AP English Literature Medieval Literature- Gonzalez Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5200692099 | Feudalism | the system of political/social organization at this time (1066-1485) | 0 | |
| 5200791931 | The aristocracy/church | knights, barons, priests/friars, freemen and serfs | 1 | |
| 5200813402 | the black death | claimed 1/3 of englands population | 2 | |
| 5200828607 | what did much of medieval literature deal with | religious subjects and themes; introduced theme of God placing favor among people | 3 | |
| 5200883340 | what are some common themes in this type of literature? | Memento Mori (reminder of death) and contempt for the world and all worldly or materialistic things | 4 | |
| 5200911772 | Memento mori | reminder of death, intended to remind people that death comes soon and without warning so you must prepare yourself for the afterlife | 5 | |
| 5200934295 | contempt for the world and all worldly or materialistic things | don't care about possessions, what is the use? | 6 | |
| 5200962492 | due to the influence of religion, the devout people of this time went on what? give an example of a literary work | pilgrimages to the holy places of the saints The Canterbury Tales by chaucer | 7 | |
| 5200990242 | during this time, the influence of the church also fueled a special devotion for the virgin mary and this influenced a type of literature known as | Romance Literature | 8 | |
| 5201030031 | Romance Literature | literature that dealt with the exploits of knights their battles and jousting and he women who inspired these battles and jousts. placed importance on women | 9 | |
| 5201072425 | the standards of knightly conduct (chivalry) were strongly influenced by | the devotion to the virgin mary | 10 | |
| 5201093529 | The pardoners tale | written by Geoffrey Chaucer, exemplum, contains archetypes, perspective of the pardoner, intended to teach a lesson | 11 | |
| 5201133079 | exemplum | a brief story that a preacher would give in order to illustrate his main point. typically use basic storytelling patterns or archetypal narrative elements that are found in folk literature all over the world | 12 | |
| 5201162023 | archetype | a recurrent symbol or motif in literature that we unconsciously respond to, our collective unconscious. these symbols transcend all cultures and time. examples: the quest, task, journey, hero, scapegoat, damsel in distress, star - crossed lovers | 13 |
AP Language Literary Devices Flashcards
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| 7354347101 | Allegory | A narrative in which characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning and significance. The underlying may be moral, religious, social, political, or Satiric | 0 | |
| 7354347102 | Alliteration | The sequential repetition of constant sounds at the beginnings of words. (Example: Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore) | 1 | |
| 7354347103 | Allusion | A literary, historical, mythological, or biblical reference assumed to be well-known enough to be recognized by the reader. For instance, one might contrast the life and tribulations of Frederick Douglass to the trials of Job from the bible. | 2 | |
| 7354347104 | Analogy | A comparison of two similar, yet different things, usually to clarify an action or relationship.(Example:Comparing the actions of a heart to a pump. | 3 | |
| 7354347105 | Anaphora | The regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning o a successive phrases of clauses. (Example: Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all Gods children(MLK) | 4 | |
| 7354347106 | Anecdote | A short simple narrative of an incident often used for humorous effect or to make a point | 5 | |
| 7354347107 | Antithesis | The juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in parallel of words or ideas. (Example: Alexander Pope reminds us that "to err is human, to forgive divine") | 6 | |
| 7354347108 | Aphorism | a concise, often witty statement of a principle or truth about life designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly help belief; also referred to as adage, maxim, or proverb. (Example: Spare the rod and spoil the child) | 7 | |
| 7354347109 | Assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity(Example:How now Brown cow?) | 8 | |
| 7354347111 | Caricature | Descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or facet of their personality. | 9 | |
| 7354347112 | Claim | In argumentation, an assertion of something as fact | 10 | |
| 7354347113 | Colloquialism | Words or phrases used in everyday conversation and informal writing, but often inappropriate in formal writing; the diction of common, ordinary folks, especially of a common region. (Example: Southerner's Y'all) | 11 | |
| 7354347114 | Connotation | The implied, suggested, or underlying meaning of a word or phrase because of its association in the readers mind. | 12 | |
| 7354347115 | Consonance | The repetition of two or more consonant sounds with a change in the intervening vowels (Example: Pitter-patter, splish-splash, click-clack) | 13 | |
| 7354347116 | Convention | An accepted manner, model, or tradition (Example: William using the Convention of comedy or tragedy) | 14 | |
| 7354347117 | Deductive Reasoning(Deduction) | The method of argument in which specific statements and conclusions are drawn or inferred from generalities: movements from the general to the specific | 15 | |
| 7354347118 | Denotation | The literal meaning of a word as defined in the dictionary | 16 | |
| 7354347119 | Description | the picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch | 17 | |
| 7354347120 | Dialect | The language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group. (Example: Minnesotans say "You betcha" it is not usually common and is a Minnesotan thing) | 18 | |
| 7354347121 | Diction | The specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect. | 19 | |
| 7354347122 | Didactic | Writing or speech with an instructive purpose or lesson. | 20 | |
| 7354347123 | Discourse | Spoken or written language, including literary works. The four classified modes of _____ are description, exposition, narration, and persuasion. | 21 | |
| 7354347124 | Dissonance | Harsh or grating sounds that do not go together | 22 | |
| 7354347125 | Elegy | A poem or prose that laments- or mediates upon the death of - a person or persons. Sometimes it will end with words of consolation. | 23 | |
| 7354347126 | Ephistrophe | In rhetoric, the repetition of words of a phrase at the end of a successive sentence. (Example: "If women are healthy and educated, their families will flourish. If women are free from violence, their families will flourish. If women have the chance to work, their families will flourish) | 24 | |
| 7354347127 | Epitaph | Writing in praise of a dead person, most often inscribed upon the headstone. | 25 | |
| 7354347128 | Ethos | In rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of a speaker, writer, or narrator (Who is this person, and what gives them the authority?) | 26 | |
| 7354347129 | Euphemism | An indirect kinder way of expressing unpleasant information in an effort to avoid business. (Example: Passed on instead of died) | 27 | |
| 7354347130 | Exposition | The immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot. The interpretation or analysis of a text; one or the four modes of discourse | 28 | |
| 7354347131 | Eulogy | A speech or written message in praise of a person: an oration in honor of a deceased person. | 29 | |
| 7354347132 | Extended Metaphor | a series of comparisons within a piece of writing. If they are consistently one concept this is also known as a conceit | 30 | |
| 7354347133 | Figurative Language | It contains levels of meaning expressed through figures of speech such as a metaphor, simile, personification, and hyperbole, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal | 31 | |
| 7354347134 | Flashback | An earlier even inserted into the normal chronology of the narration: also known as retrospection | 32 | |
| 7354347135 | Folklore | traditional stories, songs, dances, and customs that are preserved among people, passed down from generation to generation until recorded by scholars. | 33 | |
| 7354347136 | Foreshadowing | The use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs later in the work | 34 | |
| 7354347137 | Genre | A type or class of literature, such as narrative, poetry, history, biography, or epic | 35 | |
| 7354347138 | Homily | A sermon, but more contemporary uses include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involved | 36 | |
| 7354347139 | Hubris | The excessive pride or ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings or impending doom, ultimately causing their downfall | 37 | |
| 7354347140 | Hyperbole | Deliberate overstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point, create humor, or draw attention. (Example: I'm starving to death) | 38 | |
| 7354347141 | Imagery | Any sensory detail or evocation in a work: the use of figurative language to evoke feeling, call to mind an idea, or describe an object. It involves any of the five senses to create a mental picture. | 39 | |
| 7354347142 | Inductive Reasoning(Induction) | The method of argument in which general statements and conclusions are drawn or inferred from specifics. | 40 | |
| 7354347143 | Inference | A conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data. It is through this process-looking at clues, learning the facts-that Sherlock Holmes was able to solve his crimes | 41 | |
| 7354347144 | Interior Monologue | Writing that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's mind | 42 | |
| 7354347145 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The intended meaning is often the opposite of what is stated, often suggesting light sarcasm. It is used for many reasons, often to create poignancy or humor | 43 | |
| 7354347146 | Dramatic Irony | facts or situations are known to the reader or audience but not the characters | 44 | |
| 7354347147 | Situational Irony | when events end up the opposite of what is expected | 45 | |
| 7354347148 | Verbal Irony | What the author/narrator says is actually the opposite of what is meant | 46 | |
| 7354347149 | Isocolon | Parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure but also in length. (Example: Bible admonition-"Many are called,, but few are chosen") | 47 | |
| 7354347150 | Jargon | Specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. The Computer industry has introduced much of this into our vocabulary, such as geek, crash, virus, and bug | 48 | |
| 7354347151 | Juxtaposition | One thing is placed adjacent to another to create an effect reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose | 49 | |
| 7354347152 | Litote | A Figure of speech that emphasizes its subject to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose | 50 | |
| 7354347153 | Loose Sentence | A sentence that is grammatically complete before its end (Example:She played the violin with a dexterity never before seen in high school) | 51 | |
| 7354347154 | Metaphor | one thing is pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy. It is an implicit comparison or identification of one thing with another, without using Like or as. | 52 | |
| 7354347155 | Metonymy | a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something which is associated. (Example: The crown instead of the king) | 53 | |
| 7354347156 | Mode of Discourse | The manner in which information is presented in written or spoken form: narration, description, argumentation, exposition. | 54 | |
| 7354347157 | Narrative/Narration | a feeling or ambience resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the emotional attitude and POV of the writer/narrator. | 55 | |
| 7354347158 | Motif | The main theme or subject of a work elaborated on in the development of a piece; a recurrent pattern or idea. | 56 | |
| 7354347159 | Mood | A mode of discourse that tells a story and is based on the sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework. | 57 | |
| 7354347160 | Naturalism | A literary movement that grew out of realism in France, England and the US in the late 19th/early-20th centuries: it portrays humans as having no free will driven only by the natural forces of heredity, environment,, and animalistic urges over which they have no control | 58 | |
| 7354347161 | Objectivity | an impersonal presentation of characters and events | 59 | |
| 7354347162 | Onomatopoeia | the use of words that sound like what they mean (Example: Hiss, boom, buzz, thump) | 60 | |
| 7354347163 | Oxymoron | composed of contradictory words or phrases (Example: silent alarm, deafening silence) | 61 | |
| 7354347164 | Parable | a short story that teaches a moral: similar but shorter than an allegory. | 62 | |
| 7354347165 | Parallelism/Parallel Structure | a statement that seems contradictory or absurd but has a rational meaning. Used to attract attention or secure emphasis. (Example: fight for peace) | 63 | |
| 7354347166 | Paradox | a structural arrangement of parts f a sentence, sentences, paragraphs, and larger units of composition by which one element of equal importance with another is equally developed and similarly phrased. Example from A Tale of Two Cities: it was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it as the age of foolishness) | 64 | |
| 7354347167 | Parody | A work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements. (Saturday Night Live) | 65 | |
| 7354347168 | Pastoral | a short descriptive narrative , usually a poem, about an idealized country life: also called an idyll | 66 | |
| 7354347169 | Pathos | The element in literature which stimulates pity or sorrow. In argument or persuasion it tends to be the evocation of pity from the reader/listener. Emotion | 67 | |
| 7354347170 | Periodic sentence | A sentence that is not grammatically complete until the last phrase. (Example: Despite Austin's hatred of his sister's laziness, he still cared for her.) | 68 | |
| 7354347171 | Persona | A fictional voice that a writer adopts to tell a story, determined by the subject matter and audience. | 69 | |
| 7354347172 | Personification | The attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or inanimate object. (Example: Once again the heart of America is heavy. The spirit of America weeps for a tragedy that denies the very meaning of our land) | 70 | |
| 7354347173 | Persuasion | One of the four modes of discourse, it is a form of argumentation in which the language is intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion. | 71 | |
| 7354347174 | Point of View | The perspective from which a story is presented. In nonfiction, it requires the reader to establish the historical perspective of what is being said. (5 Types) | 72 | |
| 7354347175 | First Person Narrator | Narration is provided by a character in the story who related the actins through their own perspective, also revealing their thoughts | 73 | |
| 7354347176 | Limited Omniscient Narrator | Third person narration which reports the thoughts of only one character and generally only what one character sees | 74 | |
| 7354347177 | Objective Narrator | third person narration which only reports what would be visible to a camera. thoughts and feelings are only reveals if they are spoken | 75 | |
| 7354347178 | Omniscient Narrator | third person narration, where "he" "she" and they" is able to see into each characters mind and understand all the action. | 76 | |
| 7354347179 | Stream of Consciousness Narrator | Like a first person narration, but instead placing the reader inside the characters had, making the reader privy too continuous, chaotic flow of disconnected, half-formed thoughts an impressions in the characters mind. | 77 | |
| 7354347180 | Prose | The ordinary form of written language without metrical structure, in contrast to verse and poetry | 78 | |
| 7354347181 | Protagonist | the main character of literary work | 79 | |
| 7354347182 | Rhetoric | atttemps to describe nature and life without idealization and with alteration to detail. (Example: Walden Pond) | 80 | |
| 7354347183 | Realism | The art of using language to persuade in writing or speaking. Involves, writers purpose, consideration of audience, exploration of the subject, arrangement and organization of ideas, style and tone of expression, and form. | 81 | |
| 7354347184 | Rhetorical Modes | Argumentation, description, exposition, narration | 82 | |
| 7354347185 | Rhetorical Question | Asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect, it s a question not expected to be answered | 83 | |
| 7354347186 | Romanticism | A literary, artistic, and philosophical movement that began in the 18th century. Focal points are imagination, emotion and freedom. | 84 | |
| 7354347187 | Sarcasm | A form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical. It can be light and gently poke fun t someone/something, or can be harsh and cruel | 85 | |
| 7354347188 | Satire | A literary work that hold up to human failings to ridicule and censure. | 86 | |
| 7354347189 | Simile | A direct explicit cmparison of one thing to another, usually the words like or as to make direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities. | 87 | |
| 7354347190 | Speaker | the voice of a work; an author may speak as himself/herself or as a fictitious persona | 88 | |
| 7354347191 | Stereotype | a character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality | 89 | |
| 7354347192 | Style | the manner in which a writer characteristically combines and arranges words, shapes ides, an utilizes syntax and structure. It is the distinctive manner of expression that represents that author's typical writing ______. | 90 | |
| 7354347193 | Subjectivity | A personal representation of events and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions | 91 | |
| 7354347194 | Symbolism | the use of a person, place, thing, event, or pattern that figuratively represents or stands for someone else. Often the thing or idea represented is more abstract or general than this, which is concrete | 92 | |
| 7354347195 | Synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole | 93 | |
| 7354347196 | Syntax | the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentence. it is a sentence structure and how it influences the way a reader perceives a particular piece of writing. Another word choice for diction | 94 | |
| 7354347197 | Theme | the central or dominant idea, message or focus of a literary work, it is the overall statement the piece makes about its subject | 95 | |
| 7354347198 | Tone | the attitude the author/narrator takes toward a subject, character, audience, or theme. It s the overall tenor of a piece of writing based o particular stylistic devices employed by the writer | 96 | |
| 7354347199 | Unity | the quality of a piece of writing, also known as coherence | 97 | |
| 7354347200 | Voice | the way a literary work conveys an author's attitude, the source of the words is either acknowledged or unacknowledged. it is the speaker's or narrator's particular take of an idea based on a particular passage and how al elements of the style of the piece come together to express their feelings | 98 | |
| 7354377869 | Anthropomorphism | the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. | 99 | |
| 7976352916 | Imagery | the use of very descriptive of figurative language to appeal to the senses (visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, auditory) | 100 | |
| 7977128890 | oxymoron | conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence') | 101 | |
| 7977138139 | paradox | an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth | 102 |
AP Psychology Important People Flashcards
Important people in AP PSychology
Terms : Hide Images
| 9565136403 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference |  | 0 |
| 9565136404 | Anna Freud | 1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis, fully developed defense mechanisms, emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle |  | 1 |
| 9565136405 | Carl Jung | 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation |  | 2 |
| 9565136406 | Erik Erikson | 1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" |  | 3 |
| 9565136407 | Lawrence Köhlberg | 1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior |  | 4 |
| 9565136408 | Carol Gilligan | 1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles |  | 5 |
| 9565136409 | William James | 1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth |  | 6 |
| 9565136410 | William Wundt | 1832-1920; Field: structuralism, voluntarism; Contributions: introspection, basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig |  | 7 |
| 9565136411 | BF Skinner | 1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box |  | 8 |
| 9565136412 | John B Watson | 1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning, emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert |  | 9 |
| 9565136413 | Jean Piaget | 1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation) |  | 10 |
| 9565136414 | Harry Harlow | 1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers) |  | 11 |
| 9565136415 | Carl Rogers | 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person |  | 12 |
| 9565136416 | Abraham Maslow | 1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence |  | 13 |
| 9565136417 | Karen Horney | 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends |  | 14 |
| 9565136418 | Alfred Adler | 1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order |  | 15 |
| 9565136419 | Gordon Allport | 1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary |  | 16 |
| 9565136420 | Hermann Rorschach | 1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary |  | 17 |
| 9565136421 | Solomon Asch | 1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures |  | 18 |
| 9565136422 | Stanley Schachter | 1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it |  | 19 |
| 9565136423 | Stanley Milgram | 1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study |  | 20 |
| 9565136424 | Philip Zimbardo | 1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior |  | 21 |
| 9565136425 | Elizabeth Kübler-Ross | 1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, 5. acceptance) |  | 22 |
| 9565136426 | Elizabeth Loftus | 1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction, Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus' sex abuse) |  | 23 |
| 9565136427 | Robert Sternberg | 1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) |  | 24 |
| 9565136428 | Albert Bandura | 1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play |  | 25 |
| 9565136429 | Raymond Cattell | 1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test) |  | 26 |
| 9565136430 | Aaron Beck | 1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories |  | 27 |
| 9565136431 | Noam Chomsky | 1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language |  | 28 |
| 9565136432 | Edward Thorndike | 1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats |  | 29 |
| 9565136433 | HJ Eysenck | 1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion |  | 30 |
| 9565136434 | Mary Ainsworth | 1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment |  | 31 |
| 9565136435 | Kenneth Clark | 1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls |  | 32 |
| 9565136436 | Lev Vygotsky | 1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research |  | 33 |
| 9565136437 | Martin Seligman | 1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology, learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness |  | 34 |
| 9565136438 | Howard Gardner | 1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic) |  | 35 |
| 9565136439 | Kurt Lewin | 1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities |  | 36 |
| 9565136440 | Ivan Pavlov | 1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation |  | 37 |
| 9565136441 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | 1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words |  | 38 |
| 9565136442 | Benjamin Whorf | 1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think |  | 39 |
| 9565136443 | Robert Rosenthal | 1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students |  | 40 |
| 9565136444 | Judith Langlois | dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing, effects of appearance on behavior, origin of social stereotypes, sex/love/intimacy, facial expression | 41 | |
| 9565136445 | David Rosenhan | dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis |  | 42 |
| 9565136446 | Daniel Goleman | 1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence |  | 43 |
| 9565136447 | Charles Spearman | 1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability) |  | 44 |
| 9565136448 | Albert Ellis | 1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions |  | 45 |
| 9565136449 | Harry Stack Sullivan | 1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits | 46 | |
| 9565136450 | Robert Yerkes | 187601956; Field: intelligence, comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps, Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance |  | 47 |
| 9565136451 | Alfred Binet | 1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French) |  | 48 |
| 9565136452 | Little Albert | ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear | | 49 |
| 9565136453 | Karl Wernicke | 1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense |  | 50 |
| 9565136454 | Ernst Weber | 1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND |  | 51 |
| 9565136455 | Gustav Fechner | 1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold |  | 52 |
| 9565136456 | Mary Cover-Jones | 1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned |  | 53 |
| 9565136457 | Robert Zajonc | 1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings | 54 | |
| 9565136458 | Henry Murray | 1893-1988; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances |  | 55 |
| 9565136459 | Paul Ekman | 1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal |  | 56 |
| 9565136460 | Clark Hull | 1884-1952; Field: motivation; Contributions: maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, mechanism through which reinforcement operates | 57 | |
| 9565136461 | David McClelland | 1917-1998; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT), developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not the TAT | 58 | |
| 9565136462 | Francis Galton | 1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins, Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution, & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability |  | 59 |
| 9565136463 | Charles Darwin | 1809-1882; Field: geology, biology; Contributions: transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle | | 60 |
| 9565136464 | Lewis Terman | 1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children |  | 61 |
| 9565136465 | Phineas Gage | 1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning |  | 62 |
| 9565136466 | William Sheldon | 1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny) |  | 63 |
| 9565136467 | David Weschler | 1896-1981; Field: testing; Contributions: established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS) |  | 64 |
| 9565136468 | Walter B. Cannon | 1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs |  | 65 |
AP Psychology - Personality Unit Flashcards
Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 5969311203 | personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. |  | 0 |
| 5969311204 | free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |  | 1 |
| 5969311205 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |  | 2 |
| 5969311206 | unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |  | 3 |
| 5969311207 | id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |  | 4 |
| 5969311208 | ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. | | 5 |
| 5969311209 | superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. | | 6 |
| 5969311210 | psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |  | 7 |
| 5969311211 | Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. |  | 8 |
| 5969311213 | fixation | (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |  | 9 |
| 5969311214 | defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |  | 10 |
| 5969311215 | repression | basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |  | 11 |
| 5969311216 | regression | allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development |  | 12 |
| 5969311217 | reaction formation | the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites |  | 13 |
| 5969311218 | projection | disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others |  | 14 |
| 5969311219 | rationalization | occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions |  | 15 |
| 5969311220 | displacement | diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings |  | 16 |
| 5969311221 | sublimation | the transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations |  | 17 |
| 5969311222 | denial | protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness |  | 18 |
| 5969311223 | collective unconscious | a common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences | | 19 |
| 5969311224 | projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |  | 20 |
| 5969311225 | Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes | | 21 |
| 5969311226 | Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. | | 22 |
| 5969311227 | self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. |  | 23 |
| 5969311228 | unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. | | 24 |
| 5969311229 | self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |  | 25 |
| 5969311230 | trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. |  | 26 |
| 5969311231 | personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. |  | 27 |
| 5969311232 | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |  | 28 |
| 5969311234 | social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. |  | 29 |
| 5969311235 | reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. |  | 30 |
| 5969311236 | personal control | the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless. |  | 31 |
| 5969311237 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. | 32 | |
| 5969311238 | internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate. | 33 | |
| 5969311239 | positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. |  | 34 |
| 5969311240 | self | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. |  | 35 |
| 5969311241 | spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). |  | 36 |
| 5969311242 | self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth. |  | 37 |
| 5969311243 | self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. |  | 38 |
| 5969311244 | individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |  | 39 |
| 5969311245 | collectivism | giving priority to goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |  | 40 |
AP Language: Figurative Language Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7172817377 | Alliteration | The repetition of the initial consonant. There should be at least two repetitions in a row. | 0 | |
| 7172817378 | Example of Alliteration | "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." | 1 | |
| 7172817379 | Hyperbole | A trope composed of exaggerated words or ideals used for emphasis and not to be taken literally. | 2 | |
| 7172817380 | Example of Hyperbole | "I've told you a million times not to call me a liar!" | 3 | |
| 7172817381 | Litotes | Understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary). | 4 | |
| 7172817382 | Example of Litotes | "I was not a little upset" when you mean "I was very upset" "Not bad at all." "This is no small problem." | 5 | |
| 7172817383 | Metaphor | A trope in which a word or phrase is transferred from its literal meaning to stand for something else. Unlike a simile, in which something is said to be "like" something else, a metaphor says something is something else. | 6 | |
| 7172817384 | Example of Metaphor | "Debt is a bottomless sea." | 7 | |
| 7172817385 | Metonymy | Figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely related to or suggested by the original closely related to or suggested by the original. | 8 | |
| 7172817386 | Example of Metonymy | "Crown" to mean "king" ("The power of the crown was mortally weakened") or an author for his works ("I'm studying Shakespeare"). Mark Antony's speech in Julius Caesar in which he asks of his audience: "Lend me your ears." | 9 | |
| 7172817387 | Example of Onomatopoeia | Crash, zing, splash, kaboom. Bing. | 10 | |
| 7172817388 | Onomatopoeia | A word that imitates the sound it represents. | 11 | |
| 7172817389 | Personification | A trope in which human qualities or abilities are assigned to abstractions or inanimate objects. | 12 | |
| 7172817390 | Example of Personification | "Integrity thumbs its nose at pomposity." | 13 | |
| 7172817391 | Simile | A trope in which one states a comparison between two things that are not alike but have similarities. Unlike metaphors, similes employ "like" or "as." | 14 | |
| 7172817392 | Example of Simile | "Her eyes are as blue as a robin's egg." | 15 | |
| 7172817393 | Synecdoche | Figure of speech - a part is used for the whole. Or the whole is used for a part. | 16 | |
| 7172817394 | Example of Synecdoche--part for whole | Hired hands for workmen | 17 | |
| 7172817395 | Example of Synecdoche--whole for part | The law for police officer | 18 | |
| 7172817396 | Example of Synecdoche--Specific for the general | Cutthroat for assassin | 19 | |
| 7172817397 | Example of Synecdoche--General for the specific | Thief for pickpocket | 20 | |
| 7172817398 | Example of Synecdoche--Material for thing made from it | Steel for sword | 21 | |
| 7172817399 | Trope | The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification. | 22 | |
| 7172817400 | Understatement | A restrained statement that departs from what could be said; a studied avoidance of emphasis or exaggeration, often to create a particular effect | 23 |
Food Safety and the Global Food Supply Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9503100870 | Foodborne Illness | illness occurring as a result of ingesting food or water contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as a toxin or chemical (food intoxication) or an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites (foodborne infection); commonly called food poisoning. | 0 | |
| 9503106490 | Pasteurization | the process of sanitizing food via heat treatment. | 1 | |
| 9503111105 | Food Intoxication | illness caused by eating food that contains a harmful toxin or chemical. | 2 | |
| 9503113310 | Enterotoxin | a toxic compound, produced by microorganisms, that harms mucous membranes, as in the gastrointestinal tract (entero = intestine). | 3 | |
| 9503114960 | Neurotoxin | a poisonous compound that disrupts the nervous system (neuro = nerve) | 4 | |
| 9503117292 | Foodborne Infections | illness caused by eating a food containing bacteria or other microorganisms capable of growing and thriving in a person's tissues. | 5 | |
| 9503122816 | Aflatoxin | a poisonous toxin produced by molds. | 6 | |
| 9503124622 | Toxicants | poisons; that is, agents that cause physical harm or death when present in large amounts. | 7 | |
| 9503128273 | Cross Contamination | the inadvertent transfer of bacteria from one food to another that occurs, for instance, by chopping vegetables on the same cutting board that was used to skin poultry. | 8 | |
| 9503131426 | Contaminants | potentially dangerous substances, such as lead, that can accidentally get into foods. | 9 | |
| 9503136495 | Mad Cow Disease | also called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bSe); a rare and fatal degenerative disease first diagnosed in 1986 in cattle in the United Kingdom. The bovine disease may be passed to humans who eat the meat of infected animals and may lead to death due to brain and nerve damage. | 10 | |
| 9503138456 | Organic Halogens | compounds that contain one or more of a class of atoms called halogens, including fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine. | 11 | |
| 9503140455 | Heavy Metals | any of a number of mineral ions, such as mercury and lead, so named because of their relatively high atomic weight. Many heavy metals are poisonous. | 12 | |
| 9503142982 | Toxicity | the ability of a substance to harm living organisms. All substances are toxic if present in high enough concentrations. | 13 | |
| 9503144530 | Hazard | state of danger; used to refer to any circumstance in which harm is possible. | 14 | |
| 9503148254 | Pesticides | chemicals intentionally applied to plants, including foods, to prevent or eliminate pest damage. Pests include all living organisms that destroy or spoil foods: bacteria, molds and fungi, insects, and rats and other rodents, to name a few. | 15 | |
| 9503153603 | Risks | for pesticide residues, the harm a substance may cause. Scientists estimate risk by assessing the amount of a chemical that each person in a population might consume over time (also called exposure) and by considering how toxic the substance might be (toxicity). risk = exposure × toxicity exposure = amount of substance in food × amount of food eaten | 16 | |
| 9503156503 | Tolerance | the maximum amount of a particular substance allowed in food. | 17 | |
| 9503159553 | Reference Dose | the estimated amount of a chemical that could be consumed daily without causing harmful effects. | 18 | |
| 9503161484 | Margin of Safety | from a food-safety standpoint, the margin is a zone between the maximum amount of a substance that appears to be safe and the amount allowed in the food supply. | 19 | |
| 9503165527 | Natural | most foods labeled natural, except for meat and poultry, are not subject to government regulations; this term applies broadly to foods minimally processed and free of synthetic preservatives, artificial sweeteners, colors, flavors, and other artificial additives, hydrogenated oils, stabilizers, and emulsifiers. | 20 | |
| 9503168506 | Organic | legal term that applies to a food and how the food was produced; crops must be grown without use of synthetic pesticides, bioengineered genes, petroleum-based fertilizers, and sewage sludge-based fertilizers; organic livestock must have access to outdoors and be given no antibiotics or growth hormones; organic foods may not be irradiated. | 21 | |
| 9503172167 | Free Range | a method of producing livestock where animals are allowed to roam freely instead of being contained in any manner; this term is not regulated and can be used to imply the animal product has been produced more humanely than it actually has been. USDA certifies "free range" chickens as chickens raised for their meat that have access to the outdoors; there is no USDA certification for "free range" beef, pork, or other non-poultry products; free-range eggs also have no legal definition. | 22 | |
| 9503174283 | Grass Fed | refers to livestock allowed to forage on pasture grass; not legally defined. | 23 | |
| 9503176564 | Hormone Free | generally refers to products free from recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), a hormone synthetically produced from recombinant DnA administered to dairy cattle to increase milk production. | 24 | |
| 9503179026 | rBST Free | refers to milk (dairy products) produced from cattle that have not been treated with recombinant BST (bovine somatotropin hormone); all milk contains some BST as it is produced in pituitary glands of cattle. | 25 | |
| 9503182149 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)/Genetically Engineered Organisms (GEOs) | organisms from bacteria, plants, or animals that have been genetically changed in a laboratory through DNA technology. genetically engineered plants have been developed to increase nutritional value, be resistant to pests, herbicides, or harsh environmental conditions like drought, and for other purposes. | 26 | |
| 9503188440 | Non-GMO | term used to imply a food contains no ingredients made from GMO/GEO products; not legally defined and therefore cannot be enforced. | 27 | |
| 9503194034 | Irradiation | the process of exposing a substance to low doses of radiation, using gamma rays, X-rays, or electricity (electron beams) to kill insects, bacteria, and other potentially harmful microorganisms. | 28 | |
| 9503195606 | Genetic Engineering | the use of biotechnology to alter the genes of a plant in an effort to create a new plant with different traits; also called genetic modification. In some cases, a plant's genes may be deleted or altered, or genes may be introduced from different organisms or species. The foods or crops produced are called genetically engineered (GE) or genetically modified (GM) foods or crops. | 29 | |
| 9503198952 | Biotechnology | the use of biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products. Includes traditional methods used in making products such as wine, beer, yogurt, and cheese; cross-breeding to enhance crop production; and modification of living plants, animals, and fish through the manipulation of genes (genetic engineering). | 30 | |
| 9503207523 | Appropriate Technology | a technology that utilizes locally abundant resources in preference to locally scarce resources. For developing countries, which usually have a large labor force and little capital, the appropriate technology would therefore be labor intensive. | 31 | |
| 9503217576 | Chronic Malnutrition | a condition characterized by chronic growth retardation or stunting as reflected in low weight or low height for age. | 32 | |
| 9503220331 | Edema | swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels, seen in (among other conditions) protein deficiency. | 33 | |
| 9503228032 | Famine | widespread lack of access to food caused by natural disasters, political factors, or war; characterized by a large number of deaths due to starvation and malnutrition. | 34 | |
| 9503229627 | Feeding America | a national food-banking network to which most food banks belong. | 35 | |
| 9503234191 | Food Banks | nonprofit community organizations that collect surplus commodities from the government as well as edible but often unmarketable foods from private industry for use by nonprofit charities, institutions, and feeding programs at nominal cost. | 36 | |
| 9503235540 | Food Insecurity | the inability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways, or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so. | 37 | |
| 9503242542 | Food Recovery | such activities as salvaging perishable produce from grocery stores and wholesale food markets; rescuing surplus prepared food from restaurants, corporate cafeterias, and caterers; and collecting nonperishable, canned, or boxed processed food from manufacturers, supermarkets, or people's homes. The items recovered are donated to hungry people. | 38 | |
| 9503245698 | Food Security | access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life. Food security has two aspects: ensuring that adequate food supplies are available and ensuring that households have the ability to acquire food, either by producing it themselves or by being able to purchase it. | 39 | |
| 9503248332 | Gleaning | the harvesting of excess food from farms, orchards, and packing houses to feed the hungry. | 40 | |
| 9503249787 | GOBI | an acronym formed from the elements of UNICEF's child Survival campaign: growth charts, oral rehydration therapy, breast milk, and immunization. | 41 | |
| 9503253194 | Kwashiorkor | severe malnutrition caused by inadequate protein and calories leading to apathy, anemia, loss of body proteins, and poor growth. | 42 | |
| 9503258603 | Malnutrition | the impairment of health resulting from a relative deficiency or excess of food energy and specific nutrients necessary for health. | 43 | |
| 9503261491 | Marasmus | severe emaciation from energy deficiency with chronic wasting of fat, muscle, and other tissues; starvation. | 44 | |
| 9503264142 | Multinational Corporations | international companies with direct investments and/or operative facilities in more than one country. U.S. oil and food companies are examples. | 45 | |
| 9503267677 | Nutrition Security | condition in which all people have access to a variety of nutritious foods and potable drinking water; knowledge, resources, and skills for healthy living; prevention, treatment, and care for diseases affecting nutrition status; and safety-net systems during crisis situations, such as natural disasters or deleterious social and political systems. | 46 | |
| 9503270332 | Oral Rehydration Therapy | the treatment of dehydration (usually due to diarrhea caused by infectious disease) with an oral solution; ORT as developed by UNICEF is intended to enable a mother to mix a simple solution for her child from substances that she has at home. | 47 | |
| 9503274848 | Poverty | the state of having too little money to meet minimum needs for food, clothing, and shelter. The U.S. Department of Agriculture defined the poverty level in the United States as an annual income of $23,550 for a family of four in 2013. | 48 | |
| 9503278571 | Protein-Energy Malnutrition | the world's most widespread malnutrition problem; characterized by a depletion of both energy stores and tissue proteins; usually accompanied by micronutrient deficiencies. | 49 | |
| 9503284241 | Severe Acute Malnutrition | a condition characterized by very low weight for height, severe wasting, and/or edema associated with recent severe food deprivation. | 50 | |
| 9503286283 | Under 5 Mortality Rate | the number of children who die before the age of 5 for every 1,000 live births. | 51 | |
| 9503287979 | Undernutrition | as used in this discussion, a term that describes the domestic and world food problem of a continuous lack of the food energy and nutrients necessary to achieve and maintain health and protection from disease. | 52 | |
| 9503290020 | UNICEF | the United nations International Children's Emergency Fund, now referred to as the United Nations Children's Fund. | 53 |
Chapter 12: The Life Cycle: Conception through the Later Years Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5618414939 | Placenta | The organ inside the uterus in which the mother's and fetus's circulatory systems intertwine and in which exchange of materials between maternal and fetal blood takes place. The fetus receives nutrients and oxygen across the placenta; the mother's blood picks up carbon dioxide and other waste materials to be excreted via her lungs and kidneys. | 0 | |
| 5618453478 | Prenatal | Prior to birth | 1 | |
| 5618457721 | Postnatal | After birth | 2 | |
| 5618457722 | Trimester | One-third if the normal duration of pregnancy; the first trimester is 0 to 13 weeks, the second trimester is 13 to 26 weeks, and the third trimester is 26 to 40 weeks. | 3 | |
| 5618593886 | Neural tube defects | Any of a number of birth defects in the orderly formation of the neural tube during early gestation. Both the brain and the spinal cord develop from the neural tube, and defects cause various central nervous system disorders. | 4 | |
| 5618614355 | Low birth weight | A birth weight of 5 1/2 lb (2500g) or less used as a predictor of poor health in the newborn and as a probable indictor of poor nutrition status of the mother during an/ or before pregnancy. | 5 | |
| 5618912199 | pica | the craving of nonfood items such as clay, ice, and laundry starch; does not appear to be limited to any particular geographic area, race, sex, culture, or social status. | 6 | |
| 5678455714 | Effects of pica | Malnutrition, obesity or intestinal obstruction | 7 | |
| 5678496759 | Smoking during pregnancy | Smoking is responsible for 20 to 30 percent birth weight deliveries in the United States. | 8 | |
| 5678526246 | Effects of smoking on the fetus | Stunts fetal growth, increases risk of premature delivery, leads to low birth weight, delayed development, and spontaneous abortions. | 9 | |
| 5678554285 | SIDS | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome linked to smoking during pregnancy and to postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke. | 10 | |
| 5678509868 | Smoking | Restricts blood supply to the growing fetus , which limits the delivery of nutrients and removal of wastes. | 11 | |
| 5618944576 | Fetal alcohol syndrome | the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy; includes retarded growth, impaired development of the central nervous system, and facial malformations. | 12 | |
| 5678577602 | How many drinks can cause the fetal alcohol syndrome? | As little as 1 or 2 drinks | 13 | |
| 5619000413 | Fetal alcohol effect | Causes learning impairment and other more subtle abnormalities in infants exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. | 14 | |
| 5678671567 | How to avoid mercury during pregnancy | Avoid eating shark, swordfish, and king mackerel. Consume up to 8 -12 ounces per week from a variety of fish and shellfish. | 15 | |
| 5678696070 | Does white tuna contain more mercury than canned light tuna? | Yes | 16 | |
| 5678637754 | How to avoid lead during pregnancy | Avoid the use of glazed ceramic pottery, lead crystal glassware, and pewter or brass containers, exposure to lead based plant from renovations or repairs to older homes. | 17 | |
| 5619036097 | Hyperemesis gravidarum | Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that is severe enough to cause effects such as acidosis, dehydration, and weight loss. | 18 | |
| 5678710662 | Ways to alleviate nausea and vomiting | Eat soda crackers, hard candies, or other dry starchy foods before getting up in the morning. | 19 | |
| 5678771083 | When you feel hungry while pregnant.. | Eat small frequent meals | 20 | |
| 5678759440 | What can trigger nausea/ vomiting? | Highly seasoned foods or foods with strong odors. | 21 | |
| 5678783987 | How to relieve constipation while pregnant.. | Have a high fiber diet, intake many fluids, and exercise regularly. | 22 | |
| 5678803973 | What are food aversions? | A sudden dislike for foods that were ordinarily consumed prior to pregnancy. | 23 | |
| 5678817632 | What are the commonly reported food aversions? | Meat, eggs, and bitter foods. | 24 | |
| 5619050087 | Pregnancy induced hypertension | High blood pressure that develops during the second half of pregnancy. | 25 | |
| 5619055404 | Preeclampsia | Condition characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine. | 26 | |
| 5619069097 | Eclampsia | A severe extension of preeclampsia characterized by convulsions; may lead to coma. | 27 | |
| 5619082527 | Gestational diabetes | The appearance of abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. | 28 | |
| 5619089529 | Colostrum | Milk-like secretion from the breast, rich in protective factors, present during the first day or so after delivery and before milk appears. | 29 | |
| 5619102378 | Bifidus factor | A factor in colostrum and breast milk that favors growth in the infant's intestinal tract of the "friendly" bacteria. | 30 | |
| 5619146191 | Lactoferrin | A factor in breast milk that binds and helps absorb iron and keeps it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria. | 31 | |
| 5647813966 | The placenta is the only way that nutrients can reach the fetus. True or False? | True | 32 | |
| 5676959160 | A pregnant women's nutrient needs are higher than usual, but their energy needs are not. True or False | True | 33 | |
| 5676995080 | What are the additional calorie needs for the second trimester? | 340 calories | 34 | |
| 5677006510 | What are the additional calorie needs for the third trimester? | 450 calories | 35 | |
| 5677019417 | How are the nutrient needs of pregnancy best met? | They are best met by the routine intake of a variety of foods. | 36 | |
| 5677061775 | What nutrients deserve special attention in the diets of pregnant women? | Protein, folate, iron, zinc and calcium as well as vitamins known to be toxic in excess amounts. | 37 | |
| 5677231696 | Can high folate mask a Vitamin B deficiency? True or False | True | 38 | |
| 5678170800 | Routine use of vitamin supplements are advised? True or False | False | 39 | |
| 5678236921 | What are the primary indicators of an infants future health status? | Birth weight and length of gestation | 40 | |
| 5678308530 | Is a low weight baby more likely than a normal weight baby to experience complications during delivery? | Yes | 41 | |
| 5678333728 | How much should an infant normally weigh? | 6 1/2 to 8 pounds | 42 | |
| 5678367288 | What is the recommended weight gain for a women that is underweight? | 28-40 pounds | 43 | |
| 5678373796 | What is the recommended weight gain for a women that is at a normal weight? | 25- 35 pounds | 44 | |
| 5678384947 | What is the recommended weight gain for a women that is overweight? | 15- 25 pounds | 45 | |
| 5678391018 | What is the recommended weight gain for a women that is obese? | 11-20 pounds | 46 | |
| 5678416271 | When should weight gain be the lowest? | During the 1st trimester | 47 | |
| 5678427880 | What does a sudden large weight gain indicate? | It may indicate the onset of pregnancy induced hypertension. | 48 | |
| 5678871809 | The teen birthrate in the United States is among the highest in industrialized countries. True or False? | True | 49 | |
| 5679307412 | How long should mother's breast feed for? | For at least 12 months | 50 | |
| 5679315057 | When should a mother not breastfeed? | She should not breast feed if she has a communicable disease, active untreated tuberculosis, if she is taking medication that is secreted in breast milk, known to affect the infant, and if she is using drugs of abuse. | 51 | |
| 5679373497 | Why is cow's milk an insufficient replacement for infant formula? | It provides insufficient Vitamin C and iron. It also has excessive sodium and protein. | 52 | |
| 5679411114 | Does breast milk provide enough Vitamin D for the infant? | No | 53 | |
| 5679439559 | What is the most significant factor of an infant's allergies? | Genetics | 54 |
Chapter 12- The life Cycle: Conception through the later years Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8308352657 | Identify five nutrition risk factors during pregnancy: | 1. Age is under 15 2. Unwanted pregnancy 3. Poverty 4. Hx. of poor pregnancy outcome 5. Inadequate nutrition. | 0 | |
| 8308369955 | What are the risk to the infant if the mother is malnourished before or during pregnancy? | 1. Malnourishment can lead to mental and physical development complications of the fetus. Possibly death in some cases. | 1 | |
| 8308385633 | Nearly all nutrients are needed in _______amounts during pregnancy. | 1. Increased | 2 | |
| 8308393508 | An average increase of only about 17 percent of maintenance calories is recommended to support the metabolic demands of pregnancy and fetal development. These calories are needed as follows: • 2nd trimester - add ______ calories per day • 3rd trimester - add ______ calories per day | 1. 350 Calories per day 2. 450 Calories per day | 3 | |
| 8308404508 | Nutrients deserving special attention during pregnancy include: | 1. Protein 2. Folate= reduce the risk of neural tube defects 3. Iron 4. Zinc 5. Calcium= Fetus extracts 300 Mg/day (In 3rd trimester) | 4 | |
| 8308423169 | A woman with a normal weight prior to conception should gain about______ pounds during pregnancy. | 25-35 pounds | 5 | |
| 8308432973 | Identify five practices to avoid during pregnancy: | 1. Consumption of non-food substances (PICA) 2. Low carb or Low-calorie diets 3. Smoking 4. Alcohol consumption (FAS) 4. Drugs and Herbal products. | 6 | |
| 8308448534 | Identify five common nutrition-related problems of preganancy: | 1. Morning sickness 2. Consitipation 3. Hypertension in pregnancy (PIH) Preeclampsia and eclampsia 4. Gestational Diabetes 5. Nutrition of breast feeding mother (Not consuming enough calories ADDITIONAL 350 per day! | 7 | |
| 8308476574 | The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants receive __________________ for the first __________ months of life. | 1. Breast feeding 2. 6 months | 8 | |
| 8308486164 | What are the physical health advantages of breast milk over bottle formula for newborns? | 1. Colostrum containing= contains antibodies and white cells 2. Bifidus Factor= favors friendly probiotic bacteria 3. Lactoferrin= Binds and helps absorb iron, plus other factors that fight against infection. | 9 | |
| 8308509001 | Birth weight is _______ the 4 to 6 months . | 1. Doubled | 10 | |
| 8308514530 | Birth weight is _______ the end of the first year. | 1. Tripled | 11 | |
| 8308520322 | Identify three contraindications for breast feeding: | 1. HIV, Active TB 2. Drugs of abuse 3. Undergoing radiation of chemotherapy | 12 | |
| 8308528591 | Identify two nutrition-related problems of infants: | 1. Iron deficiency 2. Food allergies | 13 | |
| 8308546124 | Infants need ___________ than adults for nutrients | 1. 2x more | 14 | |
| 8308554169 | Identify two nutrition-related problems of children: | 1. Low calcium intakes 2. High blood cholesterol | 15 | |
| 8308565336 | Identify two nutrition-related problems of adolescents: | 1. Low-calcium intakes 2. Under nutrition | 16 | |
| 8308578008 | Older adults need__________ calories because of loss of lean tissue and a decrease in physical activity. | 1. Increased | 17 | |
| 8308587296 | Identify five diseases that are prevalent later in life: | 1. Arthritis 2. Back/spine problems 3. Heart trouble 4. mental/emotional problems 5. diabetes | 18 | |
| 8308601559 | Older adults are at greater risk for malnutrition. Name five reasons for malnutrition of older adults: | 1. Disease 2. Tooth loss 3. Economic hard ship 4. Reduced social contact 5. Needs of assistance | 19 | |
| 8308615403 | Identify five "Life advantages" that seem to contribute to good physical and mental health in later years: | 1. Socialization, intimacy, and family integrity 2. Adhering to healthy diets 3. Avoiding substance abuse 4. Financial independence 5. Access to health care. | 20 | |
| 8308633548 | List some simple tips for helping children develop good eating habits: | 1. Parents setting good examples 2. Eating meals together 3. Limit consumption of high fat or high sugar 4. Discourage children from eating and doing other things 5. Encourage children to listen to their bodies (Eat when hungry) 6. Include children in preparation of meal | 21 |
Chapter 11: Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Fitness Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5567861188 | Fitness | The ability to meet physical demands; composed of four components: flexibility, strength, muscle endurance, and cardiovascular endurance. | 0 | |
| 5568086915 | Recommended time to work out per work | 2 hours and 30 minutes | 1 | |
| 5567867095 | Major risk factors for heart disease | Sedentary Lifestyle Family history of heart disease Cigarette smoking High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Obesity Diabetes | 2 | |
| 5567882443 | FIT principle | Frequency , Intensity, Time | 3 | |
| 5567884339 | Frequency | Number of exercise sessions per week; at least three to five sessions per week are recommended | 4 | |
| 5567888731 | Intensity | How hard you exercise, the degree of exertion while exercising . It is recommended that you exercise at 55 to 90 percent of your maximum heart rate (target heart rate) | 5 | |
| 5567917987 | Time | Duration or length of time that you exercise with your heart rate elevated into your target heart rate zone ( the minimum amount is thought to be 20 to 30 minutes per session). | 6 | |
| 5567930833 | Overload | An extra physical demand placed on the body. A principle of training is that for a body system to improve, its workload must be increased by increments over time. | 7 | |
| 5567939087 | Hypertrophy | An increase in size in response to use. | 8 | |
| 5567940888 | Atrophy | A decrease in size in response to disuse. | 9 | |
| 5567946076 | Strength | The ability of muscles to work against resistance. | 10 | |
| 5567955401 | Flexibility | The ability to bend or extend without injury; depends on elasticity of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and on the condition of the joints. | 11 | |
| 5567961824 | Muscle endurance | The third component of fitness, the ability of a muscle to keep working for long periods. | 12 | |
| 5567972018 | Aerobic | Requiring oxygen, sustained activity, use of carbs and fat | 13 | |
| 5567973459 | Anaerobic | Not requiring oxygen, use of quick activity, carbs only | 14 | |
| 5567975995 | ATP or adenosine triphosphate | A high -energy compound present in all body tissues; when the bonds between any of the tree phosphate groups in ATP are broken, energy is instantly released to power the activities of cells. | 15 | |
| 5567982687 | CP or creatine phosphate | A high- energy compound stored in muscle cells; its phosphate group can be split and used to replenish ATP for short bursts of anaerobic activity. | 16 | |
| 5568007671 | Glycolysis | An anaerobic energy metabolism pathway for the partial breakdown of glucose for energy. Energy released in glycolysis is used to form the high-energy compound ATP. | 17 | |
| 5568019408 | Cardiovascular conditioning/ training effect | The effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system ; includes improvements in heart, lung, and muscle function and increased blood volume | 18 | |
| 5568022788 | Target heart rate | The heartbeat rate that will achieve a cardiovascular conditioning effect for a given person; fast enough to push the heart, but not so fast as to strain it. | 19 | |
| 5568032859 | Heat stroke | An acute and dangerous reaction to heat buildup in the body, requiring emergency medical attention; also called sun stroke | 20 | |
| 5568055872 | Hyponatremia | A deceased concentration of sodium in the blood | 21 | |
| 5568062875 | Signs of hyponatremia | Severe headache, nausea/ vomiting, muscle cramps, bloating, confusion, seizure | 22 | |
| 5568041529 | Sports anemia | A temporary condition of low blood hemoglobin level, associated with the early stage of athletic training. | 23 | |
| 5568044135 | Stress fracture | Bone damage or breakage caused by stress on bone surfaces during exercise. | 24 | |
| 5568046131 | Amenorrhea | Cessation of menstruation associated with strenuous athletic training. | 25 | |
| 5576121721 | Caffeine | Stimulant | 26 | |
| 5576123286 | Creatine | Strength & Sprint type performance | 27 | |
| 5576124060 | Carnitine | Fat burner | 28 | |
| 5576126772 | Max heart rate | Age-220 | 29 | |
| 5576127798 | Heart rate range | Max Heart rate x 55 (lower) or 90 (upper limits) | 30 | |
| 5576131223 | Physical activity alone won't help you lose weight. True or False | True | 31 | |
| 5576132313 | How can you increase metabolic rate? | You can increase it by exercising daily | 32 | |
| 5576134130 | Does body composition influence your metabolic rate? | Yes | 33 | |
| 5576141882 | Moderate activities | Use glycogen slowly | 34 | |
| 5576143115 | Intense activities | Use glycogen quickly | 35 | |
| 5576144180 | Fluid replacement drinks | Sports drinks | 36 | |
| 5576144989 | Ergogenic aids | Bad, ineffective use of improving exercise and athletic performance. | 37 | |
| 5617291435 | What is the best physical training program? | aerobic, strength training and stretching | 38 | |
| 5617311756 | Types of aerobic physical activity | jogging, aerobic dancing, and jumping rope | 39 | |
| 5617349326 | Physical conditioning | A planned program or physical activity directed toward improving the function of a particular body system. | 40 | |
| 5617400552 | Does flexibility tend to decrease with age? True of False | True | 41 | |
| 5617412535 | What is the right way to stretch? | When you feel a slight strain in the muscle, hold the position for 20 to 30 seconds. | 42 | |
| 5617455137 | What kind of stretches can cause minute tears? | Bouncy, rapid stretches | 43 | |
| 5617499071 | What is the job of low- intensity preliminary exercise? | It allows the heart ( a muscle) to slowly accelerate and make necessary adjustments in blood flow and oxygen supply, preparing the heart for the work it is about to perform. | 44 | |
| 5617536907 | What is the role of stretching after an activity? | It allows the heart to gradually slow its pace. | 45 | |
| 5617674215 | What happens when lactic acid builds up in the muscles? | It causes burning pain and can lead to muscle exhaustion within seconds if it is not drained away. | 46 | |
| 5617728331 | How to deal with lactic acid buildup? | Relax the muscles, which will allow the circulating blood to bring oxygen to support aerobic metabolism. | 47 | |
| 5617863025 | The aerobic and anaerobic pathways work together to supply energy to the body. True of False | True | 48 | |
| 5617933168 | Informal pulse check | The rule of thumb: the average resting pulse rate for adults is around 70 beats per minute, but the rate can be higher or lower. | 49 | |
| 5617962865 | The older you are the lower your maximum heart rate is. True or False | True | 50 | |
| 5617999691 | Where does glucose come from? | Glucose comes from carbohydrate rich foods like breads, pasta, rice, legumes, fruits, vegetables, milk, and yogurt. | 51 | |
| 5618046499 | How does an athlete follow the glycogen-loading technique? | They would exercise intensely without restricting carbohydrates and then gradually cut back on exercise the week before the competition. | 52 | |
| 5618070376 | Person with a desirable body weight | Person will store 25 to 30 pounds of body fat, but only about 1 pound of carbohydrates. | 53 | |
| 5618116443 | Rule of thumb of gauging exercising | If you can talk normally, you are incurring oxygen debt and are burning more glucose than fat; if you can sing, you aren't getting a cardiovascular workout or burning much of anything (so speed up). | 54 | |
| 5618280161 | The role of the plasma | The blood circulates through the body and picks up a huge amount of heat that is generated by the working muscles. The plasma than transports heat to our skin, which is expelled through the evaporation of heat. | 55 | |
| 5618348649 | Can too much sodium delay the muscles receipt of water? True of False | True | 56 | |
| 5618373801 | The placebo effect | The belief in the use of the ergogenic aids. | 57 |
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