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AMSCO AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8585458280Tigris and EuphratesRivers that flow south from modern-day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf0
8585458281MesopotamiaGreek word meaning "between rivers", "the cradle of civilization"1
8585458282Fertile CrescentOverlaps with Mesopotamia but also includes an area to the west, along the Mediterranean coast2
8585458283SumeriansA group of nomadic pastoralists3
8585458284SumerCivilization that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations in the Middle East4
8585458285UrukThe largest city in Sumer, with a population of 50,0005
8585458286City-stateAn independent city with its own form of government6
8585458287PolytheisticWorshiping many gods7
8585458288ZigguratsLarge Stepped Pyramids8
8585458289CuneiformThe world's first writing system9
8585458290ScribesPeople who were skilled at cuneiform and were charged with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths10
8585458291The Epic of GilgameshPossibly the oldest written story on earth11
8585458292BabyloniansPersian people who invaded and took control of Mesopotamia12
8585458293EmpireA large territory that included diverse cultural groups13
8585458294HammurabiThe Babylonian's most powerful king14
8585458295Code of Hammurabi282 laws carved into stone monuments, their main purpose was to protect people's rights15
8585458296AstronomyThe study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere16
8585458297AstrologyPredicting the future by studying the movements of stars and planets17
8585458298PhoeniciansOccupied parts of present-day Lebanon, Israel and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.18
8585458299CarthageA Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa that became a significant outpost in the region19
8585458300Alphabetic scriptA system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech20
8585458301Hebrews, Israelites, and JewsLived in the region of Canaan--present-day Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon21
8585458302AbrahamFounded Canaan; Jews, Christians, and Muslims all trace their religious heritage back to him22
8585458303MosesLed the Hebrew people out of Egypt23
8585458304Ten CommandmentsA code of conduct that became very influential in areas dominated by Christianity24
8585458305Jewish DiasporaThe spreading of Jews throughout the Mediterranean world and the Middle East25
8585458307SaharaA desert in northern Africa26
8585458308KalahariA desert in southern Africa27
8585458309Nile RiverA river that begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Mediterranean Sea28
8585458310DesertificationThe creation of desert-like conditions29
8585458311King MenesUnited upper and lower Egypt30
8585458312Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New KingdomThree longs periods of stability in Egyptian history31
8585458313PharaohKing or Queen leading Egyptian government32
8585458314TheocratsRulers holding both religious and political power33
8585458315HyksosPastoral nomadic people from modern Syria who invaded Egypt, ending the Middle Kingdom34
8585458316AkhenatonThe pharaoh who tried to change Egypt's religion during the New Kingdom35
8585458317AtenThe sun god that Akhenaton wanted the Egyptian people to worship36
8585458318Ramses the GreatA powerful pharaoh who expanded the Egyptian Empire into Southwest Asia37
8585458319HittitesInvaders of the Egyptian Empire during the end of the New Kingdom38
8585458320MummificationRemoving the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth39
8585458321HieroglyphicsA form of picture-writing40
8585458322PapyrusA type of plant that was used to create an early form of paper41
8585458323Book of the DeadA paper book that Egyptians put in the coffins of dead pharaohs and some nobles; each version of the book was different since it told the story of the dead person42
8585458324NubiaA kingdom in the Upper Nile Valley that was heavily influenced by Egyptian culture43
8585458325KushAn important kingdom economically; After Nubia fell to decline, it reemerged as this kingdom44
8585458326AxumA kingdom founded on the plateau ofpresent-day Ethiopia; had an agricultural economy, Christianity was the official religion45
8585458327Indus River ValleyHome to the indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent46
8585458328DravidiansThe indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent47
8585458329Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroTwo sophisticated urban centers in the Indus River Valley48
8585458330Environmental degradationDamage to or destruction of the natural environment49
8585458331DeforestationThe removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves50
8585458332AryansIndo-European-speaking peoples originally from Central Asia51
8585458333BarterA system by which one thing is exchanged for another52
8585458334SanskirtThe sacred language of the Aryans53
8585458335HindiOfficial language of India, Sanskirt evolved into this54
8585458336Indo-EuropeanOverarching group of languages including English, French, Latin, and Greek Largest language family 48% of the world55
8585458337VedasA collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs56
8585458338Rig-VedaOutlined proper priestly (brahmin) behavior57
8585458339Vedic AgeAge marked by the Aryans' growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs58
8585458340UpanishadsA foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism59
8585458341BrahminPriests60
8585458342BrahmaAn overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth61
8585458343DharmaTo escape the seemingly endless cycle of birth and rebirth, one must perform righteous duties and deeds, known as one's:62
8585458344KarmaOne's fate63
8585458345MokshaEternal peace and unity with brahma64
8585458346Huang He (Yellow) and Chiang Jiang (Yangtze)Two major rivers in China65
8585458347LoessA type of fertile soil that is yellow in color66
8585458348Xia DynastyNot much is known about this dynasty It began with Yu passing power to his son Qi67
8585458349DynastyA series of rulers who all belong to the same family68
8585458350Shang DynastyThe kings in this dynasty wielded tremendous economic and religious power69
8585458351Ancestor VenerationThe practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.70
8585458352PictographsPictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing71
8585458353Zhou dynastyLongest dynasty in Chinese history72
8585458354Golden AgeThe first 200 years of the Zhou rule, a period in society of relative peace, prosperity, and innovation73
8585458355Mandate of HeavenIn Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority74
8585458356FeudalismA system of government based on landowners and tenants75
8585458357MaizeCorn76
8585458358MesoamericaCentral America and what is now Mexico77
8585458359Chavin civilizationA civilization along the coast of Peru78
8585458360SolderTo weld, fuse or join, as with a soldering gun79
8585458361OlmecThe foundation of several advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica80
8585458362GlyphsPictures and symbols of real objects, used as a form of writing81
8585458363OceaniaThe vast region in the Pacific Ocean that includes New Guinea, Australia, and more than a thousand other islands82
8585458364Austronesian-speaking peopleOriginated in southern China and later moved to Taiwan and the Philippines, Introduced agriculture to the people of New Guinea83
8585458365AboriginalsAustralian natives who remained hunter-foragers84
8585458366PolynesiaA chain of South Pacific islands that includes Samoa, Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand85
8585458367Easter IslandAn example of how humans can degrade ecosystems to a point that civilization collapses86
8585458368NihilismThe rejection of moral or ethical principles87

Fire Service Instructor: Principals and Practices 2nd Edition 2015 Flashcards

Created for an Instructor I course for IFSAC and PROBoard certification. The book brand is Jones & Bartlett 2nd Edition.

Terms : Hide Images
9605705091Analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation5 words for the curriculum development model ADDIE.0
9605705092Administrative LawBody of law created by an administrative agency in the form of rules, regulations, and orders.1
9605705150Cognitive, psychomotor, affectiveThe three learning domains. Categories that describe how learning takes place.2
9605705093Affective DomainLearning domain that effects attitudes, emotions, or values. Associated with a students perspective or belief changing as a result of training.3
9605705151Cognitive DomainLearning domain that effects a change in knowledge, associated with learning new information.4
9605705152Psychomotor DomainLearning domain that requires physical use of knowledge, associated with hands on training.5
9605705094American National Standards Institute (ANSI)Voluntary, private, nonprofit membership standards setting organization that examines and certifies existing standards and creates new standards.6
9605705095American Society for Public Administration (ASPA)Professional society representing all areas of public service, advocates greater effectiveness in government.7
9605705096American Soceity for Testing and Materials (ASTM)Voluntary standards setting organization that establishes characteristics and performance criteria for materials, products, sysytems, and services.8
9605705097American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)Professional safety organization composed of members who manage, supervise, and consult on safety, health and environmnetal issues in industry, insurance, government and education.9
9605705098AndragogyThe art and science of teaching adults.10
9605705153PedagogyThe art and science of teaching children.11
9605705099Behavioral ObjectiveDescription of the minimum acceptable behavior that a student must perform by the end of an instructional period.12
9605705100BlockDivision of an occupation that includes related tasks with common factors.13
9605705101Case StudyDescription of a real or hypothetical problem that an organization or an individual has dealt with or could deal with.14
9605705102Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC)US government agency responsible for the collection and analysis of data regarding disease and health trends.15
9605705103CoachingProcess in which instructors direct the talent and skills performance of students by observing, evaluating, and making suggestions for improvement by giving motivational correction, postive reinformcement and constructive feedback.16
9605705154MentoringRelationship of trust between an experienced person and one of less experience for the purpose of growth.17
9605705104Code (Regulation)Law established either by legislation or most commonly administrative agencies or local authorities. Designed to regulate, within its scope, the topic to which it relates.18
9605705105Code of EthicsOrganized group of ethical behavior guidelines that govern day to day activities of a profession, organization, or an individual.19
9605705106Code of Federal RegulationsFormal name given to the books or documents conatining the specific US regulations provided by law.20
9605705107CognitionGeneral concept that refers to all forms of knowing, including: Perceiving, imagining, reasoning and judging.21
9605705108ControllingManagement process for establishing and implementing mechanisms to ensure that objectives are attained.22
9605705109EmpathyAbility to understand the feelings and attitudes of another person.23
9605705110InterferenceThose factors that prevent the receiver from fully receiving a message, may be created by either internal or extrenal sources.24
9605705111Judiciary LawUsually the result of legal precedent or a judicial decision.25
9605705112KeystoningEffect that occurs when the width of a projected image is wider at the top than at the bottom.26
9605705113Interpretive ExerciseA way to tests deeper and more complex levels of learning, more interesting and appealing to all student learning styles.27
9605705114ReliabilityThe consistency and accuracy of test.28
9605705115Criterion BasedThe majority of tests written for fire and emergency services.29
9605705116Criterion Referenced TestTest that compares performance against written standards.30
9605705117Summative TestTest that measures student achievement in an entire area over a long period of time.31
9605705118Formative Test (Progress Test)Periodic test that measures improvement and gives an instructor and students feedback on their learning progress during a course. (Quizzes)32
9605705119Performance Test (Skill Test)Test that measures a students ability to perform manipulative skills.33
9605705120Diagnostic TestTest designed to determine a students learning difficulties.34
9605705121Prescriptive TestTest given at the beginning of instruction to measure a students current level of knowledge in order to measure readiness or determine placement.35
9605705122Speeded TestTest that assesses the students ability to perform within a specific time.36
9605705123Norm Referenced TestTest that rates student performance compared to other students based on a broad sampling.37
9605705124Nominal Group ProcessTechnique that allows students to experience the process used in organizational decision making.38
9605705125Gate KeeperEnsures that all students have an opportunity to speak and no one dominates the discussion.39
9605705126ValidityThe extent to which a test measures what it was designed to measure.40
9605705127Electronic Copy BoardScans and prints a reduced size copy of material drawn or printed on it, a variation of the dry erase board.41
9605705128Virtual RealityA simulation that displays a view as if the participant is part of the simulated environment.42
9605705129FinallyTerm that should be avoided during a verbal transition.43
9605705130ModelsAn excellent medium for illustrating mechanical or spatial concepts.44
9605705131Whole to partSequencing method that begins with an overview of the entire topic or demonstration of the complete skill in real time.45
9605705132Simple to complexSequencing method that begins by teaching the basic knowledge or skills and then introducing more difficult or complex knowledge as the lesson progresses.46
9605705133FanSeating arrangement that permits students to easily see and hear the instructor and works effectively in small groups.47
9605705134Round TablesSeating arrangement that provides space for meal functions, discussion groups, or small group meetings.48
9605705135Circled ChairsSeating arrangement that is best used for small to medium sized groups where discussion is the primary method of teaching, not useful when students are expected to take notes.49
9605705136Auditorium (Theater)Seating arrangement that places students in fixed seating that permanently faces the stage or lecture and permits the interaction betweeen students and instructor.50
9605705137Job (Topic)Component of a lesson plan that consists of a short descriptive title of the information covered.51
9605705138Lesson OutlineComponent of a lesson plan that provides a summary of the information to be taught.52
9605705139Observation, imitation, adaptation, performance, perfection5 steps of learning in the psychomotor domain.53
960570515510Percentage of information remembered after reading.54
960570515620Percentage of information remembered after hearing.55
960570515730Percentage of information remembered after seeing.56
960570515850Percentage of information remembered after seeing and hearing.57
960570515970Percentage of information remembered after saying or repeating.58
960570516090Percentage of information remembered after saying and doing what they are saying.59
9605705140Global (Holistic)Learning method that involves seeing the whole picture and forming relationships between concepts, events or things.60
9605705141Abstract (Symbolic)Learning method that involves recognizing common qualitites in similar but different experiences.61
9605705142KnowledgeLevel of learning in the cognitive domain that involves remembering, recalling, and recognizing previously learned facts and theories.62
9605705143UnderstandingComponent of the listening process that involves decoding the message and assigning meaning to it.63
9605705161Sender, message, medium, receiver, feedback5 elements of the communication process. (chain)64
9605705144MediumElement of interpersonal communication that is the path that the message takes between the sender and receiver.65
9605705145Equal Employment Opportunity Law (EEOC)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibiting discrimination by race, color, religion, sex, or nationality.66
9605705146Buckley AmendmentLaw that restricts access to personal information such as personnel files and student grades.67
9605705147Vicarious LiabilityTerm that refers to liability that is placed on the employer for the acts and omissions of employees during the normal course of their employment.68
9605705162Desire to assist, training with intent, experience, flexibility, motivation, continuous improvement6 attributes of an excellent instructor.69
96057051631041NFPA standard for Fire Service Instructor professional qualifications.70
9605705164Job Performance Requirements (JPR)Set of standards expected to be met by a person holding a specific title or rank.71
9605705165Instructor IInstructor level that can deliver information effectively from prepared lesson plans, adapt lesson plans, organize a learning environment, and meet record keeping requirements.72
9605705166Instructor IIInstructor level that can develop lesson plans, schedule training sessions, and supervise/coordinate activities of other instructors.73
9605705167Instructor IIIInstructor level that can develop training curriculum for multiple organizations, conduct needs analysis, design record keeping/scheduling systems, and develop training goals/implementation strategies.74
9605705168Leader, mentor, coach, evaluator, teacher5 roles an instructor must manage.75
9605705169Fire Department, State Law, Federal Law (Statutory)3 sources of law governing instructor conduct.76
9605705170Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)Prohibits discrimination against the disabled.77
9605705171Civil Rights Act of 1964Prohibits discrimination against race, sex, or nationality78
9605705172Title VII (of the Civil Rights Act)Prohibits discrimination that creates a hostile work environment.79
9605705173Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)Prohibits discrimination against persons over 40. (unless there exists a recognized qualification requirement)80
9605705174Confirm it exists, determine accommodations (if possible)2 steps in analyzing a potential disability.81
9605705175Duration of risk, severity of harm, likelihood of occurrence, imminence of harm4 factors to assess the possibility of a direct threat.82
9605705176Know information, new information, practice, application4 step process of effective learning.83
9605705177Learner oriented, goal oriented, activity oriented3 types of adult learners identified by Houle in 196184
9605705178Learner OrientedAdult learner who focuses on the act of learning more than the content being learned.85
9605705179Goal OrientedAdult learner who focuses on progression of skills or improving job prospects.86
9605705180Activity OrientedAdult learner who learns by doing and focuses on personal productive time and social contact.87
9605705181Audience analysisThe determination of characteristics common to the group of people attending the class.88
9605705182Age, experience, number, use of material, previous knowledge5 factors to consider for audience analysis.89
9605705183Analysis, understanding, demographic, interest, environment, needs, customization, expectations.8 words that create the acronym AUDIENCE.90
9605705184Lecture, discussion, demonstration (skill drill)3 Instruction techniques that are most effective for the fire service.91
9605705185Role play, labs, case study, assignments4 Enhanced instructional methods92
9605705186DelineationTransition technique during lecture separating topics using point number 1, 2, 3, etc...93
9605705187Direct, rhetorical, open ended, close ended4 types of questions94
9605705188DirectQuestion type beginning with "Who, what, when, where, why, or how" meant to get an answer and limit discussion.95
9605705189RhetoricalQuestion type meant to stimulate discussion, may or may not have an exact answer.96
9605705190Monopolizer, historian, daydreamer, class clown, expert, gifted6 types of disruptive students.97
9605705191Readiness, exersize, effect, primacy, recency, intensity6 laws of learning by Thorndike.98
9605705192ReadinessLaw of learning stating that a student can only learn when they are mentally, physically, and emotionally prepared to do so.99
9605705193ExersizeLaw of learning stating that learning is an active process stimulating both mind and body.100
9605705194EffectLaw of learning stating that learning best when accompanied by results and a feeling of satisfaction.101
9605705148PrimacyLaw of learning stating that the first method or way a concept is taught will be the way the student remembers it.102
9605705195RecencyLaw of learning stating that frequent practice results in more effective learning of skills.103
9605705196IntensityLaw of learning stating that the more senses are stimulated the more likely the student will be to change their behavior.104
9605705197Physiological, safety, social, esteem, self actualizationMaslow's hierarchy of needs in order from 1-5.105
9605705198Self actualizationFinal level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Love, understanding, happiness, rapture.106
9605705199Who, what, when, where, why, howThe 5 Ws, and one H, of writing.107
9605705200Audience, behavior, condition, degree (ABCD)Four word acronym for a common method of writing learning objectives in the fire service.108
9605705201Preparation, presentation, application, evaluationThe steps in the four step method of instruction.109
9605705202Visual Aural Read Kinesthetic (VARK)A 4 category learning style inventory designed to help students identify how they learn.110
9605705203AuralVARK category describing a student that prefers hearing information.111
9605705204KinestheticVARK category describing a student that prefers experience and practice such as hand on training.112
9605705205Multimodal5th VARK category added to include the majority of students who prefer multiple learning styles.113
9605705206Asynchronous LearningOnline course that students can access on their own schedule within a given time frame.114
9605705207Baby BoomersGeneration that has high work standards and values education expecting others to do the same. (1946-1964)115
9605705208XGeneration born after Baby Boomers, todays adult learners. They want feedback but not to be controlled. Learn to grow and excel expanding career oportunities. Teens in the 1980s.116
9605705209YGeneration know as millennial generation or dot comers. Don't want work to be their life. High performers and high maintenance. No defined DOBs117
9605705210ZGeneration "next" brings their own set of learning values. Computer based learning for their entire lives. Trouble with low tech learning. Late 1990s118
9605705211Blended Learning (Hybrid)Instruction Method that includes online, independent, and face to face learning.119
9605705212Bloom's TaxonomyClassification of different objectives and skills educators set for students.120
9605705213Cognitive perspectiveIntellectual process that results in permanent learning through experience.121
9605705214CoursewareEducational content delivered via computer.122
9605705215Competency basedLearning intended to improve professional performance.123
9605705216DyscalculiaLearning disability in math and related subjects.124
9605705217DyslexiaLearning disability in reading due to a problem interpreting spacial relationships.125
9605705218DysphasiaLearning disability in writing, spelling, or sentence creation.126
9605705219DyspraxiaLearning disability resulting from a lack of physical coordination with motor skills.127
9605705220GhostingFaint shadows that appear next to letters/numbers when viewing text.128
9605705221Gross NegligenceAn act or failure to act that is so reckless that it shows a conscious, voluntary disregard for the safety of others.129
9605705222Hold HarmlessAn agreement when one party holds the other free from responsibility for liability or damage.130
9605705223IndemnificationAgreement in which one party assumes liability from another.131
9605705224InterrogatorySeries of formal written questions sent during a legal argument.132
9605705225MalfeasanceDishonest, intentionally illegal, or immoral actions.133
9605705226MisfeasanceMistaken, careless, or inadvertent acts that result in a violation of the law.134
9605705227NegligenceUnintentional breach of duty that causes harm.135
9605705228Quid pro quoAn employee being forced to tolerate sexual harassment to obtain a job or other benefit.136
9605705229StatuteLaw created by legislative action at both the state and federal levels.137
9605705230Subject Matter Expert (SME)A technically competent person who works the job for which the test is being developed.138
9605705231Succession PlanningEnsuring the continuity of an organization by preparing it's future leaders.139
9605705232Supplemental TrainingTraining topics available in case of a change in the original training schedule.140
9605705233Synchronous LearningLearning in which students and instructors are scheduled to be online at the same time. Live chat, webinar, etc...141
9605705234Tailboard ChatInformal gathering where fire fighters discuss various issues.142
9605705235Technology Based Instruction (TBI)Training using internet or a multimedia tool.143
9605705236Undue HardshipSituation in which accommodating an individual's disability would be too expensive or too difficult for the employer.144
9605705237VisionHaving alertness to the future, recognition of potential, and expectations for improvement.145
9605705238Willful and wantonAn act that shows utter indifference or conscious disregard for the safety of others.146
96057052391403NFPA standard on Live Fire Training147
96057052401584NFPA Standard on Rehabilitation practices for Emergencies and Training148
9605705241Essay Tests (Subjective Tests)It is crucial for an instructor to be as unbiased as possible when grading these tests.149
96057052425Minimum number of years records should be retained.150
9605705243Seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, tastingList the five senses in order of there effectiveness in the learning environment from most effective to least.151
9605705244SocialInformal method of learning using technologies for collaboration. (Blogs, Social Media, etc...)152
9605705245Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)This authority must develop and enforce a policy to identify and verify the level of competency of the fire service instructor. (According to NFPA 1041)153
9605705246Oral testsOften given in conjunction with or as a supplement to performance tests.154
9605705247Dry Erase BoardA disadvantage to this teaching tool is that the instructor must face away from the class while using it.155

List 7 AP Literature Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4200628919fortea thing at which someone excels0
4200630686languiddisplaying a disinclination for physical exertion1
4200630687laxnot sufficiently strict or severe; not careful2
4200632080earnestshowing sincere and intense conviction3
4200632081pulpita raised platform or lectern in a church or chapel4
4200633202metaphysicalof or related to the philosophy of abstract concepts such as being, knowing, time, space, etc.5
4200633203recumbantlying down6
4200635080profligaterecklessly extravagant or wasteful of resources7
4200635081loatheto feel intense dislike or disgust8
4200636977constituteto be a part of a whole9

AP literature definitions Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4389465934AllegoryNarrative with multiple levels of meaning0
4389465935AllusionReferences (historical biblical etc)1
4389465936AnecdoteBrief story or tale2
4389465937AntagonistForce opposing main character3
4389465938ArchetypeReoccurring patters (characters actions themes etc)4
4389465939BalladNarrative poem originally meant to be sung5
4389465940Blank verseUnrhymed in iambic pentameter6
4389465941CaricatureExaggeration of a characters feature7
4389465942ColloquialOrdinary language8
4389465943ConceitComparison of two unlikely things9
4389465944ConnotationsMeaning suggested by a word other than the literal definition10
4389465945CoupletTwo paired lines of poetry11
4389486194ElegyPoetic lament upon death of a particular person12
4389486195ExpositionIntroduction of characters or distinctions at the start of a story or play13
4389486196FableLegend or short moral story which often uses animals14
4389486197FarceUse of humor in a story15
4389486198In media resStarting story in the middle of an action16
4389543145JuxtaposeTo place side by side17
4389543146LyricShort poem with intense personal emotional rather than a description of the situation18
4389543147OdeLyric poem with elaborate structure praising something19
4389543148OxymoronHumorous combining two contradictory elements20
4389543149ParableShort fiction illustrating explicit moral lesson through analogy21
4389543150ParadoxSeemingly contradictory statement that may be true22
4389543151PastoralWork describing simple life of country folks23
4389543152RefrainRepeated stanza or line24
4389543153SatireLiterary work that ridicules human failings25
4389543154SynecdocheWhen a part is used to signify a whole26

AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

Terms : Hide Images
5775883718AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
5775883719DialectA particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.1
5775883720EsperantoAn artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication, based on roots from the chief European languages.2
5775883721Extinct LanguageAn extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.3
5775883722IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)4
5775883723IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.5
5775883724Isolated Languagea natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.6
5775883725Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.7
5775883726LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.8
5775883727Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.9
5775883728Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history10
5775883729Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.11
5775883730Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese12
5775883731Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages13
5775883732Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken14
5775883733MonolingualThe condition of being able to speak only a single language15
5775883734BilingualThe ability to speak two languages16
5775883735MultilingualThe ability to speak multiple languages17
5775883736Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.18
5775883737OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.19
5775883738Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.20
5775883739Standard LanguageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.21
5775883740Toponyma place name or a word derived from the name of a place22
5775883741Trade LanguageA language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.23
5775883742VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.24
5775883743Creolea mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage25
5775883744DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.26
5775883745Franglaisa form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.27
5775883746EbonicsAmerican black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English28
5775883747Spanglisha hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.29

AP English Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9423684445AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for ex, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.0
9423732169AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").1
9423744883AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical.2
9423776098AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
9423783209AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things of the relationship between them. It can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar.4
9423816253AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.5
9423869233AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.6
9423871454AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. Can be a memorable summation of the author's point.7
9423890485ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses on absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone that cannot answer. The effect may add famliarity or emotional intensity.8
9423908191AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.9
9423925582CaricatureA verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.10
9423930610ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.11
9423933950ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.12
9423963511ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.13
9423978765ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. They may involved ideas, emotions, or attitudes.14
9423994050DenotationThe strict, literal dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.15
9424001274DictionRelated to style, refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.16
9424006692DidacticLiterally means "teaching".17
9424016500EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech". A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept .May be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.18
9424025689Extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurting frequently in or throughout a work.19
9424037111Figurative languageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.20
9424040465Figure of SpeechA device used to produce figurative language. May compare dissimilar things.21
9424046799Generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. This term helps to define each genre.22
9424074075GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are pose, poetry, and drama.23
9424141068HomilyThis term means "sermon," but more intentionally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.24
9424147549HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (Often have a comic effect, however, serious is also possible.)25
9424153763ImageryThe sensory details of figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.26
9424157425InferenceTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.27
9424159252InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language28
9424163484IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.29
9424168515LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite.30
9424173594Loose sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea ( ind. clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.31

AP Literature Vocab 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9530134893allegorystory or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning0
9530134894anaphorarepetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning1
9530134895Enjambmentcontinuation of one line of a poem to the next without pause2
9530134896apostrophefigure of speech used to address an imaginary character3
9530134897asidewhen a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage4
9530134898assonancerepetition of vowel sounds5
9530134899caesurapause in the middle of a line6
9530134900odea lyric poem that celebrates something7
9530134901Shakespearean sonneta 14 line poem with a rhyme scheme of ababcdcdefefgg8
9530134902Spenserian sonneta 14 line poem with a rhyme scheme of ababbcbccdcdee9
9530134903Italian sonneta 14 line poem that includes an octave and a sestet10
9530134904Octavethe first 8 lines of an Italian sonnet11
9530134905sestetthe last 6 lines of a traditional Italian sonnet12
9530134906couplettwo rhyming lines in a verse13
9530134907didactic writingwriting with a primary purpose to teach or preach14
9530134908free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme15
9530134909internal rhymeA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line16
9530134910italian sonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd17
9530134911meterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry18
9530134912metonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it ex: the crown is allowed to make the decision.19
9530134913onomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.20
9530134914hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor21
9530134915oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.22
9530134916paradoxA seeming contradiction23
9530134917satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.24
9530134918soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage25
9530134919synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa ex: His new wheels were enviable.26
9530134920anastrophethe inversion of the usual word order ex: In the night sky shimmered the moon.27
9530134921anthropomorphismtype of personification which actually makes inanimate objects seem human ex: the raging storm brought with it howling winds.28
9530134922asyndetona list in which conjunctions are purposely left out. ex: Read, write, learn29
9530134923polysyndetonuse of conjunctions frequently in a sentence. ex: here and there and everywhere30
9530134924chiasmustwo phrases that are parallel but inverted. ex: you can take the patriot out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the patriot31

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