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AP World History Exam 2018 Flashcards

9734928913	Abacus	An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters.	0
9734937972	Absolute monarchy	Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution	1
9734946265	Afrikaners	South Africans descended from the Dutch who settled in South Africa and the 17th century.	2
9734948792	Age grade	An age group into which children were placed in Bantu societies of early sub-Saharan Africa; children within the age grade were given responsibilities and privileges suitable for their age and in this manner will prepare for adult responsibilities.	3
9734966063	Agricultural Revolution	The transition from foraging to the cultural food occurring 8000 to 2000 BCE; also known as the Neolithic Revolution.	4
9734975724	Allah	The god of the Muslims. Arabic word for "god".	5
9734985774	Alliance for Progress	A program for economic aid for the Latin America in exchange for a pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of President Kennedy's international program.	6
9735016097	Allied Powers	In World War Ithe nations of Great Britain France Russia and the United States and others that fought against the Central Powers; in War World II a group of Nations including England France the Soviet Union and the United States that fought against the Axis powers.	7
9735037825	Al-Qaeda	An international radical Sunni Muslim organization that uses terrorist tactics to oppose Western culture values.	8
9735045434	Animism	The belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature.	9
9735055609	Anschluss	The German annexation of Austria prior to WWII.	10
9735062192	Apartheid	The South African policy of separation of the races.	11
9735068325	Appeasement	Policy of England and France of making concessions to Hitler in the 1930s.	12
9735077791	Aristocracy	Rule by a privileged hereditary class or nobility.	13
9735087261	Artifact	An object made by human hands.	14
9735090068	Artisan	A craftsman.	15
9735101276	Astraolabe	Navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars.	16
9735108447	Austronesian	A branch of languages originating in Oceania.	17
9735117203	Ayatollah	A traditional Muslim religious ruler.	18
9735121102	Ayllus	In Incan Society, a clan or community that work together on projects required by the ruler.	19
9735129700	Bakufu	A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead while real power was concentrated on the military including the samurai.	20
9735140900	Bantu-speaking people	Name given to a group of sub-Saharan African peoples who migrations alter the Society of the sub-Saharan Africa.	21
9735144304	Battle of Tours	In 732 CE, battle that halted the advance of Muslim armies into Europe at a point in northern France.	22
9735154397	Benefice	In medieval Europe a grant of land or other privilege to a vassal.	23
9735166012	Berlin Conference (1884- 1885)	Meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them.	24
9735168908	Black Death	The European name for the 14th century outbreak of the Bubonic plague that spread from Asia across Europe and North Africa falling Land and Sea commercial trade routes.	25
9735177962	Bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy man who acclimated spiritual merits during their lifetimes; Buddhists prayed to them in order to receive some of their holiness	26
9735208322	Boer War (1899-1902)	War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch Independence in South Africa which resulted in British victory.	27
9735211905	Boer	South Africans of Dutch descent.	28
9735222904	Bourgeoisie	In France, the class of merchants and Artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of thr French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners.	29
9735250928	Boxer Rebellion(1898)	Revolt against foreign residents of China.	30
9735258384	Boyars	Russian nobility.	31
9738539443	Brahmin	A member of the social class of priests in Aryan society.	32
9738561080	Brinkmanship	The Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the US of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on part of either power.	33
9738584866	Bristish Commonwealth	A political community consisting of England, its dependencies, and former colonies of England that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwealth of Nations.	34
9738612941	Bushi	Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses.	35
9738630189	Bushido	The code of honor of the samurai of Japan.	36
9738636244	Caliph	The chief Muslim political and religious leader.	37
9738655113	Calpulli	Aztec clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders.	38
9738661271	Capital	The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization.	39
9738669818	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making.	40
9742656818	Caravel	a small easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations.	41
9742669533	Catholic Reformation (Counter- Reformation)	The religious Reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education.	42
9742684068	Central Powers	In War World 1 Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria the Ottoman Empire and other nations who fought with them against the Allies	43
9743033848	Chinampas	platforms of twisted vines and mud that serve the Aztecs is floating gardens and extended the edge of cultural land.	44
9743038363	Chivalry	A knight's code of honor in medieval Europe.	45
9743046663	Civilization	a cultural group of advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology, and system of record-keeping.	46
9743052147	Climate	The pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time.	47
9743054406	Coalition	A government based on temporary alliances of several political parties.	48
9743060054	Code Napoleon	collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.	49
9743062304	Cold War	The tense diplomatic relationship between the US and the USSR after World War II.	50
9743070161	Collectivization	The combination of several small farms into large government-controlled land.	51
9743072604	Columbian Exchange	the exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after the Voyages of Columbus	52
9743081300	Commercial revolution	the expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the 16th and 7th centuries.	53
9743083050	Communism	An economic system in which property is publicly owned; each member of a classless society works and is paid according to his or her needs and abilities.	54
9743092637	Conscription	Military draft	55
9743095906	Conservatism	in the 19th century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state stablished churches.	56
9743104669	Containment	Cold War policy of the US whose purpose was to prevent the spread of Communism	57
9743111493	Cossacks	Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.	58
9743119268	Covenant	Agreement; in Judeo-Christian heritage an agreement between God and humankind.	59
9743130725	Criollos (Creoles)	a term used in colonial Spanish America describe a person born in the Americas of European parents.	60
9743135735	Cubism	a School of Art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.	61
9743141657	Cultural diffusion	The transmission of ideas and products of from one culture to another.	62
9743147970	Cultural Revolution	Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.	63
9744647835	Cuneiform	a system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay.	64
9744650055	Daimyo	a Japanese feudal Lord in charge of an army of Samurai	65
9744653984	Dar al-Islam	The House of Islam; a term representing the political and religious unity of various Islamic groups.	66
9744657042	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	a statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution.	67
9744662150	Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen	a statement of the rights of Women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.	68
9744668361	Deism	the concept of God common to the Scientific Revolution; did he was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws.	69
9744672275	Democracy	A political system in which the people rule.	70
9744677407	Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)	The blueprint of heredity.	71
9744679766	Devshrime	A practice in the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to service Janissaries.	72
9744683254	Dharma	In the Hindu tradition, duty or obligation.	73
9744696529	Diaspora	the exile of an ethnic or racial group from their homeland.	74
9744699118	Divine right	The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God.	75
9744701750	Domestic system	Manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting.	76
9744703639	Duma	The Russian parliament.	77
9744707891	Dutch learning	Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the 18th century.	78
9744710870	Dynasty	Series of rulers from the same family.	79
9744712911	Economic imperialism	control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation.	80
9744717360	Ecomonic Liberalism	The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal.	81
9744719429	Edict of Milan	a document that made Christianity one of the religions allowed in the Roman Empire.	82
9744722541	Empirical research	research based on the collection of data.	83
9744723640	Enclosure movement	the fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution.	84
9744727583	Ecomienda	A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land in the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonists.	85
9744732051	Enlightenment	Philosophical movement in the 18th century in Europe that was based on reason and the concept that Education and Training could improve humankind and society.	86
9744737954	Entrepreneurship	the ability to combine the factors of land, labor, and capital to create factory production.	87
9744740750	Estates	the divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France.	88
9744743261	Estates-General	The traditional legislative body of France.	89
9744744408	Euro	The standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002	90
9744749117	European Union	an organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.	91
9744751214	Evangelical	Pertaining to preaching the Gospel(the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians.	92
9744759337	Excommunication	The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in sacraments to those who do not comply with the church teachings or practices.	93
9744768407	Extraterritoriality	the right of foreigners to live on to the laws of their home country rather than those of their host country.	94
9744770533	Factor	an agent with trade privileges in early Russia.	95
9744771861	Fascism	a political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights.	96
9744775610	Feminism	The movement to achieve women's rights.	97
9744777525	Feudalism	A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between Lord and vassal in order to provide protection.	98
9744781364	Fief	in medieval Europe, a grant of land given in exchange for military or other services.	99
9744786009	Filial piety	In China, respect for one's parents and other elders.	100
9744794710	Five Pillars	5 practices required of Muslims: faith, prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and pilgrimage.	101
9744800675	Five-Year Plans	plans for industrial production first introduced into the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; this is succeeded by making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end the 1930s.	102
9744811154	Footbinding	In China a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, foot binding also confined women to the household.	103
9744827876	Foraging	A term for hunting and gathering.	104
9746419999	Fundamental	A return to traditional religious beliefs and practices.	105
9746422183	Geneva Conference	A 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the 17th Parallel.	106
9746425380	Genocide	The systematic killing of an entire ethnic group.	107
9746428315	Geocentric Theory	The belief held by many before the Scientific Revolution that the Earth is at the center of the universe.	108
9746431500	Glasnost	The 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union.	109
9746436073	Glorious Revolution	The bloodless overthrow of English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne.	110
9746440204	Gold standard	a monetary system in which currency is backed up by a specific amount of gold.	111
9747371797	Gothic Architecture	Architecture of 12th century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches.	112
9747543315	Gran Colombia	the temporary union of the northern portion of south America after the independence movements led by Simón Bolívar.	113
9747555795	Great Depression	the severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world.	114
9747569646	Great Leap Forward	the disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes.	115
9747578527	Green Revolution	a program of improved irrigation methods an the introduction of high-yield seeds and fertilizers and pesticides to improve agricultural production; the Green Revolution was especially successful in Asia nut also was used in Latin America.	116
9747594413	griots	storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and histories.	117
9751913959	Guano	bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late 19th century.	118
9751918421	Guest workers	workers from North Africa and Asia who migrated to Europe during the late 20th century in search of employment; some guest workers settled in Europe permanently	119
9751927152	Guomindang	China's national political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on deomcratic principles; in 1925 the party was taken over by Jaing Jieshi who made it into a more authoritarian party.	120
9751941690	Hadith	A collection of the sayings and deeds of Muhammad.	121
9751944817	Hajj	The pilgrimage to the Ka'aba in Mecca required once of every Muslim was not limited by health or financial restrictions.	122
9751956763	Harem	a household of wives and concubines in the Middle East, Africa, or Asia.	123
9751961417	Heliocentric theory	the concept that the center of the universe is the Sun.	124
9751967387	Hellenistic Age	The era (c. 323 to 30 BC) in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great.	125
9751987653	Helsinki Accords	A 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Western European countries and the Soviet Union.	126
9758810152	Hieroglyphics	A system of picture writing used in Egypt.	127
9758864897	Hijirah	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina; the first year in the Muslim calendar	128
9758883917	Holocaust	the Nazi program during World War II that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable.	129
9758896824	Imperialism	The establishment of colonial empires	130
9758902610	Import substitution industrialization	when a country's that attempts to strengten industrial power by restricting Foreign imports.	131
9758913476	Inca	The ruler of the Quechua people of the west coast of South America; the term is also appiled to the Quechua people as a whole.	132
9759357374	Indenture servitude	The practice of contrasting with a master to provide labor for a specified period of years in exchange for passage and living expenses.	133
9801865314	Indian National Congess	Polictical party that became the leader of the Indian Nationalist movement.	134
9801885068	Indo- Europeans	A group of seminomadic people who, around 2000 BCE, began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East.	135
9802147666	Indulgence	A document whose purchases was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins.	136
9802169980	Industrial Revolution	The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of produxtion in a factory setting.	137
9816995697	International Monetary Fund	An international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade.	138
9817028226	International Space Station	A vehicle sponsered by sixteen nations that circles the earth while carrying out experiments.	139
9817043885	Investiture	The authority claimed by monarchs to appoint church officals.	140
9817054360	Jacobins	Extreme radicals during the French Revolution.	141
9817065517	Janissaries	Members of the Ottoman army,often slaves, who were taken from Chrisrian lands.	142
9817080555	Jati	One of the many subcastes in the Hindu caste system.	143
9817121009	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ingatius of Loyola in 1534.	144
9817141291	Jihad	Islamic holy war.	145
9817151479	Junks	Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties.	146
9817173100	Ka'aba	A black stone or meteorite that became the most revered shrine in Arabia before the introduction of Islam; situated in Mecca, it later was incorporated in the Islamic faith.	147
9831084227	Kabuki theater	A form of Japanese developed in the 17th century that features colorful scenery and coustumes and an exaggerated style of acting.	148
9831104325	Kamikaze	The "divine wind" credited by the Japanese with preventing the Mongol invasion of Japan in the Mongol.	149
9831117376	Karma	In Hindu tradition, the good and evil deeds done by a person that determine reincarnation or reaching nirvana.	150
9831136342	Khan	A Mongol ruler.	151
9831140796	Kowtow	A ritualistic bow that practiced in the Chinese court.	152
9831164215	Kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy.	153
9831186597	Laissez-faire economics	An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries.	154
9831197831	Lateen sail	A triangular sail attached to a short mast.	155
9831206809	Latifundia	Large landholdings in the Roman Empire and in Latin America.	156
9831398609	Legaue of Nations	International organization found after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations.	157
9831410342	Liberalism	An Enlightment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative gov.	158
9835570923	Liberation theology	A religious belief that emphasizes social justice for victims of poverty and oppression.	159
9835586685	Limited liability Corporation (LLC)	business organization in which the owners have limited personal legal responsibility for debts and actions of the business.	160
9835590681	Magna Carta	a document written in England in 1215 that granted certain rights to Nobles later these rights came to be extended to all classes.	161
9835607627	Malay soldiers	Southeast Asian sailors who traveled the Indian Ocean; by 500 CE, they colonized Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana.	162
9835628784	Mamluks	Turkish military slaves who form part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries; they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the 13th to the early 16th centuries.	163
9835640580	Manchus	Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China's Quing dynasty.	164
9835645550	Mandate	a type of colony in which the government is overseen by another Nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after World War 1.	165
9835662699	Mandate of Heaven	the concept developed by the Zhou dynasty that a deity granted a dynasty the right to rule and took away that right if the dynasty do not rule wisely	166
9835675916	Manorialism	The system of self-suffient estates rhat arose in medieval Europe.	167
9835680497	Maori	A member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 CE.	168
9835693478	Marron societies	Runaway slaves in the Caribbean who established their own communities to resist slabery and colonial authorities	169
9835704690	Marshall Plan	A US plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after WWII.	170
9835711657	Mass Consumerism	Trade in products designed to appeal to a global market.	171
9835720862	Matrilineal	Recering to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through the mother.	172
9837014062	May Fourth Movement	A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence.	173
9837019590	Medieval	Pettaining to the middle ages of European history.	174
9837024306	Meiji Restoration	The restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shougunate.	175
9837031187	Mercantilism	A European economic policy of the 16th-18th centuries that hels that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adout policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies.	176
9837047824	Mestizos	In the Apanish colonies, persons of mixed European and Indian descent.	177
9837052638	Metropolitan	The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church.	178
9837054051	Mexica	The name given to themselves by the Aztec people.	179
9837060984	Middle Ages	The period in European history traditionally given to 500 - 1500.	180
9837118188	Middle Kingdom	Term applied to the rich agricultural lands of the Yangtze River valley under the Zhou dynasty.	181
9837409311	Middle Passage	The portion of trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas.	182
9837418278	Minaret	A tower atrached to a mosque from qhich Muslims are called to worship.	183
9837423210	Mita	A labor system used by the Andean societies in which communities memebers shared work owed to rulers and the religious community.	184
9837428885	Mosksha	In Hindu belief, the spirit's liberation from the cycle of reincarnation.	185
9837434842	Mongol Peace	The period from about 1250 to 1350 in which the Mongols ensured thesafety of Eurasian trade and travel.	186
9837440471	Monotheism	The belief in one god.	187
9837444042	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	Policy issued by the US in which it declared that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to colonization by other powers.	188
9837448547	Monsoon	A seasonal wind that can bring dry or wet weather.	189
9837452386	Mosque	The hosue of worship of followers of Islam.	190
9837458122	Mughal dynasty	Rulers who controlled most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries.	191
9837464961	Mulato (Mulatto)	In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, a person if mixed African and European descent.	192
9837471079	Muslim	"One who submits"; a follwer of Islam.	193
9837477361	Mystery Religion	During the Hellenistic Age, religions that promised their faithful follwers eternity in a state of bliss.	194
9837485940	National Organization for Women (NOW)	US organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's rights.	195
9837491131	Nation-state	A sovereign state whose people share a common culture and national identity.	196
9837498696	Natural laws	Principles that govern nature.	197
9837501198	Natural rights	Rights that belong to every person and that no gov may take that away.	198
9837506765	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that blended Confucianism with Buddhism thought.	199
9839320512	New Economic Policy (NEP)	Lenin's policy that allowed aome peivatw ownership and limited foreign investment to revitalize the Soviet economy.	200
9839326564	New Testament	The portion of the Bible that contains the Gospels that relate to the story of Jesus; letters from the followers of Jesus to early Christian churches and the Book of Revelation, a prophetic text.	201
9839341500	Nirvana	in Buddhism the state of perfect peace that is the goal of reincarnation.	202
9839343558	No theater	The classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dressed actors	203
9839346062	Nonalignment	the policy of some developing nations to refrain from aligning themselves with either the U.S. or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.	204
9839349738	North America Free Trade Agreement NAFTA	an organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico and the US and Canada.	205
9839354410	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	A defense allaincr between alliance between nations of Weatern Europe ans North America formed in 1949.	206
9839467345	Northern Renaissance	An extension of the Italian Renassiance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance.	207
9844795988	Northwest Passage	A passage thought the North American continent that was sought by early explorers to North America as a route to trade with the East.	208
9844804963	Opium War (1839 to 1842)	War between England and China began w/ the Qing dynasty refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking.	209
9844822321	Oracle Bones	Animal bones or shells used by Chinese priests to recieve messges from the gods.	210
9844840062	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counrties (OPEC)	Organization formed in 1960 by oil producing countries fo regulate oil supplies and prices.	211
9844850814	Ozone depletion	The thining of the layer of the gas ozone high in the earth's atmosphere; ozone serves as a protection against the sun's ultraviolet rays.	212
9844860270	Pan-Slavic movement	A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia.	213
9844867810	Parallel descent	In Incan society, descent through both the father and the mother.	214
9844873749	Parliament	A representative assembly.	215
9844878602	Parliamentary Monarchy	A gov w/ a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament.	216
9844883529	Pastorialism	The practice of healing.	217
9844886722	Patriarchial	Pertaining to a social system in which the father is the head of the family.	218
9844891070	Pax Romana	The Roman Peace; the period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire in the first 2 centuries CE.	219
9844898779	Peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe.	220
9844901898	People of the Book	A term appiled by Islamic govs to the Muslims, Christains, and Jews in reference to thr fact that all 3 religions had a holy book.	221
9844912061	Peretroika	A restructuring of the Soviet economy to allow some local decision making.	222
9844917037	Persian Gulf War	The 1991 war between Iraq and the US-led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion.	223
9844925343	Perspective	An artistic technique commonly used in the Renaissance painting that gave a 3-dimensional appearance to the works of art.	224
9844932782	Pharaoh	An Egyptian monarch.	225
9844937288	Philosophes	French Enlightenment social philosophers.	226
9844940305	Pogrom	Violence against the Jews in tsarist Russia.	227
9844944712	Polis	A Greek city-state.	228
9844946673	Polytheism	The beief in many gods.	229
9844959042	Pope	The head of the Roman Catholic Church.	230
9844961962	Potsdam Conference	A 1945 meeting of the leaders of England, the USA, and the USSR in which it was agreed that the USSR would be given control of eastern Europe and that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation.	231
9844981550	Prague Spring	A 1968 program of reform to soften socialism in Czechoslovakia; it resulted in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.	232
9844993149	Predestination		233

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AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

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9850511406	absolutism	concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France	0
9850511407	divine right	the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God	1
9850511408	Parliamentary monarchy	originated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	2
9850511409	ethnocentrism	regarding one's own race or cultural group as superior to others	3
9850511410	conquistador	the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century	4
9850511411	colonialism	control by one power over a dependent area or people	5
9850511412	Viceroy	member of the nobility appointed to rule a country or province as the deputy of the sovereign - means in place of the king	6
9850511413	Columbian Exchange	global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas	7
9850511414	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century	8
9850511415	Devshirme	in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers	9
9850511416	Shah	King, title of the Mughal and Safavid emperors	10
9850511417	Vizier	head of the Ottoman bureaucracy, after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan	11
9850511418	Sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	12
9850511419	Harem	the women in a Muslin household, including the mother, sisters, wives, concubines, daughters, entertainers, and servants - the Ottoman Sultans had large harems	13
9850511420	tsar, czar	Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)	14
9850511421	Cossacks	peasants recruited to migrate to lands in the southern parts of Russia, combined agriculture with military conquests	15
9850511422	Westernization	to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. of western Europe	16
9850511423	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased. Often led to the hoarding of wealth, for because it could be needed unexpectedly for war.	17
9850511424	Joint-Stock Company	A commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. Started by the Dutch East Indian Trading Co. A significant part of mercantilism, in bringing raw materials from colonies.	18
9850511425	encomienda	a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance	19
9850511426	Mita (aka repartimiento)	forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year	20
9850511427	Silver in Colonial Latin America	mining in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish coerced (forced) natives to work in the mines. Spain became very wealthly and powerful from silver profits, using it to trade around the world, especially in China.	21
9850511428	haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy	22
9850511429	plantations/plantation systems	a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery)	23
9850511430	peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World. (Born on the Iberian Peninsula.)	24
9850511431	creoles/criollos	in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents	25
9850511432	mestizo	mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry	26
9850511433	mulattoes	mixed Spanish and African ancestry	27
9850511434	zambos	those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry	28
9850511435	galleons	large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of silver bullion	29
9850511436	triangular trade	the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America	30
9850511437	middle passage	the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade	31
9850511438	Chattel slavery	concept of believing that slaves were merely objects, not humans	32
9850511439	Secular	concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	33
9850511440	Protestant	a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation	34
9850511441	indulgences	a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, sold by the Catholic Church to help raise $$	35
9850511442	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 and discovered the Cape of Good Hope	36
9850511443	Christopher Columbus	explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean opened up the Americas to European exploration. Sailed for the Spanish crown in an attempt to find a new trade route to the East Indies	37
9850511444	Martin Luther	wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation	38
9850511445	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire	39
9850511446	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire	40
9850511447	Vasco de Gama	Portuguese explorer. Commanded the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India	41
9850511448	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, First to circumnavigate the globe.	42
9850511449	Akbar	Ruler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire.	43
9850511450	Shah Jahan	Akbar's Grandson and king. ruled 1628-1658, built the Taj Majhal	44
9850511451	Atahualpa	Last Inca emperor before the Spanish conquest; was in the middle of a civil war with his brother when Francisco Pizarro arrived.	45
9850511452	Montezuma II	Aztec ruler during the Spanish conquest of modern day Mexico. Expanded the empire's boundaries and was killed during an attack on the capital city, Tenochtitlan	46
9850511453	Elizabeth I	last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign was called the "Golden Age of England," known for the flourishing of English drama and the skilled adventurers	47
9850511454	Louis XIV	AKA Sun King. Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there.	48
9850511455	Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)	Grand Prince of Moscow - first ruler to be crowned as Czar of all the Russias and managed many changes that allowed Russia to become an empire	49
9850511456	Peter the Great	Russian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg and changed the social and political systems of Russia into more modern, scientific and European-oriented systems	50
9850511457	King Nzinga/Afonso I	ruler of the Kingdom of the Kongo during the height of the Portuguese slave trade in the region. Converted to Christianity and adopted some European ideas during his reign	51
9850511458	Tokugawa Ieyasu	last of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism	52
9850511459	Shah Ismail I	founder of the Safavid dynasty, Persia, modern-day Iran.	53
9850511460	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors	54
9850511461	Suleyman the Magnificent	Ottoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power	55
9850511462	John Calvin	pastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination	56
9850511463	Scientific Revolution	a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700. Renaissance -> Scientific Revolution -> Enlightenment.	57
9850511464	Galileo Galilei	Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory.	58
9850511465	Nicolaus Copernicus	Renaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church	59
9850511466	Sir Issac Newton	combined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish a work on gravitational force called Principia	60
9850511467	Thomas Hobbes	English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government	61
9850511468	King Henry VIII	Ruled 1509-1547. Major figure of the Protestant reformation who married women to try and have a male heir to succeed him	62
9850511469	Anglican Church	Church of England (Protestant Church established by Henry VIII)	63
9850511470	maritime empires	empires based on sea travel	64
9850511471	Prince Henry the Navigator	the first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold	65
9850511472	caravel	a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships	66
9850511473	Hispaniola	the name Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic	67
9850511474	Treaty of Tordesillas	Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, Spain reserving all land to the west of a meridian and Portugal reserving all land to the east of that meridian	68
9850511475	Sikhism	blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs. a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.	69
9850511476	Little Ice Age	300-year mini-ice age from 1550 to 1850. Led to mass starvation and peasant rebellions in Ming Dynasty China.	70
9850511477	Ming Dynasty	1368-1644, Dynasty who sent Zheng He on a series of naval voyages. Built the majority of the parts of the Great Wall that still exists.	71
9850511478	Zheng He	• Chinese admiral and diplomat during Ming dynasty • explored as far as Africa • traded & collected tribute	72
9850511479	Qing Dynasty	AKA Manchus (ethnic group). TAfricanhe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries	73
9850511480	Astrolabe	A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars	74
9850511481	African Diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the Trans-Atlantic trade.	75
9850511482	Printing Press	1440. invented by Guttenberg; led to more literacy and spread of ideas	76
9850511483	Tokugawa Period	1603-1867 period of rule during which the Tokugawa family held power as Shoguns. Pax Tokugawa. Generally isolationist, but traded with the Portuguese, who brought the first guns to Japan.	77
9850511484	Songhay Empire	1464-1591. Became the dominate kingdom in West Africa after Mail collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. Islamic.	78
9850511485	Kingdom of Kongo	Central African kingdom that converted to Christianity via trade with the Portuguese.	79

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8409836879	bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished int he early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine	0
8409836880	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century, thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability	1
8409836881	Condorcet and the idea of progress	The Marquis of Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argue that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason.	2
8409836882	Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.	3
8409836883	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1454-1563) at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.	4
8409836884	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.	5
8409836885	deism	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.	6
8409836886	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion	7
8409836887	European Enlighenment	European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the lessons of the scientific revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.	8
8409836888	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remains influential today.	9
8409836889	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church	10
8409836890	huacas	Local gods of the Andes	11
8409836891	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France	12
8409836892	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late 16th and 17th centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	13
8409836893	kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents	14
8409836894	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	15
8409836895	Karl Marx	German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism	16
8409836896	Mirabai	One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1546), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition.	17
8409836897	Guru Nanak	The founder of Sikhism (1469-1539)	18
8409836898	Isaac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution	19
8409836899	Ninety-five Theses	List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.	20
8409836900	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"	21
8409836901	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582-1610	22
8409836902	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.	23
8409836903	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500, combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women	24
8409836904	Jesuits	The Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the boards of Europe.	25
8409836905	Taki Onqoy	Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age	26
8409836906	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)	27
8409836907	Voltaire	Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778) whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion	28
8409836908	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia.	29
8409836909	Wang Yangmin	Prominent Chinese philosopher (147201529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection , without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism	30
8409836910	Siege of Vienna	An Ottoman assault on a Central European city in 1529.	31
8409836911	Sola Fide	Latin for "faith alone". Martin Luther felt that people were saved by God not through their works, but by faith alone. This idea challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.	32
8409836912	John Calvin	(1508-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.	33
8409836913	John Knox	(1514-1572) This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church; not bishops.	34
8409836914	Anabaptists	A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. (1521)	35
8409836915	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America to escape persecution and settled Massachusetts Bay.	36
8409836916	Russian Orthodox Church	Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments.	37
8409836917	Emperor Kangxi	Chinese emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1661-1722; his reign was one of relative internal peace. He constructed many public works and was a patron of the arts. In 1715 he banned Westerners from spreading Christianity in China after the pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians and forbade them for performing Confucian rites	38
8409836918	Vodou	African slave religion primarily in Haiti that developed from the combination of Christianity and old African traditions.	39
8409836919	Santeria	A syncretic religion of mixed African, Indian and Christian influences, practiced in Cuba, Central America and parts of the US.	40
8409836920	Candomble	African religious ideas and practices mixed with Christianity in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.	41
8409836921	Sati	A cultural tradition where Hindu women threw themselves onto the funeral pyre of their husbands after his death.	42
8409836922	Kirshna	A Hindu deity that Mirabai sought to unify with her poetry.	43
8409836923	Guru Granth	Holy scripture of Sikhism, which has the saying and teachings of the ten Sikh Gurus.	44
8409836924	Rene Descartes	(1596-1650) French intellectual who challenged traditional ideas. he said that human reason was capable of discovering and explaining the laws of nature and man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenment, a time of political awakening that became revolution. In philosophy he state "Cogito ergo sum" or I think therefore I am . In math he developed the Cartesian Plane	45
8409836925	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	46
8409836926	Blaise Pascal	(1623-1662) A french mathematician and scientist. he believed that religious faith was necessary because reason alone could not satisfy people, hope and aspiration.	47
8409836927	Giordano Bruno	(1548-1600) Italian polymath, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He taught the ideas of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe and was burned at the stake after the papal inquisition found him guilty of heresy in 1600 for supporting Hermetic philosophy (supporting a pantheistic view of God). His books were put in the "Index". some claim him the martyr of science, nonetheless his execution is a sad episode between the conflict of Church beliefs and scientific and liberal thinking.	48
8409836928	Adam Smith	(1723-1790) Scottish professor who in 1776 wrote "Wealth of Nations"; preached "laissez-faire capitalism - free trade	49
8409836929	Immanuel Kant	(1724-1804) German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections with which it molds experience.	50
8409836930	John Locke	(1632-1704) English philosopher. Wrote that the mind was a "tabula rasa" or blank slate; that is, people are born without innate ideas. We are completely shaped by our environment. Heavily influenced US founding fathers.	51
8409836931	Pantheists	People who believe that God is a part of nature and that nature is God	52
8409836932	Dutch Learning	Broad term for European teachings that were strictly regulated by the shoguns inside Japan. Western books were only permitted to be imported in 1720.	53

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8214100060	Agricultural Revolution	definition: a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity - environmental - change - roots of civilization	0
8214177330	Egalitarianism	definition: the focus on how all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities - cultural - state-building - died off after the agricultural revolution and gender roles ensured - change	1
8214202462	Shamans	-believed to be especially skilled at dealing with the spirit world -no full time religious specialists and priests to lead any ceremonies -emerged as the need arose -used drugs to be in "transcendence" during the rituals -cultural	2
8262428949	Great Goddess/Venus Figurine	-strong feminine dimension in Paleolithic religion -creator deity -religion was assumed to be monotheistic -female figures -certain feature are missing -regeneration and renewal of life -phases of the moon and female fertility -cultural	3
8262462564	Mandate of Heaven		4

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AP Language Vocab Lesson 7 ! Flashcards

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3195012318	Broach I will now start a discussion about the ROACH for the first time	to mention for the first time; to introduce a subject; to start a discussion of	0
3195012319	Charlatan He claimed to be an expert about CHARLESTON CHEWS, the candy. But he was an imposter!	a person who falsely claims to possess expert knowledge or skill; a quack; an imposter	1
3195012320	Erudite I have scholarly, extensive knowledge on A RUDE GUY	having or displaying extensive knowledge; learned; scholarly	2
3195012321	Extol I praise highly the TOLL ROAD	to praise highly	3
3195012322	Gratuitous His diploma was given freely and unearned, but he still GRADUATEDous	freely given or obtained; unearned; uncalled for; without justification or cause	4
3195012323	Immutable the MUT is dead and that is unchangeable, imMUTable! :(	never changing; unchangeable; unalterable	5
3195012324	Predispose I prefer that trash be susceptible to being (pre)DISPOSED in the trash can	To create or possess a tendency or preference in advance; to make susceptible	6
3195012325	Truism TRUEism	a statement the truth of which is obvious or well known	7
3195012326	Venerate i regard that VENT(erate) with deep respect and honor	to regard with deep respect, honor, or esteem; to revere	8
3195012327	Etymology Let's study the source of development of the word etymology!	the source and development of a word; the study of word sources and development	9

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AP WH Unit 2 Flashcards

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7547403071	Persian Empire	Empire represented in this map	0
7547403072	Athens	First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule.	1
7547403073	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.	2
7547403074	Hellenism	Civilizations represented on this map	3
7547403075	Alexander the Great	Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	4
7547403076	Augustus	The first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).	5
7547403077	Qin Shihuangdi	(r.221-210 BCE) The emperor who unified China and established the first dynasty of a unified empire.	6
7547403078	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the previous dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Its rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	7
7547403079	Mauryan Dynasty	322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent.	8
7547403080	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	9
7547403081	legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	10
7547403082	Confucianism	Chinese ethical and philosophical system. It sought to minimize conflicts by stressing obedience to superiors, reverence for elder family members, and honoring of ancestors	11
7547403083	Vedas	Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.	12
7547403084	Upanishads	A collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas	13
7547403085	Siddhartha Gautama	Founder of Buddhism	14
7547403086	Zoroastrianism	One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.	15
7547403087	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah	16
7547403088	Greek Rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	17
7547403089	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. He taught students to question everything until a reasonable conclusion could be arrived at, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.	18
7547403090	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	19
7547403091	Jesus of Nazareth	Founder of Christianity. His teachings were based on Judaism but eventually became a separate faith and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.	20
7547403092	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.	21
7547403093	caste	distinct social class grouping; in China, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life, and in India,	22
7547403094	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland	23
7547403095	Darius	Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.	24
7547403096	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement	25
7547403097	Persian	Of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture	26
7547403098	Satraps	under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions	27
7547403099	Persian Wars	Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)	28
7547403100	Ahura Mazda	Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu.	29
7547403101	Angra Mainyu	evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world	30
7547403102	Laozi	Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.	31
7547403103	Qin Shihuangdi	Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.	32
7547403104	Han Wudi	The most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads	33
7547403105	Daoism	Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.	34
7547403106	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)	35
7547403107	Qin Dynasty	The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.	36
7547403108	Han dynasty	A great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity	37
7547403109	Yellow Turban Uprising	Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty	38
7547403110	Chandragupta Maurya	He founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.	39
7547403111	Ashoka	The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.	40
7547403112	Chandra Gupta	Laid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age	41
7547403113	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	42
7547403114	Mauryan Empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)	43
7547403115	Gupta Empire	Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age	44
7547403116	Huns	Nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration (Overthrew Gupta)	45
7547403117	Buddhism	a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire	46
7547403118	Homer	ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)	47
7547403119	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	48
7547403120	Plato	Philosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that ideal forms existed on a separate plane than our conception of reality. In his work the Republic, he described an ideal society, in which philosopher-kings would rule and everyone would be given jobs based on their talents. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy.	49
7547403121	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.	50
7547403122	polis	Greek word for city-state	51
7547403123	Sparta	Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts	52
7547403124	Persian War	King Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece.	53
7547403125	Delian League	An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians	54
7547403126	Peloponnesian War	a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta	55
7547403127	Hellenistic Age	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	56
7547403128	Ptolemaic Empire	The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.	57
7547403129	Seleucid Empire	The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.	58
7547403130	Julius Caesar	Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power	59
7547403131	Augustus Caesar	The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace	60
7547403132	Punic War	one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome	61
7547403133	Twelve tables	the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law	62
7547403134	Patricians	A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.	63
7547403135	Plebeians	Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders	64
7547403136	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	65
7547403137	Silk roads	Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	66
7547403138	Qanats	Underground irrigation systems developed by Persians	67
7547403139	Aquaducts	Above ground structures that piped in fresh drinking water to public fountains in Roman Empire	68
7547403140	concrete	Roman innovation that aided construction of large-scale projects.	69
7547403141	Paul of Tarsus	One of the most important apostles who is largely responsible for the spread of Christianity around the Mediterranean World in the 1st century.	70
7547403142	Stepwells	an innovation of the gupta empire that allowed for the storage of fresh drinking water in a fashion that minimized evaporation.	71
7547403143	Jati	a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)	72
7547403144	filial piety	The Confucian belief that one should obey older family members and pay respect to ancesters.	73
7547403145	Shudra	The serving class, the lowest caste in Hinduism before the creation of the untouchables	74
7547403146	Four Noble Truths	The Buddhist beliefs that all life is a cycle of suffering, the cause of suffering is desires for worldly pleasures, and that the cycle of suffering will not be broken until a person escapes re-birth through a process of Enlightenment.	75
7547403147	Brahma	In Hinduism, a universal spirit believed to be the origin of everything.	76
7547403148	Salon	A reformer who preserved Athenian democracy by initiating a series of compromises between aristocrats and commoners.	77
7547403149	stupa	Buddhist shrines, usually believed to hold holy relics.	78
7547403150	synchretism	when elements of two or more cultures blend together	79
7547403151	boddisattva	In Buddhism, a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so to remain on earth as a spiritual guide to others.	80
7547403152	ganges	A holy river in Hinduism	81
7547403153	Persepolis	The city created by Darius the Great as the grand capital of the Achaemenid Empire.	82
7547403154	Pataliputra	Large city along the Ganges River which was the capital of the Mauyaran Empire	83
7547403155	Paarsargad	A capital city created by Cyrus the Great	84
7547403156	Constantinople	Large Roman trading city located on the straits between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.	85
7547403157	Peter	Established an early Christian Church in Rome. Viewed by Christians as the first Pope.	86
7547403158	ascetic	someone who forgoes traditional desires such as food, sex, and shelter-usually for religious reasons.	87
7547403159	cynicism	a Hellenistic philosophical movement that rejected material wealth and traditional authority.	88