| CourseNotes

AP Literature Words Flashcards

8380950942	abstract	refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images ( ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places). The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language	0
8380950943	ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	1
8380950944	allegory	an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface of the story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric.	2
8380950945	alliteration	repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are close to one another: Mickey Mouse; Donald Duck	3
8380950946	allusion	a reference to a well-known person, place, or thing from literature, history, etc. Example: Eden	4
8380950947	analogy	Comparison of two similar but different things, usually to clarify an action or a relationship, such as comparing the work of a heart to that of a pump. It is a comparison to a directly parallel case.	5
8380950948	anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent. (Example: "There was the delight I caught in seeing long straight rows. There was the faint, cool kiss of sensuality. There was the vague sense of the infinite....")	6
8380950949	anecdote	a short, simple narrative of an incident; often used for humorous effect or to make a point	7
8380950950	annotation	Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data	8
8380950951	antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be..." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country...."	9
8380950952	aphorism	short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life: "Early bird gets the worm."	10
8380950953	apostrophe	usually in poetry but sometimes in prose; the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction	11
8380950954	argumentation	writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments	12
8380950955	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh/fade	13
8380950956	asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; also the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. It takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	14
8380950957	cacophony	harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony	15
8380950958	caricature	descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or a facet of personality.	16
8380950959	colloquialism	a word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	17
8380950960	coherence	quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle	18
8380950961	concrete language	describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities	19
8380950962	connotation	implied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind	20
8380950963	consonance	repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong	21
8380950964	conundrum	a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; it may also be a paradox or difficult problem	22
8380950965	deduction	the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example	23
8380950966	denotation	literal meaning of a word as defined	24
8380950967	description	the picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse	25
8380950968	diction	word choice, an element of style; it creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic ______ would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise than street slang.	26
8380950969	didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. The work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns. This type of writing may be fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.	27
8380950970	discourse	spoken or written language, including literary works; the four traditionally classified modes of ____________ are description, exposition, narration, and persuasion.	28
8380950971	dissonance	harsh or grating sounds that do not go together	29
8380950972	dramatic irony	When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a character's perception of a situation and the truth	30
8380950973	dynamic character	A character who changes significantly during the course of a story.	31
8380950974	emotional appeal	When a writer appeals to readers' emotions (often through pathos) to excite and involve them in the argument	32
8380950975	epigraph	the use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two quotations. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.	33
8380950976	ethical appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in this type of appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence. (Ethos)	34
8380950977	euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common saying for "he died." These are also often used to obscure the reality of a situation. The military uses "collateral damage" to indicate civilian deaths in a military operation.	35
8380950978	euphony	a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony	36
8380950979	example	An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing through this process is considered reliable if _______________ are demonstrable true or factual as well as relevant.	37
8380950980	explication	The art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. It usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.	38
8380950981	exposition	immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot; one of the four modes of discourse.	39
8380950982	extended metaphor	a sustained comparison, often referred to as the a conceit	40
8380950983	false analogy	When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them.	41
8380950984	figurative language	language that contains figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal.	42
8380950985	figures of speech	expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personification, that make imaginative, rather than literal associations.	43
8380950986	foil	A character who by contrast, points out qualities or characteristics of another character.	44
8380950987	foreshadowing	the use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs late in the work	45
8380950988	freight train	Sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by conjunctions.	46
8380950989	generalization	When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping generalizations occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some	47
8380950990	genre	a type of literary work, such as a novel or poem	48
8380950991	hubris	the excessive pride of ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings of impending doom, eventually causing his or her downfall.	49
8380950992	humor	anything that causes laughter or amusement; up until the end of the Renaissance, humor meant a person's temperament	50
8380950993	hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis (Example: He was so hungry he could have eaten a horse.)	51
8380950994	image	A word or words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the sense.	52
8380950995	imagery	words or phrases that use a collection of images to appeal to one or more of the five senses in order to create a mental picture	53
8380950996	induction	the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization	54
8380950997	inference	a conclusion one can draw from the presented details	55
8380950998	interior monologue	writing that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's head	56
8380950999	invective	a verbally abusive attack	57
8380951000	inversion	reversing the customary (subject first, then verb, then complement) order of elements in a sentence or phrase; it is used effectively in many cases, such as posing a question: "Are you going to the store?" Usually, the element that appears first is emphasized more than the subject.	58
8380951001	irony	a situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected	59
8380951002	jargon	The special language of a profession or group. The term usually has pejorative associations, with the implication that it is evasive, tedious, and unintelligible to outsiders	60
8380951003	logic	the process of reasoning	61
8380951004	logical fallacy	a mistake in reasoning	62
8380951005	lyrical	Songlike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination	63
8380951006	metaphor	a figure of speech in which one thing is referred to as another; for example, "my love is a fragile flower"	64
8380951007	metonymy	a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using "the crown" to refer to a monarch ; Also, "The pen is mightier than the sword."	65
8380951008	mood	similar to tone, it is the primary emotional attitude of a work (Syntax is also a determiner of this term because sentence strength, length, and complexity affect pacing).	66
8380951009	moral	lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story. It can also mean a heavily didactic story.	67
8380951010	motif	main theme or subject of a work that is elaborated on in the development of the piece; a repeated pattern or idea	68
8380951011	narration	the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse	69
8380951012	negative-positive	Sentence that begins by stating what is NOT true, then ending by stating what is true.	70
8380951013	Non-sequitur	Latin for "it does not follow." When one statement isn't logically connected to another	71
8380951014	objectivity	an impersonal presentation of events and characters. It is a writer's attempt to remove himself or herself from any subjective, personal involvement in a story.	72
8380951015	onomatopoeia	the use of words that sound like what they mean, such as "hiss," "buzz," "slam," and "boom"	73
8380951016	oversimplification	When a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument	74
8380951017	oxymoron	a figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases, such as "wise fool," bitter-sweet," "pretty ugly," "jumbo shrimp," "cold fire"	75
8380951018	pacing	the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another	76
8380951019	parable	a short tale that teaches a moral; similar to but shorter than an allegory	77
8380951020	paradox	a statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning, as in this quotation from Henry David Thoreau; "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude."	78
8380951021	parallelism	the technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form.	79
8380951022	parody	a work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements. . It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous. It depends on allusion and exaggerates and distorts the original style and content.	80
8380951023	pathos	an element in experience or in artistic representation evoking pity or compassion	81
8380951024	pedantic	term used to describe writing that borders on lecturing. It is scholarly and academic and often overly difficult and distant	82
8380951025	personification	the attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or an inanimate object	83
8380951026	persuasion	a form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse; language intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion.	84
8380951027	point of view	the perspective from which a story is presented	85
8380951028	polysyndeton	Sentence which uses and or another conjunction (with no commas) to separate the items in a series. Polysyndeton appear in the form of X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of a series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton	86
8380951029	protagonist	the main character of a literary work	87
8380951030	red herring	When a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue	88
8380951031	Reductio ad Absurdum	the Latin for "to reduce to the absurd." This is a technique useful in creating a comic effect and is also an argumentative technique. It is considered a rhetorical fallacy because it reduces an argument to an either/or choice	89
8380951032	regionalism	an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot	90
8380951033	repitition	Word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity	91
8380951034	rhetoric	the art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse	92
8380951035	rhetorical modes	exposition, description, narration, argumentation	93
8380951036	rhetorical question	one that does not expect an explicit answer. It is used to pose an idea to be considered by the speaker or audience.	94
8380951037	sarcasm	harsh, caustic personal remarks to or about someone; less subtle than irony	95
8380951038	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts not individuals.	96
8380951039	setting	time and place of a literary work	97
8380951040	similie	a figure of speech that uses like, as, or as if to make a direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities	98
8380951041	speaker	the voice of a work; an author may speak as himself or herself or as a fictitious persona	99
8380951042	stanza	A section or division of lines in a poem	100
8380951043	static character	A character who does not change significantly throughout the course of a story.	101
8380951044	stereotype	a character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality; a conventional pattern, expression or idea.	102
8380951045	straw man	a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak	103
8380951046	style	an author's characteristic manner of expression - his or her diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute	104
8380951047	subjectivity	a personal presentation of events and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions	105
8380951048	syliogism	form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them	106
8380951049	symbolism	use of symbols or anything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance	107
8380951050	synechdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, such as using "boards" to mean a stage or "wheels" to mean a car - or "All hands on deck."	108
8380951051	syntactic fluency	Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length.	109
8380951052	syntactic permutation	Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved. They are often difficult for a reader to follow.	110
8380951053	syntax	the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence. It includes length of sentence, kinds of sentences (questions, exclamations, declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, simple, complex, or compound).	111
8380951054	theme	the central idea or "message" or a literary work	112
8380951055	thesis	the main idea of a piece of writing. It presents the author's assertion or claim.	113
8380951056	tone	the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.)	114
8380951057	transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	115
8380951058	tricolon	Sentence consisting of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.	116
8380951059	understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	117
8380951060	unity	quality of a piece of writing (also see coherence)	118
8380951061	voice	refers to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive voice). The second refers to the total "sound" of a writer's style.	119

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap world history Ch 14 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8195109708	Chinggis Khan	Grandson of Kabul Khan; born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols' rise to world power; died 1227	0
8195109715	Golden Horde	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries Gaining Russia and Europe was the project of the armies of the Golden Horde One of the 4 khanates	1
8195109720	Kubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271. Mongols under kubilai campaigned against the song empire in south chime Passed laws to preserve distinction between mongols and Chinese Introduce Chinese rituals at his court	2
8195109722	Chabi	Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China Promoted Buddhists Fostered policies Aimed at reconciling the ethnic Chinese population of the empire to mongol rule	3
8195109727	Timur-i Lang	Last major nomad leader; 14th-century Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 Leader of nomadic Turks ruthless conquered. Empire not as big as mongols. His rule did not increase trade or cross cultural exchange He's	4
8195123755	Tangut	Kingdom is northwest China that the mongols defeated and ruler forced to be a vassal and pay tribute	5

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8632830765	dialect	a form of language that is spoken in a particular place or by a particular group of people	0
8632835963	denotation	the opposition of connotation in that it is the exact dictionary definition of a word	1
8632841449	context clues	hints or suggestions that may surround unfamiliar words or phrases and clarify their meaning	2
8632845627	contrast	the process of pointing out differences between things	3
8632849902	conflict	the tension or problem in the story; a struggle between opposing forces. Terms associated with conflict: central conflict, internal conflict, and external conflict	4
8632858540	connotation	the idea and feeling associated with a word as opposed to its dictionary definition or denotation	5
8632868457	comparison	the process of identifying similarities	6
8632871735	chronological order	the order in which events happen in time	7
8632873910	clarifying	the reader's process of pausing occasionally while reading to quickly review what he or she understands. by clarifying as they read, good readers are able to draw conclusions about what is suggested but not stated directly	8
8632883280	cliche	a type of figurative language containing an overused expression or a saying that is no longer considered original	9
8632888274	author	the write of a book, article, or other text	10
8632891911	author's purpose	an author's purpose is his or her reason for creating a particular work. the purpose can be to entertain, explain, inform, express an opinion, or to persuade	11
8704069067	dialogue	the conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. This occurs in most works of literature	12
8704073835	epiphany	a sudden moment of understanding that causes a character to change or act in a certain way	13
8704083956	external conflict	the problem or struggle that exists between the main character and an outside force	14
8704089804	fact and opinion	a fact is a statement that can be proved. An opinion, in contrast, is a statement that reveals the writer's or speaker's belief, but which cannot be supported by proof or evidence	15
8704100240	internal conflict	the problem or struggle that takes place in the main character's mind	16
8704106545	generalization	a broad statement about an entire group	17
8704111882	genre	a type or category of literature. the four main literary genres include: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama.	18
8704120511	humor	the quality that provokes laughter or amusement. Writers create humor through exaggeration, sarcasm, amusing descriptions, irony, and witty dialogue	19
8704129887	imagery	the use of words and phrases that appeal to the 5 senses	20
8704136594	inference	a logical guess based on evidence in the text	21
8704141623	irony	a contrast between what is expected and what actually exists or happens	22
8704146913	literal meaning	the actual meaning of a word or phrase	23
8827299074	main idea	the main point that a writer wishes to express	24
8827302088	mood	the feeling that a literary work conveys to readers. created through the use of plot, character, the author's descriptions, etc.	25
8827306809	moral	a lesson that a story teaches	26
8827307737	motif	a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature	27
8827309629	motivation	the reason why a character acts, feels, or thinks a certain way	28
8827310753	parallelism	the use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related or equal in importance	29
8827315928	paraphrasing	the restatement of a text by readers in their own words or in another form	30
8827317236	persuasion	this type of writing is meant to sway readers' feelings, beliefs, or actions.	31
8827321784	prose	the ordinary form of spoken and written language	32
8827323448	sarcasm	the use of praise to mock someone or something; the use of mockery or verbal irony	33
8827326129	satire	a literary technique in which ideas or customs are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society	34
8827332267	sensory details	words and phrases that help readers see, hear, taste, feel, or smell what an author is describing	35
8877597033	stereotype	a broad generalization or an oversimplified view that disregards individual differences.	36
8877608979	style	how a writer says something; many elements contribute to style, including word choice, sentence length, tone, and figurative language	37
8877617818	summarizing	the process of briefly recounting the main ideas or a piece of writing in a person's own words, while omitting unimportant details	38
8877633747	suspense	a feeling of growing tension and excitement. writers create suspense by raising questions in readers' minds about what might happen	39
8877659494	symbolism	using something specific to stand for something else, especially an idea. a symbol is a person, place, object, or action that stands for something beyond itself.	40
8877680042	theme	a common thread or repeated ideas that are incorporated through a literary work	41
8877687932	tone	the writer's attitude or feeling about his or her subject	42
8877693971	voice	an author or narrator's distinctive style or manner of expression.	43
8877704408	verbal irony	occurs when the speaker means something totally different than what he or she is saying and often times the opposite of what a character is saying is true	44
8877714286	dramatic irony	occurs when facts are not known to the characters in a work of literature but are known by the audience	45
8877722353	cosmic irony	suggests that some unknown force brings about dire and dreadful events	46
8877728380	hubris	overbearing and excessive pride	47
8983113512	cacophony	a harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds.	48
8983118297	euphony	a smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	49
8983122864	euphemism	substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one	50
8983128712	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply	51
8983134551	autobiography	a form of nonfiction in which a person tells the story of his or her life	52
8983138757	ballad	a poem that tells a story and is meant to be sung or recited	53
8983141838	biography	the story of a persons life that is written by someone else	54
8983145693	comedy	a dramatic work that is light and often humorous in tone and usually ends happily with a peaceful resolution of the main conflict.	55
8983152669	drama	form of literature meant to be performed by actors before an audience. in a drama, the characters dialogue and actions tell the story. the written form of a play is also known as a script	56
8983164517	elegy	a type of literature defined as a song or poem that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died	57
8983170729	epic	a long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero whose actions reflect the ideals and values of a nation or group	58
8983178397	essay	a short work of nonfiction that deals with a type of single subject. types include descriptive, expository, formal, humorous, informal, narrative, persuasive.	59
9055272134	fable	a brief tale that teaches a lesson on human nature. often feature animals as characters	60
9055280221	fantasy	a work of literature that contains at least one fantastic or unreal element.	61
9055286120	fiction	prose writing that tells an imaginary story. includes both short stories and novels	62
9055289934	folklore	traditions, customs, and stories that are passed down within a culture. contains various types of literature such as legends, folktales, myths, and fables	63
9055299288	folktale	a simple story that has been passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. told primarily to entertain rather than to explain or teach a lesson	64
9055321932	historical fiction	fiction that explores a past time period and may contain references to actual people and events of the past	65
9055332806	horror fiction	fiction that contains mysterious and often supernatural events to create a sense of terror	66
9055338214	legend	a story handed down from the past about a specific person, usually someone of heroic accomplishments	67
9055371976	memoir	a specific type of autobiography; like autobiography, this is about the author's personal experiences. however, this does not necessarily cover an author's entire life.	68
9055382581	myth	a traditional story that attempts to explain how the world was created or why the world is the way that it is. these are stories that are passed on from generation to generation and are of unknown authorship	69
9055400837	narrative	any writing that tells a story. most novels and short stories are places in the categories of first-person or third-person narratives, which are based on who is telling the story and from what perspective	70
9055410915	nonfiction	prose writing that presents and explains ideas or that tells about real people, places, objects, or events.	71
9141602006	novel	a work of fiction that is longer and more complex than a short story. in this, setting, plot, and characters are usually developed in great detail	72
9141609724	oral history	stories of people's lives related by word of mouth. these histories usually include both factual materials and personal reactions	73
9141617490	primary source	a first-hand account of an event; includes: diaries, journals, letters, speeches, news stories, photographs, and pieces of art	74
9141626470	propaganda	text that uses false or misleading information to present a slanted point of view	75
9141636090	science fiction	prose writing in which a writer explores unexpected possibilities of the past or the future by using specific data and theories as well as his or her imagination	76
9141645530	secondary source	presents information compiled from or based on other sources	77
9141649123	short story	brief work of fiction that generally focuses on one or two main characters who face a single problem or conflict	78
9141657998	speech	a talk given in public	79
9141660459	tall tale	a humorously exaggerated story about impossible events	80
9141664192	tragedy	a dramatic work that presents the downfall of a dignified character or characters who are involved in historically or socially significant events. the events in this type of plot are set in motion by a decision that is often an error in judgement. succeeding events inevitably lead to a disastrous conclusion, usually death.	81
9141697440	allegory	a story in which people, things, and actions represent an idea about life; often have a strong moral or lesson	82
9141702943	interview	a meeting in which one person asks another about personal matters, professional matters, or both.	83
9215251331	parody	a literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author's work for comic effect or ridicule	84
9215256495	realistic fiction	imaginative writings set in the real, modern world	85
9215260407	urban legend	a contemporary story that is told in many rumored versions that have little basis in fact	86
9215266797	character	a person who is responsible for the thoughts and actions within a story, poem, or other literature.	87
9215273659	characterization	all the techniques that writers use to create characters	88
9215277393	static character	a character who does not change or who changes very little in the story	89
9215282047	round character	a character who is fully described by the author (several character traits, background info, etc.)	90
9215287405	flat character	a character about whom little information is provided	91
9215295200	tragic flaw	a flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow	92
9215302721	antagonist	a character in the story who deceives, frustrates, or works against the main character (protagonist) in some way.	93
9215308781	foil	a character who serves as a contrast or conflict to another character	94
9215311740	hero or heroine	a character whose actions are inspiring or noble	95

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Exam Review: Period 5: 1750 CE- 1915 CE Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6633941512	Alexander II	(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.	0
6633942550	Cecil Rhodes	Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.	1
6633944110	Cixi	Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.	2
6633945081	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).	3
6633946469	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	4
6633947331	Karl Marx	1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.	5
6633949333	Matthew C. Perry	Presented the Japanese with a letter from the President calling for Japan to grant trading rights to Americans in 1858.	6
6633952290	Maximilian Robespierre	Leader of the Committee of Public Safety. One of the most influential figures of the French Revolution; instrumental in the period of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror, was eventually arrested and executed.	7
6633958738	American Revolution	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.	8
6633960103	Declaration of Independence	1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.	9
6633961441	Muhammad Ali	Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.	10
6633963044	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	11
6633964331	Otto von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)	12
6633966014	Simón Bolívar	1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.	13
6633967024	Toussaint L'ouverture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.	14
6633969717	coup d'état	A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group	15
6633971014	devshirme	'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.	16
6633973051	Gens de coleur	The Free People of Color. They were 5% of the population, and they controlled 1/3 of the wealth, as many descended from old families. Many were the offspring of interracial... activities. Many owned slaves or were educated in France. However, they had limited civil rights.	17
6633974987	Gran Colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.	18
6633976133	guillotine	A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.	19
6633979803	realpolitik	Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.	20
6633980872	samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	21
6633982296	steam engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.	22
6633983266	zemstvos	Elected local rural governments that allowed some democracy without weakening the central government.	23
6633988738	The Communist Manifesto	A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.	24
6633990231	Crystal Palace Exhibition	(1851) A showcase that demonstrated the superiority of British industrial technology	25
6633991616	Queen Victoria	British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement	26
6633994526	Emancipation of the Serfs	Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.	27
6633996343	Franco-Prussian War	This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).	28
6634001448	Seven Years War	Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.	29
6634004909	Haitian Revolution	A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.	30
6634008764	Reign of Terror	This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.	31
6634010354	Scramble for Africa	Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.	32
6634011498	Tanzimat Reforms	A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.	33
6634013756	The Meiji Restoration	Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all control was given to the government and Japan was modernized	34
6634015012	Battle of Waterloo	The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power	35
6634018941	smallpox vaccine	Edward Jenner came up with this vaccine, it was a disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America	36
6634020590	Congress of Vienna	(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.	37
6634023719	Sepoy	An Indian soldier serving under British command.	38
6634026222	Italian unification	During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy	39
6634028372	Unification of Germany	Started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France	40
6634030361	Emancipation Proclamation	(1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863	41
6634032416	Berlin Conference	A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa	42
6634035852	Battle of Adowa	Led by Menelik II, successful resistance in Ethiopia. The result was the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation's independence.	43
6634038919	Spanish-American War	Conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.	44
6634054885	Boer War	(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.	45
9646505683	Industrial Revolution	Was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1750 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.	46
9646534707	Urbanization	An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.	47
9646551067	Capital	Money for investment	48
9646554512	Steam Engine	Heat engine that performs mechanical work with steam power; powered factories	49
9646558037	Internal combustion engine	An engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine.	50
9646562261	Fossil fuels	Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.	51
9646566211	Factory system	A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building	52
9646571897	Specialization of labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work	53
9646719915	Second Industrial Revolution	A period of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s that led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery.	54
9647219124	First Industrial Revolution	The initial introduction of machine-powered production; began in late eighteenth-century Britain.	55
9647230899	Opium	Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived	56
9647233813	Cotton	Is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants	57
9647239514	Palm oil	Industrial nations used this leading African export to lubricate their machines	58
9647242264	Copper	Is a chemical element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.	59
9647253619	Capitalism	Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit	60
9647257927	Classical liberalism	Is a political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government.	61
9647266296	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.	62
9647269909	John Stuart Mill	19th century English philosopher, famous for thoughts on outside the box thinking on perception	63
9647274020	The United Fruit Company	Was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit, grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe	64
9647311719	Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)	Was established in British Hong Kong in 1865 and was incorporated as in 1866, and has been based in Hong Kong (although now as a subsidiary) ever since.	65
9647342039	Stock markets	Financial markets where equity in companies is traded	66
9647344127	Insurance	A product that transfers risk from an individual to an insurance company or organization	67
9647346240	Gold standard	A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold	68
9647351504	Limited-liability corporations (LLC)	Is a corporate structure whereby the members of the company cannot be held personally liable for the company's debts or liabilities.	69
9647396094	Railroad	A track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run.	70
9647400026	Steamship	Ship moved by engines that work by the action of steam under pressure	71
9647402250	Telegraph	A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances	72
9647404603	Canal	An artificial waterway	73
9647406937	Labor union	Group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions	74
9647410291	Marxism	The devotion and practice of the communist ideology of Karl Marx.	75
9647413604	Ottoman Empire	A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.	76
9647416198	Qing Dynasty	The last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries	77
9647420470	Meiji Japan	Is a Japanese era which extended from October 23, 1868, to July 30, 1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudal society to its modern form. Fundamental changes affected its social structure, internal politics, economy, military, and foreign relations.	78
9647428790	Tsarist (Czarist) Russia	This empire in Asia and Eastern Europe, they were overthrown by the Russian Revolution in 1917.	79
9647438720	Tsar (Czar)	The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.	80
9647447607	Industrial working class	Lower class, horrible working conditions, factory workers	81
9647453264	British India	Private British trading country that had exclusive trading rights in India	82
9647456829	Dutch East Indies	Was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalized colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800	83
9647467785	Imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	84
9647472756	British West Africa	Was the collective name for British colonies in West Africa during the colonial period, either in the general geographical sense or the formal colonial administrative entity. The United Kingdom held varying parts of these territories or the whole throughout the 19th century. From west to east, the colonies became the independent countries of the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria.	85
9647481845	Belgian Congo	Was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century.	86
9647491724	Opium Wars	War between Great Britain and China as a conflict over the opium trade	87
9647497193	Tokugawa Japan	Peaceful Japan as governed by a shogun from the Tokugawa family from 1600 to 1868	88
9647501573	The Cherokee Nation	Also known as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States.	89
9647507965	The Zulu Kingdom	Resisted European colonization for over 50 years before falling to the British	90
9647510234	Balkans	A large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range	91
9647513003	Sepoy Rebellion	The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs	92
9647518364	Social Darwinism	The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.	93
9647529358	Enlightenment	A movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly	94
9647539581	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	1789, a French document that stated all men were born free and equal in rights	95
9647545430	Nationalism	A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country	96
9658255958	Taipings	Hong's followers; formed an army and almost destroyed the Qing government (Taiping rebellion)	97
9658259557	Maroon societies	The communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States.	98
9658262875	Underground Railroad	A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.	99
9658266022	The Boxer Rebellion	Was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.	100
9658269145	The Ghost Dance War	Was an armed conflict in the United States between the Lakota Sioux and the United States government from 1890 until 1891. It involved the Wounded Knee Massacre wherein the 7th Cavalry massacred around 300 Lakota Sioux, including women, children, and other noncombatants, at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890.	101
9658301412	Taiping Rebellion	A mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan	102
9658305632	Democracy	A form of government in which citizens govern themselves	103
9658318180	Liberalism	A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.	104
9658323903	Socialism	A system in which the government owns and operates a country's means of production	105
9658328733	Communism	An economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property.	106
9658330758	Suffrage	The right to vote in political elections	107
9658332824	Feminism	The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men	108
9658340904	A Vindication of the Rights of Women	An essay by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792 that argued that women posses the same rights as men.	109
9658352392	Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen	Written by Olympe de Gouge during the French Revolution. Insisted that women should have the same rights as men	110
9658393130	Seneca Falls	Location of the first women's rights convention in 1848.	111
9658400521	French Revolution	Was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799. It was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire.	112

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Drama Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3275044827	Anagnorisis	a moment in a play or other work when a character makes a critical discovery	0
3275048901	Catharsis	an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress	1
3275052700	Deus ex machina	the circumstance where an implausible concept or a divine character is introduced into a storyline for the purpose of resolving its conflict and procuring an interesting outcome	2
3275056992	Hamartia	a personal error in a protagonist's personality that brings about his tragic downfall in a tragedy	3
3275063005	Hubris	extreme pride and arrogance shown by a character that ultimately brings about his downfall	4
3275070372	Choragus		5
3275121830	Peripeteia	the sudden reversal of fortune in a story, play, or any narrative in which there is an observable change in direction	6
3275170205	Protagonist	the main character in a work, on whom the author focuses most of the narrative attention	7
3275174231	Antagonist	the adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work	8
3275181829	Foil	a character that serves by contrast to highlight or emphasize opposing traits in another character	9
3275189235	Stock Characters	a character type that appears repeatedly in a particular literary genre, one with certain conventional attributes or attitudes	10
3275212718	Aside	in drama, a few words or a short passage spoken by one character to the audience while the other actors on stage pretend their characters cannot hear the speaker's words	11
3275212719	Soliloquy	a monologue spoken by an actor at a point in the play when the character believes himself to be alone	12
3275217982	Shared Lines	when a line is divided between two or more characters	13
3275225128	Feminine Meter		14
3275225129	Masculine Meter		15
3275226042	Blank Verse	unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter	16
3275228466	Iambic Pentameter	a lightly stressed syllable followed by a heavily stressed syllable	17
3275230347	Comedy	play or narrative poem in which the main characters manage to avert an impending disaster and have a happy ending	18
3275234231	Drama	a composition in prose or verse presenting, in pantomime and dialogue, a narrative involving conflict between a character or characters and some external or internal force	19
3275239015	Farce	form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter through highly exaggerated caricatures of people in improbable or silly situations	20
3275241276	Melodrama	a dramatic form characterized by excessive sentiment, exaggerated emotion, sensational and thrilling action, and an artificially happy ending	21
3275250304	Play	a specific piece of drama, usually enacted on a stage by diverse actors who often wear makeup or costumes to make them resemble the character they portray	22
3275257818	Tradegy	a serious play in which the chief character, by some peculiarity of psychology, passes through a series of misfortunes leading to a final, devastating catastrophe	23
3275263623	Tragic Flaw	another term for the tragic hero's hamartia	24
3275268081	Dramatic Irony	involves a situation in a narrative in which the reader knows something about present or future circumstances that the character does not know	25
3275274657	Situational Irony	trope in which accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate, such as the poetic justice of a pickpocket getting his own pocket picked	26
3275278773	Verbal Irony	trope in which a speaker makes a statement in which its actual meaning differs sharply from the meaning that the words ostensibly express	27

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Treatment Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6572120150	eclectic approach	an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.	0
6572120151	psychotherapy	treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.	1
6572120152	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
6572120153	resistance	in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.	3
6572120154	interpretation	in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.	4
6572120155	transference	in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).	5
6572120156	psychodynamic therapy	therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.	6
6572120157	insight therapy	a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.	7
6572120158	client-centered therapy	a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)	8
6572120159	active listening	empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.	9
6572120160	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.	10
6572120161	behavior therapy	therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.	11
6572120162	counterconditioning	a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.	12
6572120163	exposure therapy	behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.	13
6572120164	systematic desensitization	a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.	14
6572120165	virtual reality exposure therapy	An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.	15
6572120166	aversive conditioning	a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).	16
6572120167	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.	17
6572120168	cognitive therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.	18
6572120169	cognitive-behavioral therapy	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).	19
6572120170	family therapy	therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.	20
6572120171	regression toward the mean	the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.	21
6572120172	meta-analysis	a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.	22
6572120173	evidence-based practice	clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.	23
6572120174	biomedical therapy	prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.	24
6572120175	psychopharmacology	the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior	25
6572120176	antipsychotic drugs	drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder	26
6572120177	tardive dyskinesia	involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors	27
6572120178	antianxiety drugs	drugs used to control anxiety and agitation	28
6572120179	antidepressant drugs	drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters	29
6572120180	eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	30
6572120181	repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity	31
6572120182	psychosurgery	surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior	32
6572120183	lobotomy	a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain	33
6572120184	resilience	the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma	34
6572120185	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity	35

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History- too long T-T Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5077153329	Neolithic	Cultivation of plants/animals	0
5077168058	Domestication	Change of nature for humankind's benefit	1
5115423229	Fertile Crescent	Region in the middle east	2
5115428873	Teosinte	Corns Ancestor	3
5115431132	Diffusion	Spread of Agriculture techniques	4
5115440965	Bantu Migration	The spread of Middle Africa	5
5115443266	Banpo	Neolithic site in the Chinese region	6
5115449822	Pastoral Societies	The Nomadic people, Carers of herds and flocks, they rely animals.	7
5115460146	Catal Huyuk	Village in Southern Anatolia, Turkey	8
5115473863	Stateless societies	A society that is not governed	9
5115486317	Chiefdoms	Inherited positions of power and privileges	10
5115535010	Broad spectrum Diets	Hunting And Gathering plants	11
5115540993	End of Last Ice Age	16,000 years ago when human population Increased	12
5115542844	People of Austrailia	Aboriginals, living by hunting and gathering	13
5115542845	Secondary products Revolution	When people developed new uses to their domesticated animals	14
5115545762	Agriculture Revolution	The way people evolved and used agriculture to build villages. Paleolithic Era.	15
5157895071	Chiefdoms	Only the strong minded people became leaders	16
5157914709	Norte Chico	Pre-columbian society now in Peru	17
5157921250	Indus Valley Civilization	N.W regions of Asia up to Egypt and Mesopotamia	18
5157926236	Olmec Civilization	Pre-columbian people who lived in south-central Mexico	19
5157932968	Uruk	Ancient city in Babylonia/Sumer	20
5157936717	Mohenjo Daro	One of the most developed cities	21
5157943092	Code of Hammurabi	Babylonian law code that governed the people of Babylonia	22
5157958162	Hammurabi	King of Babylonia	23
5157964145	Patriarchy	A society where men hold the power in the government and woman are excluded	24
5157985646	Rise of State	Centralization that took place in the First Civilizations	25
5158004546	Epic of Gilgamesh	Poem from Mesopotamia, from the third dynasty of Ur	26
5158012689	Flood of the Nile	Provided flooding that helped and provided the Egyptian Civilization	27
5158019919	Nubia	Major Iron industry and development of an alphabetical system, civilization in the south of Egypt	28
5158049949	Hyksos	A Dynasty who invaded Egypt, Hyksos means "rulers of foreign countries"	29
5158076373	First civilizations	Andean, Inca, Nubia, Olmec, Indus River, Egyptians, Hyksos, Sumerians, Norte Chico, and Shang Dynasty	30
5158090490	Mandate of Heaven	An ancient belief and philosophical idea that heaven granted emperors the	31
5158204047	Earliest city	Mohenjodaro	32
5158238188	Urban Revolution	Merchants, priests, stone carvers and musicians were introduced. Gender roles, Literature and Epics were seen.	33
5158295770	Hierarchy of class	Upper class men owned slaves, places like egypt and rome relied on slaves	34
5158345740	Hierarchy of gender	Women were not seen as equal compared to men, Men were given more prestigious roles. Women though in some places were seen as gods	35
5158455023	Persian Empire	Different dynasties centered in Persia	36
5158463350	Athenian Democracy	First known Democracy originated in Athens, allowing the citizens to choose their leader	37
5158473360	Greco-Persian Wars	The wars between the Persians and the Greeks	38
5158479618	Alexander the Great	Philip the 2nds son, led people into conquering Egypt, Asia and other big cities	39
5158489909	Hellenistic Era	Philosophy, technology and literature was huge when greece was split into different kingdoms after Alexanders death	40
5158507065	Caesar Augustus	The founder of the Roman Empire, ruled it from 27 B.C to 14 A.D	41
5158515899	Pax Romana	Peace and calmness within the Roman empire	42
5158535981	Qin Shihuangdi	was the leader of the Qin Dynasty, and China's first emperor.	43
5158544757	Han Dynasty	It was the second Dynasty in China that they successfully conquered	44
5158561186	Mauryan Empire	Chandragupta, took the region of India	45
5158579921	Ashoka	Grandson of Chan and conquered the Mauryan Empire, then became a Buddhist and spread his religion across the country	46
5158598931	Greeks	The Hellenes, like the persians, were Indo-European people. Leader Solon emerged to push the people to a more democratic view. Cleisthenes and Pericles were two reformers.	47
5158613392	Hellenistic Era	The Macedonian takeover of greece, And the takeover of persia, Alexander was pronounced as Pharaoh in Egypt. Greeks converted to Buddhism	48
5158618572	The Qin	Qin was pushing the chinese empire east, growing larger with time, the military was brutal, Eventually the Hans took over Qin's empire	49
5158627116	The Empires falling	China built a big wall so the others wouldn't invade their city, Rome was falling down, unlike china, who married and gave their daughters to the Nomads for support. Huns were conquering the east of china	50
5158631017	India	The Aryans slowly invaded the Indus Valley, after the falls of the Roman and Chinese Empires, the people moved south of asia into the region of India, they adapted to the religion of Hinduism. Ashoka eventually was found in India, one of their greatest	51
5158645963	Legalism	Strict adherence, like Monarchy	52
5158649915	Confucianism	Teaching taught by Confucius, worship	53
5158656134	Ban Zhao	Chinese woman that wrote lessons for others, and pleaded	54
5158661065	Daoism	Religious, philosophical ritual in china	55
5158666730	Vedas	Oldest hindu literature	56
5158669794	Upanishads	A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.	57
5158671619	Siddhartha	Founder of Buddhism	58
5158673966	Mahayana	Two different of buddhism, in china, korea, and japan	59
5158675587	Bhagavad Gita	A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier.	60
5158679687	Zoroastrianism	The monotheism pre-Islamic religion founded by Zoroaster	61
5158683746	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.	62
5158686399	Greek rationalism	The thinking and questioning of established ideas that relied not on the gods for reference, claiming that human reason was adequate enough to come up with a rational answer	63
5158696093	three important greek philosophers	Aristotle, the star pupil of Plato,(Aristocles) Plato, the rich aristocrat who wrote books and was a gold medal wrestler, and Socrates, the philosopher of the town of Athens.	64
5158710356	Jesus	Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.	65
5158714949	Saint Paul	A man who is credited with the spread of Christianity throughout the roman empire. Letters that he wrote while under arrest by the Romans make up a large portion of the New testament.	66
5158724037	Zhou Dynasty	was filled with chaos, violence and disharmony, this caused china to come up with other ways to keep order	67
5158740390	Confucius	, a great teacher and left an imprint in Chinese History.	68
5158769793	Greek Legacy	Olympic games, medicine and gods were introduced in that time period	69
5158783966	Jesus and the Buddha	After Confucius, Buddha, Zarathustra, and Socrates, Jesus, a carpenter, was born and was a famous idol in the christian religion, Jesus of Nazareth.	70
5158967719	Institutions	Monotheistic states of the church, the hierarchy of gender roles in the church, how the me are supposed to be the higher ones,	71
5158991932	Wang Mang	A Han Dynasty court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates	72
5158998873	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's land owning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they	73
5159003402	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.	74
5159006915	Caste as varna and jati	System of social classes and sub-classes in India	75
5159009625	Ritual purity	Higher class members must limit their contact with the lower class 'gods' and imagery	76
5159025024	Greek And Roman slavery	In the greek and Roman world slaves were captives from wars, the Romans became dependent on slavery as a labor system.	77
5159033947	Spartacus	A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.).	78
5159037935	the three obediences	China's classical era ritual women required to perform in the Han Dynasty in which they symbolically submitted to the authority of men	79
5159056094	Empress Wu	the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.	80
5159059133	Aspasia and Pericles	Born to wealthy family, Aspasia was educated then moved to Athens where she met Pericles and they were a couple who treated each other equally	81
5159063170	helots	Spartan word for their slaves, who were the conquered Messenians	82
5159072847	The separation of wealth and status	The different cast, classes or systems separates the woman of the old days, also in India now. The Chinese, Hindu and the Mediterranean separated their social class in which their civilization depended on.	83
5159086285	Wang Mang	A respected Han minister who under took a program of reform. Introduced a series of wide-ranging reforms that prompted historians to call him the "socialist emperor" . Most important concerned land reform.	84
5159096353	'"Great Peace"	The "Great Peace" a golden age where equality and peace were seen in the country.	85
5159110881	Caste as Varna	were different tribes of the Aryan, they were different classes like preachers and warriors and commoners,	86
5159128127	Caste as Jati	The Jeti were people in their caste that were divided by wealth and class, which they were ranked in Hierarchy. They were huge gaps between the U.C and the L.C ranks.	87
5159158811	Caste	The caste system was made to separate the different classes of India, whether the natives or foreigners. The Caste system was similar to the bees honeycomb, the different sectors all help each other to make a civilized civilization.	88
5159163933	Slavery	Slavery was one of the most important things in Rome. Wealthy classes depended on slaves to do what the masters told him to, even if it was inappropriate of the slaves to do	89
5159168818	Patriarchies of the Classical Era	Woman were still under the reign of men, no freedom was allowed in the higher classed woman, they were sharply inforced by the men, but the lower class women were free to do burdensome jobs like working in the fields	90
5159183856	Empress Wu	Empress Wu changed the country's political views and let women have a chance in the society's civilization	91
5159195987	Aspasia and Pericles	Aspasia and Pericles were a new role mode in the greek community, they showed couple and people in general that both men and women were created equal, but at the same time, the woman should be domesticated by the man in marriage	92
5159204017	Meroe	capital of nubia	93
5159206029	Axum	The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.	94
5159209269	Niger Valley civilization	A civilization that developed on the western interior of Africa, south of the Saharan desert.	95
5159213000	Bantu expansion	Bantu-speaking people who expanded their territory vastly; acquired iron technology and learned to breed livestock and grow grain crops that were better than their previous yams	96
5159220089	Maya Civilization	Complex pre-Columbian civilization in Guatemala and the Yucatan. They cultivated corn and had achievements in building and the creation of a numbering system.	97
5159224498	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	98
5159226424	Chavin	the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.	99
5159229668	Moche	Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	100
5159233717	Chaco Phenomenon	New Mexico, 5 pueblos, 25,000 miles, roads built but no animals to travel.	101
5159242212	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians,	102

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology Biology of Psychology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6277513444	Acetylcholine (ach)	A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction.	0
6277513445	Action potential	A neural impulse: a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon, The action potential is generated by the movement of positively changed atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.	1
6277513446	Adrenal glands	A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.	2
6277513447	Agonist	Excite neurons by mimicking natural neurotransmitters or blocking their reuptake to keep more of them in your system. (pretends to be something else)	3
6277513448	Alzheimer's disease	A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning.	4
6277513449	Amygdala	Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.	5
6277513450	Antagonist	Inhibit neural impulses by blocking receptor sites or diminishing their release.	6
6277513451	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	7
6277513452	Association areas	Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions: rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.	8
6277513453	Autonomic nervous system	The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses: its parasympathetic division calms.	9
6277513454	Axon	The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons of to muscles or glands.	10
6277513455	Biopsychology (biological psychology)	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior genetics, physiological psychologists, or bio-psychologists.)	11
6277513456	Behavioral genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetic ad environmental influences on behavior.	12
6277513457	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull: the brain-stem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	13
6277513458	Central nervous system (CNS)	The brain and spinal cord.	14
6277513459	Cerebellum	The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain-stem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.	15
6277513460	Cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres: the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	16
6277513461	Corpus callosum	The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	17
6277513462	Dendrites	The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	18
6277513463	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	19
6277513464	Endocrine system	The body's 'slow" chemical communication system:set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	20
6277513465	Endorphins	"Morphine within"-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to plain control and to pleasure.	21
6277513466	Forebrain	The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including he thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.	22
6277513467	Glial call	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protects neurons.	23
6277513468	Hindbrain	Includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain-stem, the medulla and pons.	24
6277513469	Hormones	Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and effect another.	25
6277513470	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus: is directs several maintenance activities (eating,drinking,body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.	26
6277513471	Interneurons	Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	27
6277513472	Lesioning	Tissue destruction, a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	28
6277513473	Limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neuronal structures at the border of the brain-stem and cerebral hemispheres: associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and dives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	29
6277513474	(MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging	A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues: allows us to see structures within the brain.	30
6277513475	Medulla	The base of the brain-stem: controls heartbeat and breathing.	31
6277513476	FMRI) Functional MRI	A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain actity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy: FMRI scans show brain function.	32
6277513477	Midbrain	The segment of the brain-stem that lies between the hindbrian and forebrain.	33
6277513478	Myelin sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers pf many neurons: enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	34
6277513479	Nerves	Neural "cables' containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	35
6277513480	Neural networks	Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer stimulation's or neural networks show analogous learning.	36
6277513481	Neuron	A nerve cell: the basic building block of the nervous system	37
6277513482	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing weather that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	38
6277513483	Parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	39
6277513484	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.	40
6277513485	Pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Master gland	41
6277513486	Plasticity	The brain's capacity for modification, s evidence in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experiments on brain development.	42
6277513487	(PET) Positron emission tomography	A visual display of the brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	43
6277513488	Reflex	A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.	44
6277513489	Resting potential	Neuron is in its normal, resting state. Ions within the cell give the axon a small negative charge, fluid outside is positive charged.	45
6277513490	Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brain-stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	46
6277513491	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.	47
6277513492	sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	48
6277513493	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.	49
6277513494	Synapse cleft	The gap at the junction of the synapse.	50
6277513495	Terminal buttons	Enlarged area at the end of the axon; contains the synaptic vesicle.	51
6277513496	Thalamus	The brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain-stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	52
6277513497	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	53
6277513498	motor neurons	a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.	54
6277513499	Broca's Area	part of the brain that is responsible for speech production	55
6277513500	wernicke's area	part of the brain that is responsible for understanding spoken language	56
6277513501	split brain patients	corpus collosum is severed, two hemispheres of the brain don't communicate as effectively	57
6277513502	afferent neurons	carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.	58
6277513503	efferent neurons	Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs	59
6277513504	neuron firing order	dendrite--soma---axon--terminal bulb	60
6277513505	occipital lobe	The occiptial lobe is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing.	61
6277513506	temporal lobe	mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening.	62
6277513507	frontal lobe	decision making	63
6277513508	parietal lobe	processes sensory information	64
6277513509	absolute refractory period	the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied	65
6277513510	relative refractory period	the period shortly after the firing of a nerve fiber when partial repolarization has occurred and a greater than normal stimulus can stimulate a second response	66
6277513511	all or none principle	states that the strength of a response of a neuron or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a stimulus is above a certain threshold, a neuron or muscle fiber will fire.	67