedicated as child mortality rates decreased	192
5886511409	Commercial Revolution 1200s to 1700s	period of economic expansion, colonialism and mercantilism	193

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6034687843	the Sforza family	who controlled Naples for a brief period of time	0
6034693576	Francesco Petrach	father of humanism, promoted a revival of classical studies	1
6034698954	Jan Van Eyck	used oil painting, painting himself into bible scences	2
6034705516	Erasmus	a great humanist writer	3
6034709356	Francois Rabelais	french physician and monk who wrote comical stories, stories about giants	4
6034716430	Miguel de Cervantes	spanish humanist that described the end of the middle ages, knights were totally over	5
6034727355	Don Quixote de la Mancha	book about chivalry being over	6
6034734956	Thomas Moore	most famous english humanist, wrote utopia	7
6034739878	The Decameron	Itlaian writer Boccaccio is best known for	8
6034745219	contents of the Decameron	a series of stories told by the peasants waiting in villa to avoid the plague	9
6034753505	Baldassare Castiglione	wrote the courtier	10
6034754616	the courtier contains	instructions of how to be a renaissance man	11
6034761245	Niccolo Machiavelli	wrote the Prince	12
6034763297	The Prince taught	rulers how to govern	13
6034766693	Machiavelli	"the end justifies the means"	14
6034771060	William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe	best known english playwrites	15
6034773793	Giotto	first painters to paint in series of Frescoes	16
6034780911	The Mona Lisa and the Last Super	Leonardo da Vinci	17
6034786427	The Statue of David and the Sistine Chapel	Michelangelo is best known for	18
6034788913	Pope Julius II	who hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the sistine chapel	19
6034794473	Donatello	sculpted the bronze statue of David	20
6034799905	Sofonisba Anguissola	first female painter to gain reputation	21
6034806805	Portraits of her sisters and King Phillip II of Spain	Sodonisba Anguissola	22
6034814789	Peter Bruegel	dutch but combined Italian technique	23
6034821648	Albrecht Durer	wood carving	24
6034824066	Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse	Albrecht Durer	25
6034825842	Giovanni Bellini	Portrait of doge of Leonardo	26
6034830382	Pieta	Michelangelo	27
6034832198	Hunters in the Snow	Pieter Bruegel	28
6034836202	Arnolfini Portrait	Jan van Eyck	29
6034839480	Statue of David	Michelangelo	30
6034843285	crucifixion arena chapel	Giotto	31
6034846010	The Mona Lisa	Leonardo Davinci	32
6034849323	The Last Supper	Leonardo Davinci	33
6034852330	ceiling of the sistine chapel	Michelangelo	34
6034854412	Bronze Statue of David	Donatello	35
6034857471	The school of Athens	Raphael Santi	36
6034862906	peasant life	Pieter Bruegal	37
6034868906	wanted to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica	Pope Leo x	38
6034873759	best at selling indulgences	John Tetzel	39
6034875750	who invented the printing press	Johann Gutenberg	40
6034879167	holy roman emperor decided to act against Luther	Charles V	41
6034882535	conference of german princes	the Diet of Worms	42
6034890113	hid Martin Luther	Prince Frederick of Saxony	43
6034894177	supported a religious reformation based on bible	Huldrech Zwingli	44
6034911512	John Calvin started protestant movement at	Geneva, Switzerland	45
6034914091	predestination	John Calvin	46

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6612708732	Which is not a primary function of the respiratory system	Regulation of water balance, transport RBCs	0
6612708733	Ventilation is also known as	Breathing	1
6612708734	The lower respiratory tract includes	All of the bronchial branches, lungs, and trachea	2
6612708735	Alveolar ventilation refers to the	Mvmt of air into and out of the alveoli	3
6612708736	The lungs are enclosed in ___ membranes	Pleural	4
6612708737	Type I alveolar cells	Allow rapid diffusion of gases through their membranes	5
6612708738	Surfactant	Helps prevent the alveoli from escaping	6
6612708739	Air entering the body is filtered, warmed and humidified by the	Upper respiratory tract	7
6612708740	If a student inhales deeply	Vital capacity	8
6612708741	In the lungs	Blood flow rate is higher and blood pressure is lower than in systemic circulation	9
6612708742	Histamines primary role in the respiratory sy is as a	Bronchoconstrictor	10
6612708743	Samuel suffers from cystic fibrosis	Thick secretions that exceed the ability of the resp track to remove them	11
6612708744	Breathing involves active inspiratory and expiratory mvmts called	Hyperpnea	12
6612708745	The resp rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the	Alveolar ventilation	13
6612708746	In a condition known as pleursy theres excess flyid in pleural space. How would this affect pulmonary ventiliation	Breathing would be labored and difficult	14
6612708747	Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and therefore, important factor to consider is the	Concentration gradient	15
6612708748	The process by whixh dissolved gases are exchange btwn the blood and interstitial fluid is	Hypercapnia	16
6612708749	Lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease	Pulmonary edema	17
6612708750	Most CO2 in the blood is transported as	Bicarbonate ion	18
6612708751	Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is	Bound to hemoglobin	19
6612708752	Which of the following would make the oxygen hemoglobin curve shift right	Increased H+	20
6612708753	The most important chemical regulator of respiration is	Carbon dioxide	21
6612708754	An increase in the level od CO2 in the blood will	Increase the rate of breathing	22
6612708755	Protective reflexes of the lungs include	Coughing and bronchoconstriction	23
6612708756	For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen in the lungs	The temp should be slightly lower than normal body temp	24
6612708757	If the neural connections btwn the pons and medulla are severed	Pulmonary ventilation will decrease	25
6612708758	Jane lives in indiana	Decreased PO2 in alveolialveoli	26
6612708759	A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anahydrase would	Cause an increase in blood pH	27
6614671504	The chloride shift occurs when	Bicarbonate leaves rbcs	28

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848

Terms : Hide Images

9544911577	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
9544911578	sectionalism	The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157)	1
9544911579	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)	2
9544911580	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151)	3
9544911581	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
9544911582	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in U.S. history. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
9544911583	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	6
9544911584	Henry Clay; American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)	7
9544911585	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)	8
9544911586	Panic of 1819	In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153)	9
9544911587	Lancaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)	10
9544911588	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	11
9544911589	Erie Canal	A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)	12
9544911590	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)	13
9544911591	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)	14
9544911592	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	15
9544911593	corporations	In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)	16
9544911594	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	17
9544911595	factory system	In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)	18
9544911596	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)	19
9544911597	industrialization	Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164)	20
9544911598	specialization	Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164)	21
9544911599	unions	Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)	22
9544911600	cotton gin	In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)	23
9544911601	market revolution	This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164)	24
9544911602	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)	25
9544911603	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	26
9544911604	McCulloch v. Maryland	This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154)	27
9544911605	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154)	28
9544911606	Gibbons v. Ogden	This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)	29
9544911607	implied powers	Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)	30
9544911608	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156)	31
9544911609	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)	32
9544911610	Stephen Decatur	In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean. (p. 157)	33
9544911611	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157)	34
9544911612	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)	35
9544911613	Andrew Jackson	In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158)	36
9544911614	Florida Purchase Treaty	An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)	37
9544911615	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	38

Powered by Quizlet.com

Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4659263308	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or beginning of consecutive	0
4659273978	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an histortic event	1
4659286958	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
4659291639	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
4659322564	Anecdote	A short account of an intrestesting event	4
4659331821	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
4659336261	Antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
4659370909	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverterted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
4659374560	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
4678673058	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	9
4678674453	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
4678675995	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
4678702346	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	12
4678702566	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	13
4678703075	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
4678704847	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
4678705767	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	16
4678706358	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	17
4678707186	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	18
4678707828	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	19
4678708512	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	20
4678708794	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	21
4678709190	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	22
4678709786	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	23
4678710131	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	24
4678711279	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	25
4678711787	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	26
4678712068	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation).	27
4678713017	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	28
4678713407	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	29
4678714161	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	30
4678714690	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	31
4678715199	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	32
4678715572	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	33
4678715903	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	34
4678716074	Diction	Word choice.	35
4678716411	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	36
4678716785	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	37
4678717292	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	38
4678717660	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	39
4678718068	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	40
4678718689	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	41
4678726056	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	42
4678726391	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste,touch, hearing).	43
4678727255	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	44
4678727542	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	45
4678727985	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	46
4680521597	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	47
4680521953	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	48
4680523212	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	49
4680523668	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	50
4680523937	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	51
4680524591	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	52
4680524903	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	53
4680525132	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	54
4680525821	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	55
4680526852	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	56
4680527272	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	57
4680528305	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece ofwriting.	58
4680528868	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	59
4680529267	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	60
4680529456	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	61
4680530015	Premise: major, minor	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of asyllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise.	62
4680530531	Major premise	All mammals are warm-blooded.	63
4680530975	Minor premise	All horses are mammals.	64
4680531381	Conclusion	All horses are warm-blooded	65
4680531383	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	66
4680531709	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	67
4680532699	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	68
4680533116	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle,use of the "available means of persuasion."	69
4680533516	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	70
4680534281	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	71
4680534414	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	72
4680534756	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	73
4680534912	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	74
4680535135	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	75
4680535504	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	76
4680535629	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	77
4680536174	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	78
4680536435	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	79
4680536570	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	80
4680536792	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	81
4680537172	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	82
4680537389	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	83
4680537847	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	84
4680538035	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	85
4680538148	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise	86
4680538260	Syntax	Sentence structure.	87
4680538594	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	88
4680538663	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	89
4680538947	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	90
4680539089	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	91
4680539541	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	92
4680539696	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	93
4680539994	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	94
4680540105	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	95
4680540260	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	96

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

Terms : Hide Images

8386342267	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
8386342268	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
8386342269	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
8386342270	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
8386342271	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
8386342272	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	5
8386342273	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	6
8386342274	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	7
8386342275	Potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products	8
8386342276	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	9
8386342277	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	10
8386342278	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	11
8386342279	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	12
8386342280	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	13
8386342281	Hammurabi's Code	Earliest known written set of laws, created by the Babylonian leader	14
8386342282	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt	15
8386342283	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	16
8386342284	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	17
8386342285	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	18
8386342286	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	19
8386342287	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	20
8386342288	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	21
8386342289	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization, brought early ideas of caste system to India	22
8386342290	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	23
8386342291	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	24
8386342292	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	25
8386342293	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	26
8386342294	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	27
8386342295	Eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	28
8386342296	Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra	tools	29
8386342297	Neolithic Revolution	Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles	30
8386342298	Patriarchy	Father based, culture in which males are dominant	31
8386342299	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons modes of transportation	32
8386342300	name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists	Chariots Horseback riding	33
8386342301	____ arose independently in all early civilization and then were diffused to associated regions	systems of record keeping	34
8386342302	_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods	New religious beliefs	35