[node:title] Flashcards
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| 8415304562 | Allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically; an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric |  | 0 |
| 8415304563 | Antecedent | Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. |  | 1 |
| 8415304564 | Antithesis | Opposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism. |  | 2 |
| 8415304565 | Aphorism | a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life. Early to bed and early to rise help make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. -Ben Franklin |  | 3 |
| 8415304566 | Apostrophe | usually in poetry but sometimes in prose; the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction "Oh, Captain, my Captain, our fearful trip is done..." |  | 4 |
| 8415442617 | Argumentation | writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation | 5 | |
| 8415458768 | Assonance | the repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh/fade | 6 | |
| 8415471633 | Authority | support for an argument that is based on recognized experts in the field | 7 | |
| 8415478602 | Burlesque | broad parody; whereas a parody will imitate and exaggerate a specific work, such as Romeo and Juliet, a burlesque will take an entire style or form, such as myths, and exaggerate it into ridiculousness | 8 | |
| 8415304567 | Colloquial/Colloquialism | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing; word or phrase used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing |  | 9 |
| 8415304568 | Conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor; an elaborate figure of speech in which two seemingly dissimilar things or situations are compared |  | 10 |
| 8415550665 | Connotation | implied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind | 11 | |
| 8415562187 | Consonance | the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowel sounds, as in boost /best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and Ping-Pong | 12 | |
| 8415571819 | Conundrum | a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; it may also be a paradox or difficult problem | 13 | |
| 8415493706 | Cacophony | harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony | 14 | |
| 8415506498 | Caricature | descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or a facet of personality | 15 | |
| 8415512947 | Classicism | the principles and styles admired in the classics of Greek and Roman literature, such as objectivity, sensibility, restraint, and formality | 16 | |
| 8415520689 | Coherence | quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle | 17 | |
| 8415304569 | Euphemism | correctional facility = jail between jobs = unemployed | 18 | |
| 8415304570 | Homily | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. |  | 19 |
| 8415304571 | Invective | An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. |  | 20 |
| 8415304572 | Metonymy | a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using "the crown" to refer to a monarch |  | 21 |
| 8425318579 | Metaphor | a figure of speech in which one thing is referred to as another; for example, "my love is a fragile flower" | 22 | |
| 8425325281 | Mode | the method or form of a literary work; the manner in which a work of literature is written | 23 | |
| 8425332982 | Mood | similar to tone, mood is the primary emotional attitude of a work | 24 | |
| 8425342289 | Motif | main theme or subject of a work that is elaborated on in the development of the piece; a repeated pattern or idea | 25 | |
| 8425345908 | Myth | one story in a system of narratives set in a complete imaginary world that once served to explain the origin of life, religious beliefs, and the forces of nature as supernatural occurrences | 26 | |
| 8415304573 | Anaphora | The exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. Specific type of repetition; word, phrase, or clause repeated at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row |  | 27 |
| 8415304574 | Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish |  | 28 |
| 8415304575 | Prose | one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. |  | 29 |
| 8415304576 | Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words. |  | 30 |
| 8415304577 | Syllogism | A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. |  | 31 |
| 8415304578 | Synecdoche | A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole. a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, such as using "boards" to mean a stage or "wheels" to mean a car |  | 32 |
| 8425535965 | Speaker | the voice of a work; an author may speak as himself or herself or as a fictitious persona | 33 | |
| 8425538252 | Stereotype | a character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality | 34 | |
| 8425541523 | Style | an author's characteristic manner of expression | 35 | |
| 8425543136 | Subjectivity | a personal presentation of events and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions | 36 | |
| 8425546088 | Suspension of disbelief | the demand made that the reader accept the incidents recounted in the literary works | 37 | |
| 8425548354 | Symbolism | the use of symbols or anything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance | 38 | |
| 8415304579 | Synesthesia | When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. |  | 39 |
| 8415304580 | Apologia | A written or spoken defense of one's beliefs and actions. |  | 40 |
| 8415304581 | Epigram | A brief witty statement; a concise, witty saying in poetry or prose that either stands alone or is part of a larger work; it may also refer to a short poem of this type |  | 41 |
| 8415650096 | Euphony | a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony | 42 | |
| 8415661281 | Exemplum | a brief tale used in medieval times to illustrate a sermon or to teach a lesson | 43 | |
| 8415673577 | Exposition | the immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot; also, explanation; one of the four modes of discourse | 44 | |
| 8415304582 | Digression | The use of material unrelated to the subject of a work. |  | 45 |
| 8415584598 | Denotation | literal meaning of a word as defined | 46 | |
| 8415590168 | Description | the picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse | 47 | |
| 8415604672 | Diction | word choice, an element of style; also called syntax | 48 | |
| 8425557901 | Syntax | word choice or diction | 49 | |
| 8415617149 | Discourse | spoken or written language, including literary works; the four traditionally classified modes of discourse are description, exposition, narration, and persuasion | 50 | |
| 8415637879 | Dissonance | harsh or grating sounds that do not go together | 51 | |
| 8415304583 | Ellipsis | The omission of a word or several words. |  | 52 |
| 8415304584 | Ad Hominem | Attacking a speaker's character instead of to their argument. |  | 53 |
| 8415304585 | Anachronism | A person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era. an event, object, custom, person, or thing that is out of order in time; some anachronisms are unintentional, such as when an actor performing Shakespeare forgets to take off his watch; others are deliberately used to achieve a humorous or satiric effect, such as the sustained anachronism of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court |  | 54 |
| 8415397637 | Analogy | a comparison of two similar but different things, usually to clarify an action or a relationship, such as comparing the work of a heart to that of a pump | 55 | |
| 8415304586 | Didactic | Having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner. |  | 56 |
| 8415304587 | Fallacy | An incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information. |  | 57 |
| 8415692676 | Figurative language | language that contains figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal | 58 | |
| 8425508401 | Simile | a figure of speech that uses like, as, or as if to make a direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities; for example, "the sky looked like an artist's canvas" | 59 | |
| 8415708399 | Figures of speech | expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations | 60 | |
| 8415716259 | Folklore | traditional stories, songs, dances, and customs that are preserved among a people; folklore usually precedes literature, being passed down orally from generation to generation until recorded by scholars | 61 | |
| 8415723934 | Foreshadowing | the use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs later in the work | 62 | |
| 8415304588 | Hubris | Excessive pride that often brings about one's fall; the excessive pride or ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings of impending doom, eventually causing his or her downfall |  | 63 |
| 8415760223 | Humor | anything that causes laughter or amusement; up until the end of the Renaissance, humor meant a person's temperament | 64 | |
| 8415768890 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis | 65 | |
| 8415304589 | Alliteration | Repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginnings of words that are close to one another; for example, "beautiful blossoms blooming between the bushes" |  | 66 |
| 8415304590 | Litotes | A form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity. |  | 67 |
| 8415304591 | Paradox | A statement or idea that seems contradictory but is in fact true. a statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning, as in this quotation from Henry David Thoreau: "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude." |  | 68 |
| 8425390778 | Parable | a short tale that teaches a moral; similar to but shorter than an allegory | 69 | |
| 8415304592 | Non Sequitur | A statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before. |  | 70 |
| 8415304593 | Anecdote | A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. |  | 71 |
| 8415304594 | Jargon | Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group. |  | 72 |
| 8415304595 | Taciturn | Not talking much, reserved; silent, holding back in conversation. | 73 | |
| 8415304596 | Dogmatic | Inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true. |  | 74 |
| 8415304597 | Pernicious | Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way. |  | 75 |
| 8415304598 | Bellicose | Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. |  | 76 |
| 8415304599 | Voracious | Craving or consuming large quantities of food. |  | 77 |
| 8415304600 | Zealous | Having or showing zeal. |  | 78 |
| 8415304601 | Tacit | Understood or implied without being stated. |  | 79 |
| 8415304602 | Innuendo | An allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one. |  | 80 |
| 8415304603 | Lackadaisical | Displaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed. |  | 81 |
| 8415304604 | Consecrate | Make or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose. |  | 82 |
| 8415304605 | Chiasmus | A type of parallelism in which elements are reversed. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." |  | 83 |
| 8415304606 | Loose Sentence | A sentence in which the subject and verb come at the front of the sentence. a sentence that is grammatically complete before its end, such as "Thalia played the violin with an intensity never before seen in a high school music class"; the sentence is grammatically complete after the word violin | 84 | |
| 8415304607 | Petulant | Childishly sulky or bad-tempered. | 85 | |
| 8415304608 | Periodic Sentence | A sentence in which the subject and verb come toward the end of the sentence. a sentence that is not grammatically complete until its last phrase, such as, "Despite Glenn's hatred of his sister's laziness and noisy eating habits, he still cared for her." | 86 | |
| 8425419487 | Persona | a fictional voice that a writer adopts to tell a story, determined by subject matter and audience, e.g., Mark Twain | 87 | |
| 8425424489 | Personification | the attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or an inanimate object | 88 | |
| 8425434862 | Persuasion | a form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse; language intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion | 89 | |
| 8425437504 | Point of view | the perspective from which a story is presented; common points of view include the following | 90 | |
| 8425441473 | First-person narrator | a narrator, referred to as "I," who is a character in the story and relates the actions through his or her own perspective, also revealing his or her own thoughts | 91 | |
| 8425445996 | Stream of consciousness narrator | like a first-person narrator, but instead placing the reader inside the character's head, making the reader privy to the continuous, chaotic flow of disconnected, half-formed thoughts and impressions in the character's mind | 92 | |
| 8425457388 | Omniscient narrator | a third-person narrator, referred to as "he," "she," or "they," who is able to see into each character's mind and understands all the action | 93 | |
| 8425460389 | Limited omniscient narrator | a third-person narrator who reports the thoughts of only one character and generally only what that one character sees | 94 | |
| 8425465384 | Objective narrator | a third-person narrator who only reports what would be visible to a camera; thoughts and feelings are only revealed if a character speaks them | 95 | |
| 8425472951 | Protagonist | the main character of a literary work | 96 | |
| 8415304609 | Exhort | Strongly encourage or urge someone to do something. |  | 97 |
| 8415304610 | Cloistered | Kept away from the outside world; sheltered. |  | 98 |
| 8415304611 | Sarcasm | Caustic, bitter language--iterally means "to tear the flesh." harsh and personal remarks to or about someone; less subtle than irony | 99 | |
| 8415304612 | Independent Clause | A complete sentence. | 100 | |
| 8415304613 | Dependent Clause | Includes a subordinate conjunction, such as because, while, etc. | 101 | |
| 8415304614 | Allusion | A reference to something (e.g., a book, a movie, an historical event) that is presumed to be well known to the audience. | 102 | |
| 8415304615 | Satire | A work that pokes fun human vices and follies in order to call attention to a larger problem. |  | 103 |
| 8415304616 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. a work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements |  | 104 |
| 8425406352 | Parallelism | the technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form | 105 | |
| 8415304617 | Coup de Grace | The "death blow"--the culminating event in a bad situation. |  | 106 |
| 8415304618 | Coup d'Etat | Literally "blow to the state"--a violent overthrow. |  | 107 |
| 8415304619 | Faux Pas | A social misstep or inappropriate action. | 108 | |
| 8415304620 | Laissez-Faire | Literally "allow to do"--letting things run their natural course; hands off. | 109 | |
| 8415304621 | En Masse | In a body as a whole; as a group. | 110 | |
| 8415304622 | Proprietary | Characteristic of an owner of property; constituting property. | 111 | |
| 8415304623 | Propriety | The quality of behaving in a proper manner; obeying rules and customs. | 112 | |
| 8415304624 | Imminent | About to happen. | 113 | |
| 8415304625 | Eminent | Famous, outstanding, distinguished. | 114 | |
| 8415304626 | Ego | According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. | 115 | |
| 8415304627 | Superego | According to Freud, that facet of the psyche that represents the internalized ideals and values of one's parents and society | 116 | |
| 8415304628 | Id | Literally the "It"--our base impulses, driven by selfishness and greed, for example. | 117 | |
| 8425270280 | idyll | a short descriptive narrative, usually a poem, about an idealized country life; also called a pastoral | 118 | |
| 8425272769 | imagery | words or phrases that use a collection of images to appeal to one or more of the five senses in order to create a mental picture | 119 | |
| 8425278663 | Interior monologue | writing that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's head | 120 | |
| 8425282290 | Inversion | reversing the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase; it is used effectively in many cases, such as posing a question: "Are you going to the store?"; often, it is used ineffectively in poetry, making it sound artificial and stilted: "To the hounds she rode, with her flags behind her streaming" | 121 | |
| 8425285795 | Irony | a situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected | 122 | |
| 8415304629 | Hamartia | A character's error in judgment that contributes to one's downfall. | 123 | |
| 8415304630 | Orwellian | The manipulation of language and ideas to control and obstruct the truth. | 124 | |
| 8415304631 | Autonomos | Independent, self-governing, not under the control of something or someone else. |  | 125 |
| 8415745235 | Genre | a type of literary work, such as a novel or poem; there are also subgenres, such as science fiction or sonnet, within the larger genres | 126 | |
| 8425361616 | Narration | the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse | 127 | |
| 8425363808 | Naturalism | a literary movement that grew out of realism in France, the United States, and England in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; it portrays humans as having no free will, being driven by the natural forces of heredity, environment, and animalistic urges over which they have no control | 128 | |
| 8425374308 | Objectivity | an impersonal presentation of events and characters | 129 | |
| 8425374332 | Onomatopeia | the use of words that sound like what they mean, such as h i s s and b o o m | 130 | |
| 8425377195 | Oxymoron | a figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases, such as "wise fool" | 131 | |
| 8425483925 | Realism | a nineteenth-century literary movement in Europe and the United States that stressed accuracy in the portrayal of life, focusing on characters with whom middle-class readers could easily identify; it is in direct contrast with romanticism | 132 | |
| 8425485855 | Regionalism | an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot | 133 | |
| 8425487812 | Rhetoric | the art of using language effectively; involves (1) writer's purpose, (2) his or her consideration of the audience, (3) the exploration of the subject, (4) arrangement and organization of the ideas, (5) style and tone of expression, and (6) form | 134 | |
| 8425491947 | Rhetorical modes | exposition, description, narration, argumentation | 135 | |
| 8425495823 | Romanticism | a literary, artistic, and philosophical movement that began in the eighteenth century as a reaction to neoclassicism; the focal points of the movement are imagination, emotion, and freedom, stressing subjectivity, individuality, the love and worship of nature, and a fascination with the past | 136 | |
| 8425563513 | Theme | the central idea or "message" of a literary work | 137 | |
| 8425565162 | Tone | the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience | 138 | |
| 8425569445 | Unity | quality of a piece of writing; see also coherence | 139 | |
| 8425578271 | Voice | the way a written work conveys an author's attitude | 140 |
APES - Chapter 7 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7746474167 | demography | study of human populations and population trends; they look at input (birth and immigration) and output (death and emigration) |  | 0 |
| 7746474168 | demographer | a scientist in the field of demography |  | 1 |
| 7746474169 | immigration | the movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region |  | 2 |
| 7746474170 | emigration | the movement of people out of a country or region. |  | 3 |
| 7746474171 | crude birth rate (CBR) | number of births per 1,000 individuals per year |  | 4 |
| 7746474172 | crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year |  | 5 |
| 7746474173 | total fertility rate (TFR) | an estimate of average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years between the onset of puberty and menopause |  | 6 |
| 7746474174 | doubling time | number of years it takes for a population to double; rule of 70 |  | 7 |
| 7746474175 | Replacement level fertility | The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size |  | 8 |
| 7746474176 | Developed countries | countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income |  | 9 |
| 7746474177 | Developing countries | Relatively low levels of industrialization and incomes of less than three dollars per person per day |  | 10 |
| 7746474178 | Life expectancy | The average number of years in infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live given the current average life span and death rate in the country; women is higher; effected by these factors: availability of health care, access to good nutrition and exposure to pollutants |  | 11 |
| 7746474179 | Infant mortality rate | Number of deaths of children under one year of age per thousand live births |  | 12 |
| 7746474180 | Child mortality rate | Number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 live births |  | 13 |
| 7746474181 | Age structure diagram | Visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country; usually given for males and females |  | 14 |
| 7746474182 | Population Pyramid | Age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom, smallest at the top, typical of developing countries |  | 15 |
| 7746474183 | Population momentum | Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented; that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures |  | 16 |
| 7746474184 | Net migration rate | The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country |  | 17 |
| 7746474185 | Theory of demographic transition | A country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth: Phase 1=slow pop growth; Phase 2: Rapid pop growth; Phase 3= pop growth stable; Phase 4: declining pop growth |  | 18 |
| 7746474186 | Phase 1 demographic transition | slow population growth; high birthrates and high death rates offset each other. Shorter adult life-expectancy due to difficult working conditions, poor sanitation and health care. However they tend to have more children to help with work. Diseases like AIDS deaths have pushed some countries back (Lesotho) to this phase. | 19 | |
| 7746474187 | Phase 2: demographic transition | rapid pop growth; death rates decline while birthrates remain high. As the country modernizes with better sanitation, clean drinking water, increased access to food and goods- deaths decline; but couples continue to have kids because they are used to so many dying. | 20 | |
| 7746474188 | Phase 3: demographic transition | pop growth stable; as economy and educational system improves, and as family income increase people have fewer children. Birthrate fall (US, Canada) because having many may be more of a financial burden now, rather than benefit. Affluence, availability of birth control, more time pursuing education influence mean people to have fewer children. Population growth levels off because birth rates and death rates cancel each other out. | 21 | |
| 7746474189 | Phase 4: demographic transition | we see a declining pop growth when there is a high level of affluence and economic development (Japan, Germany, UK, Russia, Italy); fewer young people and higher proportion of elderly. This ratio can have social effects, with fewer people working and more dependent elderly; there is a shortage of healthcare workers, increased burden on taxes for workers; governments may encourage immigration or encourage families (with incentives in Japan) to have more | 22 | |
| 7746474190 | Family planning | Regulation of the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control |  | 23 |
| 7746474191 | Affluence | Money, goods, or property= wealth |  | 24 |
| 7746474192 | IPAT equation | An equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment; Impact= population x affluence x technology; factors that influence environmental impact |  | 25 |
| 7746474193 | Urban area | One that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer (1,000 people per square mile); population is growing; they have much more environmental impact than rural areas. |  | 26 |
| 7746474194 | Gross domestic product (GDP) | Value of all products and services produced in a year in that country; made up of 4 economic activities: consumer spending, investments, government spending, exports minus imports |  | 27 |
Flashcards
AP English Language Biblical Allusions Flashcards
Allusions to learn
Terms : Hide Images
| 2276340220 | Alpha and Omega | MEANING: The beginning and the end ORIGIN: from Revelations in the New Testament |  | 0 |
| 2276340221 | Armageddon | MEANING: used to refer to any final conflict on a great scale ORIGIN: from the Book of Revelations, the place of the last decisive battle at the Day of Judgement |  | 1 |
| 2276340222 | blind leading the blind | MEANING: one of little experience teaching or showing someone how to do something ORIGIN: In Luke 6 (and Matthew 15:14) Christ tells this parable to His disciples: "Can a blind man lead a blind man? Will they not both fall into a pit? A student is not above his teacher, but everyone who is fully trained will be like his teacher." (Lk. 6:39-40) |  | 2 |
| 2276340223 | Cain and Abel/brother's keeper | MEANING: to indicate someone avoiding responsibility for the welfare of others ORIGIN: from the story of Adam and Eve's son Cain, who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy. When God asked Cain, "Where is Abel your brother?" Cain replied, "I do not know. Am I my brother's keeper?" |  | 3 |
| 2276340224 | Can a leopard change his spots? | MEANING: Habit is second nature. ORIGIN: It was argued that the Jews could not possibly alter their inveterate habits of sin; therefore, nothing remained but the infliction of the extremist punishment, their expatriation (Jer 13:24). | 4 | |
| 2276340225 | cast the first stone | MEANING: be the first to attack a sinner ORIGIN: From the King James Bible, John 8:7: "So when they continued asking Him, [Jesus] lifted up Himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her." |  | 5 |
| 2276340226 | den of thieves | MEANING: a place where corrupt and fraudulent events occur; a desecration of religious (and other) institutions to use for worldly gain ORIGIN: "And [Jesus] said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves." (Matthew 21:13) A house of prayer: place of sacred worship. |  | 6 |
| 2276340227 | eye for an eye | MEANING: getting revenge using the same wrong done ORIGIN: a quotation from Exodus (21:23-27) in which a person who has taken the eye of another in a fight is instructed to give his own eye in compensation. |  | 7 |
| 2276340228 | eye of the needle | MEANING: a very difficult task ORIGIN: from famous narrow gateway called "the needle." In the NT, Jesus said it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of the needle than for a rich man to enter heaven. |  | 8 |
| 2276340229 | fly in the ointment | MEANING: used to express a drawback, especially one that was not at first apparent ORIGIN: A likely source is a phrase in the King James Bible: "Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savour." (Ecclesiastes 10:1) For five centuries now 'a fly in the ointment' has meant a small defect that spoils something valuable or is a source of annoyance. The modern version thus suggests that something unpleasant may come or has come to light in a proposition or condition that is almost too pleasing; that there is something wrong hidden, unexpected somewhere |  | 9 |
| 2276340230 | gird up one's loins | MEANING: to prepare oneself for something requiring readiness, strength, or endurance. ORIGIN: Likely a Hebraism, often used in the King James Bible (e.g., 2 Kings 4:29). Literally referred to the need to strap a belt around one's waist when getting up in order to avoid the cloak falling off. |  | 10 |
| 2276340231 | David and Goliath | MEANING: a large person being overcome by a smaller person, an underdog ORIGIN: from the giant from the Philistine city of Gath, slain by David, when he was a shepherd boy. |  | 11 |
| 2276340232 | golden calf | MEANING: to criticize the pursuit of wealth as an end in itself. ORIGIN: As recounted in the Book of Exodus, Moses went up onto Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments, leaving the Israelites for forty days and forty nights. The Israelites feared that Moses would not return and asked Aaron to make idols or gods for them to worship. Aaron complied and gathered up the Israelites' golden earrings. He melted them and constructed the golden calf. Aaron also built an altar before the calf. The next day, the Israelites made offerings and celebrated. Meanwhile, the Lord told Moses that his people had corrupted themselves in idolizing false gods ("worshiping false idols"), and that he planned to punish them, which he did, later having been convinced by Moses to spare the Jews for the time being. |  | 12 |
| 2276340233 | good Samaritan | MEANING: someone who helps another person, perhaps someone of a different race or background ORIGIN: from a NT parable about a Samaritan, a traditional enemy of the Hebrews, who stopped to help a Jewish man who had been beaten and left for dead at the side of the road. |  | 13 |
| 2276340234 | handwriting on the wall | MEANING: what the future holds ORIGIN: from the OT story of Daniel, who was able to accurately predict some mysterious writing that appeared on a wall (translated, it predicted the imminent death of the king) |  | 14 |
| 2276340235 | patience of Job | MEANING: one who suffers a great deal but remains faithful ORIGIN: Job whose faith in God was tested by Satan; though he lost his family and belongings, he remained patient and faithful. James 5.11: "You have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the Lord in the outcome, and how the Lord is full of compassion and mercy." |  | 15 |
| 2276340236 | Jonah | MEANING: one who brings bad luck ORIGIN: an OT prophet who ran from God and sailed to sea. When a storm arose, he admitted that he was the cause, and the sailors threw him overboard, where he was swallowed by a large fish. Jonah 1:15: "So they took up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging." |  | 16 |
| 2276340237 | Judas | MEANING: a traitor ORIGIN: The Biblical Judas was one of the 12 Apostles of Jesus, notorious for betraying Jesus. His surname in Latin means "murderer" or "assassin." According to the account given in the Gospel of John, Judas carried the disciples' money bag and betrayed Jesus for a bribe of thirty pieces of silver by identifying him with a kiss—the so-called "kiss of Judas"—to arresting soldiers of the High Priest Caiaphas, who then turned Jesus over to Pontius Pilate's soldiers. |  | 17 |
| 2276340238 | lamb to the slaughter | MEANING: unaware or oblivious of being led into any impending catastrophe ORIGIN: From Jeremiah 11:19: "But I was like a gentle lamb led to the slaughter; And I did not know that they had devised plots against me, [saying,] 'Let us destroy the tree with its fruit, And let us cut him off from the land of the living, That his name be remembered no more' and Isaiah 53:7: "He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth." - both King James Version |  | 18 |
| 2276340239 | land of milk and honey | MEANING: a place of abundance ORIGIN: The original expression, "a land flowing with milk and honey", is a Biblical reference to the agricultural abundance of the Land of Israel. The first reference appears in Exodus 3:8 during Moses's vision of the burning bush: "And I am come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites." (KJV) |  | 19 |
| 2276340240 | original sin/the "fall" | MEANING: all men are innately sinful ORIGIN: book of Genesis; as a result of Adam and Eve's fall from the state of innocence. When they ate of the forbidden fruit, they were cast out of the Biblical Garden of Eden; a post-biblical expression for the doctrine of Adam's transgression and mankind's consequential inheritance of a sinful nature because he ate the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. |  | 20 |
| 2276340241 | Philistine | MEANING: a person indifferent or hostile to the arts and refinement ORIGIN: from Sea-going people from Crete who became enemies of the Israelites and fought over their lands |  | 21 |
| 2276340242 | Prodigal Son | MEANING: a wasteful son who disappoints his father ORIGIN: from the NT parable of a man with two sons. When he split his estate between the two, the younger son gathered his fortune and left home to live the wild life, while the older son stayed home to work in the fields. When the younger son spent all of the money, he came crawling back to his father, who accepted him, pardoning his error by saying he was "lost but was found." |  | 22 |
| 2276340243 | Sodom and Gomorrah | MEANING: any place associated with wickedness or sin ORIGIN: from the evil cities of the OT that were destroyed by fire |  | 23 |
| 2276340244 | Solomon | MEANING: an extremely wise person ORIGIN: from the son of King David, the Israelite king who wrote Proverbs, and was known for wisdom |  | 24 |
| 2276340245 | wolf in sheep's clothing | MEANING: cannot always trust someone who appears as kind and friendly ORIGIN: The King James Version of the Bible gives this warning, in Matthew 7:15: "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves." In other words, be on the lookout for someone who hides malicious intent under the guise of kindliness. Both Aesop's Fables and the Bible contain explicit references to wolves in sheep's clothing. Aesop must have originated the phrase, as his tales are much older than any biblical text. |  | 25 |
| 2276340246 | The Tower of Babel | MEANING: a place where everyone speaks the same language or understands one another ORIGIN: from the Book of Genesis; the tower in which all people spoke the same language, but God then gave them all different languages to not be able to communicate with one another and they spread all over the world |  | 26 |
| 2276340247 | Babylon | MEANING: refers to a large, bustling city ORIGIN:In Genesis 10:10, Babel (Babylon) is described as a neighboring city of Uruk, Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar |  | 27 |
| 2276340248 | doubting Thomas | MEANING: a skeptic who refuses to believe without direct personal experience ORIGIN: a reference to the Apostle Thomas who refused to believe that the resurrected Jesus appeared to the eleven other apostles until he could see and feel the wounds received by Jesus on the cross |  | 28 |
| 2276340249 | four horsemen of the apocalypse | MEANING: a sign that signals the end of time is approaching ORIGIN: book of Revelations; refers to four beings that ride out on white, red, black, and pale horses. Although some interpretations differ, in most accounts, the four riders are seen as symbolizing conquest, war, famine, and death, respectively. a harbinger of the Last Judgment. |  | 29 |
| 2276340250 | Judas Iscariot and 30 pieces of silver | MEANING: payment received for an act of treachery ORIGIN: Judas was the disciple who agreed to betray Jesus to the authorities in exchange for payment; the 30 pieces of silver were the price of Judas' betrayal; the way he identified him for the authorities was to approach Jesus and to greet him with a kiss |  | 30 |
| 2276340251 | The Magi | MEANING: wise men bearing gifts ORIGIN: from the Gospel of Matthew; the distinguished visitors who brought the Jesus the gifts of gold, frankinscence, and myrrh |  | 31 |
| 2276340252 | pearls before swine | MEANING: to offer something precious to someone, or a group of people, unable to appreciate the value of what they've been given ORIGIN: from Jesus' Sermon on the Mount where he admonished his followers, that is, to deliver their message to those who would appreciate it |  | 32 |
| 2276340253 | my cup runneth over | MEANING: to have more than enough for one's needs ORIGIN: from the Hebrew bible, Psalm 23:5, in which David describes God as his shepard |  | 33 |
AP Language and Composition - Argumentative Writing Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 40252327 | argumentation | A process of reasoning that asserts soundness of a debatable position, belief, or conclusion. Does not attempt to move audience to action, but to demonstrate the (in)validity of certain ideas. | 0 | |
| 359190794 | persuasion | General term referring to how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action. | 1 | |
| 777833886 | rhetor | A speaker; specifically one who is attempting to argue or persuade. | 2 | |
| 84278450 | rhetoric | Writing/language that is designed to persuade; the art of effective persuasive speaking or writing. | 3 | |
| 747459177 | argument | A reason or set of reasons given with the specific aim of persuading others of the validity of an idea. | 4 | |
| 44041214 | purpose | What you expect your argument to accomplish and how you wish your audience to respond. | 5 | |
| 119594333 | thesis | The statement of the position you will argue. | 6 | |
| 169785979 | antithesis | A statement that asserts the opposite position of a thesis. | 7 | |
| 435683285 | skeptical audience | An audience that is at least open to your ideas, but need to be convinced. | 8 | |
| 842899190 | audience | The group of people who will be receiving the rhetor's argument. | 9 | |
| 722530683 | evidence | Facts and opinions in support of your position. | 10 | |
| 244405919 | facts | Statements that most people agree are true and that can be verified independently. Also the most commonly used form of evidence. | 11 | |
| 357956455 | opinion | Interpretations of facts. When used strategically, these will bolster (support) facts that the rhetor is using to argue their position. | 12 | |
| 847267659 | pathos | A rhetorical appeal to emotion. This type of writing/argument is meant to draw sympathy from the audience. | 13 | |
| 379755934 | logos | A rhetorical appeal to logic. The rhetor includes this in his argument in attempt to make the audience believe his position makes the most sense. | 14 | |
| 792142625 | ethos | A rhetorical appeal to credibility. The rhetor uses this tool to establish credibility with his audience. Commonly used in the form of quotes that agree with rhetor's stance from experts in the field. | 15 | |
| 479224899 | documentation | Citation that gives readers the ability to evaluate your sources. If you provide quotes and statistics, you MUST provide this. | 16 | |
| 899555272 | plagiarism | Using information, fact or opinion, that is not your own, and NOT providing documentation. This can ruin a rhetor's credibility with his audience. | 17 | |
| 326311559 | common knowledge | Information that you could easily find in several reference sources. This information can be presented without documentation with no fear of plagiarism. | 18 | |
| 1021689244 | refutation | Directly addressing opposing views in your argument to further validate your position. | 19 | |
| 64380142 | concede | Admitting the strength or validity of an opposing view. This reinforces your credibility. | 20 | |
| 517145830 | straw man | Purposely distorting an opponent's argument to make it seem weaker than it actually is. Dangerous strategy because it can backfire and turn fair-minded audience members against you. | 21 | |
| 619512162 | Rogerian argument | Entering into a cooperative relationship with your opponent in hopes of finding a common ground. | 22 | |
| 873699600 | deductive reasoning | Reasoning that proceeds from a general premise or assumption to a specific conclusion. Uses strict logical form: if all statements in an argument are true, then the conclusion must be true. | 23 | |
| 311292839 | inductive reasoning | Reasoning that proceeds from individual observations to a more general conclusion and uses no strict form. Requires only that relevant evidence be stated and that the conclusion is the best fitting one possible. | 24 | |
| 876213002 | syllogism | The basic form of deductive argument. | 25 | |
| 239258903 | major premise | A general statement that forms the first phase of deductive reasoning's strict form. | 26 | |
| 643179780 | minor premise | The statement that forms the second phase of deductive reasoning. A statement that is related to the major premise, but is more specific than the major premise. | 27 | |
| 513417168 | conclusion | The statement that forms the 3rd and final phase of deductive reasoning. A judgement/inference based on both the major and minor premises. | 28 | |
| 1030025623 | self-evident | (adj.) describes a claim or premise that is so obvious that it needs no proof. | 29 | |
| 429708247 | valid | (adj.) describes an argument that arrives at a reasonable conclusion after following reasonable major and minor premises. | 30 | |
| 314914053 | undistributed premise | A premise that covers only some of the items in the class it denotes. | 31 | |
| 66791138 | distributed premise | A premise that covers ALL the items from the class it denotes. | 32 | |
| 63404514 | sound syllogism | A syllogism that is both logical and true. | 33 | |
| 813626832 | hypothesis | A tentative answer to a question, before evidences are gathered. | 34 | |
| 599656569 | inference | A statement about the unknown based on the known. | 35 | |
| 228684330 | jumping to conclusion | Occurs when a rhetor stops considering evidence (inductive reasoning), and commits a premature inductive leap. This leads to a conclusion that is not based on facts. | 36 | |
| 867673195 | inductive leap | The crucial step taken when moving from evidence to conclusion. It is vital that this step isn't taken before all evidence has been considered. | 37 | |
| 663510939 | Toulmin logic | Method of reasoning that describes how the argumentative strategies a writer uses lead readers to respond the way they do. | 38 | |
| 498885256 | claim | In Toulmin logic, this is the main point of the essay, typically stated as the thesis. | 39 | |
| 875787308 | grounds | In Toulmin, the material a writer uses to support the claim - can be evidence (facts or opinion) or appeals to the emotions or values of the audience. | 40 | |
| 60517996 | warrant | In Toulmin logic, the inference that connects the claim to the grounds. In can be a belief that is taken for granted or an assumption that underlies. | 41 | |
| 775227860 | fallacy | Illogical statement that may sound reasonable or true, but are actually deceptive or dishonest. | 42 | |
| 426967602 | begging the question | A logical fallacy that assumes that a statement is true when it actually requires proof. The tactic asks the audience to believe certain points are self-evident when actually they are not. | 43 | |
| 674759887 | argument from analogy | Building an argument that compares one situation to another. This is risky (fallacy) because you may ignore certain dissimilarities between the two things being compared. | 44 | |
| 985901238 | personal attack (ad hominem) | Argumentative fallacy that tries to divert attention from facts by mud slinging and name calling. | 45 | |
| 58604003 | false dilemma | Fallacy occurring with a writer suggests that only two options are available, when in fact there are many. | 46 | |
| 180739168 | equivocation | Fallacy occurring when the meaning of a key term changes at some point during the argument. This makes it seem as if a conclusion follows from logical premises when it does not. | 47 | |
| 115489335 | red herring | This fallacy occurs when the focus of an argument is shifted to divert the audience from the actual issue. | 48 | |
| 57015201 | tu quoque | Fallacy asserting than an opponent's argument has no value because the opponent does not follow his or her own advice. | 49 | |
| 949747689 | appeal to doubtful authority | Fallacy occurring when a rhetor attempts to strengthen an argument with references to experts or famous people, but these "experts" have no background in the issue. | 50 | |
| 163914707 | misleading statistics | Fallacy that attempts to distort, exclude parts of, or otherwise manipulate statistics to support an argument. | 51 | |
| 487962126 | post hoc, ergo proter hoc | This fallacy assumes that because two events happen in close proximity to one another, that one caused the other. | 52 | |
| 723142453 | non sequitur | A fallacy that occurs when a minor premise (statement) does not logically follow its major premise, but the rhetor continues as if it does. | 53 | |
| 76073906 | transitional words | Words and phrases that help a rhetor shift from one idea to another within an argument. An important element of structuring your argument. | 54 |
AP Language terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 2490323331 | ad hominem argument | argument appealing to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect | 0 | |
| 2490346025 | allegory | using character and/or story elements to symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. | 1 | |
| 2490371863 | alliteration | repetition of sounds especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words. | 2 | |
| 2490374408 | allusion | a direct or indirect reference to something that is presumably commonly known such as an event., book, myth, place, or work of art. | 3 | |
| 2490381252 | ambiguity | multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence or passage. | 4 | |
| 2490385195 | analogy | similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. | 5 | |
| 2490390729 | anecdote | short, narrative account of an amusing, unusual, revealing or interesting event. | 6 | |
| 2490394180 | antecedent | the word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. | 7 | |
| 2490397233 | antithesis | a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. | 8 | |
| 2490403059 | aphorism | a terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or a moral principle. | 9 | |
| 2490407172 | apostrophe | a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction such as liberty or love, or an inanimate object. | 10 | |
| 2490412604 | atmosphere | the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. | 11 | |
| 2490418090 | caricature | a representation, especially pictorial or literary, in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. | 12 | |
| 2490426616 | chiasmus | a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each another through a reversal of terms. The purpose is usually to make a larger point or to provide balance or order. | 13 | |
| 2490440758 | clause | a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate, clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. | 14 | |
| 2490451272 | colloquialism | slang or informality in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give language a conversational, familiar tone. | 15 | |
| 2490510682 | conceit | a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. | 16 | |
| 2490517313 | connotation | the nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. | 17 | |
| 2490522331 | denotation | the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. | 18 | |
| 2490527333 | diction | the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. | 19 | |
| 2490535145 | didatic | instructive. didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially teaching moral or ethical principles. | 20 | |
| 2490539801 | euphemism | more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts. | 21 | |
| 2490550997 | extended metaphor | a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 22 | |
| 2490554333 | figurative language | writing or speech that is not intended to carry a literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 23 | |
| 2490557952 | figure of speech | a device used to produce figurative language. | 24 | |
| 2490561071 | generic conventions | describes traditions for each genre. They help to define each genre. They differentiate between an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. | 25 | |
| 2490569214 | genre | the major category in which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. | 26 | |
| 2490573435 | homily | "sermon" but informally it can include any serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. | 27 | |
| 2490578399 | hyperbole | an exaggeration | 28 | |
| 2490585671 | imagery | the sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. | 29 | |
| 2490594198 | infer | to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. | 30 | |
| 2490596623 | invective | an emotionally violent, verbal | 31 | |
| 2531370028 | irony | the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. | 32 | |
| 2531385752 | juxtaposition | placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. | 33 | |
| 2531399275 | logical fallacy | a mistake in verbal reasoning. Technically the reasoning must be potentially deceptive; it must be likely to fool at least some of the people some of the time. | 34 | |
| 2531496834 | loose sentence | a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. | 35 | |
| 2531503419 | metaphor | a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. | 36 | |
| 2531515930 | metonymy | a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. | 37 | |
| 2531538808 | modes of discourse | exposition, narration, description, argumentation | 38 | |
| 2531548689 | mood | this term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. First meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. Indicative- used only for factual sentences, Subjunctive for doubtful/conditional attitude. Imperative for demands. | 39 | |
| 2531572391 | narrative | the telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 40 | |
| 2536115929 | onomatopoeia | a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. | 41 | |
| 2536117074 | oxymoron | figure of speech in which the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox | 42 | |
| 2536119027 | paradox | a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity | 43 | |
| 2536121657 | parallelism | grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. | 44 | |
| 2536126633 | parody | a work that closely imitates the style or content of another work with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 45 | |
| 2536128234 | pathos | attempt to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience | 46 | |
| 2536129659 | pedantic | an adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 47 | |
| 2536132117 | periodic sentence | sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. | 48 | |
| 2536134188 | personification | giving animals, objects human-like characteristics/abilities | 49 | |
| 2536135945 | point of view | perspective from which story is told. first person of third person | 50 | |
| 2536137899 | predicate adjective | type of subject complement- an adjective, group of adjectives or adjective clause that follows a linking verb | 51 | |
| 2536141802 | predicate nominative | second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns that renames the subject | 52 | |
| 2536144744 | prose | one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms bc they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech | 53 | |
| 2536154047 | repetition | duplication either exact or approximate of any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, etc. | 54 | |
| 2536156603 | rhetoric | describes principles governing the art of writing effectively and persuasively | 55 | |
| 2536161279 | rhetorical appeal | the persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to any given work. Logos, ethos, pathos. | 56 | |
| 2536165895 | rhetorical modes | exposition, argumentasion, description, narration | 57 | |
| 2536167260 | rhetorical question | a question asked that is not expected to be replied | 58 | |
| 2536168782 | sarcasm | bitter language that is meant to hurt someone or something | 59 | |
| 2536169744 | satire | work that targets human vices and follies for reform or ridicule | 60 | |
| 2536171043 | simile | comparison using like or as | 61 | |
| 2536173031 | style | two purposes: an evaluation of the sum of the choices the author makes in blending literary devices and classification of authors into a group and comparison of how an author is similar to other authors | 62 | |
| 2536178601 | subject complement | the word that follows a linking verb and complements or completes the subject of a sentence by renaming it or describing it. | 63 | |
| 2536181616 | subordinate clause | word group containing both subject and verb but it cannot stand alone because it does not express complete thought | 64 | |
| 2536184707 | syllogism | deductive system of formal logic that prevents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion | 65 | |
| 2536186534 | symbol | anything that represents something else. natural, conventional or literary. | 66 | |
| 2536190625 | syntax | way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. | 67 | |
| 2536190626 | theme | the central idea or message of a work | 68 | |
| 2536190627 | thesis | the sentence that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, etc. | 69 | |
| 2536190628 | tone | describes the author's attitude towards his/her material, the audience, or both. | 70 | |
| 2536191357 | transition | word or phrase that links different ideas, used mostly in expository and argumentative writing | 71 | |
| 2536191358 | understatement | understatement presenting something as less significant than it actually is. two types: litotes and meiosis | 72 | |
| 2536191359 | wit | intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights | 73 | |
| 2536204794 | argument | essay you will establish an assertion and support that idea with evidence and logical explanation | 74 | |
| 2536206739 | attitude | writer's intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing | 75 | |
| 2536209127 | concrete detail | strictly defined, nouns that name physical objects | 76 | |
| 2536210423 | descriptive detail | writer's sensory description appealing to sense | 77 | |
| 2536212302 | device | figures of speech, syntax, diction, etc | 78 | |
| 2536212764 | language | concentrate on how elements of language combine to form a whole | 79 | |
| 2536214519 | narrative device | the tools of a storyteller to help build a climactic moment | 80 | |
| 2536217959 | narrative technique | style of telling a story, even if the passage is nonfiction | 81 | |
| 2536219466 | persuasive device | look for words with strong connotation | 82 | |
| 2536220768 | persuasive essay | presenting a coherent argument in which the evidence builds to a logical and relevant conclusion | 83 | |
| 2536224458 | resources of language | all the devices of composition available to a writer, such as diction, syntax, figures of speech, etc. | 84 | |
| 2536226796 | rhetorical features | refers to how the passage is constructed | 85 | |
| 2536227850 | rhetorical strategies | refers to all the strategies an author can use. encompasses structure, purpose, and style | 86 | |
| 2536229913 | sentence structure | look at type of sentences author uses. basic sentences structures are simple, compound, complex, etc. | 87 | |
| 2536230875 | stylistic devices | an essay prompt that mentions stylistic devices is asking you to note and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style. | 88 | |
| 2536237287 | synthesis | writing an essay after being given sources that relate to the issue | 89 |
AP English Language: Logical Fallacies Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6126926451 | Equivocation | When one idea is unequally used twice. (Love, joy, patience...) | 0 | |
| 6126926452 | Hasty Generalization | Making a faulty assumption based on a few incidents | 1 | |
| 6126926453 | Red Herrings | It takes another idea similar to the argument and leads you astray. e.g Donald Trump, ever the master manipulator of the media, has conjured the red herring of birtherism to raise doubt in the minds of Iowans about now-chief contender Sen. Ted Cruz. | 2 | |
| 6126926454 | Non-sequitor | Does not follow a logical sequence | 3 | |
| 6126926455 | Slippery-slope | When there is a chain of events that has no logical reason to occur | 4 | |
| 6126926456 | Bandwagon Appeals | When everyone else is doing or thinking something...so we should! | 5 | |
| 6126926457 | Ignoring the question | When you get distracted off a question on purpose to talk about something else. | 6 | |
| 6126926458 | Opposing the Straw Man | Attacking the weakest part of the argument | 7 | |
| 6126926459 | Either-or arguments | (false dilemma); gives only two possible situations for a dilemma | 8 | |
| 6126926460 | False Authority | When you take an authority in one field and place him in another | 9 | |
| 6126926461 | Begging the Question | Circular logic; You use a claim to support a claim | 10 | |
| 6126926462 | Post Hoc | A faulty causal relationship: not logical result of an event. | 11 | |
| 6126926463 | Faulty Analogy | Using an analogy to bring two situations that don't go together. | 12 | |
| 6126926464 | Ad Hominem | attacking character of opponent; going after the person rather than the issue. | 13 | |
| 6126926465 | Tu Quoque | You're another; the actions of someone else that shouldn't affect you. Making your issue someone else's issue. | 14 | |
| 6126935025 | Double Talk | language that appears to be earnest and meaningful but in fact is a mixture of sense and nonsense 2 : inflated, involved, and often deliberately ambiguous language | 15 | |
| 6126935026 | Oversimplification | Explaining an event by relying on causal factors that are insufficient to account for the event or by overemphasizing the role of one or more of these factors. | 16 | |
| 6126948418 | Complex question | a fallacy in which the answer to a given question presupposes a prior answer to a prior question. Also known as (or closely related to) a loaded question, a trick question, a leading question, the fallacy of the false question, and the fallacy | 17 |
AP Language: Vocabulary I Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5872252712 | acuity (n.) | sharpness, keenness | 0 | |
| 5872252713 | adept (v.) | having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | 1 | |
| 5872252714 | admonish (v.) ; admonition (n.) | warn, scold ; caution | 2 | |
| 5872252715 | ambiguous (adj.) | unclear in meaning (two possible interpretations) | 3 | |
| 5872252716 | apocalyptic (adj.) | involving or portending widespread devastation or ultimate doom | 4 | |
| 5872252717 | apocryphal (adj.) | of questionable authenticity / shady | 5 | |
| 5872252718 | appellation (n.) | a name, title, or designation | 6 | |
| 5872252719 | archetype (n.) ; archetypal (adj.) | an original model, pattern, or type (after an original model) | 7 | |
| 5872252720 | ascertain (v.) | to determine, to find out | 8 | |
| 5872252721 | assiduous (adj.) | diligent, persistent | 9 | |
| 5872252722 | baize (n.) | a type of coarse woolen cloth, often green, usually used for covering card tabes | 10 | |
| 5872252723 | base (adj.) | inferior, dishonorable | 11 | |
| 5872252724 | bastion (n.) | a well-fortified position | 12 | |
| 5872252725 | berate (v.) | to rebuke, reprimand, or scold | 13 | |
| 5872252726 | bourgeoisie (n.) | the middle class; in Marxist theory, the social group opposed to the proletariat (working class) | 14 | |
| 5872252727 | calumny (n.) | slander, a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation | 15 | |
| 5872252728 | cant (n.) | tedious talk, monotonous talk filled with platitudes | 16 | |
| 5872252729 | censure (v.) | to reprimand, to excommunicate (expel, as from the priesthood) | 17 | |
| 5872252730 | coarse (adj.) | lacking refinement or rough grained in texture | 18 | |
| 5872252731 | confute (v.) | to prove to be wrong or error | 19 | |
| 5872252732 | connoisseur (n.) | a person with expert knowledge or training, especially in the fine arts | 20 | |
| 5872252733 | corporeal (adj.) | having physical substance, material form | 21 | |
| 5872252734 | decry (v.) | express strong disapproval of | 22 | |
| 5872252735 | defer (v.) ; deference (n.) | submit or yield to another's wish or opinion | 23 | |
| 5872252736 | deliquesce (v.) | to disappear as if by melting | 24 | |
| 5872252737 | dilatory (adj.) | inclined to waste time and lag behind | 25 | |
| 5872252738 | disparage (v.) | to criticize someone or something in a way that shows you do not respect or value them | 26 | |
| 5872252739 | draught (n.) | a current of unpleasant cold air blowing through a room (archaic for draft) | 27 | |
| 5872252740 | dray (n.) | a large low carriage with four wheels pulled by horses | 28 | |
| 5872252741 | dyspeptic (adj.) ; dyspepsia (n.) | always angry or easily annoyed or having indigestion | 29 |
AP Language/Argumentation Flashcards
Terms for early discussion for AP Language--including Thank You for Arguing
Terms : Hide Images
| 4354568564 | accismus | the figure of coyness ("Oh, you shouldn't have.") | 0 | |
| 4354568565 | anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses | 1 | |
| 4354568566 | anthropomorphism | -logical fallacy, the representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits | 2 | |
| 4354568567 | aporia | expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do. | 3 | |
| 4354568568 | begging the question | Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. | 4 | |
| 4354568569 | circumlocution | talk around an issue to avoid getting to the point | 5 | |
| 4354568570 | concessio | concession, the jujitsu figure. you seem to agree with your opppnent but only use it to your advantage | 6 | |
| 4354568571 | deliberative rhetoric | One of three types of rhetoric (the other two are legal and demonstrative). Deliberative rhetoric deals with argument about choices. It concerns itself with matters that affect thefuture. Without deliberative rhetoric, we wouldn't have democracy. | 7 | |
| 4354568572 | demonstrative rhetoric | Also called epideictic, the speech of sermons, funeral orations and national anthems. It uses the present tense and its chief topic is values. Aristotle named it one of the three kinds of rhetoric, the other two being forensic (legal) and deliberative (political). | 8 | |
| 4354568573 | dialysis | The this-not-that Figure. "Dont buy the shoes. Buy the colors." People take wisdom more seriously if you put it cryptically; it's the idiot savant approach. | 9 | |
| 4354568574 | disinterest | lack of bias or involvement; impartiality; (ed) uninvolved; free from self-interest | 10 | |
| 4354568575 | dubitatio | feigned doubt about your ability to speak well | 11 | |
| 4354568576 | ethos | an appeal based on the character/reputation/ credibility of the speaker. | 12 | |
| 4354568577 | forensic (legal) rhetoric | Argument that determines guilt or innocence. It focuses on the past. | 13 | |
| 4354568578 | hypophora | a figure that asks a rhetorical question and then immediatly answering it. | 14 | |
| 4354568579 | idiom | inseparable words with a single meaning. often mistaken for figures in general, the idiom is merely a kind of figure. | 15 | |
| 4354568580 | kairo | the rhetorical art of seizing the occasion. it covers both timing and the appropriate medium | 16 | |
| 4354568581 | logos | argument by logic, one of three "appeals" | 17 | |
| 4354568582 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | the Chanticleer fallacy. A follow B; therefore. A caused B ("My crowning makes the sun come up.") | 18 | |
| 4354568583 | prolepsis (procatalepsis) | anticipating and answering objections in advance | 19 | |
| 4354568584 | red herring | the fallacy of distraction | 20 | |
| 4354568585 | reductio ad absudrum | taking an opponents argument to its illogical conclusion. A fallacy in formal logic | 21 | |
| 4354568586 | slippery slope | the fallacy of dire consequences. it assumes that one choice will neccessarily lead to a cascading series of bad choices | 22 | |
| 4354568587 | straw man fallacy | instead of dealing with the actual issue, it attacks a weaker version of argument | 23 | |
| 4354568588 | syncrisis | a figure that reframes an argument by redefining it. "Not manipulation. Instruction." | 24 | |
| 4354568589 | Ad hominem | Consists of replying to an argument or factual claim by attacking or appealing to a characterist or belif of the person making the argument or claim, rather than by addressing the substance of the argument or producing evidence against the claim | 25 | |
| 4354568590 | anadiplosis | A rhetorical figure of speech in which a word or phrase from the end of a sentence or clause is repeated at the begginging of the next sentence or clause. More generally it refers to rhetorical repetition for emphisis | 26 | |
| 4354568591 | Personification | assigning human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon." | 27 | |
| 4354568592 | Antithesis | the presentation of two contrasting ideas. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ." | 28 | |
| 4354568593 | Oxymoron | a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." | 29 | |
| 4354568594 | Sarcasm | bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use verbal irony as a device. | 30 | |
| 4354568595 | Synecdoche | Part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" | 31 | |
| 4354568596 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration or overstatement | 32 | |
| 4354568597 | Metonymy | A type of metaphor in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. "The White House declared," from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" | 33 | |
| 4354568598 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times." | 34 | |
| 4354568599 | Onomatopoeia | a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum. | 35 | |
| 4354568600 | Metaphor | a comparison of two unlike things, not using like or as. "Your eyes are stars" | 36 | |
| 4354568601 | Symbol | Anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract. | 37 | |
| 4354568602 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 38 | |
| 4354568603 | Euphemism | a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" for "he died." | 39 | |
| 4354568604 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. | 40 | |
| 4354568605 | Alliteration | The repetition of sounds at the beginning of words, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." | 41 | |
| 4354568606 | Pathos | an appeal based on emotion. | 42 | |
| 4354568607 | Syllogism | a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A=B, B=C, so A=C. "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal." | 43 | |
| 4354568608 | Anecdote | A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point. | 44 | |
| 4354568609 | Denotation | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word | 45 | |
| 4354568610 | Connotation | the feelings or emotions surrounding/associated with a word, beyond its literal meaning. Generally positive or negative in nature. | 46 | |
| 4354568611 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 47 | |
| 4354568612 | Voice | Two definitions/uses. One refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style.The second refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). | 48 | |
| 4354568613 | Parallelism | similarity in structure and syntax in a series of related words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs that develops balance. Ex. "When you are right, you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative"- MLK | 49 | |
| 4354568614 | Analogy | Drawing a comparison to show a similarity in some respect. It is assumed that what applies to a parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. | 50 | |
| 4354568615 | Rhetoric | the techniques and rules for using language effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 51 | |
| 4354568616 | Antecedent | the word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun refers to. | 52 | |
| 4354568617 | Thesis | The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. | 53 | |
| 4354568618 | Asyndeton | Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words, speeds up flow of sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. | 54 | |
| 4354568619 | Point of View | Who tells a story and how it is told. (1st, 2nd, 3rd limited, 3rd omniscient) | 55 | |
| 4354568620 | Deductive reasoning | reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect). "People suck, so you probably suck too." | 56 | |
| 4354568621 | Diction | the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning | 57 | |
| 4354568622 | Apostrophe | when a speaker address someone/something that isn't there. Ex. "Are you there God? It's me, Mr. Ginley." | 58 | |
| 4354568623 | Extended Metaphor | A metaphor that continues beyond it's initial use, often developed at great length, occurring frequently throughout a work. | 59 | |
| 4354568624 | Cliche | an overused saying or idea | 60 | |
| 4354568625 | Polysyndeton | Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy" | 61 | |
| 4354568626 | Inductive reasoning | reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. Ex. "All of the ice we have examined so far is cold.Therefore, all ice is cold." | 62 | |
| 4354568627 | Imagery | words that create mental pictures | 63 | |
| 4354568628 | Simile | a comparison using like or as | 64 | |
| 4354568629 | Motif | pattern; repeated image, symbol, idea | 65 | |
| 4354568630 | Pun | a play on words that are identical or similar in sounds but differ in meaning | 66 | |
| 4354568631 | Ambiguity | deliberately unclear, having multiple meanings | 67 | |
| 4354568632 | Chiasmus | a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is reversed ("Susan walked, and in rushed Mary.") | 68 | |
| 4354568633 | Rhetorical Question | a question that does not expect an explicit answer | 69 | |
| 4354568634 | Juxtaposition | words, phrases, ideas placed side by side for effect | 70 | |
| 4354568635 | Non Sequitur | an inference that does not follow logically from the premise (literally, does not follow) | 71 | |
| 4354568636 | Logical Fallacy | a mistake in reasoning | 72 | |
| 4354568637 | Abstract | refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images ( ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places). The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language. | 73 | |
| 4354568638 | Allegory | an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface of the story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric. Examples: John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (Temptations of Christians) , Orwell's Animal Farm (Russian Revolution), and Arthur Miller's Crucible ("Red Scare") | 74 | |
| 4354568639 | Allusion | a reference to a well-known person, place, or thing from literature, history, etc. Example: Eden, Scrooge, Prodigal Son, Catch-22, Judas, Don Quixote, Mother Theresa | 75 | |
| 4354568640 | Aphorism | a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life. Examples: "Early bird gets the worm." "What goes around, comes around.." "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones." | 76 | |
| 4354568641 | Assonance | repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh/fade, | 77 | |
| 4354568642 | Cacophony | harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony. | 78 | |
| 4354568643 | Consonance | repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong | 79 | |
| 4354568644 | Epistrophe | repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect (as Lincoln's "of the people, by the people, for the people") Compare to anaphora. Ex: "When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child." (Corinthians) Ex: I'll have my bond!/ Speak not against my bond!/ I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond.---The Merchant of Venice | 80 | |
| 4354568645 | Euphony | a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony | 81 | |
| 4354568646 | False Analogy | When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them. | 82 | |
| 4354568647 | Oversimplification | When a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument | 83 | |
| 4354568648 | Syntax | the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence. It includes length of sentence, kinds of sentences (questions, exclamations, declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, simple, complex, or compound). | 84 | |
| 4354568649 | Tone | the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.) | 85 | |
| 4354568650 | Transition | a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph. | 86 | |
| 4354568651 | Ellipses | Indicated by a series of three periods; shows that words have been omitted | 87 | |
| 4354568652 | Either-or reasoning | When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives. | 88 | |
| 4354568653 | Style | an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. | 89 | |
| 4354568654 | Parenthetical idea | An idea that is set off from the rest of the sentence. | 90 | |
| 4354568655 | Litotes | A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which otherwise would be used. | 91 | |
| 4354568656 | Anastrophe | Departure from normal word order. "Faults, no one lives without." | 92 | |
| 4354568657 | Antimetabole | Reversing the order of repeated words of phrases (a loosely chiastic structure, AB-BA) to intensify the final formulation, to present alternatives, or to show contrast. "As not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." | 93 | |
| 4354568658 | Antiphrasis | One-word irony, established by context. "Come here, Tiny," he said to the fat man. | 94 | |
| 4354568659 | Appositive | A noun or noun substitute placed next to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive. The appositive can be placed before or after the noun. | 95 | |
| 4354568660 | Climax | Arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of increasing importance, weight, or emphasis. Parallelism usually forms a part of the arrangement because it offers a sense of continuity, order and movement up the latter of importance. | 96 | |
| 4354568661 | Epanalepsis | Repetition of the beginning word of a clasue or sentence at the end. | 97 | |
| 4354568662 | Hasty Generalization | Leaping to a generalization from inadequate or faulty evidence. | 98 | |
| 4354568663 | Argument from doubtful authority | "According to reliable sources, my opponent is lying." | 99 |
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