| 8628184865 | What benefited Afro-Eurasian trade the most? | China's internal economy | | 0 |
| 8628191410 | What commodity was one of the few that China would trade for and where did they get it? | Silver; they got it from Japan and the Philippines, which became a gateway for Spanish silver coming from the Americas | | 1 |
| 8628204980 | How did the Grand Canal impact China's internal economy? | It became an artery allowing food and riches from the economically vibrant lower Yangzi area to reach the capital in Beijing. | | 2 |
| 8628223021 | What overland route became important during this period? | One linking the Baltic Sea, Muscovy (Moscow), the Caspian Sea, central Asia, and China | | 3 |
| 8628233880 | Why were Ottoman authorities interested in overland trade and how did they promote it? | They could tax it and gained considerable revenue from it, so they promoted trade by maintaining refreshment and military stations along the routes. | | 4 |
| 8628259730 | What new maritime technologies helped Portuguese navigate the treacherous waters around Africa? | New vessels, like the three-or-four-masted carrack and the caravel, which had triangular sails; the technique of tacking (sailing into the wind); and navigational aides like the astrolabe and the compass | | 5 |
| 8628278108 | How did Portugal go about getting involved in Indian Ocean trade? | They bombarded ports, navies and merchant ships with cannons and took over or taxed trade in key ports, thereby inserting themselves into pre-existing trading networks. | | 6 |
| 8628320442 | The opening of Atlantic sea-lanes facilitated what major transformation in world history? | The formation of overseas colonies | | 7 |
| 8628326701 | What did Europeans bring to the New World? | Cannons, steel weapons and body armor, horses, and deadly diseases | | 8 |
| 8628332566 | What factors allowed Europeans to conquer empires in the Americas? | 1. Timing - they arrived at a time of political upheaval and took advantage of divisions among indigenous people
2. Disease - Europeans imported diseases that the indigenous people had no resistance to and caused a catastrophic decline in Amerindian populations | | 9 |
| 8628369958 | Besides European conquests of American empires, what was the impact of the devastation of the Amerindian population? | It caused a labor shortages, which started the large-scale introduction of slaves imported from Africa | | 10 |
| 8628377981 | What were the goals of European mariners? | To Christianize All The Kingdoms™ and make money for themselves and their countries | | 11 |
| 8628423847 | What were the two European views on indigenous people? | They thought of them as either innocents or savages | | 12 |
| 8628431065 | How did Amerindians view Europeans? | They were appalled by their hairiness, bad breath, and poor manners, and were also surprised by their inability to live off the land | | 13 |
| 8628443440 | What persuaded the Spanish to invest in American exploration? | Gold | | 14 |
| 8628447826 | How did the encomienda system work? | It awarded conquistadors grants that gave them land and control over indigenous labor, which they used to mine precious metals that were taxed so that the crown would also benefit from the system | | 15 |
| 8628473496 | What made the Americas conquerable by the Europeans? | They had evolved untouched by Afro-Eurasian influences, so they were unprepared for the kind of assaults the Europeans had prepared; warfare in the Americas was more ceremonial, unlike that of the Europeans, who fought to kill. | | 16 |
| 8628487729 | How was the Aztec Empire structured? | It united many small, independent states under a single monarch who ruled alongside priests, military leaders, and counselors, and by the late 15th century it may have contained 25 million people. | | 17 |
| 8628501431 | What made the Aztec Empire unstable? | Constant wars that resulted in defeated neighbors being made to pay tribute and supply people to sacrifice made pretty much everyone they conquered hate them...OHP, DIDN'T SEE THAT COMING....and said conquered peoples were constantly rebelling, which is not exactly great for stability purposes. | | 18 |
| 8628527673 | Who aided Cortes in his conquest of the Aztec Empire? | Dona Marina, the daughter of an indigenous noble family, who acted as a translator, and native allies from the groups conquered by the Aztecs (especially the Tlaxcalans). | | 19 |
| 8629076673 | What advantages did the Spanish have in the Aztec conquest? | Alliances with Aztec enemies and superior weaponry | | 20 |
| 8629110203 | What raised the Incas to regional supremacy? | Intermarrying into elite families and raiding neighbors | | 21 |
| 8629129081 | What were the ramifications of the conquest of the two great American empires in world history? | 1. It set Europeans on the road to controlling the human and material wealth of the Americas and opened a new frontier that they could colonize
2. It gave Europeans a market for their own products, which had little value in Afro-Eurasia | | 22 |
| 8629148503 | What did Europeans spread to the Americas in the Columbian exchange? | Horses, sheep, cattle wheat, grapevines, sugarcane, and diseases | | 23 |
| 8629158373 | What did the Americas spread to Europe in the Columbian Exchange? | Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, squash, beans, cacao, peanuts, and tobacco | | 24 |
| 8629170586 | Why were European diseases so devastating in the Americas? | African, Asian, and European peoples had long interacted, so they had immunity to the same pool of diseases, but the Americas were a world apart and had never been exposed to any of these diseases, which allowed them to go on an unstoppable death rampage through the Americas | | 25 |
| 8629201515 | How did the Spanish exploit villages in the Americas? | They fused tribute-taking with their own innovations, like encomiendas, to force their empires to produce goods and services | | 26 |
| 8629216859 | What three commodities did Europe's relationship with the Americas hinge on? | Silver, sugar, and slaves | | 27 |
| 8629243106 | How did the slave trade increase business activity? | It subsidized shipbuilding and new insurance schemes, as well as fueling economic growth through the profits generated by sugar cultivation. | | 28 |
| 8629259561 | What epitomized the Atlantic world's new economy? | Colonial mines | | 29 |
| 8629271487 | What did the sugar plantation model of settlement rely on? | The constant transatlantic flow of slaves | | 30 |
| 8629280220 | What was the Atlantic System? | A three-cornered trade network, with Africa supplying labor, the Americas land and minerals, and the Europeans the technology and military power to hold the system together. | | 31 |
| 8629295718 | What were Martin Luther's three principles, which launched the Protestant reformation? | 1. Faith alone saves
2. The scriptures alone hold the key to Christian truth
3. Belief in the priesthood of all believers | | 32 |
| 8629328273 | What Catholic practices did the Protestant reformers object to? | The keeping of mistresses by monks, priests, and popes and the sale of indulgences | | 33 |
| 8629342746 | What was Jean Calvin's most important doctrine? | Predestination - the idea that each person is "predestined for damnation or salvation even before birth." | | 34 |
| 8629351211 | What was the Council of Trent? | A series of twenty-five meetings of Catholic leaders from 1545 to 1563, intended to reaffirm church doctrines and enact reforms to weed out corruption in response to the Protestant reformation | | 35 |
| 8629378827 | How did the Protestant Reformation lead to warfare across central Europe? | It sparked peasants, hoping that Luther's assault on the church's authority would liberate them, to rise up against feudal landlords. | | 36 |
| 8629398976 | What did the Mughals' strength rest on? | Military power | | 37 |
| 8629402836 | How did the Mughals treat their diverse populations? | Tolerantly, allowing religious tolerance | | 38 |
| 8629418502 | What commodity linked the world commercially? | Silver | | 39 |
| 8629487168 | Explain how the mercantilist economic system functions. | Colonies were used to produce goods for the benefit of the "mother country" and were not allowed to trade with any other countries, which closed them off to any potential competitors for their mother countries. | | 40 |
| 8629512742 | What was the result of British agriculture in North America? | Souring relations with Native Americans, whose land they were encroaching on | | 41 |
| 8629527737 | What was distinctive about the fur trade in North America? | European (primarily French) trappers utterly depended on Native American knowledge to trap beaver, which forced them to adapt to Native American ways. French conquest of North America was based more on cooperation than conquest. | | 42 |
| 8631097927 | Why was life expectancy so low for slaves on sugar plantations? | Disease was prevalent, their diets were not nearly enough to sustain them, and their work was incredibly grueling | | 43 |
| 8631112752 | How did European slavers, who could not survive in Africa's interiors, ensure that they got a steady supply of slaves? | They took advantage of Africans' rivalries and provided them with firearms | | 44 |
| 8631130184 | What effect did the slave trade have on Africa's demographics? | Because mostly men were taken, it created a massive gender imbalance in Africa. | | 45 |
| 8631165404 | How did the Dutch East India Company (VOC) become so wealthy? | It benefitted from Amsterdam's position as the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. | | 46 |
| 8631250775 | How did the Dutch expand into Southeast Asia? | By invading a region, killing or enslaving its people, and inserting themselves into the society in the place of its decimated local population, allowing them to grow their own products, ship it to Europe, and sell it for profit. | | 47 |
| 8631282946 | How did Ottoman trade regulations hurt the empire's economy? | Merchants formed black market trade networks with Europe in response to the trade regulations, which got them silver. The Ottoman rulers, who could not profit off of this because illegal trade didn't accrue revenue from taxes, had to rely on loans of silver from merchants, which caused runaway inflation. | | 48 |
| 8631312244 | What region of the Ottoman Empire posed the greatest breakaway pressure? | Egypt (ruled by the Mamluk regime) | | 49 |
| 8631315478 | What were the Koprulu Reforms? | A combination of financial reforms and anticorruption measures in the Ottoman Empire | | 50 |
| 8631325429 | What development benefited the Mughal imperial economy? | The European demand for Ottoman textiles | | 51 |
| 8631347997 | How were the Mughals victims of their own success? | A century of prosperity, expansion, and agricultural development placed substantial power in the hands of local and regional authorities. This enabled them to resist Mughal authority. Many groups rose in rebellions; others turned to banditry. | | 52 |
| 8631380514 | Why was the timing of administrative breakdown (like that of Emperor Wanli) in the Ming government unfortunate? | It came at the same time as the expansion of trade opportunities, which led many individuals to circumvent the law. Piracy was a large concern during this period. | | 53 |
| 8631419049 | How did Ming authority collapse? | The Ming were unable to keep their problems from affecting their subjects' daily lives after a drop in temperatures caused a famine. They increased taxes and cut military spending, which caused both peasants and soldiers to become #triggered, and rebellions cropped up, as rebellions are apt to do at the end of a Chinese dynasty. | | 54 |
| 8631453585 | How did the Manchus gain control of China? | They formed an alliance with a Ming military commander, and after defeating the Ming, they took power. | | 55 |
| 8631475835 | How did the Qing, who were an ethnic minority, hold power? | By appealing to classical Chinese values while also emphasizing their distinctness. | | 56 |
| 8631492335 | What was the Canton System? | A system that required European merchants to have Chinese guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. | | 57 |
| 8631503444 | What was unique about the Tokugawa Shogunate? | It regulated contact with the outside world. | | 58 |
| 8631509565 | Why were the Japanese so concerned about foreign intrusion? | They were worried that the intrusion of Christian missionaries would cause upheaval because Christian converts in Japan were intolerant of other faiths, believed Christ to be superior to any other authority, and fought among themselves. They were also leery of trade because it pulled commercial power away from the capital. | | 59 |
| 8631564898 | How did the Romanovs structure Russian government? | They created an absolutist regime, where only the tsar had the right to make war, tax, judge, and coin money. It had no political bodies (like a senate). Instead, nobles enjoyed nearly unlimited authority in exchange for loyalty and tribute to the tsar. | | 60 |
| 8631614455 | What was the Thirty Years' War? | A war between Protestant princes and the Catholic emperor for religious predominance in Central Europe; a struggle for control among Catholic powers (Spain, Austria and France); and a bid for independence from Spain by the Dutch. | | 61 |
| 8631626748 | What did the Treaty of Westphalia state? | There was a rough balance of power between Catholic and Protestant states, and they would just have to put up with each other. | | 62 |
| 8631747605 | How did the Dutch become vital to European trade? | They specialized in shipping and financing trade; they created the fluitschip, which could carry heavy cargoes with small crews; they founded an exchange bank, established a rudimentary stock exchange, and pioneered systems of underwriting and insuring cargoes. | | 63 |
| 8631768360 | What was enclosure? | Landowners taking control of lands that had traditionally bee common property serving local needs, and they used them to produce goods to sell in distant markets. | | 64 |
| 8631785143 | How was France's monarchy structured? | The king and his ministers held all social power, and other groups had no formal body to represent their interests. | | 65 |
| 8631796727 | Why did England not become an absolute monarchy? | Parliament remained an important force in the English government. | | 66 |
| 8631804961 | What were the results of the English civil war? | King Charles I was beheaded, and although the monarchy was restored twelve years later, the king's relation to Parliament and the relationship between the crown and religion remained undecided. | | 67 |
| 8631816473 | What was the Seven Years' War? | A conflict between European empires around the world, contested around the world. It resulted in the British conquest of India and its recognition as the world's foremost colonial empire. | | 68 |
| 8631853714 | How was the Ottoman Empire's education system structured? | It was made up of three systems that produced three streams of talent - civil and military bureaucrats, ulama, and Sufi religious masters. | | 69 |
| 8631865348 | Why was Ibrahim Muteferrika significant? | He was a Hungarian convert to Islam who put up a printing press in Istanbul in 1729 and published works on science, history, and geography. | | 70 |
| 8631902612 | What motif became a notable symbol of the Ottoman sultans? | The tulip | | 71 |
| 8631907666 | Why were the Safavid rulers unique? | They sought to project both absolute authority and accessibility. | | 72 |
| 8631927471 | What was the nature of Mughal culture? | It was inclusive; non-muslims were welcomed into its circle. | | 73 |
| 8631943928 | How did Mughal art reflect the diversity of the empire? | It blended Persian, Indian, and Ottoman styles. | | 74 |
| 8631959052 | What kind of ruler was Akbar? | He was tolerant, allowing common people and nobles from all ethnic groups to converse with him at court, as well as being a skillful military leader. | | 75 |
| 8631967384 | What was the Mughal attitude towards foreign influences? | They embraced useful foreign commodities and allowed foreign scholars and artists at court but remained supremely confident of their own traditions. | | 76 |
| 8631999273 | What helped circulate ideas in China? | The decentralization of book production and the domestic market | | 77 |
| 8632051981 | How did Chinese villagers participate in religious and cultural practices? | By honoring local guardian spirits, patronizing Buddhist and Daoist temples, or watching performances by touring theater groups. | | 78 |
| 8632060547 | What were some Chinese technological innovations during this period? | The magnetic compass, printing press, and accurate records of eclipses, novas, meteors, and comets | | 79 |
| 8632065401 | Why did Matteo Ricci offend the Chinese? | He brought European maps that implied that the earth was round, not flat, and that China was just one country among many others. | | 80 |
| 8632075360 | What cultural practices did the Japanese upper classes favor? | Masked theater called No and an elegant tea-making ritual. | | 81 |
| 8632079433 | What cultural practices did Japanese commoners favor? | They could purchase works of fiction and colorful woodblock prints, and watch performances of Kabuki (a type of theater that combined song, dance and as well as enjoying the company of female entertainers called geisha. | | 82 |
| 8632752530 | How did China's influence shape Japanese culture? | Scholars wrote imperial histories of Japan in Chinese style, and Chinese law codes and books were popular reading material. Buddhism also became more prominent. | | 83 |
| 8632771016 | How did European influences eventually infiltrate Japan? | A guild of Japanese interpreters in Nagasaki who could speak and read Dutch accompanied Dutch merchants on trips to Edo, where they spread European knowledge. | | 84 |
| 8632783124 | Upon what was the overwhelming cultural emphasis in the Asante Kingdom? | Money and the importance of wealth | | 85 |
| 8632822354 | What sparked the scientific revolution in Europe? | Religious warfare, dynastic conflicts, and famines caused widespread devastation and made some intellectuals want to turn their backs on religious strife and develop useful ways for understanding and improving the world. | | 86 |
| 8632834996 | What is Sir Francis Bacon known for? | Creating the scientific method | | 87 |
| 8632842987 | What did philosophes call attention to? | The evils in society: Voltaire criticized the torture of criminals, Diderot denounced the despotic tendencies of Louis XIV and Louis XV, and Smith exposed the inefficiencies of mercantilism. | | 88 |
| 8632854334 | What type of publication became wildly popular in France during this time? | Vulgar works of fiction such as "Venus in the Cloister, or the Nun in a Nightgown," which exploited consumer demand and mocked authority figures, particularly religious ones. | | 89 |
| 8632869317 | What were the Englightenment thinkers' views on class? | Locke claimed that man acquired all of his ideas through experience, and Smith remarked that the only difference between classes was education, as all people had the same capacity to reason. | | 90 |
| 8632899410 | What was one result of Christian proselytizing in the Americas? | Christian and indigenous or African beliefs were mixed into new, syncretic religions, such as vodun. | | 91 |
| 8632916083 | What were creoles? | People born in the Americas to European parents, who grew increasingly resentful of the control that peninsulares - European-born people - exerted over them | | 92 |
| 8632926795 | What do Cook's voyages demonstrate? | The close ties that can exist between science and imperialism. | | 93 |
| 8632931816 | What were the ecological effects of European incursions into Oceania? | They caused widespread decimation of local ecosystems due to the destruction wrought by introduced European species. | | 94 |
