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AP psychology Sensation & Perception Flashcards

Sensation and Perception

6633607132	sensation	The process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor produces neural impulses that the brain interprets.	0
6633607133	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
6633607134	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	2
6633607135	sensory adaptation	reduced responsiveness caused by prolonged stimulation	3
6633607136	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time	4
6633607137	difference threshold	the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time	5
6633607138	Weber's Law	the principle which states that the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus	6
6633607139	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.	7
6633607140	retina	the light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball	8
6633607141	photoreceptors	The light-sensitive cells in the retina- the rods and cones.	9
6633607142	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	10
6633607143	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	11
6633607144	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	12
6633607145	optic nerve	the cranial nerve that serves the retina	13
6633607146	blind spot	the point where the optic nerve enters the retina (contains no rods or cones)	14
6633607147	brightness	A psychological sensation caused by the intensity of light waves.	15
6633607148	color	Also called hue, it is not a property of things in the external world. It is a psychological sensation created by the brain from information obtained by the eyes from light waves of visible light.	16
6633607149	visible spectrum	The tiny range of the electromagnetic spectrum that people can see.	17
6633607150	trichromatic theory	idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors: blue, green, and red	18
6633607151	opponent process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green	19
6633607152	afterimages	sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed. Most visual afterimages are negative afterimages, which appear in reversed colors.	20
6633607153	color blindness	a variety of (usually genetic) disorders marked by inability to distinguish some or all colors	21
6633607154	electromagnetic spectrum	arrangement of electromagnetic radiation--including radio waves, visible light from the Sun, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves--according to their wavelengths	22
6633607155	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (usually one second)	23
6633607156	amplitude	the height of a wave's crest (usually measured from crest to trough - top to bottom)	24
6633607157	Tympanic Membrane	the eardrum - a tightly stretched sheet of tissue that transfers vibrations to the bones of the inner ear.	25
6633607158	cochlea	a coiled, snail shaped, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	26
6633607159	basilar membrane	A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.	27
6633607160	pitch	the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration (how high or low the sound is)	28
6633607161	loudness	perception of sound intensity produced by amplitude of the wave	29
6633607162	timbre	The quality of a sound, as distinguished from intensity and pitch. It comes from the sound waves complexity.	30
6633607163	conduction deafness	hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear	31
6633607164	nerve deafness	hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve	32
6633607165	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. It is closely associated with the inner ear.	33
6633607166	kinesthetic sense	the sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other	34
6633607167	olfaction	the sense of smell	35
6633607168	pheremones	Chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of their species. ________ are often used by animals as sexual attractants.	36
6633607169	gustation	The sense of taste.	37
6633607170	skin senses	sensory senses for processing touch, warmth, cold, texture, and pain	38
6633607171	Gate control theory	theory that spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pains signals or allows them to pass.	39
6633607172	placebo effect	a change in a participant's illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than the actual treatment	40
6633607173	percept	The meaningful product of perception - often an image that has been associated with concepts, memories of events, emotions, and motives.	41
6633607174	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	42
6633607175	binding problem	question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain influence one another to produce a combined perception of a single object	43
6633607176	bottom up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	44
6633607177	top down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations	45
6633607178	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change	46
6633607179	illusion	a false perception	47
6633607180	ambiguous figures	images that are capable of more than one interpretation.	48
6633607181	gestalt psychology	a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts. Believed that much of perception is caused by innate characteristics of the brain.	49
6633607182	figure	the part of a pattern that commands attention	50
6633607183	ground	the part of a pattern that does not command attention - A.K.A. the background	51
6633607184	closure	a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric	52
6633607185	laws of perceptual grouping	The Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate. These "laws" suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept	53
6633607186	law of similarity	a Getalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit	54
6633607187	law of proximity	a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit	55
6633607188	law of continuity	The Gestalt principle that we prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones.	56
6633607189	law of common fate	the Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination	57
6633607190	law of Pragnanz	the Gestalt principle that the simplest organization requiring the least cognitive effort will emerge as the figure	58
6633607191	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes	59
6633607192	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone	60
6633607193	learning based inference	The view that perception is primarily shaped by learning (or experience), rather than by innate factors.	61
6633607194	perceptual set	A mental readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way in a given context	62

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BBA Flashcards

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5091458312	dementia	usually progressive condion marked by the development of mutiple cognitive deficits such as memory impairment, aphasia, and inability to plan and initiate complex behavior	0
5091472903	what is the average life span for people with ad	8 years	1
5091476204	AD early stage	ML affects ADLs, remembering names and sch, following directions, dont know time and place, moodiness, poor judgement, maintaining living spaces	2
5091502790	AD Middle stage	increased restlessness, increases level of memory loss, requires assistance with ADLs, increased problems with communication, behavioral issues, incontinece, hallucinations and suspicious of careivers	3
5091517053	AD terminal stage	verbalizing leaves, no memory, bed bound, total dependence for adls, body function declines, death	4
5091531238	dementia	does not eliminate basic human needs	5
5091547530	early stage	depression, anxiety, irriability	6
5091550598	Middle Stageq	wandering agitaion sleep disturbances restlessness delusions hallucinations general emotional distress	7
5091559975	late stage	verbal of physical aggression, agitaion, gradual behavioral decline as he disease progresses to death	8
5091623282	timing	of activites is important and individualized	9

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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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7338387876	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	0
7338387877	Athenian Democracy	First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. Freedom of Speech.	1
7338387878	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.	2
7338387879	Hellenistic era	period when the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek peoples of southwest Asia	3
7338387880	Alexander the Great	Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	4
7338387881	Augustus	The first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).	5
7338387886	legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	6
7338387887	Confucianism	Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice	7
7338387888	Daoism	Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion.	8
7338387892	Zoroastrianism	One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.	9
7338387893	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah	10
7338387894	Greek Rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	11
7338387895	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.	12
7338387896	Plato	Philosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that studying ideas and forms held the truth to what is real and wrote the Republic, which described an ideal state with philosopher-kings, warriors, and masses. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy. "How do we know what is real" "Philosophy begins in wonder"	13
7338387897	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	14
7338387898	Jesus of Nazareth	Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings were based on Judaism and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.	15
7338387902	Greek and Roman slavery	In the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and abandoned children, and victims of Long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greek household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations	16
7338387904	Helots	In ancient Sparta, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors	17
7338387907	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland	18
7338387908	Darius	Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.	19
7338387909	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement	20
7338387910	Persian	Of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture	21
7338387911	Satraps	under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions	22
7338387912	Persian Wars	Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)	23
7338387916	Confucius	Chinese philosphere and teacher; his belifs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life	24
7338387917	Laozi	Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.	25
7338387920	Confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	26
7338387921	Daoism	Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.	27
7338387922	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)	28
7338387933	Buddhism	a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire	29
7338387935	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	30
7338387936	Plato	Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society	31
7338387937	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.	32
7338387938	Minoan society	Inhabited the island of Crete (major city: Knossos); around 2200 B.C.E. they acted as the center of maritime trade in the Mediterranean; used Linear A, an undecipherable syllabic alphabet; through a series of both natural disasters (1700 B.C.E.) and foreign invaders, were conquered by 1100 B.C.E.	33
7338387939	Mycenaean society	Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus c. 2200 B.C.E.; influenced by Minoan society; had a major settlement in Mycenae; used a syllabic alphabet called Linear B (evolved form of Linear A); inhabited Greece, Crete, Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy; c. 1200 B.C.E., engaged in conflicts with Troy	34
7338387940	Trojan War	A war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia	35
7338387941	polis	Greek word for city-state	36
7338387942	Sparta	Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts	37
7338387943	Persian War	King Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece.	38
7338387944	Delian League	An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians	39
7338387945	Peloponnesian War	a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta	40
7338387946	Hellenistic Age	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	41
7338387947	Antigonid Empire	The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire.	42
7338387948	Ptolemaic Empire	The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.	43
7338387949	Seleucid Empire	The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.	44
7338387950	Julius Caesar	Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power	45
7338387951	Augustus Caesar	The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace	46
7338387952	Punic War	one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome	47
7338387953	Twelve tables	the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law	48
7338387954	Patricians	A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.	49
7338387955	Plebeians	Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders	50
7338387956	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	51
7338387957	Silk roads	Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	52

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AP Literature Term Examples Flashcards

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6666712997	asyndeton	"Without looking, without making a sound, without talking."	0
6666712999	polysyndeton	"Let the whitefolks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly-mostly-let them have their whiteness."	1
6666713005	antithesis	"To err is human; to forgive divine."	2
6666713008	metonymy	"The pen is mightier than the sword."	3
6666713009	synecdoche	"Tell that its sculptor well those passions read Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, The hand that mocked them."	4
6666713012	deus ex machina	Apollo appears on stage to bring things in order. He clears the situation by informing the rest of the characters on what to do next.	5
6666713014	anaphora	"Five years have passed; Five summers, with the length of Five long winters! and again I hear these waters..."	6
6666713016	oxymoron	"the shackles of love straiten'd him His honour rooted in dishonoured stood And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true"	7
6666713017	paradox	"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others."	8
6666713019	alliteration	"The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea."	9
6666713020	apostrophe	"Oh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me; if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as nought; but if not, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness."	10
6666713021	assonance	"Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light."	11
6666713023	consonance	"A Quietness distilled As Twilight long begun, Or Nature spending with herself Sequestered Afternoon—"	12
6666713039	epistrophe/epiphora	"Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended...."	13
6666751520	Alliteration	"She purchased the pretty purple parka."	14
6666755112	Allusion	"Like Eve in the Garden of Eden, George was not good at resisting temptation."	15
6666756989	Anecdote	"When I went to buy my morning coffee, I ran into an old friend. He told me he had won the lottery and he was about to buy a yacht. Two months later I heard he had declared bankruptcy."	16
6666760463	Euphemism	"She let Bob go,"(as in fired)	17
6666766753	Hyperbole	"My backpack weighs tons!"	18
6666770767	Paradox	Paradoxical phrases include "dark angel," "fresh rot," "blissful hell," etc.	19
6666774019	Synecdoche	"Ask for her hand" is a -------------- for marriage; the "hand" stands in for the whole woman.	20
6666813381	Anaphora	My life is my purpose, my life is my goal, my life is my inspiration	21
6666818198	Litote	You weren't bad	22
6666824870	Antithesis	"To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country .	23
6666835981	anachronism	An event or detail existing out of its proper time in history.	24
6666846344	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected	25
6666868334	Allegory	- The Tortoise and the Hare from Aesop's Fables: From this story, we learn that the strong and steady win the race. - The story of Icarus: Icarus fashions wings for himself out of wax, but when he flies too close to the sun his wings melt. This story is a message about the dangers of reaching beyond out powers. - Yertle the Turtle by Dr. Seuss: This story about a turtle who yearns for too much power is actually an allegory about Adolf Hitler and the evils of totalitarianism.	26
6666878913	Colloquial	a bunch of numpties - a group of idiots to bamboozle - to deceive go bananas - go insane or be very angry wanna - want to gonna - going to y'all - you all go nuts - go insane or be very angry look blue -look sad buzz off - go away	27
6666886675	Euphemism	- You are becoming a little thin on top (bald). - Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant). - He is always tired and emotional (drunk). - We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people. - He is a special child (disabled or retarded).	28
6666892564	Litote	They do not seem the happiest couple around. The ice cream was not too bad. New York is not an ordinary city. Your comments on politics are not useless. You are not as young as you used to be.	29
6666896693	Metaphor	My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.) The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.) It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)	30
6666901583	Oxymoron	Open secret Tragic comedy Seriously funny Awfully pretty Foolish wisdom Original copies Liquid gas	31
6666939824	Rhetorical question	"It's too hot today. Isn't it?" "The actors played the roles well. Didn't they?" "Are you stupid?"	32
6667106076	Meiosis	"A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she followed my poor father's body, O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourned longer! O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good: But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue..."	33
6667109728	Meiosis	"I am a very foolish fond old man, Fourscore and upward, not an hour more or less; And, to deal plainly, I fear I am not in my perfect mind...."	34
6667128095	spoonerism	fighting a liar - lighting a fire you hissed my mystery lecture -you missed my history lecture cattle ships and bruisers- battle ships and cruisers nosey little cook - cosy little nook a blushing crow- a crushing blow	35
6667134778	synesthesia	He says, "Back to the region where the sun is silent." Here, Dante binds the sense of sight (sun) with the sense of hearing(silent).	36
6667137509	synesthesia	"Tasting of Flora and the country green, Dance, and Provencal song, and sun burnt mirth!"	37
6667157911	antecedent	And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease, For Summer has o'er-brimmed their clammy cell.	38
6667159108	antecedent	I was angry with my foe: I told it not, my wrath did grow. And I watered it in fears, Night and morning with my tears; And I sunned it with smiles,...	39

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AP World History-- Ancient Rome Flashcards

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5428619275	who was the last of the Good Emperors?	Marcus Aurelius	0
5428619276	Where did the Gauls come from?	Modern Day France	1
5428619277	which emperor allowed Rome to burn so he could rebuild it?	Nero	2
5428619278	When did Rome burn down?	64 AD	3
5428619279	Which emperor's rule ended the Roman Republic?	Octavian (augustus caesar)	4
5428619280	WHat was the importance of the Battle of Chalones?	Attila the Hun was defeated	5
5428619281	How long did the Byzantine empire last after the collapse of Rome?	1000 years	6
5428619282	which half of the roman empire was known as the byzantine empire?	the eastern half	7
5428619283	when did Attila the Hun lead his Asiatic tribe in a conquest of europe	395 AD	8
5428619284	Who fought in the Punic wars?	Carthage vs Rome	9
5428619285	who attacked/burned Rome in 387 BCE	the Gauls	10
5428619286	Who said "For they conquer, who believe they can!"?	Virgil	11
5428619287	what does "For they conquer, who believe they can!" mean?	"you can do anything if you believe in yourself" (ie, the Romans could conquer anything they set their minds to)	12
5428619288	what were Latifundias?	the large estates that patricians owned	13
5428619289	who was Carthage's greatest general?	Hannibal	14
5428619290	who was the founder of Christianity?	jesus	15
5428619291	where was jesus born?	Bethlehem	16
5428619292	how many legions of roman soldiers were lost in the Teutoburg forest?	3	17
5428619293	where were 3 legions of roman soldiers lost without a trace?	the Teutoburg forest	18
5428619294	when were 3 roman legions lost in the teutoburg forest?	9 AD	19
5428619295	what was a result of 3 roman legions getting lost in the teutoburg forest?	no other legions were lost ever again	20
5428619296	which germanic tribe settled in italy?	the Ostrogoths	21
5428619297	what type of tribe were the ostrogoths?	a germanic tribe	22
5428619298	who united eastern and western europe	constantine	23
5428619299	when were eastern and western rome united	306 AD	24
5428619300	from where did constantine rule?	byzantium	25
5428619301	how was Etruscan rule good for Rome?	it helped rome grow in size/power	26
5428619302	what are some specific ways that Etruscan rule helped rome	-drained marshes around rome (which lowered disease/got more farmland) -made sewage systems -built walls around rome -built bridges/paved roads so people could travel easier (improved trade) -taught romans basic architecture (ie vaults/arches) -gave the romans the alphabet -gave the romans public baths, togas, gladiator fights, eating laying down, vomitoriums, and the wishbone custom	27
5428619303	who said "give me a place to stand and I can move the world"	Archimedes	28
5428619304	what does "give me a place to stand and I can move the world" mean?	arhcimedes built levers; he boated they were so efficient that he could move anything, even the world	29
5428619305	who were the lower classes in rome?	the plebians	30
5428619306	who were the upperclass in rome?	the patricians	31
5428619307	what did the romans call the mediterranean?	"mare nostrum"	32
5428619308	what did 'mare nostrum' mean?	'our sea'	33
5428619309	what was the roman period of peace in 27 BC to 180 AD called?	Pax Romana	34
5428619310	when was Pax Romana?	27 BC-180 AD	35
5428619311	which battle prevented the huns from invading europe?	the Battle of Chalons	36
5428619312	which germanic tribe settled in spain?	the Visigoths	37
5428619313	in what method did jesus teach?	in parables	38
5428619314	what were parables?	short stories with moral lessons	39
5428619315	are the geographies between greece and rome similar?	no	40
5428619316	what are the differences in geography between rome and greece?	greece had jagged coastlines and didn't have fertile soil, rome had smooth coasts and it had fertile land	41
5428619317	Who said "Et tu, Brutus!"	Julius Caesar	42
5428619318	what did "Et Tu, Brutus!" mean?	"you too, Brutus!"	43
5428619319	why did Caesar say "Et tu, Brutus!"?	He had been betrayed by brutus--the senate all started to stab him, and brutus stabbed him as well	44
5428619320	which greek general won battles, but lost the war to the romans?	Pyrrhus	45
5428619321	which branch was the most powerful in the roman republic's government?	the senate	46
5428619322	what are martyrs?	people who suffer/die for their beliefs	47
5428619323	which emperor tried to save the roman empire by splitting it up?	Diocletian	48
5428619324	what was a messiah?	a savior chosen by god	49
5428619325	what is a 'pyrrhic victory'?	a costly victory	50
5428619326	who said "Even in death I have defeated the romans again, they will not have their way with me!"	Hannibal	51
5428619327	in what circumstances did hannibal say "Even in death I have defeated the romans again, they will not have their way with me!"	he was surrounded by the romans that wanted to kill him; rather than be killed by the romans, he poisoned himself to defeat them a final time	52
5428619328	who made up the second triumvirate?	octavian, marcus lepidus, mark antony	53
5428619329	who were the first settlers of italy between 2000-1000 BC?	the italics-- the Sabines, Umbrians, and Latins	54
5428619330	what were non-jews called?	gentiles	55
5428619331	what was the roman empire's greatest size?	6 million square miles	56
5428619332	under which emperor did the roman empire reach its greatest size?	Emperor Trajan	57
5428619333	which germanic tribes settled in Britain?	the Angles, Jutes, Saxons, Scots, and Picts	58
5428619334	who was the roman governor that sentenced Jesus to Death?	Pontius Pilate	59
5428619335	where was Pontius Pilate governor?	judea	60
5428619336	where was Rome built?	in central italy	61
5428619337	on what river was rome located?	the Tiber river	62
5428619338	who said "Delenda est Carthago!"	Cato	63
5428619339	what did "Delenda est Carthago!" mean?	"Carthage must be destroyed!"	64
5428619340	who was in the first triumvirate?	Pompey, Julius Caesar, Marcus Lucius Crassus	65
5428619341	who was a harsh etruscan ruler?	Tarquin the Proud	66
5428619342	who was the leader of the Gauls that sacked Rome?	Brennus	67
5428619343	who was the most responsible for the spread of Jesus's teachings?	Paul	68
5428619344	was Paul one of the original 12 disciples?	no	69
5428619345	who was the patron goddess of women?	Juno	70
5428619346	which germanic tribes settled in France?	the Franks and the Burgundians	71
5428619347	why were the barrack generals named such?	because they were all generals	72
5428619348	which roman general defeated hannibal?	Scipio Africannus	73
5428619349	which punic wars did Hannibal win?	Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimine	74
5428619350	who was murdered because he proposed land reforms?	Tiberius Gracchus	75
5428619351	which jewish sect wanted to use armed resistance against the romans?	the zealots	76
5428619352	which egyptian ruler tried to remain an ally of rome?	cleopatra	77
5428619353	what does "groma" mean?	Crossroads	78
5428619354	When did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?	395 AD	79
5428619355	what three things did the roman empire gain in large numbers?	-treasure -grain -slaves	80
5428619356	what was the written code of Roman laws called?	the Twelve Tables	81
5428619357	which Visigoth king sacked Rome?	Alaric	82
5428619358	who defended the city of Syracuse against the Romans?	Archimedes	83
5428619359	where did Archimedes live?	Syracuse	84
5428619360	which roman emperor gained the most land for Rome?	Octavian	85
5428619361	who fought in the battle of Actium?	Octavian vs Mark Antony + Cleopatra	86
5428619362	when was the Battle of Actium?	31 BCE	87
5428619363	what was Hannibal's greatest victory?	the battle of Cannae	88
5428619364	which Germanic tribe settled in North Africa?	the Vandals	89
5428619365	which roman goddess was modeled after Athena?	Minerva	90
5428619366	what advantages did the Plebians have over the Patricians?	-plebians made up most of the army -plebians had strong leaders to unite them -the wisdom/patriotism of many patricians who ealized the advantages of equality	91
5428619367	what rights did the plebians win at the end of the struggle of the orders?	-the right to marry patricians -the right to have their own representatives in government (tribunes) -the twelve tables--equal punishment for a crime regardless of class	92
5428619368	what were the plebian representatives in government called?	tribunes	93
5428619369	what were the positive aspects of rome's sudden acquisition of treasure, slaves, and grain?	the treasure/slaves/grain allowed rome to pay for their wars, build great cities, and feed all their citizens, the coliseum was built	94
5428619370	what were the negative aspects of rome's sudden acquisition of treasure, slaves, and grain?	the sudden wealth led to inflation, gaps between the rich and the poor increased, many farmers lost their farms, technological advancement was halted	95
5428619371	how did the leaderships in roman republics differ from those in american republics?	-romans had 2 consuls that served for one yuear and were reelected an infinite number of times -america has 1 president that serves a maximum of four years per term and can only be reelected once	96
5428619372	how did the roman executive branch compare to the american executive branch?	-they both hold the commander in chief of millitary -they both enforce laws -the roman executive branch also /interprets/ laws--american branch doesn't	97
5428619373	how did the roman legislative branch compare to the american legislative branch?	-both had 2 bodies (roman--assembly/senate) (american--House of Representatives/senate) -both control taxes/finances	98
5428619374	who controlled the roman senate?	the patricians	99
5428619375	what powers did the roman senate have?	they served for life, conducted foreign affairs, taxes/finances, introduce bills	100
5428619376	how did the patricians unofficially control the roman assembly?	the assembly was made up of soldiers, but all of the generals in the army were patricians, which meant that they could control their own soldiers	101
5428619377	what does "woe unto the vanquished" mean?	"the winners choose how the losers are treated; if you lose, so sorry, you have to do what we say lol"	102
5428619378	name a specific example in which the 'woe unto the vanquished' motto comes into play	-the roman's merciless pursuit of Carthage's ruin illustrates "woe unto the vanquished" -the roman's ceaseless attacks on Syracuse and the systematic execution of every citizen therein illustrates "woe unto the vanquished"	103
5428619379	what was the significance of the fact that Rome had no mountains to divide it?	since rome wasn't divided, it let the romans have a centralized government	104
5428619380	what does "the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church" mean?	the more the martyrs sacrificed, the more the church grew	105
5428619381	what were the reasons for the decline of the roman empire?	BARBARIC TRIBES WERE INVADINGGG -travel became more and more unsafe which halted trade -government debt went up bc of war so taxes increased -disease spread which diminished the population which diminished the army which made rome weak -people lost their jobs -industry/manufacturing suffered	106
5428619382	what were the reasons christianity spread through europe	-christianity's simple message appealed to many people -the poor/oppressed found hope in jesus's message -equality/human dignity/eternal life are comfortable teachings -ease of travel in the empire made it easy for christianity to spread -the church was organized along the same hierarchy as the empire	107
5428619383	which jewish sect wanted to use political/legal action against the romans?	the pharisees	108
5428619384	which jewish sect wanted to use spiritual deliverance by god from the romans?	the essenes	109
5428619385	how was octavian's (augustus caesar's) rule good for rome?	-reorganized the army to strengthen it -encouraged former soldiers to settle in the provinces to bolster the borders -created a more efficient civil service--government jobs were given to those with the best qualifications rather than the best family line/social ranking -government officials were paid, which allowed plebians to leave their original jobs to serve in the government -ordered a census to be taken for tax purposes -established a new coinage system (roman coins) that was universal, making trade easier -introduced public services in rome (ie police/firemen) -gave more self rule to provinces -established incentives for colonization in the provinces , which relieved social tension/political upheavals in italy caused by overpopulation (also helped spread culture westward)	110
5428619386	what is another name for augustus caesar?	octavian	111
5428619387	who added the most land to the roman empire	augustus caesar (octavian)	112

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AP World History Chapter 21 Flashcards

World Civilizations: The Global Experience AP Edition

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596187846	Who founded the Mughal empire?	Babur "the Tiger"	0
596187847	Which Ottoman sultan completed the long-desired conquest of Constantinople in 1453 C.E.?	Mehmed II	1
596187848	What were Janissaries?	professional slave soldiers who became a major political power throughout the Ottoman sultanate	2
596187849	Which masterpiece of Ottoman construction is arguably the greatest achievement of Islamic architecture?	the Suleymaniye mosque	3
596187850	What forces contributed to the slow process of Ottoman decline?	-The empire was overstretched to a degree that pre-industrial transportation and communications facilities could not overcome. -Widespread corruption and graft by local officials drained revenues and resources needed to maintain central authority. -Power struggles within the Ottoman military apparatus coincided with the appearance of effective and determined adversaries. -Succession struggles led to a series of weak, poorly educated sultans who lacked knowledge of the empire they ruled.	4
596187851	The Safavid empire embraced which strain of militant Islam?	Shi'a	5
596187852	The Safavids established their first imperial capital in the city of...	Tabriz	6
596187853	What common characteristics permeated both the Ottoman and Safavid empires?	-Both spent enormous sums on public works projects. -Both imposed patriarchal codes and practices that secluded and disadvantaged women. -Both encouraged trade and handicraft production within their empires, and used state revenues to finance production and export of luxury goods such as silk and rugs. -Both were dominated by warrior aristocracies who gradually retreated to their rural estates and weakened imperial authority through persecution of peasants.	7
596187854	Din-i-Ilahi was...	...a state religion created by Akbar that blended most of the world's religions in an effort to end sectarian tension and religious intolerance.	8
596187855	Which commodity produced in Mughal India became one of the most important in the new world economy, particularly in western Europe?	textiles, particularly cotton	9
596187856	What common characteristics linked the Ottoman, Muslim, and Safavid empires?	-All three took advantage of the power vacuum left by the breakup of the Mongol empire and the devastation wrought by Timur-i-Lang. -All three, once in power, demonstrated great tolerance for the faiths of their non-Muslim subjects. -All three relied heavily on skilled use of gunpowder weaponry, particularly cannons and muskets. -All three descended from Turkic-speaking nomadic groups originating in central Asia.	10
596187857	The Ottoman empire was geared toward...	...warfare and expansion.	11
596187858	Which elite social groups, powerful during the earlier Arab caliphates, managed to maintain their status within the Ottoman empire?	Islamic religious scholars and legal experts	12
596187859	By the seventeenth century C.E., what language was preferred throughout the Ottoman bureaucracy as well as for literary and poetic expression?	Turkish	13
596187860	What perspective of the Ottoman sultans, inherited from their Arab, Turkic, and Persian predecessors, proved fatal to Ottoman power and vitality?	the conviction that nothing important happened in Europe	14
596187861	Which battle in northern Persia between Sunni and Shi'a forces in 1514 C.E. is arguably the most significant in Islamic history?	the Battle of Chaldiran	15
596187862	Which Safavid shah succeeded in establishing his empire as a major center of international trade and Islamic culture?	Abbas I	16
596187863	What policy direction did Akbar undertake with Hindu princes and the Hindu majority of his realm?	reconciliation and cooperation	17
596187864	What social and cultural practices did Akbar attempt to eliminate or alleviate during his reign?	-alcoholism -child marriage -urban poverty -patriarchal practices such as sati and purdah	18
596187865	Mughal architecture blends which two architectural traditions into a beautiful synthesis?	Persian and Hindu	19
596187866	At the battle of Khanua, Babur copied techniques of the...	...Turks.	20
596187867	Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in...	...1453.	21
596187868	Janissaries were legally...	...slaves.	22
596187869	For what did all successive rulers after Mehmed seek to be remembered?	efforts to beautify the capital	23
596187870	Which of the following played a pivotal role in the cultural life of Constantinople?	coffeehouses	24
596187871	The Ottoman state was built upon...	...war and territorial expansion.	25
596187872	The Ottomans were defeated by _________ during the battle of Lepanto.	Spain and Venice	26
596187873	Which of the following, introduced by Europeans, resulted in devastating losses on the battlefield for the Ottomans?	light field artillery	27
596187874	Red Heads refers to _________ followers.	Safavid	28
596187875	Who made the greatest use of Russian youth, captured and converted to Islam?	Abbas I	29
596187876	A ________ is a local mosque official and prayer leader.	mullah	30
596187877	Who encouraged trade with Western powers in addition to merchants in the east?	Abbas I	31
596187878	Isfahan was besieged in...	1722	32
596187879	Which of the following rulers had a taste for art and music?	Babur	33
596187880	The vizier is the overall head of the imperial administration.	true	34
596187881	Akbar sought to unite India under his rule.	true	35
596187882	Akbar made no effort to improve the position of women in his empire.	false	36
596187883	During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Ottoman empire was viewed at the "sick man" of Europe	true	37
596187884	Jahangir and Shah Jahan are best known for having the Taj Mahal built.	true	38
596187885	By the seventeenth century, Persian was the preferred language of the Ottoman court.	false	39
596187886	The battle at Chaldiran was a clash over Ottoman expansion into the Middle East.	false	40
596187887	Within the Ottoman courts, wives and concubines of rulers exerted very little power.	false	41
596187888	The Safavid dynasty had its origins in Sufi mysticism.	true	42
596187889	The Ottomans became a strong naval power in the Red Sea.	false	43
596187890	Which of the following helps explain the widespread rise of the three new Muslim empires during the early modern period?	their use of gunpowder weapons	44
596187891	The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires shared these characteristics...	-they originated in Turkish nomadic cultures of the steppe. -they all ruled predominantly Muslim populations. -they were based on conquest and the use of military technologies.	45
596187892	In order to supply its elite Janissaries and palace with soldiers, the Ottoman rulers...	...conscripted Balkan Christian boys and converted them to Islam.	46
596187893	During their reign, Safavid policies in Persia...	...fostered a sense of Persian religious culture and social unity.	47
596187894	Although the Ottomans and the Safavids were bitter political and religious rivals, which of the following is an accurate description of a similarity between them?	They patronized the arts and encouraged foreign and domestic trade.	48
596187895	The decline of the Ottomans can be traced to all the following...	-the oversight of the empire hindered by poor communications and corruption. -the weakening of the Sultan's power to due to succession disputes. -the battle of Chaldiran which marked the end of Ottoman military supremacy.	49
596187896	Akbar envisioned reforming India by attempting to implement all of the following policies...	-reforming military and administrative training procedures. -the creation of a universalist religion. -child marriage and widowhood traditions.	50

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Dates for AP World History Flashcards

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6674786046	1500 BCE	beginnings of Hinduism in India	0
6674790030	500 BCE	beginnings of confucianism, buddhism, daoism	1
6674797018	480-404 BCE	golden age of athens/greece	2
6674801443	500-44 BCE	roman republic	3
6674804124	323 BCE	alexander the great	4
6674805931	221 BCE	Qin unifies China	5
6674808522	200 BCE-220 CE	han dynasty in China	6
6674819823	333 CE	Roman capitol splits to Constantinople	7
6674830324	44 BCE-476 CE	Roman empire	8
6674832768	32 CE	beginnings of christianity	9
6674836335	476-1000	the dark ages/medieval period	10
6674838420	527	justinian's rule of byzantine empire	11
6674846714	589-618	Sui dynasty and return of centralized rule to China	12
6674856520	622 CE	founding of Islam	13
6674872128	732	battle of tours (end of muslim move into France)	14
6674875333	750-1250	Tang and Song dynasty oversee China's Eco and Comm revolution	15
6674885669	750-1258	abbasid dynasty (islamic golden age/capital at Baghdad)	16
6674895844	790-1100	rise of the vikings	17
6674897384	800	Charlemagne's coronation	18
6674900803	1054	great schism in christian church	19
6674904821	1066	norman conquest of England	20
6674909077	1095	beginning of crusades	21
6674911219	1200	rise of mongols	22
6674914577	1215	Magna Carta signed	23
6674920690	1258	Mongols sack Baghdad/End of Abbasid Dynasty and Golden Age	24
6674924538	1271-1295	travels of Marco Polo	25
6674927281	1324	Mansa Musa's pilgrimage	26
6674931906	1325-1349	travels of Ibn Battuta	27
6674934965	1347-1348	bubonic plague in Europe	28
6674937558	1400	renaissance in northern Italy	29
6674941438	1433	end of Zheng He's Ming dynasty voyages	30
6674951984	1453	Ottomans capture Constantinople	31
6674954512	1492	Columbus sails ocean blue/ Columbian exchange/ reconquista of Spain	32
6674961236	1494	treaty of tordesillas	33
6674963242	1517	Martin Luther/ 95 Theses	34
6674968058	1521	Cortez conquers the Aztecs	35
6674970078	1543	Copernicus published Celestial Spheres/ start of sci rev	36
6674978098	1600	Japan unified under Tokugawa Shogunate	37
6674979994	1607	est Jamestown and British colonies in the Americas	38
6674991084	1633	Japan's closed door policy begins	39
6674994371	1650-1800	age of enlightenment/reason in Europe	40
6674999794	1750	industrial revolution in England	41
6675002400	1789	French Revolution	42
6675004030	1821	Mexican Independence	43
6675006303	1823	Monroe Doctrine	44
6675009135	1839-1842	Opium war in China	45
6675011508	1853	commodore perry/USA open Japan	46
6675015265	1861	serfdom abolished in Russia	47
6675017441	1871	Germany unified under Bismarck	48
6675020409	1885	Berlin Congress/Imperialism/Scramble for Africa	49
6675025123	1910-1920	Mexican revolution	50
6675027077	1914-1918	WW1/panama canal	51
6675031274	1917	Russian Revolution	52
6675034154	1939-1945	WW2	53
6675034155	1947	Truman doctrine/Cold war begins/ India and Pakistan divided	54
6675042098	1948	Israel founded	55
6675043899	1949	People's republic of China est	56
6675046904	1962	Cuban Missile Crisis	57
6675050764	1979	Iranian revolution	58
6675052782	1989	Tiananmen Square/ fall of Berlin Wall	59
6675054716	2001	9/11 attacks	60

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AP Chemistry: Gas Laws Flashcards

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9060890553	What are the distinct characteristics of matter?	It has mass and it occupies space.	0
9060890554	Describe the shape and volume of a solid.	Definite shape and definite volume.	1
9060890555	How do the particles move in a solid?	The particles in a solid are packed tightly together and only vibrate gently around fixed positions.	2
9060890556	Describe the shape and volume of a liquid.	Have no shape of their own but take the shape of their container. A liquid has a definite volume.	3
9060890557	How do the particles move in a liquid?	The particles in a liquid are free to move.	4
9060890558	Describe the shape and volume of gases.	Have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.	5
9060890559	How do the particles move in a Gas?	The particles in a Gas spread apart filling all the space of the container available to them.	6
9060890560	Solids fall broadly into how many categories?	Two	7
9060890561	What are the categories that solids broadly fall into?	Crystalline And a amorphous	8
9060890562	Define crystalline.	Where a regular, ordered, repeatable 3-D Structure of particles is found.	9
9060890563	Define amorphous.	Where the arrangement of particles is not regular or ordered.	10
9060890564	Describe the movement of particles in the solids as crystalline or amorphous.	In both cases, the particles in the solid have very little energy and move very little in relation to one another. They are sometimes described as 'vibrating around fixed positions.'	11
9060890565	Describe the movement of particles in liquids.	Particles in liquids are constantly moving and colliding with one another, have significantly greater energy and move a lot in relation to one another.	12
9060890566	Since solids and liquids tend to have their particles very close together. Their volumes are often very similar. What does this mean?	They have strong forces of attraction.	13
9060890567	*Since, in a Gas, the particles possess enough energy to overcome any intermolecular forces and hence move around completely freely and with large spaces between them, a liquid represents particles in an intermediate state between the extremely ordered and low energy state of a solid, and the extremely disordered and high energy state of a Gas.*		14
9060890568	All the properties of solids and liquids such as viscosity, surface tension, hardness etc., are dependent upon what?	1. How the particles that make up the solid or liquid are arranged 2. The extent of the attractions between those particles	15
9060890569	Define viscosity.	Thickness- resistance to motion	16
9060890570	Gases are made up of particles that have what kind of energy?	(Relatively) large amounts	17
9060890571	A Gas has no definite ___________________ and will expand to ______________?	Shape or volume; fill as much space as possible	18
9060890572	As a result of the large amount of empty space in a volume of gas, gases are ____________________?	Easily compressed	19
9060890573	A pressure is what?	Exerted when the gas particles collide with the walls of any container it is held in.	20
9060890574	*1.00 atm= 760. mmHg= 760. Torr* ON EQUATION TABLE		21
9060890575	Convert 657 mmHg to atm	0.864 atm	22
9060890576	Convert 830 torr to atmospheres	1.09 atm	23
9060890577	What is the basis for many properties of gases?	The Kinetic molecular theory	24
9060890578	What are the five postulates of the Kinetic molecular theory?	1. Gases are composed of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) whose size is negligible compared to the average distance between them; the total volume that the gas fills is almost all empty space; the observation that gases are compressible. 2. The gas particles move randomly, in straight lines, in all directions and at various speeds. 3. The forces of attraction or repulsion between two gas particles are negligible, except when they collide. 4. When particles collide with one another, the collisions are elastic. The collisions with the walls of the container create the gas pressure. Elastic collisions do not spontaneously convert to the liquid. 5. The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the Kelvin temperature and as a result, all calculations involving gases should be carried out with temperatures converted to K.	25
9060890579	*These assumptions do have limitations. For example, gases can be liquified if cooled enough. This means "real" gas particles do attract one another to some extent; otherwise the particles would never stick to one another and therefore never condense to form a liquid.*		26
9060890582	What does Boyle's Law state?	At constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. This means that as the pressure increase the volume decreases and vice versa.	27
9060890583	What is the relationships with Boyle's Law?	Pressure and volume	28
9060890584	For Boyle's Law, if the volume is increased, the gas particles ______________?	Collide with the walls of the container less often and the pressure is reduced.	29
9060890586	What is the equation for Boyle's Law?	P1V1=P2V2	30
9060890587	What is a real-world example of Boyle's Law?	Squeeze ballon	31
9060890588	If a 1.23L sample of a Gas at 53.0 torr is put under pressure up to a value of 240. Torr at a constant temperature, what is the new volume?	0.272L	32
9060890589	The pressure on a 411mL sample of gas is decreased from 812mmHg to 790mmHg. What will the new volume of the gas be?	422mL	33
9060890590	What does Charles' Law state?	At constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to temperature.	34
9060890591	What are the relationships with Charles' Law?	Volume and temperature	35
9060890592	For Charles' Law, what does the constant equal?	V/T	36
9060890593	For Charles' Law, if the temperature is increased the gas particles ______________ kinetic energy, ________________?	Gain; move around move and occupy more space	37
9060890594	What is the equation for Charles' Law?	V1/T1=V2/T2	38
9060890595	An 11.0L sample of a Gas is collected at 276K and then cooled by 14K. The pressure is held constant at 1.20atm. Calculate the new volume of the gas.	10.4L	39
9060890596	A Gas has volume of 0.572L at 35.0C and 1.00atm pressure. What is the temperature inside a container where this gas has a volume of 0.535L at 1.00atm?	288K	40
9060890597	What is the relationship between Avogadro's Law?	Volume and moles	41
9060890598	For Avogadro's Law, what does a constant equal?	V/n	42
9060890599	What is the equation for Avogadro's Law?	V1/n1=V2/n2	43
9060890600	What does Avogadro's Law state?	At constant temperature and pressure, volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present. This means that the volume of a gas increases with increasing number of moles, and vice versa.	44
9060890601	A 13.1L sample of 0. 502 moles of 02 is held under conditions of 1.00atm and 25C. If all of the O2 is then converted to ozone (O3) what will be the volume of ozone?	8.74L	45
9060890602	If 2.11g of neon gas occupies a volume of 12.0L at 28.0C. What volume will 6.58g of neon occupy under the same conditions?	37.3L	46
9060890603	What is the relationship between Gay-Lussac's Law?	Pressure and temperature	47
9060890604	For Gay-Lussac's Law, what is the constant?	P/T	48
9060890605	What is the equation for Gay-Lussac's Law?	P1/T1=P2/T2	49
9060890606	What does Gay-Lussac's Law state?	At constant volume, pressure is directly proportional to temperature. This means that temperature increases with increasing pressure, and vice versa.	50
9060890607	A Gas at 25C In a closed container has its pressure raised from 150. atm To 160. atm. What is the final temperature of the gas?	318K	51
9060890608	A Gas exerts a pressure of 900mmHg at 20C. What temperature would be required to lower the pressure to 1.00atm?	247K	52
9060890609	*REVIEW GRAPHS IN NOTES OF BOYLE'S AND CHARLE'S LAW*		53
9060890610	How proportional is Boyle's Law?	Inversely proportional between volume and pressure	54
9060890611	How proportional is Charles' Law?	Directly proportional between temperature and volume	55
9060890612	What happens to all random motion?	It ceases.	56
9060890613	What happens when all random motion ceases?	It cannot be attained.	57
9060890614	What is the equation for general and combined gas equations?	P1V1/n1T1=P2V2/n2T2	58
9060890615	If the number of moles of a Gas in an experiment is constant (frequently the case), what is the equation?	P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2	59
9060890616	The combination of Laws above leads to the formulation of the ________________?	Ideal gas law	60
9060890617	What is the equation for the ideal gas law?	PV=nRT	61
9060890618	For the ideal gas law, describe the particles.	They do not attract one another (they act independently)	62
9060890619	What is the universal gas constant (R)?	0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1	63
9060890620	What does n equal in the PV=nRT equation?	mass/molar mass= g/g/mol= mol	64
9060890621	*What is the equation you must have memorized for pressure?*	P=densityRT/molar mass	65
9060890622	Assuming ideal behavior, how many moles of helium gas are in a sample that has a volume of 8.12L at a temperature of 0.00C and a pressure of 1.20 atm?	0.435mol	66
9060890623	A sample of aluminum chloride weighing 0.100g was vaporized at 350.C and 1.00atm pressure to produce 19.2mL of vapor. Calculate a value for the molar mass of aluminum chloride.	267g/mol	67
9060890624	What does Dalton's Law state?	In a mixture of ideal gases the total pressure exerted by the mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of each Gas.	68
9060890625	What is the equation for Dalton's Law?	Ptotal= P1+P2+P3 etc.	69
9060890626	Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen present, in a 0.641L mixture of hydrogen and water vapor, at 21C, that has a total pressure of 750. Torr, given that the vapor pressure of water at this temperature is 20.0 torr.	0.0255mol	70
9060890627	3.00L of Carbon monoxide gas at a pressure of 199. kPa, And 1.00L of carbon dioxide gas at a pressure of 300. kPa are injected into a 1.25L container. Assuming no reaction between the two gases, what is the total pressure in this container?	717.6kPa	71
9060890628	At ______________________ gas particles come close enough to one another to make the two postulates of the Kinetic molecular theory invalid.	High pressures and low temperatures	72
9060890629	*High pressures and low temperatures experience ________________ and are _________________?*	*Induced dipoles; polarizable (see picture on Dingle Notes)*	73
9060890630	Engineers/scientists can't use PV=nRT at high pressure to predict __________________? Answers would be __________________?	Properties of gases; incorrect	74
9060890631	What is the assumption that gases are composed of tiny particles?	Whose size is negligible.	75
9060890632	*When the gas is pressurized into a small space that gas particles size becomes _________________?*	More significant compared to the total volume.	76
9060890633	*The Assumption that the forces of attraction or repulsion between two particles in a Gas are very weak or negligible begins to fail. — Low temperature means less energy, so the particles are attracted to one another more* — What does this mean?	Temporary induced dipoles!	77
9060890634	Under these conditions (high P and low T), gases are said to behave non-ideally or like 'real' gases. This has two consequences which are?	1. The real gas situation necessitates the need to correct the volume by subtracting a factor. 2. The observed pressure is less than in an ideal gas.	78
9060890635	In Van Der Waals equation, what does the a stand for?	Relatively strong inter particle attractions for one another would have corresponding relatively large values (intermolecular forces)	79
9060890636	In Van Der Waals equation, what does the b stand for?	Relatively large gas particles would have correspondingly relatively large values since they take up a larger volume (volume)	80
9060890637	HCl vs. NH3— where would the attraction be closer?	HCl: 36 g/mol NH3: 17 g/mol Closer to HCl because NH3 is lighter & travels faster	81
9060890638	N2 vs. O2— Where would the attraction be closer?	N2: 28g O2: 32g Closer to O2 because N2 is lighter and travels faster.	82
9060890639	The root-mean-square-speed of the velocities of gas particles is _______________?	The square root of the averages of the square of the speeds of all the particles a sample at a particular temperature	83
9060890640	What is the equation for the root mean square speed?	Urms = _/3RT/M	84
9060890641	What must the R be in the root mean square speed equation?	8.314kgm^2/s^2molK	85
9060890642	What must the molar mass be for the root mean square speed?	In kilograms	86
9060890643	What can be said about the Urms of a gas in relation to its molar mass and in relation to its temperature?	The higher the molar mass, the Urms should be lower because it is heavier. The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy.	87
9060890644	Effusion is _________________?	The process in which a gas escapes from one vessel to another by passing through a very small opening.	88
9060890645	Diffusion is ________________?	The process by which a homogenous mixture is formed by the random mixing of two different gases.	89
9060890646	Rate of effusion A/Rate of effusion B equals what?	_/density of B/density of A OR _/Molar mass of B/Molar mass of A	90
9060890647	For Henry's Law, at higher pressures more gas particles strike the surface of the solution and enter the solution, meaning ___________________?	The concentration of the gas dissolved in the solvent is greater.	91
9060890648	Henry's Law example: Coke bottles under ____________ pressure, ___________ carbonation CO2 (g)	High; more	92
9060890649	For Henry's Law, Gas solubility usually ________________ with increase of temperature of the solution.	Decreases	93
9060890650	Henry's Law example: low temperature equals ____________?	More carbonate.	94
9060890651	How much faster is H2 than CO?	3.72 (no units)	95
9060890652	For Henry's Law, if the answer is greater than one ________________?	Then the first in the problem is lighter, faster than the second element/compound in the problem.	96
9060890653	For Henry's Law, if the answer is less than one ______________?	Then the first in the problem is heavier, slower than the second element/compound in the problem.	97
9060890654	For Henry's Law, if the answer is equal than one ______________?	Then the elements/compounds in both of the problem share the same speed and mass.	98
9060890655	For Henry's Law, what is the direct proportion?	Pressure and solubility.	99
9060890656	In regards to Henry's Law, what is true of higher pressure in the balanced equation: CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3	- higher pressure - solubility of a gas increases - CO2 is dissolved in H2O to get carbonic acid	100
9060890657	In regards to Henry's Law, what is true of lower pressure in the balanced equation: CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3	- lower pressure - solubility of a gas decreases - CO2 is NOT dissolved in H2O to get carbonic acid	101
9060890658	For Henry's Law, what is the inverse proportion?	Temperature and solubility.	102
9060890659	In regards to Henry's Law, what is true of higher temperature in the balanced equation: CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3	- higher temperature - solubility of a gas decreases - CO2 leaves (rises up and out)	103
9060890660	In regards to Henry's Law, what is true of lower temperature in the balanced equation: CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3	- lower temperature - solubility of a gas increases - CO2 remains (stays)	104
9060890661	Higher altitude equals ________________?	Less pressure, less molecules	105
9060890662	Lower altitude equals ________________?	Higher pressure, more molecules	106
9060890663	Ne- 20g/mol Xe- 131g/mol Cl2- 70g/mol HCl- 36g/mol He- 4g/mol What method do you use to solve this?	Lighter=faster Heavier=slower	107
9060890664	What are the postulates of the Kinetic molecular theory?	1. High energy - never lose with collisions - collisions cause P 2. ID of gas doesn't matter - small 3. Much empty space - that's why compressible! 4. No attraction/repulsion between particles 5. Average kinetic energy ~ proportional to Kelvin temperature	108
9060890665	For temporary induced dipoles with London dispersion forces (attractions), what is the OPPOSITE of the Kinetic molecular theory postulates?	1. Volume - NO empty space - not compressible 2. Pressure - GREAT AMOUNT of attraction/repulsion between particles (High pressure, low temperature)	109
9060890666	*If two elements are at the same temperature, using the equation T=KE=1/2mv^2*		110
9060890667	T=KE=1/2mv^2 A: 20=1/2(10)(2) B: 20=1/2(4)(3.16) Which has the highest KE? Which has the highest velocity?	A: heavier, slower B: lighter, faster	111
9060890668	*Review Manometer*		112
9060890669	Steps with manometer?	1. Make sure the height is in MILLIMETERS (mm) 2. Once the height is in mm, convert it to ATM. 3. If the gas pressure is more than the pressure outside, then add the given atmospheric pressure to the height. 4. If the gas pressure is less than the pressure outside, then subtract the height from the given atmospheric pressure. 5. If the tube is closed, the pressure of the gas is equal to the height of the mercury column, therefore, just convert to atmospheres and that is your answer.	113
9060890670	What does n equal in the PV=nRT equation?	mass/molar mass= g/g/mol= mol	114
9060890671	*What is the equation you must have memorized for pressure?*	P=densityRT/molar mass	115
9060890672	Assuming ideal behavior, how many moles of helium gas are in a sample that has a volume of 8.12L at a temperature of 0.00C and a pressure of 1.20 atm?	0.435mol	116
9060890673	A sample of aluminum chloride weighing 0.100g was vaporized at 350.C and 1.00atm pressure to produce 19.2mL of vapor. Calculate a value for the molar mass of aluminum chloride.	267g/mol	117
9060890674	What does Dalton's Law state?	In a mixture of ideal gases the total pressure exerted by the mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of each Gas.	118
9060890675	What is the equation for Dalton's Law?	Ptotal= P1+P2+P3 etc.	119
9060890676	Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen present, in a 0.641L mixture of hydrogen and water vapor, at 21C, that has a total pressure of 750. Torr, given that the vapor pressure of water at this temperature is 20.0 torr.	0.0255mol	120
9060890677	3.00L of Carbon monoxide gas at a pressure of 199. kPa, And 1.00L of carbon dioxide gas at a pressure of 300. kPa are injected into a 1.25L container. Assuming no reaction between the two gases, what is the total pressure in this container?	717.6kPa	121
9060890678	At ______________________ gas particles come close enough to one another to make the two postulates of the Kinetic molecular theory invalid.	High pressures and low temperatures	122
9060890679	*High pressures and low temperatures experience ________________ and are _________________?*	*Induced dipoles; polarizable (see picture on Dingle Notes)*	123
9060890680	Engineers/scientists can't use PV=nRT at high pressure to predict __________________? Answers would be __________________?	Properties of gases; incorrect	124
9060890681	For halogens, what is fluorine?	Gas and pale green	125
9060890682	For halogens, what is chlorine?	Gas and yellow/green	126
9060890683	For halogens, what is bromine?	Liquid and brown/orange	127
9060890684	For halogens, what is iodine?	Solid and purple/black	128
9060890685	The heavier the elements get, the _______________.	More polarizable they are which is why they change states.	129