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APES Flashcards

7211477139	Conservation	allowing the use of resources in a responsible manner	0
7211478612	Preservation	setting aside areas and protecting them from human activities	1
7211479624	Keystone species	species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others (sea otters, sea stars, grizzly bears, prairie dogs)	2
7211481223	Indicator species	species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged ex. trout	3
7211483038	Characteristics of endangered species	small range, large territory, or live on an island	4
7211483740	Endangered species	a group of organisms in danger of becoming extinct if the situation is not improved; population numbers have dropped below the critical number of organisms; North spotted Owl (loss of old growth forest), Bald Eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), Piping Plover (nesting areas threatened by development)	5
7211484564	Invasive/Alien/Exotic species	non-native species to an area; often thrive and disrupt the ecosystem balance; examples: kudzu vine, purple loosestrife, African honeybee "killer bee", water hyacinth, fire ant	6
7211496411	Parts of the hydrologic cycle	evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration	7
7211496716	Nitrogen fixing	because atmospheric N₂ cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia (NH₃) by bacteria (rhizobium or cyanobacteria)	8
7211497950	Ammonification	nitrogen is converted into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria; may occur when nitrogen in organic wastes in the soil are converted to ammonia or when atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) is converted to NH₃	9
7211497964	Nitrification	ammonia (NH₃) is converted to nitrate ions (NO₃)	10
7211499044	Assimilation	inorganic N₂ is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins - plants assimilate nitrogen as NH₄⁺ or NO₃⁻ through their roots; animals (herbivores) assimilate organic nitrogen compounds by eating plants	11
7211499660	Denitrification	bacteria convert nitrate (NO₃)⁻ and nitrite (NO₂)⁻ back into N₂ gas; bacteria convert ammonia (NH₃) back into N₂ or N₂O - typically accomplished by anaerobic bacteria	12
7211500440	Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because	it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate (PO₄)³⁻ rocks; this is a SEDIMENTARY cycle - it is never found as a gas	13
7211501084	How excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems	runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage; limiting factor in freshwater ecosystems; excess P leads to eutrophication	14
7211501085	Photosynthesis	plants convert atmospheric carbon (CO₂) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C₆H₁₂O₆); energy is consumed and oxygen is released as a waste product	15
7211501949	Aerobic respiration	O₂-consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO₂; energy is released and oxygen is consumed in the process	16
7211501950	Anaerobic Respiration	break down of carbohydrates without oxygen - products are methane (CH₄), alcohols and other organics	17
7211502578	Transpiration	process where water is absorbed by plant roots, moves up through plants, passes through pores (stomata) in leaves or other parts, evaporates into atm. as water vapor	18
7211503498	Largest reservoirs of C	carbonate (CO₃)²⁻ rocks first, oceans second	19
7211504363	Sustainability	the ability to meet the current needs of humanity without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs	20
7211504372	The Tragedy of the Commons	(1968 paper by ecologist Garret Hardin) "Freedom to breed" is bringing ruin to all. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none. When no individual has ownership, no one takes responsibility. Examples: overfishing in the oceans, over pumping of the Ogallala Aquifer	21
7211505102	Natural selection	organisms that possess favorable adaptations survive and pass them onto the next generation	22
7211506246	Energy flow in food webs or chains, through trophic systems	only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (second law); not all biomass is digested and absorbed; predators expend energy to catch prey; the 10% value is an average value	23
7211506659	Biotic and abiotic	living and nonliving components of an ecosystem	24
7211506660	Competition	a type of population interaction, usually over a limited resource - may be intraspecific or interspecific	25
7211507593	Producer/Autotroph	photosynthetic or chemosynthetic life; Chemotroph - organism undergoing chemosynthesis - usually carried out by sulfur bacteria in aphotic zones in the ocean (deep ocean vents, etc.)	26
7211509340	Primary succession	development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life or those in which the soil profile is totally destroyed (lava flows); no soil substrate present; begins with lichen action	27
7211510191	Secondary succession	life progresses where soil remains (clear-cut forest, fire, disturbed areas)	28
7211510192	Mutualism	symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit and both participate	29
7211510936	Commensalism	symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected or may benefit	30
7211511963	Parasitism	relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host	31
7211515204	Biome	large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals; terrestrial biomes determining factors are temperature and precipitation	32
7211515205	Carrying capacity	the number of individuals (size of the population) that can be sustained in an area (supported by available resources in the environment)	33
7211515908	R strategist	reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring; tend to be generalists, short lifespan	34
7211516376	K strategist	reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring; tend to be specialists, longer lifespan	35
7211517160	Positive feedback	when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (warmer Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer Earth)	36
7211517891	Negative feedback	when a changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (warmer Earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)	37
7211517892	Malthus	said human population increases exponentially, while food supplies increase arithmetically; factors that keep the population in check include war, famine & disease	38
7211518694	Doubling time	rule of 70; 70 divided by the percent growth rate	39
7211518695	Replacement level fertility	the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing); biotic potential; total fertility rate (TFR)	40
7211519375	World Population	~ 6.8 billion U.S. Population: ~ 310 million	41
7211519954	Preindustrial stage	(demographic transition) birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high	42
7211519955	Transitional stage	(demographic transition) death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast	43
7211520768	Industrial stage	(demographic transition) decline in birth rate, population growth slows	44
7211521350	Postindustrial stage	(demographic transition) low birth & death rates	45
7211522254	Age structure diagrams	broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth; Major Age Cohorts -> pre-reproductives, reproductives, post-reproductives	46
7211522255	First and second most populated countries	China and India	47
7211522856	Most important thing affecting population growth	low status of women	48
7211522857	Ways to decrease birth rate	family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties	49
7211523916	True cost / External costs	harmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a product's price	50
7211523917	Cogeneration	using waste heat to make electricity	51
7211526709	Electricity generated by fossil fuels, biomass or nuclear power	heat is produced which creates steam -> steam turns a turbine -> the mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electrical energy in a generator and that energy is transmitted to homes through power lines	52
7211528361	Hydroelectric power	potential energy of stored water is used to turn a turbine -> the mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electrical energy in a generator and that energy is transmitted to homes through power lines	53
7211528362	Thermal gradient	spontaneous flow of heat from warmer to cooler bodies	54
7211528984	Ionizing radiation	enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, Xrays, UV)	55
7211529688	High Quality Energy	organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)	56
7211529689	Low Quality Energy	disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)	57
7211530384	First Law of Thermodynamics	energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another (Law of Conservation of Energy)	58
7211530385	Second Law of Thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy, usually heat	59
7211531277	Best solutions to energy shortage	conservation, increase efficiency, explore alternative energy options	60
7211531278	Alternate energy sources	wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells	61
7211531940	Natural radioactive decay	unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles	62
7211532551	Half-life	the time it takes for ½ the mass of a radioisotope to decay	63
7211532918	Estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level	approximately 10 half-lives	64
7211536027	Nuclear Fission	nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	65
7211536565	Nuclear Fusion	two isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus (He). Process is expensive; break-even point not reached yet; D + D -> He or D + T -> He	66
7211536919	Mass deficit	not all matter is converted into matter in a fusion reaction - some (the mass deficit) is converted into energy. E = mc². Explains the energy released in a fusion reaction.	67
7211537150	Major parts of a nuclear reactor	core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building	68
7211537971	Two most serious nuclear accidents	Chernobyl, Ukraine (1986) and Three Mile Island, PA (1979)	69
7211537972	Petroleum formation	microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons (animal remains)	70
7211538423	Pros of petroleum	relatively cheap, easily transported, high-quality energy	71
7211540084	Cons of petroleum	reserves will be depleted soon; pollution during drilling, transport and refining; burning makes CO₂	72
7211734282	Steps in coal formation	peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite	73
7211540085	Major insecticide groups (and examples)	chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT); organophosphates (malathion); carbamates (aldicarb)	74
7211540604	Pesticide pros	saves lives from insect-transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers	75
7211541074	Pesticide cons	genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification	76
7211541075	Natural pest control	better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants	77
7211541960	In natural ecosystems, methods which control 50-90% of pests	predators, diseases, parasites	78
7211541961	Particulate matter	Source: burning fossil fuels and diesel exhaust Effect: reduces visibility & respiratory irritation Reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)	79
7211542823	Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)	Source: ~50% from transportation (exhaust), ~50% from industry Effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to photochemical smog & ozone formation Equation for acid formation: NO + O₂ -> NO₂ + H₂O -> HNO₃ Reduction: selective catalytic reduction unit, more efficient combustion processes like FBC (fluidized bed combustion), lower combustion temperatures, find alternatives to fossil fuels	80
7211543220	Sulfur oxides (SOx)	Source: coal burning Effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants Equation for acid formation: SO₂ + O₂ = SO₃ + H₂O = H₂SO₄ Reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)	81
7211543223	Carbon oxides (CO and CO₂)	Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin, reducing blood's ability to carry O₂; CO₂ contributes to global warming Reduction: catalytic converter, emissions testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit, increase efficiencies, find alternatives to fossil fuels	82
7211544132	Ozone (O₃)	Formation secondary pollutant, NO₂ + uv > NO + O* O* + O₂ -> O₃, with VOCs (volatile organic compounds) Effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage Reduction: reduce NO and VOC emissions Tropospheric ozone is BAD, stratospheric ozone is GOOD	83
7211544562	Radon (Rn)	naturally occurring colorless, odorless, radioactive gas, found in some types of soil and rock, can seep into homes and buildings, formed from the decay of uranium (U), causes cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong area of PA. Radon decays to Polonium (Po), which is a solid. Po particles sit in lung tissue and are alpha (α) emitters. This leads to lung cancer.	84
7211544563	Photochemical smog	formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O*); associated with automobile traffic	85
7211545470	Acid deposition	caused by sulfuric and nitric acids (H₂SO₄, HNO₃), resulting in lowered pH of surface waters, soil acidification and destruction of building materials	86
7211545471	Greenhouse gases	Examples: H₂O, CO₂, O₃, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH₄). Effect: they trap outgoing infrared (IR, heat) energy, causing Earth to warm	87
7211546162	Effects of global warming	rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, drought, famine, extinctions	88
7211548304	Stratospheric ozone depletion	caused by ozone-depleting chemicals (ODCs) such as CFCs, methyl chloroform or trichloromethane (CHCl₃), carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), halon (haloalkanes), methyl bromide (CH₃Br)— all of which attack stratospheric ozone. The Cl or Br atoms "attack" the ozone molecules and cause the thinning of this layer. Global Agreement to decrease ODC - Montreal Protocol (1987)	89
7211548305	Effects of ozone depletion	increased UV light that results in skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth (inhibits photosynthesis, decline in Antarctic and Arctic phytoplankton population), impaired immune systems	90
7211549101	Primary air pollutants	produced by humans & nature (CO,CO₂,SOx,NOx, hydrocarbons, particulates)	91
7211549102	Secondary Air Pollutants	produced as a result of reactions that primary air pollutants undergo (include photochemical pollutants O₃, PAN and NO₂, and acids such as H₂SO₄ and HNO₃)	92
7211549744	Sources of mercury	burning coal (25% of atmospheric deposition), compact fluorescent bulbs	93
7211549745	Major source of sulfur	coal -burning power plants	94
7211551283	Point vs. non point sources	Point, from specific location such as a pipe. Non-point, from over an area such as runoff	95
7211552484	Chlorine	good= disinfection of water; bad = forms trihalomethanes when organics are present in the water; many systems now use chloramines to treat waste water before it is discharged. Alternatives to chlorine disinfection - ozone 6 or UV light	96
7211552925	Fecal coliform/Enterococcus bacteria	indicator of sewage contamination; found in the intestines of all warm blooded mammals (coliform bacteria)	97
7211552926	BOD	biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials in water	98
7211553491	Eutrophication	may result in rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates (NO₃)⁻ and phosphates (PO₄)³⁻ in water	99
7211555559	Hypoxia	when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO (dissolved O₂) drops & the water cannot support life; very low DO levels; dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico	100
7211555560	Anoxic	no DO (dissolved O₂) in the water	101
7211556355	Surface mining	cheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to workers	102
7211556356	Ore	a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine	103
7211556772	Humus	organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	104
7211556773	Leaching	removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards	105
7211557468	Illuviation	deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B horizon)	106
7211557469	Loam	perfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%)	107
7211557889	Soil Profile, horizons in order:	O - A - E - B - C -R	108
7211557890	Organic fertilizer	slow-acting & long-lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed	109
7211558582	Salinization of soil	in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind	110
7211559034	Volcano and Earthquake occurrence	at plate boundaries (divergent= spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent= trenches) (transform= sliding, San Andreas)	111
7211559035	Monoculture	cultivation of a single crop, usually in a large area	112
7211560439	Food	wheat, rice and corn provide more than ½ of the calories in the food consumed by the world's people	113
7211561036	LD50 (LD-50, LD₅₀)	the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population within 14 days of the initial dose	114
7211561037	Threshold dose	the maximum dose that has no measurable effect on a given population	115
7211561454	Percent water on earth by type	97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater	116
7211561455	Aquifer	any water-bearing layer in the ground; confined or artesian, unconfined or water table	117
7211561956	Subsidence	land sinks as result of over pumping an aquifer	118
7211562507	Cone of depression	lowering of the water table around a pumping well	119
7211562508	Salt water intrusion	near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer	120
7211563231	Ways to conserve water	agriculture = drip/trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures. reclaimed water for agriculture and golf courses	121
7211563232	Hazardous Waste (as defined by RCRA) - Mutagen, Teratogen, Carcinogen	(in order) causes hereditary changes through mutations; causes fetus deformities; causes cancer	122
7211563829	Minamata Bay disease	(1932-1968, Japan) physical and mental impairments caused by methylmercury (CH3Hg)+ poisoning	123
7211563830	Love Canal, NY	(1950s +) chemicals buried in old canal; school and homes built over it; caused birth defects and cancer	124
7211564662	Main component of municipal solid waste (MSW)	paper; most is landfilled	125
7211564663	Sanitary landfill problems and solutions	problem = leachate; solution = liner with collection system problem = methane gas; solution = collect gas and burn problem = volume of garbage; solution = compact and reduce	126
7211565162	Incineration advantages	volume of waste reduced by 90%, and waste heat can be used	127
7211565163	Incineration disadvantages	toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxins), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals)	128
7211565779	Best way to solve waste problem	reduce the amounts of waste at the source (source reduction)	129
7211565780	ENSO	El Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific	130
7211567012	During an El Niño year	trade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA	131
7211567565	During a non El Niño year	easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America	132
7211567566	Effects of El Niño	upwelling decreases disrupting food chains; N U.S. has mild winters, SW U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes	133
7211569707	Temperature Inversion	layer of dense, cool air trapped under a layer of warm dense air, pollution in trapped layer may build to harmful levels; frequent in Los Angeles, California and Mexico City, Mexico	134
7211569708	Forest Fires	Types - Surface, Crown, Ground (in order) usually burn only under growth and leaf litter on forest floor; hot fires, may start on ground but eventually leap from treetop to treetop; go underground, may smolder for days or weeks, difficult to detect and extinguish, i.e. peat bogs.	135
7211570455	Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act	(1977) requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land Madrid Protocol: (1991) Suspension of mineral exploration (mining) for 50 years in Antarctica	136
7211570456	Madrid Protocol	(1991) Moratorium on mineral exploration for 50 years in Antarctica	137
7211571707	Safe Drinking Water Act	(SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health	138
7211571708	Clean Water Act	(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable	139
7211572512	Ocean Dumping Ban Act	(1988) bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste in the ocean	140
7211572513	Clean Air Act	(CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants	141
7211573299	Kyoto Protocol	(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries	142
7211573300	Montreal Protocol	(1987) phase-out of ozone depleting substances	143
7211574319	Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)	(1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle-to-grave system	144
7211574320	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA)	(1980) "Superfund," designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites	145
7211575537	Nuclear Waste Policy Act	(1982) U.S. government must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn)	146
7211575538	Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA, 1996)	set pesticide limits in food, & all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects	147
7211577042	Endangered Species Act	(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations	148
7211577043	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)	(1973) lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products	149
7211577525	Magnuson-Stevens Act	(1976) Management of marine fisheries	150
7211577526	Healthy Forest Initiative	(HFI, Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003) thin overstocked stands, clear away vegetation and trees to create shaded fuel breaks, provide funding and guidance to reduce or eliminate hazardous fuels in national forests, improve forest fire fighting, and research new methods to halt destructive insects	151
7211578018	National Environmental Policy Act	(1969) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started	152
7211578571	Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants	(2004) Seeks to protect human health from the 12 most toxic chemicals (includes 8 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides / DDT can be used for malaria control)	153

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7632435795	Second hand evidence	Evidence accesss through research, veading, investigation.	0
7632435796	The classical model	Introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion.	1
7632435797	Introduction (exordium)	Draw readers in by using ethos	2
7632435798	Narration (narraratio)	Narration is present to "so what?" Appeals to logos and pathos	3
7632435799	Confirmation (confirmation)	The meat of your argument/ longest part. Appeals to logos.	4
7632435800	refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counter argument. Appeals to logos.	5
7632435801	Conclusion (peroration)	Brings ideas together, answers "so what?", memorable. Appeals to pathos and reminds readers of ethos.	6
7632435802	Evidence	Relevant, accurate, sufficient, support	7
7632435803	Audience	Mindset	8
7632435804	First hand evidence	Personal	9
7632435805	Toulmin	Evidence, claim, qualifier, reservation, warrant	10
7632435806	open thesis	does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay	11
7632435807	closed thesis	A sentence or sentences that directly state what the topics in your paper are going to be	12
7632435808	Counter thesis	offer some reasoning, using evidence, that suggests why the thesis is true.	13
7632435809	Visual	Photographs/ cartoons	14
7632435810	Bandwagon	Doing something just because everyone else is doing it	15
7632435811	circular reasoning	the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	16
7632435812	ad hominem	Personal attack	17
7632435813	Faulty Analogy	occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable	18
7632435814	False Dilemma	A fallacy where the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	19
7632435815	Faulty Causality	assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.	20
7632435816	straw man argument	a weak interpretation of someone else's argument in order to make it easier to refute	21
7632435817	Argument from Authority	Using an authority as evidence in your argument when the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument (Adam Levine)	22
7632435818	claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	23
7632435819	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true	24
7632435820	claim of policy	proposes a change	25

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AP Language Terms Flashcards

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6595816233	Literary Terms		0
6595606397	Generic Conventions	Refers to traditions for each genre ex. essay, journalistic, autobiography, political writing	1
6595611994	Genre	Basic divisions of writing: prose, poetry, drama	2
6595621171	Style	-The sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices ex. Faulkner vs. Hemingway -Classification of authors to a group and comparison of authors to similar authors ex. Renaissance or Victorian	3
6595630371	Theme	Central idea or message of a work -The insight it offers into life; not a motif	4
6595634934	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of a series of events	5
6595637705	Prose	-Refers to fiction and nonfiction and all its forms -Anything that isn't drama or poetry	6
6595640057	Point of View	In Lit, the perspective from which a story is told ex. first person second third person -omniscient (all-knowing) -limited omniscient (limited to one character)	7
6595636818	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style of content of another with specific aim of comic effect or ridicule -Mimics original by borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics ex. Fifty shades of Chicken, Hungry Games	8
6595658743	Satire	The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices ex. Animal Farm	9
6595665287	Homily	A sermon but can also be informal as in a serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	10
6595670442	Allegory	Using character and/or story elements symbolically to present an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning ex. The Cave	11
6595691774	Alliteration	Repetition of sounds, especially consonants in neighboring words ex. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers	12
6595697920	Assonance	Repetition of sounds, especially of vowels in neighboring words ex. The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plains	13
6595710020	Allusion	Direct or indirect reference to a work that is presumably commonly known ex. Biblical allusions- Adam and Eve	14
6595714671	Ambiguity	Multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage ex. skull/woman looking in the mirror	15
6595719107	Imagery	Sensory details used to describe, arouse emotion, and represent abstractions -Refers to the 5 senses	16
6595727288	Personification	Concepts, animals, or inanimate objects are described with human attributes or emotions ex. Cars	17
6595730311	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated int eh sounds of words ex. BOOM! POP! BAM!	18
6595733893	Symbol/ Symbolism	Anything that represents or stands for something else -Natural: Rose = love -Conventional: David Star = Judaism -Literary: Crucible = a severe test	19
6595745048	Analogy	Similarity or comparison between two different things ex. Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates.	20
6595749949	Metaphor	A comparison of seemingly unlike things -Does NOT use "like" or "as"	21
6595752246	Simile	A comparison of seemingly unlike things -USES "like" or "as"	22
6595760338	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, throughout a work	23
6595763224	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor, or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar analogy ex. "Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day?" "So, I'm hot and sweaty?"	24
6595775339	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction ex. Mark Antony makes a speech in which he directly addressed Caesar (though dead) and promises to exact revenge for his death.	25
6595784893	Atmosphere	Emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work	26
6595787955	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work	27
6595789914	Oxymoron	Figure of speech in which seemingly contradictory terms are connected ex. Death Valley Health Center	28
6595792836	Paradox	A statement that appears to present ideas which are self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but actually has validity and truth ex.	29
6595805567	Irony	When the opposite of what is expected occurs Verbal: the opposite of what is expected is said Situational: the opposite of what is expected to happen occurs Dramatic: facts or events are unknown to the characters but are known to the reader	30
6595814676	Grammatical Terms		31
6595819431	Antecedent	Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	32
6595827602	Clause	A grammatical unit that includes both a subject and a verb ex. An independent/ main clause Dependent/ subordinate clause	33
6595833678	Dependent/ Subordinate clause	Cannot stand alone as a sentence Depends on a main clause to complete its meaning	34
6595837858	Loose Sentence	Main/ Independent clause -> Subordinate/ dependent clause	35
6595845093	Periodic Sentence	Subordinate/ Dependent Clause -> Main/ Independent	36
6595854135	Subject Complement	The word or clause that follows a linking verb and completes the subject of the sentence by either ex. Predicative nominative predicate adj.	37
6595860164	Predicate Adjectives	An adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb ex. Jon Hamm is tall, dark, and handsome.	38
6595872570	Predicate Nominative	A noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject ex. Abe Lincoln was a man of integrity.	39
6595881111	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas ex. Nevertheless, moreover, for example, furthermore	40
6595885257	Argumentation and Persuasion Terms		41
6595886056	Inference/ Infer	To draw reasonable conclusions from information presented	42
6595888180	Syllogism	Deductive reasoning of formal logic Presents 2 premises and a conclusion	43
6595894909	Ad Hominem Argument	"to or against the man" Appeals to emotion ex. You're stupid for thinking that.	44
6595897249	Terms relating to language		45
6595897787	Rhetoric	"Orator" The art of writing eloquently, effectively, and persuasively	46
6595900843	Rhetorical Modes	-Expository: To explain and analyze information -Narrative: To tell a story, uses description -Argument: To prove the validity of an idea, or POV, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, & argument Persuasion: type of argument that presents a call to action -Description: to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, action, or event so that reader can picture that which is being described	47
6595916573	Diction	Refers to a writer's word choice	48
6595918392	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses and sentences -Refers to groups of words (unlike diction)	49
6595922725	Denotation	Dictionary meaning	50
6595923738	Connotation	Implied, suggested meaning which may include emotions or attitude	51
6595926042	Figurative Language	Speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning Meant to be imaginative and vivid	52
6595928264	Figure of Speech	A word or phrase used in a figurative manner	53
6595928814	Literal Language	Speech that is intended to carry literal meaning	54
6595930917	Didactic	"teaching" Primary purpose is to teach or instruct, especially with moral or ethical principles	55
6595932681	Pedantic	Adjective; describes words phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	56
6595938187	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition	57
6595940883	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate overstatement or exaggeration, often for comic effect	58
6595943004	Understatement	Ironic minimizing of fact Presents something as less significant that it is	59
6595946758	Euphemism	"good speech" A more agreeable/ less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or subjects ex. Not fired, Downsized dead, passed away	60
6595953440	Metonymy	The name of an object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it ex. The pen is mightier than the sword.	61
6595960350	Synecdoche	A part is made to represent the whole or vice versa ex. badge represents police officers	62
6595964653	Aphorism	A statement which offers a general truth or moral principle ex. Ben Franklin	63
6595967904	Colloquial/ Colloqualims	Use of slang or informalities in speech or writing ex. Catcher in the Rye	64
6595970013	Invective	An emotionally, violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong or abusive language ex. You slimy, gooey piece of squirming tentacle, get your visually stinking self away from me!	65
6595973280	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, harsh language meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something	66
6595978415	Wit	Intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	67
6595982623	Parallelism or Parallel Structure	Framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity	68
6595985123	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element or language	69
6596061619	Narrative elements (exposition/ setting)	To provide some background, inform the readers about the plot, character, setting, and theme of the essay/ story	70
6596080090	Epic	A long story centered on a heroic character who lives through a series of exceptional events and represents the qualities valued by a society ex. The Odyssey	71
6596085687	Parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	72
6596104353	Roman A Clef	A novel in which real people or events appear with invented names	73
6596105864	Anachronism	A chronological inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of person(s), events, objects, or customs from different periods of time ex. Lincoln holding a boombox	74
6596109755	Analepsis	Flashback	75
6596110790	Prolepsis	The representation of a thing as existing before it actually does or did so ex. prophecy	76
6596113708	Persona	A role or character adopted by an author or an actor	77
6596115594	Pseudonym	A fictitious name, especially one used by an author	78
6596116390	Subplot	Secondary strand of the plot that is a supporting side story for any story or the main plot	79
6596120903	Aporia	The speaker expresses feigned doubt about his position or asks the audience rhetorically how he or she should proceed	80
6596127102	Aposiopesis	A sentence is deliberately broken off and left unfinished, the ending to be supplied by the imagination ex. Why you little...	81
6596130266	Ellipses	... indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning	82
6596132267	Caesura	A break in a verse where one phrase ends and the following phrase begins	83
6596133787	Canon	Body of books, music, and art that scholars generally accept as the most important and influential in shaping Western culture	84
6596137498	Novella	Work of written, fictional, narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel	85
6596139669	Catharsis	"purification" The purification and purgation of emotions that results in renewal and restoration	86
6596142765	Autotelic	Having a purpose in and not apart from itself ex. A person may write poetry or journal simply for the sake of creating it.	87
6596147810	Epithet	An adj. or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned ex. Grey-eyed Athena	88
6596149625	Frame Story	A story within a story	89
6596150878	Verisimilitude	The appearance of being true or real ex. Harry Potter	90
6596151746	Epistolary Novel	A novel written as a series of documents	91
6596153076	Epigram	A brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement ex. "If you were my husband, I'd poison your coffee." "If you were my wife, I'd drink it."	92
6596156487	Epigraph	A phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a piece or writing	93
6596159017	Epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	94
6596160185	Lampoon (parody)	Publicly criticize someone or something by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm ex. Alec Baldwin as Donald Trump	95
6596165870	Rhetorical Terms		96
6596165871	Anadiplosis	The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence ex. Fear leads to anger...anger leads to hate... hate leads to suffering. -Yoda	97
6596169876	Anaphora	Repeating a sequence of words at the beginning of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis ex. I have a dream...	98
6596171995	Asyndeton	A figure of speech in which one or several conjunctions are omitted from a series of related clauses ex. Veni. Vidi. Vici. I came. I saw. I conquered.	99
6596176372	Chiasmus	Figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point ex. To the world you may be but one person, But to one person, you may be the world.	100
6596179428	Bathos	An effect of anti-climax created by an unintentional lapse in mood from the sublime to the trivial or ridiculous	101
6596181530	Cliche	An idea which has become to the point of losing its original meaning or effect	102
6596183599	Epizeuxis	The repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession ex. Horror! Horror! Horror!	103
6596185952	Grammar		104
6596189025	Hypotactic Sentence	Sentences, clauses, and phrases are subordinated and linked	105
6596190389	Paratactic Sentence	A rhetorical term in which phrases and clauses are placed one after another independently	106
6596194421	Inversion	Reversal of the normal order of words	107
6596195487	Appositive	A grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way	108
6596198161	More Logical Terms		109
6596201658	Periphrasis & Circumlocution	The use of many words where fewer words would do ex. Are ya ready kids? Are you all prepared, children?	110
6596205408	Jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand ex. Grey's Anatomy	111
6596211450	Subjective	Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions	112
6596212429	Objective	not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts	113
6596217020	Synaesthesia	Where one sense is described in terms of another ex. thy voice is like wine to me	114
6596218287	Litotes	Uses understatement to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive ex. He's not the worst looking guy in the world.	115
6596222118	Fallacies		116
6596222119	Deductive	Reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion ex. upside triangle	117
6596224085	Inductive	Reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion ex. triangle	118
6596227354	Logical Reasoning (Non-Sequitur)	The conclusion could be either true or false, but the argument nonetheless asserts the conclusion to be true and is thus fallacious	119
6596234411	Premise	A previous statement of proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion	120
6596237167	Either/or fallacy False Dilemma	A logical fallacy in which two opposing views, options or outcomes are presented and seem to be the only possibilities -if you not accept one then the other must be accepted	121
6596239687	Red herring	An irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue	122
6596241219	Jumping to a Conclusion/ Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is not large enough	123
6596242880	Genetic Fallacy	The origin of a claim or thing is taken to be evidence that discredits the claim or thing itself	124
6596244361	Loaded Question	A question that contains a controversial or unjustified assumption ex. Have you stopped beating your wife?	125
6596247356	Begging the Question	Premises include the claim that the conclusion is true or assume that the connection is true	126
6596249790	Double Bind	A situation in which a person is confronted with two irreconcilable demands or a choice between tow undesirable courses of action	127
6596250946	Contingency Strategy	A proposition in which the truth value of the proposition is contingent upon the truth values of the sentences which comprise it	128

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AP Government Midterm Review Flashcards

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5747362330	John Locke	1632-1704. English philosopher whose Treatises of Government espousing natural rights, consent of the governed, and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers	0
5747362331	Social Contract	A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.	1
5747362332	Natural Rights	... Life, Liberty, and Property	2
5747362333	consent of the governed	the idea that government derives its authority by the sanction of the people	3
5747362334	direct democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives	4
5747362335	Representative democracy	A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.	5
5747362336	articles of confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	6
5747362337	Shay's Rebellion	A Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. Led to the Constitutional convention	7
5747362338	elite Theory	A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.	8
5747362339	Pluralist theory	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies	9
5747362340	great compromise	1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.	10
5747362341	3/5 compromise	settled debate over how slaves would be counted in regards to representation	11
5747362342	confederal system	A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.	12
5747362343	federal system	A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments	13
5747362344	unitary system	A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government	14
5747362345	Gibson V. Ogden (1824)	a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution	15
5747362346	United States V Lopez (1995)	1995 - The Commerce Clause of the Constitution does not give Congress the power to prohibit mere possession of a gun near a school, because gun possession by itself is not an economic activity that affects interstate commerce even indirectly.	16
5747362347	Wickard v. Filburn (1932)	Extended the reach of the interstate commerce clause	17
5747362349	Marbury V. Madison (1803)	Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court of the United States held that ONLY the Supreme Court of the United States has the power to declare laws unconstitutional. Established judicial review.	18
5747362350	McCullough V. Maryland (1819)	In establishing a national bank, Congress was legally exercising its enumerated powers not sepcifically mentioned in the Constitution. Established Implied Powers under the "Necessary and Proper Clause"	19
5747362361	Supremacy Clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. Verified by McCullough V. Maryland (1819)	20
5747362362	Grants in Aid	money given by the national government to the states	21
5747362363	Categorical Grants	Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. Compare to block grants.	22
5747362364	Block Grants	Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services	23
5747362365	Federalist # 10	Madisons Warning on Factions. Solution = larger republic	24
5747362366	Constitutional amendment process	proposal either by the Congress with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by two-thirds of the State legislatures.	25
5747362367	Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake)	state and federal government work together to improve the lives of citizens	26
5747362368	Coercive Federalism 1970's present 1937-present	A form of federalism in which the federal government pressures the states to change their policies by using regulations, mandates, and conditions (often involving threats to withdraw federal funding).	27
5747362369	Dual Federalism (Layer Cake) 1789-1937	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	28
5747362370	Unfunded Mandate	actions imposed by the federal or state government on lower levels of government which are not accompanied by the money needed to fund the action required.	29
5747362371	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	30
5747362372	Nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.	31
5747362373	Implied Powers	Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Justified via Necessary and Proper clause	32
5747362374	Reserved Powers	Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people	33
5747362375	Delegated Powers	Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money, declare War or regulate commerce	34
5747362376	Prohibited Powers	the powers that are denied to the federal government, the state government, or both; also called restricted powers	35
5747362378	New Federalism	A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)	36
5747362379	Concurrent Powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.	37
5747362380	New Jersey Plan	A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress	38
5747362381	Virginia Plan	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.	39
5747362382	Federalists	Favored ratification of the constitution (Madison)	40
5747362383	Anti-Federalists	Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states	41
5747362384	Amending the Constitution	Needs approval of two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of the states	42
5747362387	Political Socialization	Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values. Four sources: Family and community, Events, Group Identity, Politicians and other actors	43
5747362388	mass surveys	A way to measure public opinion by interviewing a large sample of the population	44
5747362389	sample	A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole population	45
5747362390	population	the group of people a researcher wants to study such as Americans, Students, Senior citizens	46
5747362391	sampling error	A calculation that describes what percentage of the people surveyed may not accurately represent the population being studied. Increasing the number of respondents lowers the sampling error.	47
5747362392	ideological polarization	The effect on public opinion when many citizens move away from moderate positions and toward either end of the political spectrum, identifying themselves as either liberals or conservatives.	48
5747362394	mass media	Forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people.	49
5747362395	Federal Communications Commission	A government agency created in 1934 to regulate American radio stations, and later expanded to regulate television, wireless communications technologies, and other broadcast media.	50
5747362396	Deregulation of media lead to....	Concentration, cross ownership and media conglomerates	51
5747362397	media effects	the influence of news sources on public opinions and actions	52
5747362398	filtering	The influence on public opinion that results from journalists' and editors' decisions about which news to report	53
5747362399	slant	the imbalance in a story that covers on candidate or policy favorably without providing similar coverage of the other side	54
5747362400	priming	the news media's influence on how citizens make political judgments, through emphasis on particular stories.	55
5747362401	framing	Ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by constructing the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way (details, explanations, and context)	56
5747362402	party in organization	the formal structure and leadership of a political party; including election committees; local, state, and national executives; and paid professional staff	57
5747362403	party in government	Elected officials who call themselves members of the party.	58
5747362404	party in electorate	Ordinary citizens who identify with the party. The people who elect the party into office. The citizens support the party's basic ideology and policy principles.	59
5747362405	party system	A period in which the names of the major political parties, their supporters, and the issues dividing them remain relatively stable.	60
5747362406	realignment	A change in the size or composition of the party coalitions or in the nature of the issues that divide the parties. Realignments typically occur within an election cycle or two, but they can also occur gradually over the course of a decade or longer.	61
5747362408	national committee	An American political party's principal organization, comprised of party representatives from each state.	62
5747362409	political action committee (PAC)	A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations	63
5747362410	527 organization	A tax-exempt group formed primarily to influence elections through voter mobilization efforts and issue ads that do not directly endorse or oppose a candidate. Unlike political action committees, they are not subject to contribution limits and spending caps.	64
5747362411	party coalition	The groups who identify with a political party, usually described in demographic terms, such as African American Democrats or evangelical Republicans.	65
5747362412	primary election	A ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for the general election.	66
5747362413	caucus	A meeting of local party members to choose a parties nominee for the general election	67
5747362414	closed primary	A primary election in which a voter is allowed to obtain only a ballot of the party in which they are registered.	68
5747362415	nonpartisan primary	a primary election in which candidates from all political parties are on the same ballot and in which all voters can participate, regardless of their political affiliation	69
5747362416	open primary	A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place.	70
5747362418	plurality voting	A voting system in which the candidate who receives the most votes within a geographic area wins the election, regardless of whether that candidates wins a majority (more than half) of the votes.	71
5747362419	majority voting	A voting system in which a candidate must win more than 50 percent of votes in order to win the election. If no candidate wins enough votes to take office, a runoff election is held between the top two vote-getters.	72
5747362420	electoral college	A group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress.	73
5747362421	coattails	the idea that a weaker or less-known candidates to profit in an election by the presence on the ticket of a more popular candidate	74
5747362435	realigning election	Showing a lasting shift in fundamental party loyalities among a large portion of voters	75
5747362436	split ticket	Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election	76
5747362437	bicameralism	a two-house legislature	77
5747362438	trustee model	a model of representation in which a member of the House or Senate follows his or her own conscience when deciding issue positions	78
5747362439	delegate model	A model of representative democracy that supports the idea that representatives are chosen to directly mirror the preferences of their constituents.	79
5747362440	descriptive representation	A representative that represents the race/ethnicity in that district; the idea that an elected body should mirror demographically the population it represents.	80
5747362441	politico	A member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters).	81

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AP Flashcards

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5713771184	active voice	the subject of the sentence performs the action	0
5713815359	allusion	an indirect reference to something the readers are supposed to know	1
5713822800	alter ego	a character that is used by the author to speak the authors own thoughts	2
5713838858	anecdote	brief recounting of a relevant episode	3
5713842934	antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	4
5713858773	classicism	art or literature characterized by a realist view of people in the world; it sticks to traditional themes or structures	5
5713883622	comic relief	when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story	6
5713903505	diction	word choice	7
5713906802	colloquial	ordinary or familiar type of conversation	8
5713915128	jargon	the diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity	9
5713929572	connotation	implied meaning, rather than literal meaning	10
5713934710	denotation	the literal meaning	11
5713939501	vernacular	language or dialect of a particular country, group, or clan	12
5713951692	didactic	a term used to describe fiction, non-fiction, or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral, or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking	13
5713971752	adage	a folk saying with a lesson	14
5713976700	allegory	a story in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts	15
5713986066	aphorism	a terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle	16
5713999119	ellipsis	the deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author	17
5714030173	euphemism	a more agreeable, or less offensive, substitute for generally unpleasant words	18
5714045417	figurative language	writing that is not meant to be taken literally	19
5714048925	analogy	a comparison to one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables	20
5714059776	hyperbole	exaggeration	21
5714064422	idiom	a common, often used expression that does not make sense if you take it literally	22
5714073761	metaphor	making an implied comparison, not using 'like' or 'as'	23
5714090062	metonymy	replacing an actual word or idea with a related word or concept	24
5714103428	synectoche	a kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts or vice-versa	25
5714143660	simile	a direct comparison using 'like' or 'as'	26
5714151901	synesthesia	a description involving the crossing of the senses	27
5714164970	personification	giving human like qualities to something that is not human	28
5714174021	foreshadowing	when an author gives hints about what will occur later in the story	29
5714184092	genre	the major category into which a literary work fits	30
5714193353	gothic	writing that is characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and or death	31
5714203597	imagery	word or word that create a picture in the reader's mind	32
5714211311	invective	a long emotionally violent attack, using string abusive language	33
5714232665	irony	when the opposite of what you expect to happen does	34
5714240937	verbal irony	when you say something and mean the opposite	35
5714243887	dramatic irony	when the audience knows something that the character does not and would be surprised to find out	36
5714254890	situational irony	found in the plot or story line of a book, story, or movie	37
5714265968	juxtaposition	placing things side by side with the purpose of comparison	38
5714273433	mood	the atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished by word choice	39
5714283042	motif	a recurring theme or idea	40
5714290379	oxymoron	when apparently contradictory terms are paired together and suggest a paradox	41
5714301976	pacing	the speed or tempo of an authors writing	42
5714312099	paradox	a seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true	43
5714319862	parallelism	sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns	44
5714338020	anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clause in a row	45
5714353130	chiasmus	when the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time the order of the words is reversed	46
5714376987	anithesis	two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses with parallel structure	47
5714386399	zuegma	when a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words that it governs or modifies	48
5714410723	parenthetical idea	when parenthesis are used to set off ideas from the rest of the sentence	49
5714421768	parody	an exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes	50
5714433518	persona	the fictional mask or narrator that tells a story	51
5714439402	poetic device	device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences, or lines	52
5714473012	assonance	repetition of identical or similar vowels	53
5714498440	alliteration	repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words	54
5714509625	consonance	repetition of the same consonants at the end of a word or within words	55
5714522522	onomatopoeia	the use of a word which imitates or suggests how it will sound	56
5714533256	internal rhyme	a line of poetry that contains a rhyme within the same rhyme	57
5714545824	slant rhyme	when a poet creates a rhyme but two words do not rhyme exactly, they are merely similar	58
5714564958	end rhyme	when the last word of the two different lines of poetry rhyme	59
5714573981	rhyme scheme	pattern of a poem's end rhymes	60
5714581755	stressed and unstressed syllables	in every word of more than one syllable one of the syllables is stressed or is said with more force than the other syllable(s)	61
5714600925	meter	regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry	62
5714607227	free verse	poetry that does not have much meter or rhyme	63
5714613493	iambic pentameter	a line of poetry that has ten syllables alternating with stressed and unstressed	64
5714626313	sonnet	a fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter	65
5714637106	polysyndeton	when a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjuctions	66
5714644567	pun	a play on words; when a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way	67

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AP Language Flashcards

Literary Terms

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7509336181	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning	0
7509336182	Alliteration	The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words	1
7509336183	Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly	2
7509519632	Ambiguity	An aspect of writing (or concept) that is particularly unclear/ not understood	3
7509519633	Analogy	A comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it	4
7509519634	Anaphora	A rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginning of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them of emphasis	5
7509519635	Antecedent	a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another	6
7509519636	Antithesis	a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else	7
7509519637	Aphorism	a pithy observation that contains a general truth	8
7509519638	Appostrophe	A figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation	9
7509519639	Appeal to authority	An argument from the fact that a person is judged to be an authority affirms a proposition to the claim that the proposition is true	10
7509519640	Appeal to ignorance	The fallacy that a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proved false or that it's false simply because it has not been proved true	11
7509519641	Argument	A reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong	12
7509519642	Assonance	the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences	13
7509519643	Character	a person in a novel, play, or movie	14
7509519644	Chiasmus	A figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point (parallelism)	15
7529009854	Circular argument	A logically in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with	16
7529009855	Claim	A statement essentially arguable but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument	17
7529099522	Clause	Is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a completer proposition. A typical clause consists of a subject and predicate	18
7529099523	Climax	The height of the action or emotion in a literary work	19
7529099524	Colloquialism	A word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically ends used in ordinary or familiar conversation	20
7529099525	comparison	Distinguishing the similarities that exist between two or more things	21
7529099526	Complement	A word or a group of words, usually functioning as an adjective or noun, that is used in the predicate following a copula and describes or is identified with the subject of the sentence	22
7529099527	Concession	a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded	23
7529099528	Confirmation	The acknowledgment that something is correct, true, accepted	24
7529099529	Conjunction	Is a joiner, a word that connects parts of a sentence	25
7529099530	Connotation	An idea or feeling that a word invokes to its literal or primary meaning	26
7529099531	Deduction	A process of reasoning in high a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises presented	27
7529099532	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word	28
7615398919	Dialect	a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.	29
7615398920	Diction	Word choice which is usually done on purpose	30
7615398921	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive	31
7615398922	encomium	A speech or piece of writing that praises someone or something highly	32
7615683329	Epitaph	a phrase or statement written in memory of a person who has died	33
7615683330	Ethos	Greek for "character "	34
7615683331	Eulogy	Is a speech or writing in praise of a person(s) or thing(s)	35
7615683332	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh	36
7615683333	Exposition	The beginning of a literary work	37
7615683334	Fallacy	A mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument	38
7615683335	Figurative language	Is language that uses words or expressions wi5 a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation	39
7615683336	Flashback	a scene in a movie, novel, etc., set in a time earlier than the main story.	40
7615683337	Genre	a category of artistic composition	41
7615683338	Hyperbole	extreme exaggeration in writing	42
7615683339	Imagery	Wording ghat creates clarity of picture in mind	43
7615683340	Induction	A conclusion reached through reasoning	44
7615683341	Irony	The opposite of what you expect to happen	45
7615683342	Jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	46
7615683343	Logos	Logical explanation in writing	47
7615683344	Metaphor	A comparison between two or more things that does not utilize the words "like" and "as"	48
7615683345	Mode of discourse	Describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing	49
7615683346	Mood	A literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions	50
7615683347	Narrative	a spoken or written account of connected events; a story.	51
7615683348	Onomatopoeia	the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named	52
7615683349	Oxymoron	A figure of speech the juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory (ground pilot)	53
7615683350	Paradox	A statement or proposition that despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory	54
7670749590	Parallelism	The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction	55
7670749591	Parody	An imitative work created to imitate	56
7670749592	Pathos	appeal to emotion	57
7670749593	Personification	The process of giving human characteristics to non-human objects or ideas	58
7670749594	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	59
7670749595	Refutation	The act of disagreeing with a statement/idea	60
7670749596	Repetition	The act of repeating a word, phrase, etc.	61
7670749597	Rhetoric	Persuasion	62
7670749598	Rhetorical question	The figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make a point	63
7670749599	Sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	64
7670813238	Satire	The use of humor, irony; exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices	65
7670813239	Simile	Comparison between two or more things using the words "like" or "as"	66
7670917900	Style	The manner in which an author chooses to write to his or her audience	67
7670917901	Syllogism	A kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion	68

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AP Language Literary Terms MC Flashcards

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3871000299	Allegory	a narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning and significance. Often a universal symbol or personified abstraction, such as Cupid portrayed as a chubby angel with a bow and arrows.	0
3871005531	Alliteration	the sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables. For instance, "She sells seashells by the seashore."	1
3871007971	Allusion	a literary, historical, religious, or mythological reference. For example, one might contrast the life and tribulations of Frederick Douglass to the trails of Job.	2
3871009540	Anaphora	the regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses. Ex: "To raise a happy, healthful, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy; it takes businesspeople; it takes community leaders; it takes those who protect our health and safety; it takes all of us." (Hillary Clinton, Democratic Convention Address, 1996)	3
3871014034	Antithesis	the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas. Ex: Alexander Pope reminds us that "to err is human, to forgive is divine."	4
3871019851	Aphorism	a concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief. Ex: "Spare the rod and spoil the child."	5
3871021328	Apostrophe	the act of addressing some inanimate abstraction or person that is not physically present: It often helps the speaker to be able to express his or her thoughts aloud. Ex: King Lear intones, "Ingratitude! Thou marble-hearted fiend, morde hideous when thou show'st thee in a child than the sea-monster." In this ex, ingratitude is a personified concept; by addressing the abstract, Lear commands a significant rhetorical power.	6
3871028704	Appeals to... authority, emotion, or logic	rhetorical arguments in which the speaker claims to be an authority or expert in a field, attempts to play upon the emotions, or appeals to the use of reason. Classically trained rhetoricians identify these appeals with their Greek names: ethos is authority, pathos is emotion, logos is logic.	7
3871044605	Assonance	the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words. The alliteration example also demonstrates ____________: "ShE sElls seashElls by the sEashore"	8
3871048368	Asyndeton	a syntactical structure in which conjunctions are omitted in a series, usually producing more rapid prose. Ex: "Veni, vidi, vici" (I came, I saw, I conquered), supposedly said by Julius Caesar.	9
3871050606	Attitude	the sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author's feelings toward his or her subject, characters, events, or theme. It might even be his or her feelings for the reader. AP English exam essay prompts often require students to respond to some aspect of the attitude of the writer, speaker, or narrator.	10
3871055045	Begging the Question	an argumentative ploy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict, evading or ignoring the real question.	11
3871056570	Canon	that which it has been accepted as authentic, such as in ______ law, or the "_______ According to the Theories of Einstein."	12
3871181563	Chiasmus	a figure of speech and generally a syntactical wherein the order of the terms in the first half of a parallel clause is reversed in the second. "He thinks I am but a fool. A fool, perhaps, I am"	13
3871057839	Claim	in argumentation, an assertion or something as fact.	14
3871058379	Colloquial	a term identifying the diction of the common, ordinary folks, especially in a specific region or area. For instance, most people expect Southerners to use the colloquial expression "y'all" to engage the attention of a group of people. In some parts of the country, "coke" means any product of the Coca-Cola Company, while in other parts of the country, "coke" means any type of carbonated beverage. Other people refer to such beverages as "pop" or "soda pop." These are all colloquial terms for the drink.	15
3871063541	Comparison and Contrast	a node of discourse in which two or more things are compared, contrasted, or both. On one English Language exam, students were asked to contrast the two marriage proposals taken from literature, analyzing them for the use the narrators made of rhetorical devices and their argumentative success.	16
3871066027	Conceit	a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, in particular an extended metaphor within a poem. However, _________ can also be used in non-fiction and prose. For instance, Richard Seltzer's passage "The Knife" compares the preparation and actions of surgery to preparing for and conducting a religious service or a sacred ritual.	17
3871070355	Connotation	the implied, suggested, or underlying meaning of a word or phrase. It is the opposite of denotation, which is the "dictionary definition" of the word.	18
3871071869	Consonance	the repetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels, such as in pitter-patter, splish-splash, and click-clack.	19
3871073335	Convention	an accepted manner, model, or tradition	20
3871074587	Critique	an assessment or analysis of something, such as a passage of writing, for the purpose of determining what it is, what its limitations are, and how it conforms to the standard of the genre.	21
3871076313	Deductive reasoning (deduction)	the method of argument in which specific statements and conclusions are drawn from general principals; movement from the general to the specific	22
3871077932	Dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group. Ex: Minnesotans say "you betcha" when they agree with you. Southerners refer to the gathering of folks as "y'all." Although _______ is most often found in fiction, sometimes it is evident in speeches from a different era or from a different culture.	23
3871080238	Diction	the specific words choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect.	24
3871080975	Didactic	(from the Greek, meaning "good teaching") writing or speech is _________ when it has an instructive purpose or a lesson. It is often associated with a dry, pompous presentation, regardless of its innate value to the reader/listener.	25
3871084249	Elegy	a poem or prose work that laments, or meditates upon the death of, a person or persons.	26
3871084881	Epistrophe	in rhetoric, the repetition or a phrase at the end of successive sentences.	27
3871085706	Epitaph	writing in praise of a dead person, most often inscribed upon a headstone.	28
3871086680	Ethos	in rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	29
3871087576	Eulogy	a speech or written passage in praise of a person; an oration in honor of a deceased person.	30
3871088919	Euphemism	an indirect, kinder, or less harsh or hurtful way of expressing unpleasant information.	31
3871090834	Exposition	writing that explains its own meaning or purpose	32
3871091476	Extended metaphor	a series of comparisons within a piece or writing. If they consistently involve one concept, this is also known as a conceit.	33
3871093628	Figurative language/figure of speech	(in contrast to literal); has levels of meaning expressed through figures of speech such as personification, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, oxymoron, litote, and others.	34
3871095929	Flashback	(AKA retrospection) an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration.	35
3871096815	Genre	a type or class of literature, such as epic, narrative, poetry, biography, history	36
3871097664	Homily	a sermon, but more contemporary uses include an serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual life.	37
3871098591	Hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention.	38
3871101776	Imagery	broadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. Basically, ______ involves any of the five senses.	39
3871105391	Inductive reasoning (induction)	the method of reasoning or argument in which general statements and conclusions are drawn from specific principles; movement from the specific to the general.	40
3871184592	Inference	a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data. It looking at the clues, learning the facts--that Sherlock Holmes was able to solve crimes.	41
3871107277	Irony (ironic) (verbal, situational, dramatic)	the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The intended meaning is often the opposite of what is stated, often suggesting light sarcasm. There are three types: _____=what the author says is actually the opposite of what is meant. ____= when events end up the opposite of what is expected. ____=in drama and fiction, facts or situations are known to the reader or audience but not to the characters.	42
3871113049	Isocolon	parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure but also length. "Many are called, but few are chosen."	43
3871114098	Jargon	specialized or technical language of trade, profession, or similar group.	44
3871114819	Juxtaposition	the location of one thing adjacent to with another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.	45
3871116176	Litote	a figure of speech that emphasized its subject by conscious understatement; for instance, the understated "not bad" as a comment about something especially well done.	46
3871117989	Loose sentence	(a term from syntax) a long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases.	47
3871119100	Metaphor	one thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy. ________ is an implicit comparison or identification or one thing with another, without the use of a verbal signal such as like or as.	48
3871190170	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something, as in "Buckingham Palace announced today..."	49
3871120114	Mode of discourse	the way in which information is presented in written or spoken form. The Greeks believed there were only four modes: narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. Contemporary thought often includes other modes, such as personal observation and narrative reflection.	50
3871121624	Mood	a feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view. It is a "feeling" that establishes the atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse.	51
3871123442	Narrative	a mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort. It is based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework	52
3871125205	Onomatopoeia	a word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes; buzz is a good example. The purpose of these words is to make a passage more effective for the reader or listener.	53
3871127408	Oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements, as in "wise fool," "baggy tights," or "deafening silence."	54
3871128681	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is probably true.	55
3871131382	Parallel structure	the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts; for examples, "Jane enjoys readING, writING, and skiING." In prose, this is _______, recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed alike to show that their ideas are equal in importance.	56
3871133878	Pathos	that element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow. In argument or persuasion, it tends to be the evocation of pity from the reader/listener.	57
3871135928	Periodic sentence	a long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end	58
3871136537	Personification	treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human features or qualities.	59
3871137418	Point of view	the relation in which a narrator/author stands to a subject of discourse.. Determining _______ in nonfiction requires the reader to establish the historical perspective of what is being said.	60
3871172566	Polysyndeton	several coordinating conjunctions used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. Such as the repetition of "and" in this example: "The dinner was so good; I ate the chicken, and the salad, and the turkey, and the wild rice, and the chocolate cake dessert."	61
3871138774	Prose	the ordinary form of written language without metrical structure, in contrast to verse and poetry.	62
3871139960	Realism	attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail. Mark Twain is an author of this school. Thoreau, with his romantic outlook toward nature, is not.	63
3871141979	Rebuttal/refutation	an argument technique wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and countered.	64
3871142900	Rhetoric	the art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking. All types of writing may seek to persuade, and rhetoricians study writing for its persuasive qualities.	65
3871144252	Rhetorical question	a question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered	66
3871146324	Sarcasm	a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical. _____ can be light and gently poke fun at something, or it can be harsh, caustic, and mean.	67
3871147738	Satire	a literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure.	68
3871148330	Simile	a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, usual using the words like or as to draw the connection.	69
3871149941	Style	the manner in which a writer combines and arrangers words, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure. It is the distinctive manner of expression that represents that author's typical writing style. This is often queried on the AP English Lang/Comp exam. In particular, when two passages on the same topic are presented, you must pay the most attention to comparing their ______.	70
3871152696	Symbolism	use of a person, place, thing, event, or patter that figuratively represents or "stands for" something else. Often the thing or idea represented is more abstract or general than the ______, which is concrete. Everyone recognizes the _______ of the golden arches representing McDonald's restaurants.	71
3871156424	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole, such as "50 masts" representing 50 ships, or "100 head [of steer] had to be moved to their grazing land."	72
3871159706	Syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. ______ is a sentence structure and how it influences the way the reader receives a particular piece of writing. It is important in establishing the tone of a piece and the attitude of the author/narrator. See loose sentence, parallel structure, and periodic sentence.	73
3871162342	Theme	the central or dominant idea or focus of a work; the statement a passage makes about its subject.	74
3871163531	Tone	the attitude the narrator/writer takes toward a subject and theme; the tenor of a piece of writing based on particular stylistic devices employed by the writer. ______ reflects the narrator/author's attitude.	75
3871165253	Voice	the acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's or narrator's particular "take" on an idea based on a particular passage and how all the elements of the style of the piece come together to express his or her feelings.	76
3871167111	Zeugma	a grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applies to two or more nouns without being repeated. Often used to comic effect ("the thief TOOK MY WALLET and the Fifth Avenue BUS").	77

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AP HuGe Ch 5: Language Flashcards

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603224267	BRP	(British Recieved Pronunciation) the dialect of english associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom	0
603224268	Creole or creolized language	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.	1
603224269	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation	2
603224270	Ebonics	Dialect spoken by some African Americans	3
603224271	Extinct Language	A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.	4
603224272	Franglais	A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai." the French words for "French" and "English," respectively.	5
603224273	Ideograms	The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.	6
603224274	Isogloss	A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate	7
603224275	Isolated Language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	8
603224276	Language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.	9
603224277	Language branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.	10
603224278	Language family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	11
603224279	Language group	A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	12
603224280	Lingua franca	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	13
603224281	Literary tradition	A language that is written as well as spoken	14
603224282	Official language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	15
603224283	Pidgin language	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	16
603224284	Spanglish	Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.	17
603224285	Standard Language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	18
603224286	Vulgar Latin	A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.	19

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