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AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

sources of definitions are The Princeton Review (TPR) and Barron's AP study guides. and class notes that Mr. Enns distributed :)

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2503422285	abstract	an abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research	0
2503422286	adage	a saying/proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language	1
2503422287	allegory	a story in which the narrative/characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical or possibly an ethical meaning	2
2503422288	alliteration	the repetition of one or more initial consonant in a group of words or lines of poetry or prose. writers use this for ornament or for emphasis	3
2503422289	allusion	a reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea	4
2503422290	ambiguity	a vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation	5
2503422291	anachronism	a person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time/era in which the work is set	6
2503422292	analogy	a comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things	7
2503422293	annotation	a brief explanation,summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature	8
2503422294	antagonist	a character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist produces tension or conflict	9
2503422295	antithesis	a rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences	10
2503422296	aphorism	a short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment	11
2503422297	Apollonian	in contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior	12
2503422298	apostrophe	a locution that addresses a person/personified thing not present	13
2503422299	archetype	an abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model/form	14
2503422300	assonance	the repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose	15
2503422301	ballad	a simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited; a long narrative poem, usually in very regular meter and rhyme, typically has a naive folksy quality	16
2503422302	bard	a poet, in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment	17
2503422306	Bildungsroman	a German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal	18
2503422307	blank verse	poetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the works of Shakespeare and Milton. its lines generally do not rhyme	19
2503422308	bombast	inflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects	20
2503422309	burlesque	a work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation; a broad parody and exaggerates it into ridiculousness	21
2503422310	cacophony	grating, inharmonious sounds	22
2503422311	caesura	a pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always marked by punctuation)	23
2503422312	canon	the works considered most important in national literature or period; works widely read and studied	24
2503422313	caricature	a grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things; a portrait that exaggerates a facet of personality	25
2503422315	catharsis	a cleansing of the spirit brought about by the pity and terror of a dramatic tragedy	26
2503422318	climax	the high point, or turning point, of a story/play	27
2503422319	novel	a tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. the character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, doses of reality, or any other experiences that alter his/her emotional/intellectual maturity. e.g. Invisible Man	28
2503422320	conceit	a witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language; a startling or unusual metaphor, or a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines	29
2503422321	anticlimax	this occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect, it is frequently comic in effect	30
2503422322	antihero	a protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities	31
2503422323	aside	a speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage	32
2503422324	aspect	a trait of characteristic, as in "an aspect of the dew drop"	33
2503422325	atmosphere	the emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene	34
2503422327	cadence	the beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense	35
2503422328	canto	is a divider in long poems, much like chapters in a novel	36
2503422329	coinage	a.k.a. neologism, inventing a word	37
2503422330	colloquialism	this is a word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" English	38
2503422331	controlling image	when an image dominates and shapes the entire work	39
2503422333	connotation	the suggest or implied meaning of a word/phrase	40
2503422334	consonance	the repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a group of words or a line of poetry	41
2503422335	couplet	a pair of lines that end in rhyme	42
2503422336	heroic couplet	two rhyming lines in iambic pentameter are called this	43
2503422337	denotation	the literal, dictionary definition of a word	44
2503422338	denouement	the resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work or fiction	45
2503422341	diction	the choice of words in oral and written discourse	46
2503422342	syntax	the ordering and structuring of the words in a sentence	47
2503422343	dirge	a song for the dead, its tone is typically slow, heavy, and melancholy	48
2503422344	dissonance	the grating of incompatible sounds in poetry	49
2503422345	doggerel	crude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme	50
2503422346	dramatic irony	when the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not	51
2503422347	dramatic monologue	when a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience	52
2503422348	elegy	a poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing/death of something/someone of value	53
2503422349	elements	the basic techniques of each genre of literature. IN SHORT STORY: characters, irony, theme, symbol, plot, setting. IN POETRY: figurative language, symbol, imagery, rhythm, rhyme. IN DRAMA: conflict, characters, climax, conclusion, exposition, rising action, falling action, props. IN NONFICTION: argument, evidence, reason, appeals, fallacies, thesis.	54
2503422350	ellipsis	three periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation	55
2503422351	empathy	a feeling of association or identification with an object/person	56
2503422352	end stopped	a term that describes a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by a mark of punctuation	57
2503422353	enjambment	the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause	58
2503422354	epic	an extended narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero that is generally larger than life and is often considered a legendary figure	59
2503422356	epitaph	lines that commemorate the dead at their burial place. usually a line or handful of lines, often serious or religious, but sometimes witty and even irreverent	60
2503422357	epigram	a concise but ingenious, witty and thoughtful statement	61
2503422358	euphony	when sounds blend harmoniously; pleasing, harmonious sounds	62
2503422359	epithet	an adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality of a person or thing	63
2503422360	eponymous	a term for the title character of a work of literature	64
2503422361	euphemism	a mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term	65
2503422363	expose	a piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other short comings	66
2503422364	explicit	to say or write something directly and clearly	67
2503422365	explication	the interpretation/analysis of a text	68
2503422366	extended metaphor	a series of comparisons between two unlike objects that occur over a number of lines	69
2503422367	fable	a short tale often featuring nonhuman character that act as people whose actions enable the author to make observations or draw useful lessons about human behavior. i.e Orwell's "Animal Farm"	70
2503422368	falling action	the action in a play or story that occurs after the climax and that leads to the conclusion and often to the resolution of the conflict	71
2503422370	farce	a comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose	72
2503422371	figurative language	in contrast to literal language, this implies meanings. It includes devices such as metaphors, similes, and personification, etc.	73
2503422372	foil	a secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast	74
2503422373	first person narrative	a narrative told by a character involved in the story, using first-person pronouns such as "I" and "we"	75
2503422374	flashback	a return to an earlier time in a story or play in order to clarify present actions or circumstances i.e. Invisible Man	76
2503422375	foreshadowing	an event or statement in a narrative that suggests, in miniature, a larger event that comes later	77
2503422376	foot	the basic rhythmic unit of a line in poetry. it is formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed	78
2503422377	frame	a structure that provides premise or setting for a narrative	79
2503422378	free verse	a kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythm or fixed metrical feet	80
2503422379	genre	a term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay	81
2503422380	Gothic novel	a novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. i.e. "Frankenstein"	82
2503422382	hubris	the excessive pride/ambition that leads to the main character's downfall	83
2503422383	hyperbole	exaggeration/deliberate overstatement	84
2503422384	humanism	a belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity	85
2503422385	implicit	to say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly	86
2503422386	in medias res	Latin for "in the midst of things"; a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point	87
2503422387	idyll	a lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place	88
2503422388	image	a word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled or felt	89
2503422389	inversion	switching customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. when done badly it can give a stilted, artificial look-at-me-I'm-poetry feel to the verse. type of syntax	90
2503422390	irony	a mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated, often implying ridicule or light sarcasm	91
2503422392	kenning	a device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions/qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "wale-road" for ocean	92
2503422393	lament	a poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss	93
2503422394	lampoon	a satire	94
2503422395	light verse	a variety of poetry meant to entertain or amuse, butt sometimes with a satirical thrust	95
2503422396	loose sentence	a sentence that is complete before its end. follows customary word order of English sentences i.e. subject-verb-object	96
2503422397	periodic sentence	a sentence not grammatically complete until it has reached its final phrase; sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end	97
2503422398	lyric	personal, reflective poetry that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject; the word is used to describe tone, it refers to a sweet, emotional melodiousness	98
2503422400	litotes	a form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity	99
2503422401	maxim	a saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth	100
2503422402	metaphor	a figure of speech that compares unlike objects	101
2503422403	metaphysical poetry	the work of poets, particularly those of 17th c., that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life	102
2503422404	meter	the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables found in poetry	103
2503422405	metonymy	a figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated. e.g. "The White House says..."	104
2503422406	mode	the general form, pattern, and manner of expression of a work of literature	105
2503422407	montage	a quick succession of images/impressions used to express an idea	106
2503422408	mood	the emotional tone in a work of literature	107
2503422409	nemesis	the protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty	108
2503422410	objectivity	this treatment of a subject matter is an impersonal/outside view of events	109
2503422411	subjectivity	this treatment of a subject matter uses the interior/personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses	110
2503422412	onomatopoeia	words that sound like what they mean	111
2503422413	moral	a brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature	112
2503422414	motif	a phrase, idea, event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in a work of literature.	113
2503422416	myth	an imaginary story that has become accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group/society. often used to explain natural phenomena.	114
2503422417	narrative	a form of verse or prose that tells a story	115
2503422418	naturalism	a term often used as a synonym for "realism"; also a view of experiences that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic	116
2503422419	non sequitur	a statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before	117
2503422420	novel of manners	a novel focusing on and describing the social customs and habits of a particular social group	118
2503422421	ode	a lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful and exalted feelings toward the subject.	119
2503422422	omniscient narrator	a narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of characters, setting, background, and all other elements of the story	120
2503422423	oxymoron	a phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction. juxtaposition of contradictory element to create a paradoxical effect	121
2503422424	opposition	one of the most useful concepts in analyzing literature. it means that you have a pair of elements that contrast sharply.	122
2503422426	parable	like a fable or an allegory, it's a story that instructs; a story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived	123
2503422427	paradox	a statement that seems self-contradictory yet true	124
2503422428	parallelism	repeated syntactical similarities used for effect	125
2503422429	parody	an imitation of a work meant to ridicule its style and subject	126
2503422430	paraphrase	a version of a text put into simpler, everyday, words	127
2503422431	pastoral	a work of literature dealing with rural life	128
2503422432	pathetic fallacy	faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects	129
2503422433	pathos	that element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow	130
2503422434	pentameter	a verse with five poetic feet per line	131
2503422435	persona	the role/facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader, viewer, or the world at large; the narrator in a non-first-person novel	132
2503422436	personification	giving an inanimate object human like qualities or form	133
2503422437	plot	the interrelationship among the events in a story, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution	134
2503422439	plaint	a poem or speech expressing sorrow	135
2503422440	point of view	the perspective from which the action of a novel in presented.	136
2503422441	omniscient narrator	3rd person narrator who sees like God into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.	137
2503422442	limited omniscient narrator	3rd person narrator who generally reports only what one character (usually the main) sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.	138
2503422443	objective narrator	3rd person narr. who only reports on what would be visible to a camera, doesn't know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks of it.	139
2503422444	first person narrator	this is a narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his/her POV. when the narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible, the narrator is "unreliable"	140
2503422445	prosody	the grammar of meter and rhythm in poetry	141
2503422446	protagonist	the main character in a work of literature	142
2503422447	prelude	an introductory poem to a longer work of verse	143
2503422448	pun	the usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings	144
2503422449	pseudonym	also called "pen name", a false name or alias used by writers. i.e Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) George Orwell (Eric Blair)	145
2503422450	quatrian	a four-line poem or a four-line unit of a longer poem	146
2503422451	refrain	a line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem	147
2503422452	requiem	a song of prayer for the dead	148
2503422453	realism	the depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect	149
2503422454	rhetoric	the language of a work and its style; words, often highly emotional, used to convince or sway an audience	150
2503422455	rhetorical question	a question that suggests an answer. in theory, the effect is that it causes the listener to feel they have come up with the answer themselves	151
2503422456	rhapsody	an intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise	152
2503422457	rhyme	the repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals, used mostly in poetry	153
2503422458	rhyme scheme	the patterns of rhymes within a given poem i.e. abba	154
2503422459	rhythm	the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up a line of poetry. similar to meter	155
2503422460	romance	an extended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places	156
2503422461	sarcasm	a sharp, caustic expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt	157
2503422462	satire	a literary style used to poke fun at, attack or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change. great subjects for this include hypocrisy, vanity and greed, especially if those characteristics have become institutionalized in society	158
2503422463	simile	figurative comparison using the words "like" or "as"	159
2503422464	setting	the total environment for the action in a novel/play. it includes time, place, historical milieu, and social, political and even spiritual circumstances	160
2503422465	sentimental	a term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience; also nauseatingly nostalgic and mawkish	161
2503422466	sentiment	a synonym for "view" or "feeling"; also refined and tender emotion in literature	162
2503422467	scansion	the act of determining the meter of a poetic line.	163
2503422468	sonnet	a popular form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme. two types: Shakespearean and Petrarchan	164
2503422469	soliloquy	a speech spoken by a character alone on stage. meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's THOUGHTS. unlike an aside, it is not meant to imply that the actor acknowledges the audience's presence	165
2503422470	stanza	a group of lines in verse, roughly analogous in function to the paragraph in prose; a group of two or more lines in poetry combined according to subject matter, rhyme, or some other plan	166
2503422471	stream of consciousness	a style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind, e.g. Ernest Hemingway	167
2503422472	stock characters	standard or cliched character types: the drunk, the miser, the foolish girl, etc.	168
2503422473	suggest	to imply, infer indicate. goes along with the concept of implicit	169
2503422474	style	the manner in which an author uses and arranges words, shapes ideas, forms sentences and creates a structure to convey ideas	170
2503422475	subplot	a subordinate or minor collection of events in a novel or play, usually connected to the main plot	171
2503422476	subtext	the implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of a work of literature	172
2503422477	summary	a simple retelling of what you've just read. what you DON'T want to do in the Open Essay section :)	173
2503422478	symbolism	a device in literature where an object represents an idea	174
2503422479	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part	175
2503422480	theme	the main idea or meaning, often an abstract idea upon which a work of literature is built	176
2503422481	thesis	the main position of an argument. the central contention that will be supported	177
2503422482	tone	the author's attitude toward the subject being written about. it's the characteristic emotion that pervades a work or part of a work	178
2503422483	tragic flaw	in a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good individual that ultimately leads to his demise	179
2503422484	tragedy	a form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish, or even death	180
2503422487	utopia	an idealized place. imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity and peace. Sir Thomas More came up with this idea.	181
2503422488	verbal irony	a discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words	182
2503422489	verse	a synonym for poetry. also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry	183
2503422490	verisimilitude	similar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is	184
2503422491	versification	the structural form of a line of verse as revealed by the number of feet it contains. i.e. monometer = 1 foot; tetrameter = 4 feet; pentameter = 5 feet, etc.	185
2503422492	villanelle	a French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of 19 lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes	186
2503422493	voice	the real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker. a verb is in the active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject. a verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action. Active: The crew raked the leaves. Passive: The leaves were raked by the crew.	187
2503422494	wit	the quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness; the power to comment subtly and pointedly on the foibles of the passing scene	188
2503422495	zeugma	the use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. "He close the door and his heart on his lost love."	189
2503422496	anastrophe	inversion of the natural or usual word order	190
2503422497	parenthesis	insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence	191
2503422498	apposition	placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first. "The mountain was the earth, her home."	192
2503422499	ellipsis	deliberate omission of a word or words which are readily implied by context	193
2503422500	asyndeton	deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. used to produce a hurried rhythm in the sentence.	194
2503422501	polysyndeton	the deliberate use of many conjunctions. its effect is to slow down the rhythm of the sentence	195
2503422502	anaphora	repetition of the same words or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. e.g. "I have a dream..."	196
2503422503	epistrophe	repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses "When we first came we were very many and you were very few. Now you are many and we are getting very few."	197
2503422507	antimetabole	repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."	198
2503422508	chiasmus	reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses. "Exalts his enemies, his friends destroys."	199
2503422512	syllepsis	the use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies/governs. "The ink, like our pig, keeps running out of the pen."	200
2503422514	periphrasis	substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. "They do not escape JIM CROW; they merely encounter another, not less deadly variety."	201
2503422516	dialect	a way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region/group of people	202
2503422517	epiphany	in a literary work, a moment of sudden insight/revelation that a character experiences	203

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AP English Literature Mythological Allusions Flashcards

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296895784	Achilles	Born of mortal and Zeus; mother dipped him in the river Styx to give him immortality but neglected to include the heel she held him by. Eventually, during the Trojan War, he was shot in that spot and killed. An Achilles heel is the one vulnerable spot in an otherwise invulnerable thing or person.	0
296895785	Adonis	a mortal youth who was loved by Aphrodite for his great beauty and later killed by a wild boar.	1
296895786	Aphrodite / Venus	goddess of love and beauty (and spring and bloom).	2
296895787	Apollo / Sol	god of the sun; patron of healing; drove a chariot that pulled the sun, so it rose and crossed the sky each day	3
296895788	Arachne	a mortal who was a great weaver and very proud (arrogant) of her ability. She challenged Athena to a weaving contest and won. Athena was mad and turned her into a spider, so she could weave and spin non-stop. This is where arachnids get their name. She is a symbol of the problems arrogance can cause.	4
296895789	Ares / Mars	god of warfare	5
296895790	Artemis / Diana	sister of Apollo; drives a chariot that carries the moon; goddess of the hunt and patron of virgins. Seen as a huntress	6
296895791	Athena / Minerva	goddess of wisdom and warfare; was "born" full-grown and wearing armor, by springing from the head of Zeus. Her symbol is the owl. She was a great weaver and spinner; in charge of arts and crafts.	7
296895792	Centaur	a race of beings half man (front) and half horse, known for fighting and lustiness (but sometimes for great wisdom!).	8
296895793	Cerberus	a three-headed watchdog who guards the entrance to Hades.	9
296895794	Chaos	Chaos is the void which came into being before anything else. But some say that Chaos was born from Mist, and that Mist was the first to exist. Others affirm that Chaos is not a void, but a rough unordered mass of things. It is also asserted that Chaos existed from the beginning, together with Nyx, Erebus (Darkness of the Underworld), and Tartarus, and consequently they consider Chaos to be as Nyx and Erebus: one of "the powers below the ground." It is told that during the war between the TITANS and the OLYMPIANS, the fight came to such a degree of intensity that an amazing heat seized Chaos.	10
296895795	Cronos	the wily, youngest and most terrible of the children of Uranus, whom he hated. He castrated his father and became ruler of the universe, but was later overthrown by his own son Zeus.	11
296895796	Cyclops	a race of one-eyed giants of whom the most famous is Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon; he was blinded by Odysseus.	12
296895797	Daedalus and Icarus	Daedalus was an inventor (the Great Artificer) who killed a rival in jealousy and fled to Crete (from Greece) where King Minos gave him refuge and put him to work. The king's wife lusted after a gorgeous bull which had been given to Minos by Poseidon. She had Daedalus make her a wooden cow in which she hid herself in order to mate with the bull; she conceived and bore the Minotaur from this union. The furious Minos ordered the Minotaur imprisoned in a labyrinth, which he commissioned Daedalus to design. Eventually, Daedalus and his son, Icarus, were also imprisoned in the Labyrinth, from which they escaped when Daedalus built wings from wax and feathers. On their escape to Crete, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too high because the sun would melt the wax; but Icarus ignored his father, his wings melted, and he fell to his watery death. Daedalus escaped safely.	13
296895798	Dionysus / Bacchus	god of wine and revelry. Wild feasts were held in his honor, which usually turned into drunken orgies, since that was what he was in charge of.	14
296895799	Eros / Cupid	god of love; often pictured as a winged boy.	15
296895800	Europa	a princess whom Zeus abducted and raped, when he was in the form of a bull.	16
296895801	Hades / Pluto	god of the underworld (sort of like hell but not so awful); the place itself is called Hades. Also, god of wealth (gold and silver came from the earth, which he ruled.)	17
296895802	Hephaestus / Vulcan	God of fire; a blacksmith; the only god who is deformed - rejected son of Zeus and Hera.	18
296895803	Hercules	a son of Zeus and a mortal, he was famous for his great strength and endurance; he performed twelve amazing feats of strength, called the "labors of Hercules."	19
296895804	Mercury	the messenger of the gods; wears shoes and hat with wings so he can fly very quickly. Known for living by his wits and cleverness.	20
296895805	Midas	was given his wish that everything that he touched would turn to gold but re- thought this idea when he killed his daughter by touching her and was near starvation because all the food he touched turned to gold. He had the spell removed eventually.	21
296895806	Minotaur	monster half man and half bull, wild and violent, demands sacrifices yearly of Greek youths and maidens. Imprisoned in the Labyrinth (see Daedalus). Eventually slain by Theseus with the help of the king's daughter, who gives him a ball of string so he can find his way out of the Labyrinth.	22
296895807	Narcissus and Echo	Narcissus was a gorgeous male who admired himself enormously. Echo loved him but he ignored her. Eventually, she was cursed with not being able to speak her own thoughts but only repeat what other said. This bothered Narcissus even more and he taunted her and she eventually wasted away so that just her voice, repeating others' words, remained. He became so enamored with himself that he got stuck peering into a pond, admiring his reflection, and became a flower that grows there.	23
296895808	Nemesis	the goddess of retributive justice or vengeance.	24
296895809	Odysseus / Ulysses	(meaning "man of wrath" according to Homer, or more likely, from Greek "a guide; the one showing the way"), known as Ulysses in Roman mythology. Known for his guile and resourcefulness, he is the hero of Homer's Odyssey, and a major character in the Iliad. Odysseus was the son of Laertes and Anticlea, although some sources, prominent among them Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides, state that Sisyphus was his father. As a child, Odysseus was wet-nursed by Euryclea. Odysseus was the king of Ithaca, husband of Penelope and father of Telemachus, favorite of Athena, and wiliest of the Greeks involved in the Trojan War. Odysseus earns this title by, among other things, masterminding the Trojan Horse. He is most famous for the ten years it took him to return home from the war, which is described in the Odyssey.	25
296895810	Oedipus	abandoned at birth by his parents, who were trying to avoid a horrible prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother. Raised in Corinth, he eventually fled when he heard the same prophecy. In the road, he met and killed his father, solved the riddle of the Sphinx, and then went to Thebes and married his mother, with whom he had three children. When he learned the truth, he blinded himself and went into exile.	26
296895811	Pan / Satyr	Pan is one of the group of satyrs, which are half man and half goat, with goat's legs (including cloven hooves), a tail, pointy ears, and a wanton nature, who live in the woods. Pan is the god of forests, flocks, and shepherds. He usually plays pipes (a flute).	27
296895812	Pandora	the first mortal woman, sent to Earth as a punishment to man for Prometheus's theft of fire. She brought with her a box containing all human ills, which escaped into the world when she opened the box. Only hope was left at the bottom.	28
296895813	Paris	son of the last king of Troy (Priam), he is forced to award a golden apple (inscribed "for the fairest") to either Aphrodite, who promises him the love of the most beautiful woman in the word; Hera, who offers him great wealth; or Athena, who offers him wisdom. He chooses Aphrodite, who helps him steal Helen, who's married to Menaleus of Sparta. He takes her to Troy and the Greeks come after and we have the Trojan War.	29
296895814	Persephone and Demeter / Ceres	Demeter is the goddess of agriculture and fruitfulness (fertility): guardian of marriage. Persephone is her daughter whom Hades marries and takes to Hades to live. Demeter is so unhappy without her beloved daughter that nothing can grow. A compromise is reached and Persephone spends six months on Earth with Demeter and six months below, with Hades. This is the explanation for why we have seasons (winter is when Persephone is gone and Demeter is too unhappy to make things grow).	30
296895815	Phoenix	a bird that is immortal, but dies in a self-built pyre every 500 or 600 years and is then reborn from the ashes; a symbol of rebirth and/or immortality.	31
296895816	Poseidon / Neptune	god of the sea; often pictured with his 3-pronged scepter, the trident; has a son named Triton	32
296895817	Prometheus	a Titan (preceded Zeus and the Olympian gods) who created man from clay. Later, he stole fire from the gods and gave it to man against the will of Zeus. As a punishment, he was chained to a rock and had his liver eaten out every day by an eagle. The liver grew back each night, only to be eaten out the next day. Eventually, he was released by Hercules.	33
296895818	Psyche	a great mortal beauty, whom Venus was very jealous of, because of her beauty. Cupid loved her but didn't want her to know who he was, so he visited her only in the dark. She was curious and eventually snuck a light into their meeting place and shone it suddenly in his face. He was angry for a while but eventually forgave her and had her made immortal. She became the goddess of emotion.	34
296895819	Sisyphus	A wealthy man who cheated the living and, later, the gods. He was sentenced by Zeus to forever push a boulder up a hill, only to fail before it reaches the top.	35
296895820	Styx (river)	the river that divides the land of the living from Hades, the land of the dead The Sirens: a group of nymphs who lived on an island and lured men to their destruction with their sweet singing.	36
296895821	The Titans	The TITANS ruled the world after having dethroned their father Uranus, the first ruler of the universe. It was their mother Gaia who persuaded them to attack their father and overthrow him; for she grieved at the destruction of her children, the CYCLOPES and the HECATONCHEIRES, who had been cast into Tartarus by Uranus. The Titan Cronos then ambushed his father and castrated him with a sickle, being himself appointed by the TITANS to be their sovereign. However, once in power, Cronos behaved as his father, and again shut the CYCLOPES and the HECATONCHEIRES up in Tartarus.	37
296895822	Zephyr	the west wind, which is known for being warm and soft.	38
296895823	Zeus	king of the gods - Zeus was allotted the dominion of the sky, having waged war against Cronos and the TITANS. Zeus, some say, caused the Trojan War, so that the load of death might empty the world. Zeus got the thunderbolt, his ultimate weapon, from the CYCLOPES, and an eagle brings back the thunderbolts which he has flung. Zeus is married to his sister, Hera.	39

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AP Language Flashcards

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4888235088	Aesthetic reading	reading to experience the world of the text	0
4888239423	Allegory	An extended metaphor	1
4888241367	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words	2
4888253824	Allusion	A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge	3
4888263677	Anecdote	A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim	4
4888279020	Antagonist	A character who opposes the interests of the protagonist	5
4888287786	Antecedent- Consequence relationship	The relationship expressed by "if...then" reasoning-- for example, "If the cubs sigh Greg Maddux, then they will win the National League pennant"	6
4888307592	Anticipated objection	The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections	7
4888329552	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order-- for example. "You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy"	8
4890439504	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure -- for example. "Place your virtues on a pedastal; put your vices under a rock"	9
4890522775	Apologist	A person or character who makes a case for some controversial. even contentious, position	10
4890532978	Appeal	One of three strategies for persuading an audiences	11
4890587591	Logos	The appeal of a text bases on the logical structure of its argument of central ideas (reasoning)	12
4890597679	Pathos	"..." based on emotions or interests of the audience	13
4890610821	Ethos	"..." based on ethics and the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator	14
4890636349	Appeal to authority	In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalizing, or conclusion	15
4890664630	Argument	A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject	16
4890779904	Argument by analysis	An argument developed by breaking the subject matter into its component parts	17
4918488629	Assumption	An opinion, perspective, or belief that a writer or speaker thinks the audience holds	18
4918518051	Asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between related clauses--for example, "I cam, I saw, I conquered."	19
4918530883	Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept	20
4918537997	Canon	One of the traditional elements of rhetoric composition	21
4918544236	Invention	The art of generating material for a text	22
4918547994	Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect	23
4918556410	Style	The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect	24
4918571280	Memory	Access to information and collective knowledge for use in composition	25
4918577544	Delivery	The presentation and format of a composition	26
4918584133	Dynamic Character	One who changes during the course of the narrative	27
4918588128	Flat Character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed	28
4918599627	Round Character	A figure with complexity in action and personality	29
4918618794	Static Character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative	30
4918625954	Claim	The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument	31
4918643785	Conflict	The struggle of a character with themselves, with others, or with the world around them (external and internal conflicts)	32
4918659516	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word, in contract to its directly expresses "dictionary meaning"	33
4918672470	Deductive reasoning	Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle	34
4918698391	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning	35
4918716665	Dialect	The describable patterns of language--grammar and vocabulary--used by a particular cultural or ethnic population	36
4918733365	Diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales for formality/information, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate, derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value	37
4927896732	Double Entendre	The double (or multiple) meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous	38
4927907795	Dramatistic pentad	The invention strategy, developed by Kenneth Burke, that invites a speaker or writer to create for the speaker or writer to identify attitude in the situation	39
4927919384	Act	The words the speaker uses to describe what happened or happens in a particular situation	40
4927926913	Agent	"..." describe the person or persons involved in taking action in a particular situation	41
4927935109	Agency	"..." describe the means by which something happened or happens in a particular situation	42
4927945079	Scene	"..." describe where and when something happened or happens in a particular situation	43
4927951982	Purpose	"..." describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation	44
4927958677	Effect	The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener	45
4927979359	Efferent reading	Reading to garner information from a text	46
4927989229	Enthymeme	Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated	47
4927992482	Epithet	A word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name-- for example. "Richard, the Lion-Hearted."	48
4928003398	Essays using rhetoric modes	Argumentative, Description, Exposition, Narrative	49
4928018436	Euphemism	An indirect expression of unpleasant information information in such a way as to lessen its impact-- for example saying a person's position was eliminated rather than saying the person's was fired	50
4928383134	Exaggeration	An overstatement	51
4928392742	Extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as well	52
4928409773	Fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance	53
4928416684	Figurative Language	Language dominated by the use of schemes and tropes	54
4928421823	Figures of Rhetoric	Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation--and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought	55
4928440691	Flashback	A part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to the present	56
4946295332	Functional part	A part of a text classified according to its function--for example, or counterargument	57
4946359299	Generalization	A point that a speaker or writer generates on the basis of considering a number of particular example	58
4946372178	Flashforward	A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and then returns to the present	59
4946383426	Hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect	60
4946385216	Imagery	Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader	61
4946393726	Implied Metaphor	A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence. For example, "His voice cascaded through the hallways" contains an implied metaphor; "His voice was a cascade of emotion" contains a direct metaphor	62
4946415474	Inductive reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instance or example and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle	63
4946438469	Inference	A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means of his or her own thinking rather than by direct statement in a text	64
4946453553	Irony	Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken	65
4946466425	Jargon	The specialized vocabulary of a particular group	66
4946478945	Litotes	Understatement-- for example, "Her performance ran the gamut of emotion from A to B" Logic: The art of reasoning	67
4946497667	Mood	The feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience	68
4946506443	Dramatic narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer does not have access to the unspoken thoughts of any character	69
4946515843	Limited narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of one character or particular thinking of more than one character	70
4946530461	Omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters	71
4946537798	Scenic narration	A comment that is made directly to the reader by breaking into the forward plot movement	72
4946555039	Narrative intrusion	A comment that is made directly to the reader by breaking into the forward plot movement	73
4946562331	Occasion	The part of a context also referred to as time and place	74
4946566063	Onomatopoeia	A literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning-- for example. "buzz" and "moan"	75
4946585665	Oxymoron	Juxtapose words with seemingly contradictory meaning--for example "jumbo shrimp"	76
4946605941	Paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless	77
4946610676	Persona	The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience	78
4957861906	Personification	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects	79
4957868112	Plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information	80
4957878651	Major premise	The first premise in a syllogism. The major premise states an irrefutable generalization.	81
4957891383	Minor premise	The second premise in a syllogism. The minor premise offers a particular instance of the generalization stated in the major premise	82
4957937567	Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	83
4957970723	Pun	A play on words words	84
4957979835	Purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text--for example, to clarify difficult material, to inform, to convince, and/or to persuade. Also called aim or intention	85
4958020307	Ratio	Combination of two or more elements in a dramatics pentad in order to invent material	86
4958037414	Reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text	87
4958064463	Recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process of writing	88
4958087131	Reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story	89
4958105654	Rhetor	The speaker or writer who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text	90
4958129848	Rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation	91
4969217626	Rhetoric choices	The particular choices a writer or speaker makes to achieve meaning, purpose, or effect	92
4969222509	Rhetoric intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing	93
4969228935	Rhetorical mode	Formal patters for organizing a text, often also used as invention devices. The traditional rhetorical modes are description, narration, exposition, and argumentation. Exposition is frequently subdivided into categories such as comparison/contrast, classification, and division	94
4969251141	Rhetorical Question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it	95
4969264026	Rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose	96
4969273441	Rhetoric triangle	A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, reader, or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation	97
4969282490	Sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony	98
4969288219	Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word "like" or "as"	99
4969291452	Slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text	100
4969301326	Soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself	101
4969307806	Stance	The writer's or speaker's apparent attitude toward the audience	102
4969318087	Stock settings	Stereotypical time and place settings that let readers know a text's genre immediately	103
4969323505	Syllogism	Logical reasoning from inarguable premises	104
4969327857	Symbol	In a text, an element that stands for more than itself and, therefore, helps to convey a theme of the text	105
4969333853	Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work	106
4969337684	Thesis	The main idea in a text, often the main generalization, conclusion, or claim	107
4969343428	Thesis statement	A single sentence that states a text's thesis in the introduction	108
4969346272	Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point--for example, "As the principal dancer, Joe Smith displayed only two flaws: his arms and legs."	109

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AP World History Chapter 11 Flashcards

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7915650849	Teotihuacan	-Massive City -Densely populated -Great Temples -Vast system of streets and plazas -Nick named "The Grand Fathers"	0
7915650850	Mayans	-Lived in City states -Stalla (their writing) -Calendar -Astronomy -Math -Massive Temples	1
7915650851	Toltecs	-Central Mexico -Emerged after Teotihuacan -Human sacrifice -Wide spread trade	2
7915650852	Topiltzin	-The military leader -Priest -Quetzalcoatl -Banished for worship of Quetzalcoatl	3
7915650853	Anasazi	-Silver and Turquoise	4
7915650854	Hopewell	-Carved hills into shapes -Cahokia -The Cahokia mounds	5
7915650855	Cahokia	-Massive city -Upwards of 30,000 population -Located in modern day Illinois	6
7915650856	Aztecs	-Mexica -Lake Texcoco -Tribute -Mahout -Tenochtitlan (Capital)	7
7915650857	Lake Texcoco	-Tenochtitlan -"Home" of the Aztecs	8
7915650858	Tenochtitlan	-City of The Aztecs -In the center of Lake Texcoco -Connected to the main land by cosways -Capital of the Aztecs -Most powerful independent power in the region	9
7915650859	Talacenlel		10
7915650860	Aztec Religion	-Traditional Deities -Fire -Water -Earth -Sun -Duality -God Patrons -Certain gods for certain things -The Three Themes -Huitzilopotchli	11
7915650861	Duality	-Feminine consort or form of a god	12
7915650862	The Three Themes	-The themes gods fell under 1. Fertility 2. Creator 3. Warfare and Sacrifice	13
7915650863	Huitzilopotchli	-The Sun God	14
7915650864	Aztec Economy and Society	-Tenochtitlan -Chinampas -Pochteca -Calpulli -Sacrifices -Low technological advancement -High Population density	15
7915650865	Chinampas	-Self watering gardens -Floats on water -Ability to grow for crops of corn consecutive	16
7915650866	Pochteca	-Merchant class of Aztecs	17
7915650867	Calpulli	-Clans -7 different clans -Residential groupings -All organized their own labor and military units	18
7915650868	Sacrifices	-The main goal for Aztec military -The military bring them back for tribute to gods -They had to be strong, the gods did not like weaklings	19
7915650869	Aztec Women	-Virginity was highly prized -Could get property	20
7915650870	Technology	-Low technological advancement -Didn't invent the wheel	21
7915650871	Aztec Tribute Empire	-Great Speaker -God King -Prime Minister -Great amount of power -Usual Family of the great speaker -Empire never integrated -Taloxucals	22
7915650872	Incas	-Chimor -Quechua -Cuzco -Pachacuti -Twantisuyu	23
7915650873	Chimor	-Chan Chan -Capital of Incas -Strongest Incan City	24
7915650874	Quechua	-Language of Incas	25
7915650875	Cuzco	-Incan city -Temple of the Sun	26
7915650876	Pachacuti	-Incan Leader (1438- 1471) -Expanded Empire to Titicaca	27
7915650877	Twantisuyu	-Incan Empire -Rapid expansion	28
7915650878	Incan Religion	-Cult of ancestors -Mummification -Split Inheritance -Temple of the Sun -Form of Animism -Huacas	29
7915650879	Split Inheritance	-Political power goes to new Inca -Land and Wealth goes to old Inca's son	30
7915650880	Temple of the Sun	-Center of Incan Religion -In Cuzco	31
7915650881	Huacas	-Shrines -Offerings are placed for the gods of these shrines	32
7915650882	Incan Imperial Rule	-Inca -High Priest -4 great provinces -State Bureaucracy -Mitmaq -Roads and Bridges -Mita	33
7915650883	Inca	-The Incan Ruler	34
7915650884	The Four Great Provinces	-4 great states -Ruled by Governors (Sorta like Vassals) -Who report to the Inca	35
7915650885	Mitmaq	-Colonists	36
7915650886	Mita	-Incan Labor Term -Service to the government -Helped control the Incan colonial states	37
7915650887	Incan Society	-Incan Administrators -No distinct merchant class -Allyu -Artisans -Metal works and Pottery -No system of writing -Quipu	38
7915650888	Allyu	-Kinship Groups	39
7915650889	Quipu	-Noted Strings -Record Keeping	40

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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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9804780332	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
9804780333	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
9804780334	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
9804780335	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
9804780336	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
9804780337	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
9804780338	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
9804780339	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
9804780340	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
9804780341	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.	9
9804780342	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
9804780343	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
9804780344	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
9804780345	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
9804780346	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
9804780347	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
9804780348	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
9804780349	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
9804780350	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
9804780351	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	19
9804780352	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	20
9804780353	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	21
9804780354	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	22
9804780355	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	23
9804780356	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	24
9804780357	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	25
9804780358	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	26
9804780359	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	27
9804780360	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	28
9804780361	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	29
9804780362	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	30
9804780363	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	31
9804780364	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	32
9804780365	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	33
9804780366	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	34
9804780367	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	35
9804780368	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	36
9804780369	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	37
9804780370	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	38
9804780371	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	39
9804780372	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	40
9804780373	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	41
9804780374	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	42
9804780375	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	43
9804780376	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	44
9804780377	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	45
9804780378	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	46
9804780379	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	47
9804780380	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	48
9804780381	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	49
9804780382	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	50
9804780383	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	51
9804780384	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	52
9804780385	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	53
9804780386	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	54
9804780387	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	55
9804780388	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	56
9804780389	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	57
9804780390	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	58
9804780391	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	59
9804780392	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	60
9804780393	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	61
9804780394	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	62
9804780395	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	63
9804780396	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	64
9804780397	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	65
9804780398	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	66
9804780399	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	67
9804780400	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	68

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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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9897964247	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
9897964248	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
9897964249	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
9897964250	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
9897964251	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
9897964252	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
9897964253	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
9897964254	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
9897964255	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
9897964256	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.	9
9897964257	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
9897964258	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
9897964259	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
9897964260	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
9897964261	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
9897964262	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
9897964263	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
9897964264	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
9897964265	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
9897964266	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	19
9897964267	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	20
9897964268	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	21
9897964269	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	22
9897964270	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	23
9897964271	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	24
9897964272	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	25
9897964273	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	26
9897964274	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	27
9897964275	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	28
9897964276	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	29
9897964277	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	30
9897964278	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	31
9897964279	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	32
9897964280	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	33
9897964281	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	34
9897964282	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	35
9897964283	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	36
9897964284	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	37
9897964285	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	38
9897964286	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	39
9897964287	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	40
9897964288	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	41
9897964289	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	42
9897964290	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	43
9897964291	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	44
9897964292	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	45
9897964293	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	46
9897964294	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	47
9897964295	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	48
9897964296	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	49
9897964297	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	50
9897964298	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	51
9897964299	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	52
9897964300	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	53
9897964301	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	54
9897964302	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	55
9897964303	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	56
9897964304	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	57
9897964305	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	58
9897964306	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	59
9897964307	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	60
9897964308	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	61
9897964309	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	62
9897964310	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	63
9897964311	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	64
9897964312	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	65
9897964313	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	66
9897964314	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	67
9897964315	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	68

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Apes Flashcards

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7381253230	Surface mining and reclamation act	Directed owners of coal mines to contribute to binds for land rehabilitation and environmental damages caused by mining activities	0
7381253231	Safe drinking water act	Provide safe, uncontaminated drinking water to the U.S.	1
7381253232	Clean Water Act	the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.	2
7381253233	Ocean Dumping Ban Act	Prohibits all municipal sewage sludge and industrial waste dumping into the ocean after 12/31/91	3
7381253234	Clean Air Act	It mandates emission controls for sources of 188 hazardous air pollutants	4
7381253235	Resources conservation and recovery act	Created to control the management and storage/disposals of solid and hazardous waste	5
7381253236	Comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act	Clean up uncontrolled releases of specific hazardous substances	6
7381253237	Nuclear Waste Policy Act	Supports the use of deep geologic repositories for the safe storage or disposal of radioactive waste	7
7381253238	Food Quality Protection Act	Made requirements more strict for food safety standards	8
7381253239	Endangered Species Act	Protecting and recovering the species of animals that were in danger of becoming extinct	9
7381253240	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species	To ensure that international trade of wild animals and plants does not threaten the overall survival of the species	10
7381253241	Lacey Act	Act made in order to make it unlawful to import certain fish, wildlife and plants without and important declaration	11
7381253242	Magnuson species act	Principal law governing marine fisheries in the U.S.	12
7381253243	Marine Mammal Protection Act	First act to specifically address an ecosystem approach to natural resource management and conservation	13
7381253244	Healthy forest initiative	To reduce the fire danger and return our forests and rangeland to a healthier state	14
7381253245	National Environmental Policy Act	A national policy that promotes the enhancement of the environment	15

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AP Language Review Flashcards

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6519709805	Antimetabole	the repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order Example: Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.	0
6519711974	Antithesis	Establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure Example: That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.	1
6519714934	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere of a work	2
6519717868	Metaphor	Two unlike things being compared, no "like or as" Example: My dreams are flowers	3
6519719922	Qualitative Evidence	Evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent.	4
6519721439	Rhetorical Appeals	The three elements to the art of persuasion as defined by Aristotle, ethos, logos and pathos	5

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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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8130933603	Sarcasm	harsh, caustic personal remarks to or about someone; less subtle than irony	0
8130933874	Simile	a figure of speech that uses like, as, or as if to make a direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities; for example, "The sky looked like an artist's canvas."	1
8130934167	Symbolism	the use of symbols or anything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance	2
8130934884	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, such as using "boards" to mean a stage or "wheels" to mean a car - or "All hands on deck."	3
8130935115	Syntactic Fluency	Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length.	4
8130935455	Syntactic Permutation	Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved. They are often difficult for a reader to follow.	5
8130936082	Syntax	the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence. It includes length of sentence, kinds of sentences (questions, exclamations, declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, simple, complex, or compound).	6
8130936443	Tone	the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.)	7
8130936831	Tricolon	Sentence consisting of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.	8
8130937277	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	9
8130937917	Zeugma	a grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated. Often used to comic effect, "The thief took my wallet and the Fifth Avenue bus."	10

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