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World History AP Chapter 2 Mesopotamia Flashcards

key terms and names to know about mesopotamia

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878912951The Epic of Gilgameshis an ancient Mesopotamian poem, or story, that follows the story of the king Gilgamesh, and also reflects many of the deep and philosophical questions of that time, specifically regarding mortality and loyalty. Significance- The Epic of Gilgamesh is very significant because it is one of the first surviving literary works of that time and place, as well as it deeply reflects many of the deep curiosities of that era.0
878912952Polytheismis the doctrine of or belief in more than one god or in many gods. Significance- Polytheism was a common and widespread belief and association of the Mesopotamian era, which was one of the first to introduce the ideas of religion and of gods.1
878912953Kingdom, Regional Kingdomrefers to the distinction between the different categories and levels of a kingdom during the time of Mesopotamia. A regional kingdom was the area that was ruled over by a king within the region and or surrounding territory within close proximity to them. They usually served under a larger kingdom of the whole nation. Significance- Mesopotamia was almost made up entirely of these regional kingdoms, which then served under a larger overall kingdom which ruled the nation; this was the first time that anything like this had been seen before.2
878912954Sargon of Akkadwas 24th to 23rd century B.C., semi-legendary Mesopotamian ruler whose empire extended from the gulf to the Mediterranean. Significance- Sargon of Akkad was the first to implement a social structure where every city contributed to the need of the king, much like taxes but not as stable, as well as he really used the natural resources to his advantage, unlike other kings in the past.3
878912955Hammurabi's Codesis a set of codes and laws that were set up in order to keep peace throughout the nation, back in the days of Mesopotamia. Significance- Hammurabi's code was the first set of detailed legal laws to govern a nation and or territory. It was also the first set of laws to introduce Lex Talionis, or "the law of retaliation," which also goes by another common name today such as, "an eye for an eye."4
878912956Steleis the name of large upright slabs of stone or pillars, which bear an inscription, or design on them that serve as a monument, commonly found in the Mesopotamian era. Significance- There were a number of steles created during the time of Hammurabi, though only one has been found, which have the original engravings of some 280 laws following the code of Hammurabi and demonstrating the first prime examples of writings of a significant length from the Mesopotamian era.5
878912957Assyrianswere a group of people who were jockeying for power shortly after the fall of the Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. They were commonly known for their brute power and strong military that obliterated many Sumerian cities during that time. Significance- The Assyrians were a widely known group of people, who using some of the first well-constructed governmental techniques and new technological advancements, specifically using bronze and iron, were able to create one of the first and most extensive empires of the time6
878912958Phoeniciansrefers to a group of people who near 3000 B.C. migrated to the Mediterranean Coast and soon became very skilled ship builders and traders. Significance-The Phoenicians built some of the very first advanced ships and made trades all throughout Mesopotamia, even reaching up to the British Isles. They were also the first to make use of cuneiform writing by adapting it to their own style, creating a new set of writing that used symbols to represent syllables in a word instead of the word itself (this adapted alphabet soon came to be adapted and later used as the English alphabet.)7
878912959Stratified Patriarchal Societyis the name given to a category of society and government where all the dictatorship roles are filled by the richest male in the family or area, going by heirs as well as social status (men and how rich they are.) Significance- Many of the later developed regions of Mesopotamia soon followed this society, and were some of the first people to recognize significant differences in rank, wealth, and social status, thereby classifying each person into a certain social rank: elite, commoner, dependent, and slave.8
878912960Elite, commoner, dependent, and slaveare the categorizations given to the first people to recognize specific social classes of the Mesopotamian era. Elite refers to the rich and noble people, commoner to the middle and lower class, dependent to someone who owes a debt, and slaves to the workers who are under the domination of a social class higher than them. Significance- These were the first categories in a social class ever recognized by humanity before, during the Mesopotamian area, due to an abundance of food and other items, which allowed for an accumulation of wealth.9
878912961Cuneiformis the first written language on earth, found in early Mesopotamia and designated mostly for trade but later on for scholarly works; it was made by scratching symbols into wet clay and then letting it hard in the sun or baking it. Significance- Cuneiform is the first recorded written language and was used primarily for trade efforts.10
878912962Mosesis the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt and delivered the Law during their years of wandering through the wilderness. Significance- Moses was the first man ever to introduce monotheism, or the belief in one God, especially during a time of strict belief and adherence to polytheism all throughout Mesopotamia.11
878912963Semiticrefers to the race of people pertaining to those who spoke Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Phoenician during the Mesopotamian era. These people were usually nomadic herders who came from the Arabian and Syrian deserts and later migrated to the south and west near the Sumerians. Significance- During the early era of Mesopotamia, many Semitic migrants moved to the Mesopotamian region and later influenced many of the technological advancements and techniques through cross-cultural influence.12
878912964City-StateIs a state that is sovereign and governs over the surrounding territory as well as its defined area. Significance- Many new cities states had sprung up in the Mesopotamian region by 2350 B.C., for the first time. This was the first step in the quest for order and an organized government system.13
878912965Empireis the name designated to an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, especially a king or queen. Significance- As power shifted in Mesopotamia around 2800 B.C., the city-states began to fight amongst themselves over who should govern the whole region; out of this came the first empire of Sargon of Akkad, and many others to come.14
878912966Hammurabiwas a Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia around 2500 B.C. Significance- Hammurabi was the first to bring about a set of legal codes or laws, that required a high standard of behavior or if not a severe consequence, that every citizen had to abide by in order that there be peace and fairness thought Mesopotamia. Though these laws, Hammurabi was the first to introduce the law of Lex Talionis, or "the law of retaliation (i.e. "an eye for an eye"). He was also the first to implement the requirement of taxation throughout the land.15
878912967Indo-Europeanswere a group of peoples who typically came out from the Ukraine area and migrated to Mesopotamia during and after 3000 B.C. Significance- These people brought along with them many different cultural traditions, languages, and technology, which through cross-cultural interaction was adopted by and influenced much of the Mesopotamian culture that we recognize today. They also brought the domestication of horses to Mesopotamia, which enabled easier ways of transportation and a faster diffusion rate of their culture.16
878912968Hittiteswere members of an ancient people who established a strong and powerful Empire in Syria and Mesopotamia, dominant from about 1900-1200 B.C. Significance- The Hittites were a widely known group of people throughout Mesopotamia, that created a strong empire there, and were well known for destroying many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities using forms of advanced weaponry such as bronze or iron made armor.17
878912969Hanging Gardens of Babylonwas the name given to the ornamental gardens planted on the terraces of ziggurats in ancient Babylon, during the time of Nebuchadnezzar. Significance- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were the first architecture designs to ever be produced in that manner, as well as it was one of the first ornamental gardens. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is now known as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.18
878912970Bronze and Iron Metallurgyis the working of bronze and iron, by using heat, to create desired shapes and forms. Significance- As new governmental systems and cities began to arise in Mesopotamia, this allowed for the first time, an accumulated wealth and time for things such as art, developing culture, and specialized labor. Bronze and Iron Metallurgy was a large part of specialized labor during that time, because experimenting with metal meant that better technology and weaponry could be created.19
878912971Pastoral Nomadsare groups of people who are dependent on animal husbandry and other animal products for trading to nearby villages and cities, while they move from place to place. Significance- Many of the migrants who first came to Mesopotamia were pastoral nomads, and as so brought many new forms of crops and new forms of technology from other lands. This later greatly influenced the technology and ways of the Mesopotamian culture.20
878912972Hebrews, Israelites, and Jewsare different groups of people adhering to the religion of monotheism, or believing in one God only, as opposed to polytheism. Hebrews are speakers of the ancient Hebrew language, Israelites formed a branch of Hebrews who settled in the Palestine after 1200 B.C., and Jews descended from southern Israelites who inhabited the kingdom of Judah. Significance- All the members of these groups profoundly influenced much of the Mesopotamian culture and development which later caused severe consequences for them. Some of the earliest religious historical records were also written and recorded into an extensive collection of sacred writings by these people.21
878912973Abrahamwas the first of the great Biblical patriarchs, father of Isaac, and traditional founder to the ancient Hebrew nation; he was also considered by Muslims, to be an ancestor of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael. Significance- Abraham was said to be the founder of the three great religions, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.22
878912974Monotheismis the belief in one God alone, instead of many gods, or polytheism. Significance- Monotheism was first introduced by Moses in Mesopotamia, and had previously not been seen before that era, since most Mesopotamian people believed in polytheism.23
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AP World History - Chapter 28 Vocab Flashcards

Vocabulary for Chapter 28 of the AP World History textbook.

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2266539338The Great WarAnother name for World War I, used by Europeans until the advent of World War II.0
2266539339Kaiser Wilhelm IIGerman emperor in World War I; his aggressive foreign policy is often blamed for starting the war.1
2266539340Triple AllianceMilitary and political alliance formed before World War I to counter moves by potential rivals England, France, and Russia; consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.2
2266539341Triple EntenteMilitary and political alliance formed before World War I by England, France, and Russia; created to challenge moves made by the Triple Alliance.3
2266539342The Great PowersThe industrialized, colonizing nations of Europe before World War I; includes England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy; their rivalries led to the war.4
2266539343Allied ForcesName used by countries fighting the Central Powers; major members were Britain, France, Russia, and Italy; later in the war, the United States and Japan joined their cause.5
2266539344Central PowersGermany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were the chief powers at war with the Allies.6
2266539345JingoismWarlike nationalist sentiment spread to and among the middle and working classes in Europe before the war.7
2266539346DreadnoughtClass of modern battleship launched by Britain before the war; triggered naval rivalry, especially with Germany.8
2266539347Gavriel PrincipSerbian nationalist, assassin of Archduke Ferdinand.9
2266539348Archduke FerdinandHeir to Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination precipitated the events that developed into World War I.10
2266539349SarajevoCapital of the Bosnian province in Austria-Hungary; site of Ferdinand's assassination.11
2266539350Blank checkPromise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand's assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia; one of many events that cascaded into global war.12
2266539351White dominionsBritain's territories consisting of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand who sent soldiers into World War I.13
2266539352Western FrontWar zone that ran from Belgium to Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among the combatants, including Britain, France, Russia, and Belgium; later included the United States.14
2266539353Marne RiverSite near Paris, France, where Germany's early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front.15
2266539354Eastern FrontWar zone that ran from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkan nations fought.16
2266539355Tsar Nicholas IILast emperor of Russia whose poor military and political decisions led to his downfall and Russia's loss in the war; he and Kaiser Wilhelm II made many moves that led to the start of the war.17
2266539356PropagandaGovernment-sponsored media coverage of the war designed to disseminate onesided versions of "friendly" and enemy conduct; used to gin up support for the war among its citizenry.18
2266539357BolsheviksSocialists in Russia who promoted overthrow of the tsar and the establishment of a socialist state; means "majority" in Russian.19
2266539358New womenTerm used to describe career-oriented women in western Europe and the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights.20
2266539359JutlandSite of the war's major sea battle between Germany and Britain off Denmark's coast; German sea prowess was limited after this encounter.21
2266539360GallipoliAustralian soldiers in support of the British were decimated by Turkish and German soldiers at this battle near the Dardanelles.22
2266539361German East AfricaFighting occurred in Africa between British-led Indian and South African troops on one side, and German-trained east African troops on the other; today's Tanzania.23
2266539362Treaty Of VersaillesWide-ranging postwar conference that promoted much of Wilson's idealistic plan for peace but at the same time blamed and punished Germany for starting the war; included creation of a League of Nations, an international organization designed to prevent further war.24
2266539363Woodrow WilsonAmerican president who initially claimed neutrality in the war but later joined the Allied cause; his Fourteen Points and American fighting forces hastened an Allied victory; one of the Big Four at Versailles.25
2266539364George ClemenceauFrench premier at Versailles peace conference who insisted on punishing Germany after the war; one of the Big Four.26
2266539365David Lloyd GeorgeBritish prime minister at Versailles who attempted to mediate between Wilson's "peace without victory" stand and Clemenceau's, but with only partial success.27
2266539366ArmisticeAll sides agreed to lay down their weapons without declaring victory; promoted by Woodrow Wilson to end the fighting; concept later rejected by France and Britain.28
2266539367Stab in the backMyth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s.29
2266539368Self-determinationWilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; this encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe.30
2266539369Ho Chi MinhYoung nationalist from Vietnam seeking self-determination for his country at Versailles; was ignored, like many representatives from Asian and African colonies who were there.31
2266539370Indian Congress PartyNationalist group in India that called for independence from Britain; led by Western-educated Indian elites; led India in the early postcolonial era.32
2266539371B. G. TilakNationalist leader who promoted a reactionary sort of Hinduism to gain independence for India; influence faded after Britain exiled him.33
2266539372Morely-Minto reformsIn 1909, British colonial authorities expanded political opportunities for educated Indians.34
2266539373Mohandas GandhiSuccessful leader of the Indian nationalist movement who combined religious, social, and political know-how into a massive nonviolent campaign.35
2266539374Satyagraha"Truth force," a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence.36
2266539375Lord CromerBritish High Commissioner of Egypt at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries; implemented many, but apparently not enough, social and economic reforms.37
2266539376EffendiProsperous Egyptian families who made up the middle class; leaders of the Egyptian nationalist movement came largely from this group.38
2266539377DinshawaiEgyptian village where British violence came to represent the heavy-handed nature of colonial rule and united nationalists in their cause.39
2266539378MandatesThe Treaty of Versailles established British or French control over territories formerly held by Germany and the Ottoman Empire; especially important in regard to Arab areas after the war.40
2266539379Ataturk (a.k.a. Mustafa Kemal)Postwar leader of Turkey who launched sweeping reforms, including women's suffrage and a Latin-based alphabet.41
2266539380Hussein, Sherif of MoroccoConvinced Arab leaders to support the French and British during the war because of their pledges of Arab independence.42
2266539381ZionistsSupporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.43
2266539382Lord BalfourBritish foreign secretary who pledged in a declaration the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which encouraged Jewish nationalists and angered Arabs.44
2266539383PogromsViolent assaults against Jewish communities, especially in Russia and Romania in the latter half of the 19th century.45
2266539384Theodor HerzlProminent journalist who led the cause of Zionism in the late 19th century.46
2266539385Alfred DreyfusFrench officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland.47
2266539386World Zionist OrganizationFormed by Herzl and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine.48
2266539387Sa'd ZaghlulEnergetic leader of the nationalist-leaning Wafd Party in Egypt.49
2266539388Liberal Constitutionalist Party; Labor PartyRivals to Egypt's Wafd Party; once in control of their own government, these three parties did little to help the peasantry.50
2266539389Gamal Abdel NasserLed a military coup in Egypt in 1952; ruled until 1970; established himself as a major Arab force in the Middle East.51
2266539390Lord LugardInfluential British colonial administrator who predicted the rise of African nationalism.52
2266539391Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBoisAmericans who promoted African nationalism and unity.53
2266539392Pan-AfricanismMovement begun in the 1920s to promote African nationalism and unity; did much to arouse anticolonial sentiment.54
2266539393NegritudeLiterary movement in France that argued precolonial African societies were superior in many ways to European colonial societies in Africa; writers included L.S. Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire.55
2266539394National Congress of British West AfricaRegionalized version of the pan-African movement.56
2266539395Armenian genocideAssault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.57
2266539396Adolf HitlerNazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.58
2266539397League Of NationsInternational diplomatic and peace organization created with the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.59
2266539398Montagu-Chelmsford reformsIncreased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.60
2266539399Rowlatt ActPlaced restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.61
2266539400HusseinSherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.62
2266539401Leon Pinsker(1821 - 1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.63
2266539402Wafd partyEgyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.64
2266539403Leópold Sédar Senghor(1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.65
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Ap world History Chapter 29 Flashcards

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1239803868The industrial revolution beginningGreat Britain0
1239803869The growing demand for cotton cloth in the 18th-century threatened BritainWool producers1
1239803870The British calico acts of 1720 and 1721Prohibited the importation of cotton cloth2
1239803871That inventor of the fly shuttleJohn Kay3
1239803872Which of the following was not a key feature in the rapid industrialization of Great BritainIt was: it sped the weaving process increase the demand for yarn4
1239803873Edmund Cartwright was responsible for the invention of thePower loom5
1239803874James Watt invented a more efficient steam pump when heHe figured out how to make a piston turn a wheel for rotating motion6
1239803875Cheaper iron was produced after 1709 when British smelters began to use what substance for fuelCoke7
1239803876Henry Besmer's innovations made it possible to produce cheaperSteel8
1239803877The first steam powered locomotive was George Stephenson'sRocket9
1239803878The dominant form of industrial organization by the end of the 19 century wasThe factory system10
1239803879The LudditesWe're craftworkers who destroyed textile machines11
1239803880interchangeable parts were invented byEli Whitney12
1239803881Horizontal organization isThe consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business13
1239803882In America the petroleum monopoly standard oil Company was owned byJohn D. Rockafeller14
1239803883Beginning in the 19 century industrializing lands experienced a social change known as the demographic transition whenThe fertility rate began a marked decline15
1239803884Marx and Engels who wrote the manifesto of the Communist Party proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes the classes wereThe capitalist and proletariats16
1239803885Marx and Engels suggested that music art and literatureThat they serve the purpose of the capitalist because they diverted the workers from their misery17
1239803886Mark and the Communists believed that private propertyThat it should be abolished18
1239803887Marx and Engels believed that the final results of the socialist revolution would be theDictatorship of the proletariats19
1239803888According to the manifesto of the Communist Party all of human history had been a history ofClass struggle20
1239803889In the late 19 century Germany led European countries in a movement toSocial reform21
1239803890Throughout most of the 19th century in players and governmentsViewed trade unions as legal associations designed to restrain trade22
1239803891Charles Fourier wasThe utopian socialists23
1239803892By 1900 which was the largest city in the worldLondon24
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World History Ap Flashcards

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5224096596Concept of classic0
5224096597CyrusCreated the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name1
5224097721CambysesA Persian king, named after his father Cyrus, expanded the Persian empire by conquering Egypt.2
5224097722DARIUSThe third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.3
5224097723EYES AND EARs OF THE KINGInspectors for the Persian King, for taxes4
5224099002Xerxesson of Darius, and ruler of Persia from 486 to 465 B.C.E.; eventually defeated by the Greeks at the end of the Persian wars5
5224099003AchaemenidsPersia's first great dynasty. Founded by Cyrus and peaked under Darius.6
5224101133PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great by burning7
5224101134SatrapyA province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire.8
5224102435Royal RoadA road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire9
5224102436Persian WarsConflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed. Greeks usually won10
5224103569SeleucidsThey controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals11
5224104439ParthiansArmored cavalry men. Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.12
5224106145Sasanidsthe successors to the Persians claimed direct descent from the Persians and recreated much of the culture and splendor of the Achaemenid empire13
5224106146Qanatan underground canal first built by the ancient Persians14
5224107808Qin Shihuangdi(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.15
5224107809Liu BangFirst emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.16
5224109085Han WudiA Han ruler (Martial emperor of Han) who ruled from 141-87 BC. He expanded the territory as far south as the Red River delta (Northern Vietnam) and as far west as the Caspian Sea. The Chinese began to trade silk, especially with the Romans during this time.17
5224109086Wang Manginterrupted Han rule for around 15 years to rule China; tried helping the poor by establishing granaries and land reform. Took power from from young Han king A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.18
5224110402Qin dynastyUnified China after warring states 221-207 BCE The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.19
5224110403Han dynasty(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.20
5224112951XiongnuA confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)21
5224112952SericultureThe production of silk and the rearing of silkworms for this purpose22
5224114159Yellow turban uprisingThis was a rebellion by peasants that weakened the Han Dynasty where factions developed in courts that affected central government leading to its fall.23
5224115355Chandragupta MauryaHe was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander the Great invaded western India.; founded Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization24
5224116239AshokaThird ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.25
5224120197Vardhamana Mahavirawas a great jainist teacher (founder of jainism)26
5224121128Kingdom of MagadhaIndian Empire that valued Buddhism and had a centralized bureaucratic administration but fell because of financial and economic difficulties27
5224121129Mauryan EmpireThe first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)28
5224122254BactriaIndian state on Indus River, set up by Alexander29
5224122255Kushan EmpireContact with China caused influence by cultural diffusion; used the Greek alphabet; had control of North India; believed in Zoroastrianism30
5224123737Gupta dynasty320-600 CE. Powerful Indian state-based, like it Mauryan predecessor, on a capitol in the Ganges Valley. Controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture.31
5224123738White HunsHasten the the end of the Gupta Empire. Invaders32
5224124851Jainisma religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.33
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AP World History- Period 2 Flashcards

AP World History Period 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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6289093477Climate and location of routes, typical trade goods, and the ethnicity of the people involved.What factors shaped the features of early trade routes in the eastern hemisphere?0
62890934781. Eurasian Silk Roads 2. Trans-Saharan caravan routes 3. Indian Ocean sea lanes 4. Mediterranean sea lanesWhat are the 4 most significant trade routes of the period between 600BCE and 600CE?1
6289093479What new technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange between 600BCE and 600CE?Yokes, saddles, and stirrups permitted the use of domesticated pack animals.2
6289093480Innovations in maritime technology and advanced knowledge of monsoon winds. Ex. Lateen sail and dhow ships.What factors stimulated early exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia?3
6289093481Trade goods, people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens.What are the various forms of exchanges that took place between 600BCE and 600CE?4
6289093482Rice and cotton.What crops spread from South Asia to the Middle East?5
6289093483Changes in farming and irrigation techniques.What changes did the spread of crops encourage?6
6289093484Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.What religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread?7
6289093485Imposing political unity.The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by:8
6289093486Southwest Asia: Persian Empire East Asia: Qin and Han Empires South Asia: Mauryan and Gupta Empires Mediterranean: Phoenecia, Greek City-states, Hellenistic and Roman empires Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya Andean South America: MocheWhat are the 6 key states/empires and their locations?9
6289093487Administrative institutionsWhat did the rulers of empires create to organize their subjects?10
62890934881. Centralized government 2. Elaborate legal systems & bureaucraciesTwo important elements of imperial administrations are:11
6289093489China, Persia, Rome, & South AsiaWhat regions hosted the most famous administrative institutions?12
62890934901. Diplomacy 2. Developing supply lines 3. Building fortifications 4. Defensive walls and roads 5. Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local populations or conquered peoplesName 5 ways in which imperial governments projected military power over large areas.13
62890934911. Centers of trade 2. Public performance of religious rituals 3. Political administration for states and empiresWhat function did cities play in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas?14
6289093492Rome & TeotihuacanName 2 important early imperial cities.15
6289093493Hierarchies / Included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groupsWhat did the social structures of early empires display? What groups were typically included?16
6289093494Relied on a range of methods such as peasant communities and slavery.How did imperial societies maintain food production?17
6289093495To provide rewards for the loyalty of elites.An important reason to produce surplus in imperial societies was:18
6289093496Patriarchy___________ continued to shape gender and family relations in imperial societies.19
6289093497Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and GuptaWhat specific empires created difficulties they could not manage?20
6289093498Political, cultural, and administrativeWhat types of difficulties did Empires create that often led to their collapse/decline/transformation?21
6289093499Successive mobilization of resources led to environmental damage which resulted in social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites.How did empire create environmental issues and what did these issues lead to?22
6289093500Issues along the frontier such as threat of invasions.What sorts of external problems did empires face?23
6289093501Rome: Problems with northern and eastern neighbors Gupta: White HunsWhat are 2 important examples of empires' external problem?24
6289093502Hebrew (Scriptures)The codification of the ________ scriptures further associated Judaism with monotheism.25
6289093503MesopotamiaThe Hebrew scriptures influenced the cultural and legal traditions of what area?26
6289093504Conquest of Jewish states by Assyria, Babylonia, and Rome.What trend influenced the Jewish diasporic communities in the Middle East? Which peoples were involved?27
6289093505Vedic, HinduismSanskrit scriptures formed the basis of the __________ religions, which later became known as __________.28
6289093506Core beliefs: desire, suffering, and the search for enlightenment. Scriptures: Sutras & other misc. scriptures.What core beliefs did Buddhism preach? What scriptures were they recorded in?29
6289093507The Vedic beliefs and rituals dominant in South Asia.Buddhism was, in part, a reaction to ____________.30
6289093508Asoka / Mauryan Empire / efforts of missionaries and merchants and the establishment of educational institutions.Emperor _______________ of _____________ supported the spread of Buddhism. Buddhism was also spread through ___________________________.31
6289093509ConfucianismThe philosophical belief system of ___________ came out of China.32
6289093510to promote social harmony by outlining proper rituals and social relationships.Confucianism's main goal was:33
6289093511Balance between humans and nature.What are the core beliefs of Daoism?34
6289093512It influenced medical theories and practices, pottery, metallurgy, and architecture.What role did Daoism play in the development of Chinese culture?35
6289093513JudaismChristianity drew on which religious tradition?36
6289093514Roman & HellenisticInitially, Christianity rejected _______________ influences.37
6289093515Efforts of missionaries and merchants through many parts of Afro-Eurasia / Emporer ConstantineChristianity initially spread through ____________, and later through the support of ____________________.38
6289093516Logic, empirical observations, and the nature of political power and hierarchy.What are the cored ideas of Greco-Roman philosophy/science?39
6289093517Affected gender roles: Judaism & Christianity: encouraged monastic life Confucianism: emphasized filial pietyWhat role did belief systems play in social systems?40
6289093518Shamanism/Animism persisted because of their daily reliance on the natural world.What belief systems continued alongside the codified, written belief systems? Why did these persist outside of core civilizations?41
6289093519Literature, drama, architecture, and sculpture. / Ex. Greek plays, Indian epicsWhich major art forms were influenced by belief systems? Which important examples are provided in the Key Concept outline?42
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AP World History terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7085694557B.C.EBefore The Common Era: The Common Era begins with year 1 in the Gregorian calendar0
7085694558C.E.The Common Era: The Common Era begins with year 1 in the Gregorian calendar1
7085695208Abdicateto give up or renounce (authority, duties, an office, etc.), especially in a voluntary, public, or formal manner2
7085695398Accessionthe act of coming into the possession of a right, title, office3
7085695684Aestheticconcerned with beauty4
7085697530agrarianrelating to land, land tenure, or the division of landed property5
7085698120amenitiesany feature that provides comfort, convenience, or pleasure6
7085701898anarchya state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the absence of governmental authority7
7085701906animismthe belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possess souls8
7085702326antiquitythe quality of being ancient9
7085702932appeasementto bring to a state of peace, quiet, ease, calm, or contentment; pacify; soothe10
7085703492aristocracyany class or group considered to be superior, as through education, ability, wealth, or social prestige11
7085703497asceticismpracticing strict self-denial as a measure of personal and especially spiritual discipline12
7085703908assimilateto take in and incorporate as one's own; absorb13
7085706890authoritarianblind submission to authority.14
7085706895autocracygovernment in which one person possesses unlimited power15
7085708217barbarismthe state, ideas, or behavior which is savagely cruel16
7085708408bureaucracy/bureaucratsa body of nonelective government officials17
7085708605city-statea city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.18
7085708606civicof or relating to a citizen, a city, citizenship, or community affairs19
7085711561classicalof or relating to a form or system considered of first significance in earlier times20
7085711562colonialof, relating to, or characteristic of a colony which is a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country21
7085711930commercethe activity of buying and selling on a large scale22
7085711931communalshared by all members of a community; for common use23
7085712198concubinea woman who cohabits with a man to whom she is not legally married, especially one regarded as socially or sexually subservient; mistress24
7085712537conscriptioncompulsory enrollment of persons for military or naval service; draft25
7085712859cosmopolitanYour Aunt Eleanor, who's lived in six different countries and speaks four languages fluently, might be described as cosmopolitan, or comfortable and familiar with different cultures and people.26
7085712860coupa sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.27
7085713908demography/demographicthe study of populations in a defined area28
7085714171despota ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way.29
7085714486diasporais a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world30
7085714634dissentis to publicly disagree with an official opinion or a decision which a majority decided31
7085714635dissidentIf you are a dissident, you are a person who is rebelling against a government. Dissidents can do their work peacefully or with violence32
7085714946domestic/domesticateof or relating to the home, the household, household affairs, or the family/no longer wild; tame.33
7085714947dynasty/dynastica line of hereditary rulers of a country.34
7085717391edictan official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority.35
7085720180egalitarianbelieving in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.36
7085720181elitea select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society.37
7085720421emigrateleave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another.38
7085720422epicheroic or grand in scale or character.39
7085720755ethnocentricIf you refused to bow when greeting a Japanese friend, insisting on shaking hands instead, you'd be displaying your ethnocentrism, or your belief that your own culture is superior to others.40
7085721046feudalismthe dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labour, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.41
7085721047genocidethe deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group.42
7085722262gentrypeople of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.43
7085724798guildan organization of persons with related interests, goals, etc., especially one formed for mutual aid or protection.44
7085724799hierarchyany system of persons or things ranked one above another.45
7085725054hominidsany member of the group consisting of all modern and extinct humans and great apes (including gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans) and all their immediate ancestors.46
7085725055homogenous47
7085725231ideology48
7085726289imperial/imperialism49
7085726721indigenous50
7085726931infrastructure51
7085726932lineage52
7085727182linguistic53
7085727183manifest54
7085727527maritime55
7085727864martial56
7085727865matrilineal57
7085727897mercenary58
7085728948monarchy59
7085729146monopoly/monopolize60
7085729147monotheism61
7085729805mystical62
7085730015nation-state63
7085730016neo64
7085730783Neolithic65
7085730784nomadic66
7085730785oligarchy67
7085731432pantheon68
7085731441papal/papacy69
7085731898parliament/parliamentary system70
7085731899pastoral71
7085732310patriarchal72
7085732311patrilineal73
7085732458patronage74
7085733062peasant75
7085733063pharaoh76
7085733496piety/pious77
7085733497polity78
7085733669polygamy79
7085734008polytheism80
7085734724proselytize81
7085734725provincial82
7085734726regent83
7085734899republic84
7085735235rhetoric/rhetorical85
7085735641sedentary86
7085735980serf87
7085736153Sharia88
7085736154Sinification89
7085736581statea politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory90
7085736582steppean extensive plain, especially one without trees91
7085736583stratificationarranging something, or something that has been arranged, into categories92
7085737230Sub-SaharanAfrica south of the Sahara Desert93
7085738029subordinateplaced in or belonging to a lower order or rank94
7085738030successionthe coming of one person or thing after another in order, sequence, or in the course of events95
7085738248syncretismthe combination of different forms of belief or practice96
7085739384textilesany cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting97
7085741283theocracya form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities.98
7085742137theologystudy of divine things or religious truth99
7085743165totalitarianof or relating to a centralized government that does not tolerate parties of differing opinion and that exercises dictatorial control over many aspects of life100
7085743464tributary statea state that is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour101
7085743475tyrannycruel and oppressive government or rule102
7085743906urban/urbanizecharacteristic of or accustomed to cities; citified103
7085743907usurpto seize and hold (a position, office, power, etc.) by force or without legal right104
7085745063vernacularthe native speech or language of a place105
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AP World History Homework Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6779537470sigmund freudAustrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.0
6779533279max planckGerman physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.1
6779549070Mahatma GandhiGreat revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.2
6779550414JinnahFounder of Pakistan leader of the Muslim League Muslim leader in India that became governor general of Pakistan3
6779550415Joseph StalinBolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition4
6779550416Albert EinsteinGerman physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.5
6779551404Pablo Picassoa Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes6
6779551405Roosevelt(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic7
6779552277Ho Chi Minh1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable8
6779552278FrancoSpanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death9
6779553053Mao Zedong(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.10
6779562231Thich Quang DucBuddhist monk who burned himself to death in June 11, 1963 to protest persecution of Buddhists during NGo Dinh Diem administration11
6779562232Deng XiaopingCommunist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.12
6779563035Kwame NkrumahLeader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He develpoped economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues13
6779563036Ronald Reagan1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)14
6779563037Jonas SalkAmerican doctor who invented the polio vaccine in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourage.15
6779564186PinochetMilitary dictator who rules Chile w/ iron fist for 20 yrs & is backed fully by US because he opposes communism; made people disappear16
6779564812Gamal NasserArab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies17
6779564813Nelson MandelaBorn 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.18
6779564814Idi AminHe took over the government of Uganda and overthrew his ally. And started his own reign of terror, and in 8 months there was over 300,000 executed. He started war with Tanzania and was crushed by them, he later than fled to Libya.19
6779565656Thatcher1st prime minister of great Britain First woman Prime Minister The economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Reduced state economic power and introduced free market and privatization with certain constraints. Deregulated the UK's market.20
6779566326Martin King Jrwho became the leader of the Montgomery bus boycott Reverend who is often seen as the face of the civil rights movement. Wonderful speech giver and activist. Believed in peaceful protest.21
6779580014new modes of transportation in the 1900sCars, sea transport, air transportation, animals22
6779586485new modes of communications in the 1900ssignal lamps, newspapers, and the electric telegraph23
6779610719New Scientific ParadigmsEarly modern scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo demonstrate that Earth is not at the center of the universe - a claim with deep philosophical implications. theory of relativity, quantum physics, big bang theory, psychology New philosophies like the theory of relativity allowed humans to better understand the world around them. Like how the theory of relativity transformed physics and astronomy during the 20th century. Humans were able to predict astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars, black holes, and gravitational waves24
6781412131Green houseThe warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of the Earth that occurs when water vapor, carbon dioxide, and gases absorb and radiate thermal energy.25
6781446233Medical innovations 1900sthey increased the ability of humans to survive = life expansion increased (vaccines, antibiotics)26
6781455871Energy innovationcoal-gradually replaced wood as both and fuel and for industrial processes; oil- (would come late 19th-20th century) refinement of petroleum allowed its uses as a fuel for internal combustion engines that propelled automobiles, locomotives, and ships nuclear power, oil solar?27
6781461728Military technologytanks, chemical weapons, machine guns, trench warfar28
6781465250Military TacticsAdvance planning, building bridges and roadways (?), weakening city walls, attacking with arrows, storming cities Classification = different types of military types New technology and weapons Railroads and steamships increased the volume, reach, and speed of mobilization Trench tactics29
6781501764Gregory Pincusinvented birth control pill Scientists who created fatherless rabbits by parthenogenesis. He removed the ova of rabbits, treated them with chemical solutions, and stimulated them to undergo cleavage, even though they were not fertilized by sperm cells30
6781508831diseases associated with povertyhigh risk of developing leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer, asthma, AIDS, malaria31
6781518238diseases associated with epidemicsHIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria32
6781526139diseases due to lifestyle changesSmoking = lung cancer, poor diet= obesity, cardiovascular disease33
6791526658Green RevolutionAgricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.34
6791593560Ottoman Empire DeclineCaused by internal strife, European rivals whittling away its territories and lack of adopting Western ways to late.35
6791593561Ming Empire Decline36
6791620638February Revolutionthe revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 191737
6791999028JinnahIndian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)38
6792004647biafraEastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970.39
6792004648Quebecoisa native or inhabitant of Quebec (especially one who speaks French)40
6800145227Metropolethe dominant part of an empire, distinguished from the subordinate colonies, which is normally the state that initiated colonization41
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