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AP Flashcards

6442718590	Circumlocution	(n.) indirect and wordy language (The professor's habit of speaking in circumlocutions made it difficult to follow his lectures.) ex:	0
6433491333	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant ex: Correctional facility instead of jail	1
6433491334	Verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant ex: As calm as a dog in heat.	2
6433491336	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. ex: The movie Scary Movies	3
6433491335	Situational irony	Irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. ex: A fire station burns down.	4
6433491337	Rhetorical Fallacies	Definition: False or misleading statements used to persuade you to agree with them ex:let's start at the very beginning/it is a very good place to start.	5
6433491338	Fallacy	(n.) a false notion or belief; an error in thinking exlet's start at the very beginning/it is a very good place to start.	6
6433491339	Ad hominem	An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. ex: Stating that one's age precludes him from being able to make an intelligent or meaningful argument, such as, "You are clearly just too young to understand."	7
6433491340	Argument from authority	tempts us to agree with the author's based on the authority of a famous person or on the author's own character ex: Dr. Smith, an expert in computer engineering, does not believe in climate change, so his claims are valid and are evidence that climate change does not exist.	8
6433491341	Appeal to ignorance	A fallacy that uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness. ex: "You can't prove that there aren't Martians living in caves under the surface of Mars, so it is reasonable for me to believe there are."	9

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Apes Flashcards

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3096758036	Per capita income	Income per person	0
3096758037	Gross domestic product	How much a country makes	1
3096758038	Age structire diagram	Shows ages of men ane women	2
3096758039	Demographic transition model	Refers to the transitjon from high birth and desth rates to low birtgs, death rstes as a country developes from a pre industrialized economic system	3
3096758040	Literacy rate	Amount of people who can read	4
3096758041	Population growth rate	How quicky the populatjon is growing	5
3096758042	Total fertility rate	TFR represents tge aversge number of children a women would potentially have under all thr sge specific fertility rstes for thst year	6
3096758043	Life expectancy at birth	Defined as thr average number of years thst a newborn could expect to live if h were to pass through life subject to the age soecific mortality rstes of a given year	7
3096758044	Crude birth rate	Numver of live births per 100 people	8
3096758045	Industrial	Urbanization and factories	9
3096758046	Post industrual		10
3096758047	Transitional		11
3096758048	Demographic transition model	Refers to trsnsition from higg birtg and death rstes to low birthd, death rstes as a country developes from a pre industrial to an industrial economic system	12
3096835423	Population momentum	Refers to population growth that would occur even if levels of childbearing immediately declined	13

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APES Flashcards

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5600060650	What makes tundra different than desert	different evaporation rate	0
5600060651	Percent of the land on the Earth is tundra	10%	1
5600060652	Tundra that is furthest north	arctic tundra	2
5600060653	Why there is no arctic tundra at southern latitudes	no land at the analogous southern latitudes	3
5600060654	Tundra associated with mountains	alpine tundra	4
5600060655	Alpine tundra is a ... community	subclimax	5
5600060656	Max precipitation for tundra	25 cm	6
5600060657	Along with low precipitation there is extremely low ...	evaporation	7
5600060658	In the tundra, winter is about ... long	9 months	8
5600060659	The order of soil in the tundra	gelisols	9
5600060660	Tundra soil has massive amounts of ...	detritus	10
5600060661	Upper layer of tundra soil; frozen and indistinguishable from the layer beneath it in the winter, but muddy in the summer	active zone	11
5600060662	Layer of permanently frozen soil	permafrost	12
5600060663	Tundra plants grow ...	low and close to the ground	13
5600060664	Tundra animals are mostly ... and ...	endothermic seasonally change in color	14
5600060665	Why do animals migrate to the tundra	to breed in a safe space with less predators	15
5600060666	Examples of animals that migrate to the tundra	Porcupine caribou Herring gull	16
5600060667	Main threat to the tundra	global warming	17
5600060668	Albedo	how much light it reflects	18
5600060669	Higher albedo	reflects more light	19
5600060670	Lower albedo	absorbs more light	20
5600060671	Has the highest albedo	ice/snow	21
5600060672	Has the lowest albedo	land/ocean	22
5600060673	Cheapest method of transporting oil	pipeline	23
5600060674	The 10-02 Area is within the ...	ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge)	24
5600060675	The 10-02 Area is ... acres	1.5 million	25
5600060676	"Delay definition"	Wilderness unless redefined by Congress	26
5600060677	Oil in the U.S. comes from	1. Produced in the U.S. 2. Purchased from friendly countries (Mexico and Canada) 3. OPEC	27
5600060678	Top oil producers	Russia, Saudi Arabia, U.S.	28
5600060679	Fracking	hydraulic fracturing	29
5600060680	Why has fracking dramatically increased	Use of water instead of fluid	30
5600060681	When oil production matches demand	Peak Oil	31
5600090117	The temperate grassland is a ... community	subclimax	32
5600094685	temperate means	4 distinct seasons in terms of temp and equal in size	33
5600113935	what grasslands are called in U.S. and Canada	prairies	34
5600119332	what grasslands called in Eastern Europe	steppe	35
5600124950	what grasslands in south america	pampas	36
5600136071	what grasslands in south africa	veld/veldt	37
5600139877	what defines the height of grass	precipitation	38
5600175452	what natural event keeps grasslands a subclimax community	natural occurring fires, natural grazers- Bison, and seasonal precipitation	39
5600194946	soil in the temperate grasslands	mollisols	40
5600199528	temperate grasslands soil is rich in	humus	41
5600205781	what is the main source of organic matter in temperate grasslands soil	roots of plants	42
5600211241	bunch grasses	grow in clumps, seed to land	43
5600214875	sod forming/ turf grasses	one plant all connected through the roots - runners	44
5600222801	rhizome	runner below ground	45
5600225417	stolon	above ground runner	46
5646751660	forbs	tend to have bigger leaves and more colorful flowers	47
5646753773	ungulates	four legged mammals mostly hooved	48
5646759811	fire supression	stopped secondary succession	49
5646763939	prescribed burns	intentionally set and correctly controlled fire to reset secondary succession	50
5646773954	fire break	pre burned border	51
5646778369	captive breeding room	re-boost population	52
5646783157	shrews	eat several times a day for energy and burrow	53
5646795615	desertification	agriculture land turned into arid land	54
5646798737	overgrazing	grazing the soil bare	55
5646805955	dust bowl	example of desertification	56
5646811413	propper soil management	irrigation, low till agriculture, strip cropping, shelter belts, contour farming	57
5646818365	strip cropping	alternating rows of 2 different harvestable crops	58
5646823231	shelter belts	trees around crops to keep wind away	59
5646828318	contour farming	planting perpendicular to the grade	60
5767657547	terracing	carve grade out	61
5767660310	crop rotation	spreads out impact of the soil	62
5767663624	tropical grassland biome	always warm climate and 30 N and S	63
5767668347	tropical grasslands are .... communities	subclimax	64
5767670741	tropical grassland in africa and australia	savanna	65
5767672878	tropical grassland in Venezuela	llanos	66
5767675150	tropical grassland in brazil	cerrado	67
5767688422	tropical grasslands precipitation	long dry season and brief season of rain	68
5767690117	ungulates	obivorous grazers - follow rain	69
5767697656	tropical grassland soil is called	vertisols - good when wet, bad when dry - cracks - lots of organic matter	70
5767713631	adaptations of trees	perennial - dormant during dry - water storage tissues	71
5767719148	accacia trees	thorns to protect from predators	72
5767721048	monocots	living tissue inside of trunk - easily burn	73
5767724360	dicots	living tissue on outside - dont burn easily	74
5767741054	tropical grassland animals	greater number of ugulates	75
5767742858	poaching	illegal hunting	76
5767746399	African elephants	hunted for ivory and trunks	77
5767749037	African rhinos	horns that thought could be made into tea to cure any disease	78
5767755115	substance farming	people growing food to eat	79
5767789886	coniferous forset biome	subclimax	80
5767781897	conebearing trees	furs and pines	81
5767783542	pine barrens have....	sandy soil	82
5767833977	taiga	ring of boreal forests under tundra	83
5767838469	mixed forest	coniferous and hardwoord trees - under alpine forest	84
5767847681	deciduous	hardwood trees	85
5767853756	taiga and alpine exist because	too cold for hardwood, sandy acidic soil, and fire keeps subclimax	86
5767861640	taiga climate	long winter, between arctic and temperate	87
5767867712	soil of coniferous biome	spodisols - thick detritus, had E horizon	88
5767887739	E horizon	between A and B - zone of elevation - water percolates easily	89
5767902593	trees are coned shaped	keep the snow, have needles - cold temps	90
5767907481	evergreen	doesnt losse its leaves	91
5767911179	resin	sticky that prevents predators	92
5767929435	arboreal	tree adapted	93
5767931092	deforestation	destruction of forest lands as a result of human activity	94
5767943179	logging	cut down trees for wood resource	95
5767946536	logging methods	clear cutting, selective cutting, ecologically sustainable harvesting	96
5767956789	human affect of coniferous forest	logging, agriculture, development	97
5767988711	consequences of deforestation	habitat destruction, invasive species, and hunting	98
5767993437	habitat destruction	animals impact surrounding areas and soil erosion	99
5767998203	invasive species	hemlock trees - wooly adelgid pine trees - pine Beatles - carry fungus	100
5768005745	hunting	fur trade	101

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Ap Flashcards

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2982663786	Quran	The holy book of islam. Contains all of Muhammad's teachings and encounters with God's holy people.	0
2982663787	Umma	Muslim religious community	1
2982663788	Pillars of islam	Shahadah (profession of faith), salat (daily worship), zakat (almsgiving), siyam (fasting), and hajj (the pilgrimage to Makkah). The duties Muslims must do	2
2982663789	Hijra	The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later renamed by him to Medina) in 622 CE	3
2982663790	Sharia	is the Islamic legal system derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith.	4
2982663791	Jizya	poll tax that early Islamic rulers demanded from their non-Muslim subjects.it was purposed to make non Muslims transfer to be Muslims	5
2982663792	Ulama		6
2982663793	Umayyad caliphate	The Umayyads were the first Muslim dynasty—that is, they were the first rulers of the Islamic Empire to pass down power within their family. Under their rule, which lasted from 661 to 750 AD, the early Islamic community was transformed into the most powerful empire of the day. In many ways, the Umayyads defined how an Islamic Empire would be ruled. Nonetheless, their lack of descent from Muhammad, their controversial practice of handing down power from father to son, and their mistreatment of non-Arab Muslims made them a controversial dynasty, a topic of debate among Muslims even to this day, and ultimately led to their fall.	7
2982663794	Abbasid caliphate	The Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled the Islamic world, oversaw the golden age of Islamic culture. The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it one of the longest and most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it was the largest empire in the world, and this meant that it had contact with distant neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in the East, and the Byzantines in the West, allowing it to adopt and synthesize ideas from these cultures.	8
2982663795	Al-ghazali	Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī, known as Al-Ghazali or Algazel to the Western medieval world, was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic of Persian descent. Wikipedia	9
2982663796	Sikhism	Sikhism was founded in the Punjab by Guru Nanak in the 15th Century CE and is a monotheistic religion. Sikhs think religion should be practised by living in the world and coping with life's everyday problems	10
2982663797	Anatolia	One of the great crossroads of ancient civilizations is a broad peninsula that lies between the Black and Mediterranean seas. Called Asia Minor (Lesser Asia) by the Romans, the land is the Asian part of modern Turkey, across Thrace. It lies across the Aegean Sea to the east of Greece and is usually known by its Greek name Anatolia.	11
2982663798	Ibn battuta	Ibn Battuta was indeed the greatest traveler to ever walk the earth. In an era when precious few possessed the means or the courage to submit to curiosity and venture off the map's edge, Ibn Battuta set out to complete Islam's traditional pilgrimage to Mecca, and ultimately spent the better part of his life wandering.	12
2982663799	Timbuktu		13
2982663800	Al-anadalus	also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim cultural domain and territory occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.he name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed.[1][2][3]	14
2982663801	Madrassas	A madrassa is an Islamic religious school. Many of the Taliban were educated in Saudi-financed madrassas in Pakistan that teach Wahhabism, a particularly austere and rigid form of Islam which is rooted in Saudi Arabia.	15
2982663802	House of wisdom	The House of Wisdom was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. The House of Wisdom was founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and culminated under his son al-Ma'mun who is credited with its formal institution. Wikipedia	16
2982663803	Ibn sinna	was a Persian polymath and jurist who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.Of the 450 works he is known to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.	17

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AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

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9840696200	Period 4	(1450-1750) Global Interactions	0
9840696201	Existing Regional Patterns of Trade	Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and Overland Eurasia	1
9840696202	Navigational Technologies	New tools, ship designs, and understanding of wind and current patterns based on Asian and Islamic knowledge and technology	2
9840696203	Wind and Current Patterns	Knowledge of these patterns helped created new connections between Eastern and Western hemispheres	3
9840696204	Cartography	New practice of making maps	4
9840696205	Caravel	New ship design that helped create connections between Eastern and Western hemispheres	5
9840696206	Gunpowder, Cannons, and Armed Trade	Imperial expansion relied on the use of these	6
9840696207	Portuguese Trading-Post Empire	These people traveled to West Africa through transoceanic maritime travels and developed these.	7
9840696208	Spanish Sponsored Travels	These were across the Atlantic (Colombian) and Pacific	8
9840696209	Northern Atlantic Crossings	Fishing and settlements continued and spurred searches for routes to Asia	9
9840696210	Silver	Crucial material in Atlantic system to global economy. Came from spanish colonies in America's to purchase Asian goods	10
9840696211	Indian Ocean Trading System	Regional markets continued to flourish as Europeans transported goods between markets on this, supporting global circulation of goods.	11
9840696212	Omani-European Rivalry	Competition of asian trade caused this	12
9840696213	Mercantilist Policies	(government involved in economics so government gets more money) Used by rulers to control economies and overseas territories.	13
9840696214	Joint-Stock Companies	A way European rulers and merchants financed exploration and competition for trade.	14
9840696215	Atlantic Trading System	Involving colonies in America in global circulation of goods.	15
9840696216	Mixing of Culture	An effect of the Colombian exchange was the mixing of American, European, and African people in America	16
9840696217	Colombian Exchange	Spread of disease, crops, animals, and foods across the Atlantic.	17
9840696218	Spread of Disease	Smallpox, measles and influenza from Europeans killed millions of Amerindians	18
9840696219	Spread of Crops	Potatoes, maize, fruit trees and grains from America increase populations in Afro-Eurasia	19
9840696220	Spread of Domesticated Animals	Horses, pigs and cattle brought to America from Europe	20
9840696221	Okra and Rice	Foods brought by African slaves to the Americas	21
9840696222	Mosquitoes and Rats	Carriers of diseases from Europe to America	22
9840696223	Population Fluctuations	Growth: new foods and animals. Decline: disease	23
9840696224	Global Spread of Christianity	A religious effect of the Colombian Exchange	24
9840696225	European Maritime Empires	Atlantic system caused competition between these.	25
9840696226	Cash Crops	Sugarcane and Tobacco grown on plantations with coerced labor	26
9840696227	Renaissance	As wealth of merchants and governments increases, more funding goes to this	27
9840696228	Literacy Rates	Increasing thanks to new visual, performance, and literary arts as well as scientific inquiry during the Renaissance.	28
9840696229	Little Ice Age	Drove innovations in agricultural practices to help stabilize European populations	29
9840696230	Peasant Labor and Revolts	A continuation of societal practices from the past in Europe	30
9840696231	European Gentry and Urban Commercian Entrepreneurs	New elites in European society	31
9840696232	Smaller Families	A social change in families in Europe	32
9840696233	European Nobles	Old elites in Europeans society	33
9840696234	Protestant and Catholic Reformations	This diversification and reformation in Christianity influenced the spread of Christianity outside of Europe	34
9840696235	Divine Right	A continued method to legitimize rule of of kings by claiming to be chosen by god	35
9840696236	Palace of Versailles	An example of art and architecture continuing old methods to legitimize rule to grow more powerful	36
9840696237	Thirty Years' War	An intensification of state rivalries in result to rulers growing more powerful.	37
9840696238	Russian Empire	Grew dramatically in size due to imperial expansion relying on guns and cannons.	38
9840696239	Maritime Empires in Americas	Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and British	39
9840696240	Aztec Empire	Fails due to European diseases and guns	40
9840696241	European Colonies	These were established to produce raw materials	41
9840696242	Piracy in Caribbean	European competition over trade in America's resulted in trade wars and this	42
9840696243	Creoles	(spanish descent people born in america's) New elite in response to diversity with differential treatment of	43
9840696244	Mestizo and Mulatto	New racial classifications. 1/2 spanish 1/2 indian or 1/2 spanish 1/2 black	44
9840696245	República de Indos	Spanish created this for Amerindians	45
9840696246	Chattel Slavery	Coerced labor where African slaved could be bought and sold (increased with growth of plantation economy).	46
9840696247	Indentured Servitude	Coerced labor where poor Europeans worked to pay for passage to America.	47
9840696248	Encomienda and Hacienda Systems	Coerced labor where spanish forced Amerindians to work in these and mines.	48
9840696249	Inca Mit'a	Coerced Labor that was adapted to forced Amerindians to work for Spanish	49
9840696250	Plantation Economy	Chattel slavery increased in result of this type of economy.	50
9840696251	Sugar and Silver	Europeans established colonies to produce these raw materials	51
9840696252	Deforestation and Soil Depletion	Introduction of European agriculture practices resulted in this	52
9840696253	Vodun	An example of syncretism that was a mix of Christianity and African religion	53
9840696254	Traditional Patterns of Slavery	Incorporation of female slaves into households and the export of slaves into Mediterranean and Indian Ocean	54
9840696255	Atlantic Slave Trade	A change in Africa along with the growth of plantation economy in Americas	55
9840696256	Gun Slave Cycle	This destructive practice contributed to slave trade and growth of plantation economy	56
9840696257	Ashanti and Benin	Europeans established trading posts along coast but these local states limited their impact	57
9840696258	Middle Passage	Creates African diaspora as millions of Africans are forced to endure this	58
9840696259	African Diaspora	Created through the Middle Passage	59
9840696260	Demographic Changes	Women/men ration imbalanced and population decline in Africa	60
9840696261	King of Kongo	Spread Christianity through Atlantic Slave Trade	61
9840696262	Songhay Empire	Promoted and used Islam to legitimize rule in West Africa's savannah	62
9840780298	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim rulers made extensive use of guns and cannons	63
9840780299	Ottoman Empire	Land empire that spanned Asia, Africa, and Europe and had centralized rule.	64
9840780300	Ottoman Devshirme	A part of the centralized rule characterized by giving up children for school and if they succeed they become bureaucratic elites and if they don't they become military elites.	65
9840780301	Janissaries	The military elite that came from the devshirme system.	66
9840780302	Suleyman the Magnificent	A powerful sultan that showed centralized rule in the Ottoman Empire	67
9840780303	Ottoman Miniature Paintings	Powerful sultans legitimized and glorified their rule with art	68
9840780304	Mosques	Powerful sultans legitimized and glorified their rule with architecture	69
9840955569	Tax Farming	Generated revenue for territorial expansion in he Ottoman Empire	70
9840955570	Tax for Non-Muslims	Ottoman people were tolerant but differential of ethnic and religious minorities	71
9840955571	Shiism	Rulers in the Safavid empire used this to legitimize their rule	72
9840955572	Shi'a-Sunni Split	State rivalries between Safavid and Ottoman empires intensified this	73
9840955573	Mughal Empire	Empire in South Asia with rulers legitimizing rule, religious diversity, and robust society.	74
9840955574	Mughal Society	Peasants and Artisans increased production of cotton textiles	75
9840955575	Zamindars	Existing land-owning elites of Mughal empire	76
9840955576	Taj Mahal	Example of a ruler legitimizing and glorifying their rule with architecture of mosques and mausolea	77
9840955577	Sikhism	Syncretic belief system (hindu-muslim)	78
9840955578	Buddhist Schools	Syncretism of buddhism spread through new practices and this	79
9840955579	Sufism in South Ease Asia	Missionaries of this spread religions with syncretism	80
9840955580	Southeast Asian Women	We're relied on by men for trading	81
9840955581	European Trading Post Empires	Limited impact by local states	82
9840955582	Qing Empire	Chinese Empire with new elites, territorial expansion, and legitimizing rulers	83
9840955583	Manchus in China	This new elite continued from old bureaucratic elite with examination system	84
9840955584	Examination System	Rulers are chosen based on their knowledge of a specific topic	85
9840955585	Tribute Collection	This and taxes were used to generate revenue for territorial expansion of the Qing empire	86
9840955586	Qing Imperial Portraits	Rulers legitimized their rule with this type of art in China	87
9840955587	Public Performance of Confucian Rituals	Emperors legitimized their rule in doing this	88
9840955588	Silk, Porcelain and Tea	Peasants and artisans in China increased production of this	89
9840955589	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japan with adapted gunpowder weapons, social elites, military professionals, and policy of isolation to limit European impact.	90
9840955590	Daimyo	Continued as existing social elite in Japan	91
9840955591	Salaried Samauri	Military professionals in Japan that sometimes revolted against state consolidation.	92

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AP World History - Period 4 Flashcards

Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.

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9962225298	Early Modern Period	the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)	0
9962225299	Catholic Reformation	the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)	1
9962225300	Jesuits	a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)	2
9962225301	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	3
9962225302	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the 30 years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England.	4
9962225303	English Civil War	This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished.	5
9962225304	Scientific Revolution	a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century	6
9962225305	Scholasticism	Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion	7
9962225306	Brahe & Kepler	developed a more complex theory from Copernicus in 1610	8
9962225307	Galileo	used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas	9
9962225308	Isaac Newton	discovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the vision of a entire universe in simple laws	10
9962225309	Humanism	interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals	11
9962225310	Patrons	supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young	12
9962225311	Medici	was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family	13
9962225312	Erasmus	a humanist Dutch priest that published the first edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1516	14
9962225313	Johan Gutenberg	a German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 1454	15
9962225314	Nicolo Machiavelli	a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states	16
9962225315	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	17
9962225316	Indulgences	The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church.	18
9962225317	John Calvin	A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God.	19
9962225318	Anglican Church	A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife.	20
9962225319	Nicholas Copernicus	a Polish monk who based tables on those by Nasir Al-Din, an Islamic scholar, to correct inaccurate calendars.	21
9962225320	Edict of Nantes	The granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV	22
9962225321	Martin Luther	a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church	23
9962225322	Renaissance Man	Title of a person who was smart and genius in the Renaissance Era.	24
9962225323	Deism	God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.	25
9962225324	Land-based Powers	A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected	26
9962225325	Sea-based Powers	Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.	27
9962225326	Renaissance	A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever	28
9962225327	Adam Smith	He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations"	29
9962225328	New Monarchies	Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions	30
9962225329	Constitutional Monarchy	States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens	31
9962225330	Gentry	the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy	32
9962225331	Enlightenment	the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought	33
9962225332	John Locke	sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties	34
9962225333	Thomas Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)	35
9962225334	Montesquieu	admired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power	36
9962225335	Voltaire	wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms	37
9962225336	Rosseau	the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community	38
9962225337	Hapsburg	A powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 1273	39
9962225338	Holy Roman Empire	a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century	40
9962225339	Reconquest	the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries.	41
9962225340	Phillip II	ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century	42
9962225341	Divine Right	with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries	43
9962225342	Louis XIV	Understood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him	44
9962225343	Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies	absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power.	45
9962225344	Capitalism	an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner	46
9962225345	Mercantilism	the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business)	47
9962225346	Joint-stock Companies	these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.	48
9962225347	Putting out system	the concept of producing goods in the countryside outside the guilds control by delivering raw materials to their homes, where they are transformed into finished products to be used up later	49
9962225348	Bourgeoise	middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses	50
9962225349	Balance of Power	states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW)	51
9962225350	Versailles	a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'.	52
9962225351	Zheng He	led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty.	53
9962225352	Yongle	something of a renegade who supported a series of seven maritimes expeditions. Chinese vessels started to take tribute from those they encountered.	54
9962225353	Henry the Navigator	the third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world	55
9962225354	Caravel	a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas	56
9962225355	Vasco da Gama	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal	57
9962225356	Christopher Columbus	A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West.	58
9962225357	Treaty of Tordesillas "Tortillas"	a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond.	59
9962225358	Magellan	had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines	60
9962225359	Conquistadors	went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico	61
9962225360	Cortes	sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology	62
9962225361	Moctezuma	the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him.	63
9962225362	Francisco Pizzaro	led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold.	64
9962225363	Atahualpa	the leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizzaro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled	65
9962225364	Ethnocentrism	the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior	66
9962225365	De La Casas	a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights	67
9962225366	Franciscans	peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.	68
9962225367	Encomenderos	Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas	69
9962225368	Peninsularies	a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world	70
9962225369	Mestizos	composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas	71
9962225370	Mulattoes	composed of European and African children, also part of the castas	72
9962225371	Council of Indies	supervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies	73
9962225372	Bartholomew Dias	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal	74
9962225373	Encomienda	the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them	75
9962225374	Creoles	composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class	76
9962225375	Castas	a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom	77
9962225376	Protestant work ethic	a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth	78
9962225377	Dutch East India Company	a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific	79
9962225378	Lost Colony	The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast.	80
9962225379	Mercantilism	a system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefit the mother country	81
9962225380	Indentured Servitude	a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage	82
9962225381	Columbian exchange	the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World	83
9962225382	Atlantic Circuit	a clockwise network of sea routs in the Atlantic Ocean	84
9962225383	Middle Passage	the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world	85
9962225384	Manila Galleons	ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver	86
9962225385	House of Burgesses	the elected assembly in the colonies that initiated a form of democratic representation	87
9962225386	Pilgrims	settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands	88
9962225387	Puritans	wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it	89
9962225388	Iroquois Confederacy	Dutch merchants established trading relationships with these guys	90
9962225389	Plantocracy	a small number of rich men owns most of the slaves and land, as well as had all the power	91
9962225390	Seasoning	a period of adjustment to a new environment, like with the slaves	92
9962225391	Manumission	legal grant of freedom to an individual slave	93
9962225392	Maroons	runaway slaves in the Carribean	94
9962225393	Kongo	Christian missionaries went to this kingdom just south of the Congo River, where Christian Missionaries converted its inhabitants to Christianity	95
9962225394	African Diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750	96
9962225395	Asante	Produced insignificant amounts of gold and Kola nuts, they rose in West Africa on the Gold Coast.	97
9962225396	Benin	Not really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings	98
9962225397	Dahomey	a kingdom that used firearms to create its powerbase, in Contrast to the Asante, the Dahomey leaders were authoritarian, and often brutal in forcing compliance to the royal court	99
9962225398	Cape Colony	one of the two beachland colonies established by the Europeans in the 16th century, functioned as a major coastal for travelers.	100
9962225399	Hidden Imam	the 12th descendant of Muhammad, who in the end disappeared as a child	101
9962225400	Shah Abbas I	brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen	102
9962225401	Devshirme	a system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves	103
9962225402	Qizilbash	fought against Janissaries in a great religious conflict. (Chaldiran)	104
9962225403	Battle of Chaldrian	The Shi'ite versus Sunni conflict at Chaldrian over religious differences, that set the limits for Shi'ite expansion	105
9962225404	Isfahan vs. Istanbul	These two places differed in the sense the first was far from cosmopolitan, Shi'ite, and have international trade, while the latter had more numerous, and guilds organized merchants	106
9962225405	Gunpowder Empires	an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire)	107
9962225406	Suleiman the Magnificent	ruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea	108
9962225407	Janissaries	Checked the military power of the sultan, being an elite military group	109
9962225408	Vizier	head of the imperial administration in the Ottoman empire who took care of the day to day work of the empire, aiding the Sultan	110
9962225409	Ottoman Lake	the Mediterranean Sea controlled by the empire with this name	111
9962225410	Battle at Lepanto	a famous sea battle with the Ottomans vs Philip II. Ottomans and their Muslim allies lost control of many ports in this war.	112
9962225411	Safavid Empire	an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims	113
9962225412	Imams	heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims	114
9962225413	Ismail	a person who united a large area south of the caspian sea and of the Ottoman empire. An army emerged under him, as well as declared Twelver shi'ism for his new Safavid realm	115
9962225414	Twelver shi'ism	a religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam'	116
9962225415	Mansabs	certain ranks in government by Akbar, which entitled their holder to revenue assignments	117
9962225416	Babur	founded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526)	118
9962225417	Purdah	a woman's seclusion from society in India, which was more enforced for upper class women, who did not leave home unescorted	119
9962225418	Akbar	the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent.	120
9962225419	Taj Mahal	a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife.	121
9962225420	Sati	the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women	122
9962225421	Divine Faith	a combination religion consisting of Muslim, Zorastriam, Christian, Sikh beliefs, with the catch being cementing loyalty to the empreror	123
9962225422	Mughal Empire	an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s	124
9962225423	Sikhism	started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions	125
9962225424	Army of the Pure	an army led to challenge the Mughal army and to assert Sikh beliefs aggressively; combined with other upheavel of the 18th century to seriously weaken the Mughal empire	126
9962225425	Fetehpur Silkri	Akbar's entirely new capital city, showing the Mughal love for magnificent architecture.	127
9962225426	Rajputs	Hindu warriors from the north, who made up 15 percent of Mansabars	128
9962225427	Ivan IV	Ivan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased	129
9962225428	Great Northern War	War that was long and costly which came from Peter's modernized armies breaking Swedish control of the Baltic Sea, forcing Europe to see Russia as a major power	130
9962225429	Kabuki	a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts)	131
9962225430	Ivan III	declared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome"	132
9962225431	Cossacks	Peasants, who Ivan III consolidated land hold by recruiting them	133
9962225432	Boyars	The nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar	134
9962225433	Time of Trouble	The time of following Ivan's rule. Ivan executed his oldest son, touching off competition among Boyars for the throne.	135
9962225434	Peter the Great	The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports	136
9962225435	St. Petersburg	The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries)	137
9962225436	Table of Ranks	A system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov't posistions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy)	138
9962225437	Tsar	a derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia	139
9962225438	Daimyo	power territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai	140
9962225439	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	a competent, Daimyo general who broke the power of warring daimyos and eventually unified Japan under his own authority. His ambitions stretched far, and he sparked the Unification of Japan	141
9962225440	Tokigawa legasu	led the meetings of Daimyos after Hideyoshi's death, by the Togugawa shogunate	142
9962225441	Tokugawa Shogunate	a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called "Ba***u", was a tent government, which was temporary	143
9962225442	Alternate attendance	Required Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired	144
9962225443	Floating Worlds	Settings for the Kabuki plays, which consisted of an urban jumble of buildings, allowing people to escape from the rigid public decorum in outside society	145
9962225444	Banraku	a pupper theater with a team of 3 that told a story through puppets in Japan	146
9962225445	Queue	a Manchu style patch of hair gathered long and uncut in the back, showing submission to the Qing dynasty	147
9962225446	Kangxi	one of the rulers of the Manchu dynasty, helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. A sophisticated confucian scholar as well. His reign brought an empire that grew dramatically.	148
9962225447	Macartney Mission	the dispatch of Lord Macartney with other people to China, showing Britain's great interest in the Qing empire, as well the d Macartney esire to reuse the trade system	149
9962225448	Matteo Ricci	A Jesuit missionary who helped to try and convert emperor Wudi. Though failed at primary goal, they did open the country to European influence, primarily through their gadgets and technology	150
9962225449	Qing Dynasty	The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu	151
9962225450	Forbidden City	was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing	152
9962225451	Kowtow	a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling	153
9962225452	Qianlong	a ruler of the Manchu dynasty who helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. He brought much prosperity that he cancelled taxes 4 times	154

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AP World Chapter 20 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6204624861	Factories	Trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans.	0
6204624862	Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua	A former slave, native of Zooggoo (who was Muslim), West Africa, a tributary kingdom of Bergoo kingdom. He worked in Brazil as a captive, however he escaped and fled to New York in 1847, assuring his freedom. He later writes an autobiography on his life in 1854.	1
6204624863	El Mina	Important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.	2
6204624864	Lancados	Afro-Portuguese traders who joined the economies of the African interior with coastal centers.	3
6204624865	Nzinga Mvemba	Ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed Alfonso I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.	4
6204624866	Luanda	Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.	5
6204624867	Royal African Company	Chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.	6
6204624868	Indies Piece	A unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.	7
6204624869	Triangular Trade	Complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa.	8
6204624870	Asante	Akan state centered at Kumasi on the Gold Coast (now Ghana).	9
6204624871	Osei Tutu	Important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.	10
6204624872	Asantehene	Title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante.	11
6204624873	Benin	African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave-trading state; famous for its bronze-casting techniques.	12
6204624874	Dahomey	African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 17th century and centered at Abomey; became a major slave-trading state through use of Western firearms.	13
6204624875	Luo	Nilotic people who migrated from the upper Nile regions to establish dynasties in the lakes region of central Africa.	14
6204624876	Uthman Dan Fodio	Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa.	15
6204624877	Great Trek	Movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.	16
6204624878	Shaka	Ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.	17
6204624879	Mfecane	Wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization.	18
6204624880	Swazi and Lesotho	African states formed by peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane.	19
6204624881	Middle Passage	Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience.	20
6204624882	Obeah	African religious practices in the British American islands.	21
6204624883	Candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.	22
6204624884	Vodun	African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.	23
6204624885	Palmares	Angolan-led, large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil.	24
6204624886	Suriname Maroons	Descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rain forests of Suriname and French Guiana.	25
6204624887	William Wilberforce	British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807.	26
6204624888	Polgyny	The practice of having more than one wife at a time.	27
6204624889	Oba	Term used for king in the kingdom of Benin.	28
6204624890	Fulani	Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto.	29
6204624891	Boer	The Dutch and Afrikaans word for "farmer". As used in South Africa, it was used to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century.	30
6204624892	Afrikaners	Another term used for the Boer	31
6204624893	Voortrekkers	Boer farmers who migrated further into South Africa during the 1830s and 1840s.	32
6204624894	Zulu Wars	War fought in 1879 between the British and the African Zulu tribes.	33
6204624895	Diaspora	The dispersion of a group of people after the conquest of their homeland.	34
6204624896	Saltwater Slaves	Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black.	35
6204624897	Creole Slaves	American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.	36

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AP World History Chapter 15 Flashcards

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8905800849	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability	0
8905800850	Condorcet and the ideas of progress	The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reason	1
8905800851	Nicolaus Copericus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos	2
8905800852	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society	3
8905800853	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert Chinese elite, although with limited success	4
8905800854	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence," Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents	5
8905800855	Mirabai	One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition	6
8905800856	Issac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose foundation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution	7
8905800857	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenges to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"	8
8905800858	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca.1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women	9
8905800859	Taki Onqoy	Literally, "dancing sickness;" a religious revivial movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age	10
8905800860	Ursula de Jesus	Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Claus (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works gaining a reputation as a women of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic	11
8905800861	Voltaire	Pen name of the French Philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of enlightenment questioning on traditional values and attitudes; noted for his dream and his criticism of traditional religion	12
8905800862	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated as austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law	13
8905800863	Bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine	14
8905800864	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses	15
8905800865	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen as a threat to revealed religious truth	16
8905800866	Desim	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly to human affairs	17
8905800867	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars on Religion	18
8905800868	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	19
8905800869	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church	20
8905800870	Huacas	Local gods of the Andes	21
8905800871	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France	22
8905800872	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	23
8905800873	Guru Nanak	Founder of Sikhism (1469-1539)	24
8905800874	Ninety-five Theses	List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity	25
8905800875	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610	26
8905800876	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method	27
8905800877	Society of Jesus	Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe	28
8905800878	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648)	29
8905800879	Wang Yangmin	Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism	30