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AP World History Review Flashcards

3572324389	WARNING	This is not based off of any sort of specific final reviews and simply uses Freeman-Pedia as a resource that follows the outline given to us.	0
3572324390	What were early humans like in the Paleolithic Era?	Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra.	1
3572324391	When was fire first used? What was it used for?	Paleolithic Era; to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments.	2
3572324392	Neolithic Revolution	a fundamental change in the way people lived causing a shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture that led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations	3
3572324393	What are characteristics of early agricultural societies?	Agriculturalists had a massive impact on the environment through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of irrigation systems, and through the use of domesticated animals for food and for labor. Populations increased; family groups gave way to village life and, later, to urban life with all its complexity. Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. Pastoralism emerged in arts of Africa and Eurasia.	4
3572324394	Characterisitics of Pastoralism	Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than hunter-foragers. Because pastoralists were mobile, they rarely accumulated large amounts of material possessions, which would have been a hindrance when they changed grazing areas. The pastoralists' mobility allowed them to become an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations.	5
3572324395	Which civilizations did the Neolithic Revolution significantly affect first?	Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Ande.	6
3572324396	How did the Neolithic Revolution lead to the development of social and economic change?	Crops were domesticated depending on region; agricultural regions worked together to develop water control systems; These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed.	7
3572324397	How did the changing tactics for food production affect populations in the Neolithic Revolution?	Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites.	8
3572324398	Effects of developments in technology during the Neolithic Revolution	Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation (Ex: Pottery, Plows, Woven textiles, Metallurgy, Wheels, and wheeled vehicles).	9
3572324399	Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.	Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys, Egypt in the Nile River Valley, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley, Shang in the Yellow River and Huang He Valley, Olmecs in Mesoamerica, Chavín in Andean South America	10
3572324400	Characteristics of early states	States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states.	11
3572324401	Early regions of state expansion or empire building	Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley.	12
3572324402	Technology in early states	Compound Bows, Iron Weapons, Chariots, and Horseback riding	13
3572324403	Examples of monumental architecture and urban planning in the Neolithic Era	Ziggurats, Pyramids, Temples, Defensive walls, Streets and Roads, Sewage and Water systems	14
3572324404	ziggurat	a multi-storied temple tower from ancient Mesopotamia	15
3572324405	cuneiform	a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE.	16
3572324406	quipu	recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America	17
3572324407	Code of Hammurabi	one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world	18
3572324408	Zoroastrianism	one of the world's oldest religions, "combining a cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique... among the major religions of the world."	19
3572324409	Epic of Gilgamesh	an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC), it is often regarded as the first great work of literature	20
3572324410	Summary of the Foundations (earliest known time in human history) to 600BCE	1) Humans left Africa and began using tools and fire. 2) Neolithic Revolution (farming) around the river valleys gave way to civilization. 3)Civilization brought stratification & specialization 4) Civilization brought massive architecture and writing 5) Two early religions begin in this era (Hinduism and Judaism)	21
3572324411	filial piety	a virtue of respect for one's father, elders, and ancestors. Usually associated with Confucianism.	22
3572324412	Siddhartha Gautama	a Hindu prince who sought out to end suffering. He came up with his own 8-fold Path to Enlightenment and left Hinduism behind when he became... The Buddha ("Enlightened One").	23
3572324413	Buddhism	a philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha; follows the ideology of the Four Noble Truths and Karma.	24
3572324414	The Four Noble Truths	the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. More simply put, suffering exists; it has a cause; it has an end; and it has a cause to bring about its end.	25
3572324415	Karma	refers to good or bad actions a person takes during her lifetime	26
3572324416	Ashoka	an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. Helped to spread Buddhism throughout the world by encouraging merchants and travelers to make aspects of Hindu culture available to the rest of the world.	27
3572324417	Branches of Buddhism	Mahayana - emphasizes a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan Theravada - emphasizes personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia	28
3572324418	Nirvana	a state in which the mind, enlightened as to the illusory nature of the self, transcends all suffering and attains peace.	29
3572324419	Christianity	based on core beliefs about the teachings and divinity of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded by his disciples, drew on Judaism, and initially rejected Roman and Hellenistic influences.	30
3572324420	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity; Son of God	31
3572324421	Emperor Constantine	a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. The first Roman emperor to claim conversion to Christianity, Constantine played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which decreed tolerance for Christianity in the empire	32
3572324422	The Holy Bible	a collection of texts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. It is an example of a collection of scriptures written at different times by different authors in different locations.	33
3572324423	Messiah	a saviour or liberator of a group of people, most commonly in the Abrahamic religions.	34
3572324424	Edict of Milan	a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire.	35
3572324425	SPICE for Roman Empire	S - Roman society had multiple, overlapping social hierarchies based off of relationships; patriarchal rule (Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire, but did not vote, hold political office, or serve in the military) P - Empire that was run by a republican oligarchy (made up of a Senate) I - elevated & underground aqueducts; sewage systems; Massive road building projects linked crucial parts of the empires C - Colosseum, Pantheon, Hippodrome, Baths; Tragedy-style plays were popular E - economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire; Prestige could be obtained through investing one's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately: grand country estates or townhouses, durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware, public entertainments, funerary monuments for family members or coworkers, and religious dedications such as altars.	36
3572324426	SPICE for the Han Dynasty	S - Peasantry fell into poverty; the "yelllow turbans" led Daoist revolts because taxes were too high; peasants were the highest taxed. P - Emperors were inconsistent with their rule of the region; bureaucrats and protesters were executed; generals held a lot of political power; there was a 350 year period without emperors where the generals made themselves the government leaders. I - water conservation and irrigation projects were built and greatly expanded production. Cattle, and iron farm tools were used at large to plough the land, and planting skills were also improved greatly so that one hectare of field could be seeded in a day. C - Confucianism declined due to Buddhism's increasing popularity; Men gained the most power E - Farming was monopolized by the upper class; Silk Road trade collapsed temporarily	37
3572324427	SPICE for the Mauryan/Gupta Empire	S - Held a large caste system; patriarchy P - various changes in leadership that led to inconsistencies in the diplomatic relations that both empires had I - European migrants moved throughout India for the forests that provided religious value C - There were conflicts between Hindu and Buddhist supporters; both religions held a significant amount of people that followed their beliefs E - The Silk Road stimulated their economy by allowing for widespread trade; used agriculture to move toward industrialization; held a tax system that produced a lot of revenue	38
3572324428	The Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time; Ran from Eastern China to Northern Africa; opened up by the Han Dynasty; fell due to decreased protection of merchants	39
3572324429	Indian Ocean Trade	Eurasian merchants reached the eastern coast of Africa through sea lanes in the Indian ocean (India, Persia, Rome, Malay). Bantu migration allowed for the formation of complex societies on the eastern coast and increased trade with Indian Ocean merchants. It eventually led to Roman trade with India; helped to spread Muslim, Buddhist, and Hindu culture	40
3572324430	Trans-Saharan Trade	Trade was primarily located in northern part of Africa. Flourishing cities that developed around the Trans-Saharan trade route resulted in thriving population growth. Popular exchanges had consisted of: spices and iron from Kush and India, tools, ceramics, silk and beads from Europe and Asia. It made camels necessary for transportation of trade goods	41
3572324431	Effects of Monsoons	The monsoon had been dealt with by sailors in a way that they crossed the Arabian Sea in winter in all directions. As a result, trade was effected because of the fact that sailors had to adapt to the winds caused by the monsoon, otherwise they would put themselves at risk when traveling.	42
3572324432	Ibn Battuta	an explorer of Berber descent, who is widely recognised as one of the greatest travelers of all time. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China.	43
3572324433	Marco Polo	an Italian merchant traveller whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde (Book of the Marvels of the World, also known as The Travels of Marco Polo, c. 1300), a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China. He provided a deeper understand on mercantilism in Asia.	44
3572324434	Xuanzang	a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang dynasty. He became famous for his seventeen-year overland journey to India, which is recorded in detail in the classic Chinese text Great Tang Records on the Western Regions	45
3572324435	Technological innovations which helped trade	acquisition of iron; rice cultivation; irrigation systems	46
3572324436	the Plague	caused by the widespread trade and military conquests which allowed for the epidemic to reach a numerous amount of regions. It ended up decreasing populations significantly, and hurt the amount of food production.	47
3572324437	Islam in the Post-Classical Age	This monotheistic religion is centered around the god Allah, and based on the teachings of Muhammad, who was believed to be a prophet of Allah. The religion was founded in Mecca on the Arabian peninsula. The Qaran contains written texts of Muhammad's teachings, and the Hadith is an account of his words. The Sharia contains guidelines on law and behavior. This religion of salvation believed in rewards for good deeds and punishment for wicked ones. Those who followed it believed in a jihad, or struggle against evil and ignorance.They also believed in the Five Pillars of their faith.	48
3572324438	Muhammed	the Prophet of Islam, is seen by non-believers as its founder, but by almost all Muslims as its last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam, which they believe to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.	49
3572324439	Branches of Islam	Sunni - a denomination of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad's first Caliph was his father-in-law Abu Bakr. Shi'ia - branch that holds Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, not Abu Bakr, was his first caliph.	50
3572324440	Sundiata Keita	The founder of the Mali empire, which included Ghana and other neighboring regions. Also called the lion prince.	51
3572324441	Gold Trade	As trans-Saharan trade increased,Ghana became the center for gold trade, which was in high demand in the Mediterranean basin and other Islamic regions. The kings strengthened their realm by controlling and taxing the gold trade with Muslims.	52
3572324442	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and "ethical-sociopolitical teachings" sometimes described as a religion; filial piety; Confucianism is perhaps best understood as an all-encompassing humanism that neither denies nor slights heaven	53
3572324443	Confucius	China's most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist, whose ideas have influenced the civilization of East Asia; founder of Confucianism	54
3572324444	rice cultivation	introduction of new strains of rice, along with improved methods of water control and irrigation, that allowed for a larger amount of rice to be produced (helping to increase the population)	55
3572324445	Mali Empire	This empire was established during the first half of the 13th century by Sundiata, and encompassed Ghana and other neighboring regions. It greatly benefited from trans-Saharan trade, and controlled and taxed nearly all trade passing through west Africa. It's capital city of Niani attracted gold merchants, and Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne also became prosperous trading cities. They honored Islam and accommodated Islamic merchants, but did not force it on their people. Mansa Musa ruled this empire during its high point. After his reign, the empire declined due to factions, provinces seceding, and military pressure from other kingdoms and nomads.	56
3572324446	Ghana	This kingdom was situated between the Senegal and Niger rivers in sub-Saharan Africa. The kings of this kingdom strengthened their realm by controlling and taxing the gold trade with Muslims. Salt was an important commodity that they traded gold for. Koumbi-Saleh became the capital and principle trading site of this kingdom. A large army was financed through taxing trade that passed through the kingdom. The kingdom converted to Islam by the 10th century, which improved relations with Muslim merchants and gained them recognition and support from Muslim states in Northern Africa. The kings and people continued to observe traditional religious customs. Raids from desert nomads weakened this kingdom and led to its collapse.	57
3572324447	Downfall of Tang/Song dynasties	political instability that led to confusion among leadership; peasant revolts; attacks from outside forces	58
3572324448	feudalism	a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.	59
3572324449	the Columbian Exchange	the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries. (Ex: New World received banana, onion, sugar cane, grapes, etc.; Old World received corn, turkey, squash, pumpkin, cacao bean, etc.)	60
3572324450	What negative affects did the Columbian Exchange bring to the Old World?	Diseases that were strong enough to fight their immune systems, which killed them quickly (Ex: smallpox, measles, and influenza).	61
3572324451	Renaissance	a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. It stimulated a significant amount of cultural exchange in the arts.	62
3572324452	humanism	a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over unthinking acceptance of dogma or superstition.	63
3572324453	What affect did humanism have on the way that people lived?	This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature.	64
3572324454	Reformation	This was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.	65
3572324455	Martin Luther	a German friar, priest, professor of theology, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He led the Protestant Reformation and wrote "The 95 Theses" which sparked a religious revolt.	66
3572324456	"The 95 Theses"	The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences. (This mainly complained about the fact that the Catholic Church held more power than God wanted them to have)	67
3572324457	John Calvin	a prominent French theologian during the Protestant Reformation and the father of the theological system known as Calvinism.	68
3572324458	Calvinism	the theological system associated with the Reformer John Calvin that emphasizes the rule of God over all things as reflected in its understanding of Scripture, God, humanity, salvation, and the church.	69
3572324459	Counter-Reformation	Decrees were issued covering every aspect of Church authority, from the holding of multiple offices, to the chastity of priests, and monastic reform.	70
3572324460	Roman Inquisition	a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Roman Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes relating to religious doctrine or alternate religious doctrine or alternate religious beliefs. (They prosecuted opponents of the church)	71
3572324461	Byzantine Empire	Constantine and Justinian were the prominent emperors. Justinian used resources and taxes often, and riots were commonly taken down by imperial army. Justinian created Justinian's Code, which consolidated the roman rules. Defended strongly at Constantinople against Islamic and Germanic attacks.	72
3572324462	The Crusades	The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. After the First Crusade achieved its goal with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, the invading Christians set up several Latin Christian states, even as Muslims in the region vowed to wage holy war (jihad) to regain control over the region. Deteriorating relations between the Crusaders and their Christian allies in the Byzantine Empire culminated in the sack of Constantinople in 1204 during the Third Crusade. Near the end of the 13th century, the rising Mamluk dynasty in Egypt provided the final reckoning for the Crusaders, toppling the coastal stronghold of Acre and driving the European invaders out of Palestine and Syria in 1291.	73
3572324463	The Mongol Empire	Established by Chinggis Khan, this empire was the largest the world has ever seen. It had a military and political structure based on merit and loyalty, and clans were broken up in order to unite all the tribes. Its capital was later established at Karakorum. The empire's army had outstanding equestrian and bow-and-arrow skills, were very mobile, and understood the psychology of warfare (sparring those who surrendered, slaughtered those who resisted). They led conquests in northern China, Persia (where Chinggis destroyed the conquered lands and massacred hundreds of thousands), Tibet, and the central Asian steepes. At its height, the empire controlled most of China, central Asia, Persia, and the Russian steppes. Chinggis Khan died without establishing a central government (Mongol overlords controlled local administrations and extracted tribute). A struggle for power among Chinggis' relatives caused the empire to be divided up into four realms.	74
3572324464	Religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire	They promoted Buddhism and supported Daoists, Muslims, and Christians. Their wide-range of religious values allowed them to respect	75
3572324465	Mongol effects on trade	They re-established the Silk Road and did what they could to stimulate as much trade as possible (helping their economy (as well as those of nations that worked with them).	76
3572324466	How did the Mongols fall from power?	After the death of Chingghis Khan, there was no longer a leader that could be as consistent in leading the Mongols. This led to a large power-struggle which eventually made it easy for outside forces to gain control of the empire.	77
3572324467	Zheng He	an admiral and diplomat who helped to extend Chinese maritime and commercial influence throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean.	78
3572324468	Ottoman Empire SPICE	S - Where you lived and your occupation decides your class. (merchants, artisans, peasants, ruling elite); Pashas = tax collectors P - Sultan; problem of fratricide - all power rests with him, this power is hereditary causing brothers to kill each other for the throne. Ghazi - political warriors; Devshirme - where they gather up Christian slaves and convert them then either put them in the army or to learn depending on how smart you are. I - Defeated the Byzantines and captured Constantinople using gunpowder & siege warfare C - They were predominantly Muslim but were pretty lenient on other religions within a millet but they have to pay a tax for being a different religion as long as its Christianity or Judaism because they are similar.They also used guns and cannons and had a very well trained cavalry; Invested a lot in the art of architecture E - They had control of the Mediterranean so the Ottomans had a monopoly on the European's market;	79
3572324469	Safavid Empire SPICE	S - Warrior nobles were assigned villages, whose peasants were required to supply them and their troops with food and labor. P - Challenged the Ottomans for leadership of the Islamic world; Extensive bureaucracy; fear of succession of rulers led to violence & oppression I - Battle of Chaldiran between Shiite and Sunnis (Ottoman Sunnis won with the use of gunpowder) C - Isfahan (square-like with shops, mosques, government offices, arches, and gardens); styled with vivid ceramic tiles, geometric designs, floral patterns, and versus from the Quran, gardens, and reflecting pools E - Network of roads and guarantees of safety for foreign merchants and travelers; Encouraged trade with India, China, and Portuguese (later Dutch & English)	80
3572324470	Mughal Empire SPICE	S - Muslim and Hindu aristocrats were granted peasant villages for their support in return for cavalry and responding to emperor demands. There were also restrictive practices for women (seclusion and veiling). P - Founders were displaced princes in search of a new kingdom I - Babur crushed the last ruler of the Muslim Lodi dynasty of Northern India while severely outnumbered (12,000 to their 100,000). Major overseas destination for Asian products in return for Indian cotton textiles C - Akbar created the divine faith which mixed in different religions then Aurangzeb got rid of it; architecture was valued (the Taj Mahal was built at this time). E - Head taxes on non-believers fell on poor Hindus, who could not afford them & caused resistance. THis was also a major overseas destination for Asian products in return for Indian cotton textiles.	81
3572324471	Zamendars	local official, took taxes, and took a cut then sent the rest to the government. If there was a weak Shah the Zamendars would regain control of and split a part from the empire which caused the decline of the empire.	82

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AP World History Ch. 7 Flashcards

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2866559025	What was the name of the third Abbasid caliph?	al-Mahdi	0
2866597331	What did al-Mahdi attempt to do with the Shi'a?	He tried to reconcile.	1
2866599515	Why was al-Mahdi a bad leader?	He was more concerned with his wealth and concubines than the problems with the empire.	2
2866603706	What was al-Mahdi's problem with his succession?	He has several sons and let the mother's of them interfere.	3
2866611143	Why did Harun al-Rashid descend to the thrown?	al-Mahdi was murdered and his oldest son was poisoned.	4
2866614206	How did Harun al-Rashid treat the Christians?	He dazzled them with mosques, castles, and treasures.	5
2866620538	What tale immortalizes life of Harun al-Rashid's castle?	1001 Nights or Arabian Nights	6
2866658107	In the early reign of Harun, who did he heavily depend on?	His royal court.	7
2866660351	What was his royal court made up of?	Persians.	8
2866669490	True or False. Caliphs became merely pawns for the factions at the court.	True.	9
2866670689	What followed Harun al-Rashid's death?	A string of civil wars.	10
2866681215	Who's sons created personal armies in preparation for battling each other in a civil war?	al-Ma'mun	11
2866688605	What was the winning son's army contain?	over 4,000 slaves	12
2866693942	Who were the slaves and what were the used for?	They were Turkic speaking nomads from Asia. They were used as a giant body guard.	13
2866711927	What happened to him and the next four caliphs?	They were assassinated but mercenaries.	14
2866715916	Who had the real power in this time period?	Mercenaries and the royal courts	15
2866717323	What kind of things did the mercenaries lead?	They led many uprisings and revolts.	16
2870202987	What nationality was the royal court?	Most were Persian	17
2870204185	True or false. Most of the influence came from the caliph	False, the royal courts had almost all real influence and power.	18
2870209470	What is the name of the 16th century painting that showed the richness and vitality of the Abbasid dynasty?	Khamsah(5 Poems) of Nizami	19
2870210476	What is a harem?	A "forbidden" section of castles and palaces that held all wives and concubines.	20
2870213095	Did men spend more time with their wives or concubines? Why?	Concubines, the wives were not permitted education.	21
2870215580	Which group of Persia took out the Abbasids?	Buyids	22
2870218560	The Buyids changed the title of caliph, what did they change it to?	Sultan	23
2870218950	What does sultan mean?	victorious	24
2870222518	How long did the Buyids lead?	100 years	25
2870223222	What group took out the Buyids of Persia?	Seljuk Turks	26
2870223842	What sect of Islam did the Seljuk Turks heavily support?	Sunnis Islam	27
2870226093	The Seljuk Turks lied the foundation for what group?	Ottoman Turks	28
2870226821	How many Crusades were there?	8	29
2870228411	Who was winning in the beginning of the Crusades?	the Christians	30
2870243450	When was Jerusalem taken?	June 1099	31
2870245105	How did the Muslims have the element of surprise?	The Christians were expecting infidels	32
2870248071	Give the reasons why the Muslims won the Crusades (5)?	Element of surprise, Christians were fighting each other, home field advantage, better weapons, better forts, gunpowder.	33
2870248826	Which Muslim leader helped turn the Crusades around in their favor?	Saladin	34
2870254070	What was the famous curved sword used by the Muslims and where was it from?	The Damascene sword from Damascus.	35
2870258719	Who was the writer of the Muqaddimah?	Ibn Khaldun	36
2870260598	True or false. Most of what we know about the ancient world came from the writings of Ibn Khaldun?	True	37
2870283528	What was the most demanded item by the Europeans?	Textiles	38
2870285148	Who did the Middle East serve as "middle men" for?	Europe and Asia	39
2879735552	What is the primary language for the Abbasid court? Why?	Persian. The Persians were allowed complete control of the courts.	40
2879741508	What were artists expected to be excellent at beside painting?	Calligraphy	41
2879748338	What ancient writing is this quote from? "A jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and Thou."	The Rubaiyat	42
2879749665	Who wrote the Rubaiyat?	Omar Khayyan	43
2879753432	What is the most important epic poem of ancient Persia?	Shah-Nama	44
2879755893	What does Shah-Nama mean?	Book of Kings	45
2879758228	Who was the Shah-Nama written by?	Firdawsi	46
2879761838	What is the Shah-Nama about?	The history of Persia	47
2879769952	What Persian poet wrote of everyday messages mixed with religious messages?	Sa'di	48
2879794550	What incredible trigonometry theory was developed by the Muslims?	Sine, cosine, tangent.	49
2879800102	What is al-Biruni known for?	Precisely calculating the specific weight of 18 major minerals.	50
2879821544	True or False. Muslims developed incredible hospitals.	True.	51
2879827572	What did the Muslim scholars create that was later copied by by geographers from Portugal to Poland?	Maps	52
2879833407	What is the name of very strict Muslims who were heavily against Sufism?	ulama	53
2879836939	What brilliant Muslim theologian struggled connecting the Greek traditions to the ones of the Qur'an?	al-Ghazali	54
2879850991	Name the Islamic sect that believed in having very personal relationships with Allah.	Sufis	55
2879862916	What central Asian group of nomads posed a great threat to the Middle East and Islamic kingdoms?	The Mongols	56
2879868167	Who is the leader of the Mongols who leads them into great war in the 1220s?	Chinggis Khan	57
2879872740	What is the name of Chinggis Khan's grandson, the man who renewed the assault on the Muslims?	Hulegu	58
2879876607	When was Baghdad taken by the Mongols?	1258	59
2879878451	How many Abbasid caliphs were there?	37	60
2879882418	Who stopped the Mongols from moving further west?	Mamluks	61
2879883718	Who were Mamluks?	Turkic slaves	62
2879897521	What happened to the Muslims who chose to stay in India?	They blended to the culture.	63
2879904298	What was the biggest difference between Islam and Hinduism?	Islams believed everyone to be equal under Allah, while Hinduism was a strict hierarchy in the caste system?	64
2879923687	What 17-year-old led the Muslim invasion of Sind in 711?	Muhammad ibn Qasim	65
2879930820	How were the Buddhists and Hindus treated?	They were treated as dhimmi or "people of the book."	66
2879948248	What does "rajas" mean?	king	67
2879953743	Where is Sind located?	Western India	68
2879961381	What ruler originated from a Turkish Slave dynasty?	Mahmud of Ghazni	69
2879975808	What Persian extraction man ruled after Mahmud of Ghazni?	Muhammad of Ghur	70
2879979244	Who came into power after Muhammad of Ghur was assassinated?	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	71
2879981806	Where was the capital then moved?	Delhi	72
2879985306	What does "sultans of Dehli" mean?	princes of the heartlands	73
2880005193	Why were merchants a main contributor of the spreading religion?	They carried religion with their trade and essentially served as missionaries.	74
2880009931	Why was Sufi Islam popular among converts?	It was very mystic and similar to their past religions(most for Hindu and Buddhist.)	75
2882483549	Where were most Indian-Muslim converts from?	Lower caste systems and Buddhists	76
2882597623	What happened to low caste system and untouchable converts in terms of the hierarchy?	They remained at the bottom.	77
2882605594	What is "pan?"	Limestone wrapped with betal leaves, used for chewing.	78
2882616182	Describe "sati."	A widowed woman who is burned beside her husbands pyre.	79
2882679114	Who was allowed to join Bhaktic cults?	Everyone	80
2882681316	Who was Mira Bai?	She was a celebrated poet and writer.	81
2882724958	Who was Kabir?	A Muslim mystic who wrote down the significance of religion and claimed everyone could reach spiritual fulfillment.	82
2882745352	What languages were most of Mira Bai and Kabir's writings in?	Regional languages suh as Bengali, Marathi, and Tamil	83
2882764918	Who were the most worshiped gods?	Shiva and Vishnu	84
2882768071	What did the Bhaktu mystics believe?	One should create strong emotional bonds with the deity.	85
2882894708	What powerful trading city replaced Shrivijaya after it fell?	Malacca	86
2882925350	What is the name of the trading center located on the north coast of Java?	Demak	87

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AP World History Unit 3 Flashcards

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5331730751	Third-wave civilizations	-500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. -period of great increase in interactions between the world's regions, cultures, and people -large-scale empire, new technology (yokes, saddles, stirrups), and long-distance trade led to globalization	0
5331751854	silk roads	-formed the most extensive and sustained trade network -largely a relay trade, not a non-stop one -unified Eurasia -most items were luxury goods for the elite -camels, horses, and oxen were often used -silk, spices, and cotton went west -glass, wool, olive oil, gold, and silver went east	1
5331773621	silk	-China had a monopoly on it until the sixth century -Chinese peasants produced silk, paper, or porcelain rather that crops (better profit)	2
5331783639	Buddhism (silk road)	the most popular faith among silk road merchants	3
5331789898	diseases	-smallpox, measles, and Bubbonic plague also spread along the Silk Roads -by the 1500's, this would give Europeans an advantage because they built up immunities	4
5331824487	Venice	center of Mediterranean Sea commerce by 1000	5
5331831380	Indian Ocean	-world's most important region of trade until 1500 -transportation of bulk goods (textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat) was cheaper by sea	6
5331856425	monsoons	-alternating wind currents -made commerce possible -China's revival and the rise of Islam also encouraged trade here	7
5331865513	Southeast Asia	-grew thanks to trade between India and China -gold, spices, and taxes on ships made it wealthy	8
5331880569	Ankkgor Wat	-800-1300 -became wealthy by trading forest goods to China -Indian alphabet, art, political ideas, and Hinduism and Buddhism spread here (Indianization)	9
5331912255	Swahili city-states	-civilization in East Africa that blended Bantu and Muslim culture -each city-state was politically independent -most trade was done by Arab ships -10 million ships were shipped to the Middle East -some Arabs, Persians, and Indians settled here	10
5331936723	Great Zimbabwe	-1250-1350 -flourishing state in Southeastern Africa -made money off of gold and cattle -built massive stone structures with huge walls that they lived in	11
5331949132	West Africa	-developed major trade routes north across the Sahara Desert thanks to camels and the camel saddle -major exports were gold, ivory, kola nuts, and slaves -major import items were salt, horses, cloth, dates, and manufactured goods -men and women had complimentary, not hierarchal relationships -women had important roles in agriculture, weaving, and reproduction	12
5331992452	caravans	some had as many as 5000 camels and hundreds of people	13
5331999349	Ghana, Mali, and Songhai	major west African monarchies	14
5332003917	slaves	most came from the raiding of societies south of west Africa	15
5332008697	100-1400	-5500 slaves a year crossed the Sahara -virtually no interaction existed between the western and eastern hemispheres until 1492	16
5332025982	North America	- a "loosely interactive web" of trade network did exist in Mesoamerica (Mayans and later the Mexica)	17
5332042716	grand canal	built by conscripted laborers to move goods between northern and southern China	18
5332052781	Tang dynasty	-300 year period of stability -military garrisons were built to protect the silk road -China expanded into Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet -Chang'an became a major trading center and the largest city in the world -expansion of textile and porcelain production -"golden age" of art, literature, and poetry -high taxes, and peasant rebellion brought it down	19
5332107658	Song dynasty	-huge centralized government that followed the Tang -population doubles to 120 million by 1200 -return to extreme patriarchy (foot binding among the elite) -Confucianism, ancestor veneration, and the civil service exam also return -developed the world's most powerful navy	20
5332144177	Song innovations	-fast growing rice (Champa) from Vietnam is planted -stylized and symbolic landscape paintings -wood block printing and printing press with movable type are invented -gunpowder and the magnetic compass are invented -encyclopedias and histories are developed -"flying cash" (credit) and paper money	21
5332225485	China and It's Neighbors	-the Chinese called themselves the "Middle Kingdom"and considers outsiders "barbarians" -China's interaction with nomads to the north included trade, military, conflict, extortion, negotiation, and some cultural diffusion -Korea developed a beneficial "tribute relationship" with China, while Vietnam remained hostile (both took on some Chinese culture)	22
5390945192	kowtow	-ritual prostration before China's emperor to show he had control over your land -your country received benefits in return	23
5390952898	Japan	adopted much Chinese culture (Buddhism, writing, art, and technology) but was never conquered by China	24
5390970840	Japanese Social/political class	emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, serfs	25
5390981146	emperor	ceremonial father-figure believed to be the son of the sun goddess	26
5390987358	shogun	military governor with the real power	27
5390989447	daimyo	warrior lords who owned land	28
5390994137	samurai	professional soldiers supported by daiymo (they followed a set of rules called the cod of Bushido)	29
5390998179	serfs in China	peasants who farmed the land	30
5391000527	shinto	ritualistic nature religion that would compete with Buddhism but never completely go away	31
5391006975	China's economy and cultural diffusion	-China's technological innovations spread across Eurasia and stimulated trade and record keeping -paper making it to Europe by the 1200's -printing to Europe by the 1400's (resisted by the Islamic world) -gunpowder to Europe by 1000. China received economic benefits for sharing these innovations -sugar and cotton cultivation from India -growth in Indian Ocean trade -greater desire for technological creativity -settlement of foreign merchants. By the 800's, a backlash against foreigners was occurring -massive massacre of foreigners in Canton in 870	32
5391073274	Buddhism in china	-it took hold during the Tang and Song dynasties via the Silk Roads -was intellectual, had high moral standards -promised salvation and was comforting -it stressed printing sacred texts -it took on elements of Chinese culture (SYNCRETISM) -many Chinese came to criticize it later (it was foreign, Buddhist monks became wealthy and did not pay taxes)	33
5391093475	Neo-confucianism	-a return to Confucian values (family, social order) with an obvious influence of Buddhism (nature of the human soul) -they hoped it would limit "foreign" influence -it would spread into East Asia	34
5391106885	arabs	-polytheistic traders in the Arabian peninsula -lived in separate, loyal tribal groups who were often at war with one another	35
5391117269	Muhammad	-Arabian merchant who founded the religion of Islam -would have a spiritual experience in a cave -became recognized as the "final prophet" of the one "true god" Allah (the same god revered by Jews and Christians)	36
5391129057	Quran	-written compilation of Muhammad's revelations from Allah -it was a poem that was critical of wealth, exploitation of the poor, abuse of women, and the neglect of widows and orphans	37
5391138909	Mecca	home to the Ka'ba, a polytheistic Arab shine	38
5391143852	Medina	city Muhammad moved to in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca (the Hijra, or migration)	39
5391149050	umma	his followers who will help him attack Mecca in 639 and turn Islam into a "universal" religion open to anyone	40
5391154405	hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba that all Muslims are expected to take at least once in their life	41
5391158360	632	most of Arabia was now a Muslim state on its way to becoming an empire	42
5391164790	Jesus, Buddha, Muhhammad	-unlike Jesus and Buddha, Muhammad was also a military and political leader -Islam differed from Buddhism and Christianity because it spread much more quickly (through military conquest, trade, tolerance, and missionary activity)	43
5391167570	Jihad	the "struggle" to fight against evil, greed, and (later) unbelievers	44
5391194857	dar al-Islam	-the Islamic empire that stretched from Spain to India -one of the largest and most influential third-wave civilizations	45
5391204697	Reasons for expansion	-Muslim armies wanted to capture trade routes and agricultural areas -individual Arabs wanted wealth -conquest held the Umma together -Muslims wanted to bring a righteous government to the conquered -Muslims were tolerant of Jews and Christians (Dhimmis or "people of the book" who were still second-class citizens)	46
5391224654	jizya	a tax non-Muslims had to pay to continue their religious practices	47
5391233810	Persia	-80% of the people there converted -their culture would influence Islam greatly	48
5391245842	Islam culture and language	People in Egypt, North Africa, and Iraq converted to both Islam and Arabic culture and language -not everyone accepted conversion (Berber tribes in North Africa, Spanish Christians)	49
5391256500	theocracy	government ruled by leaders who believe they are divinely guided	50
5391259174	caliph	head of the Islamic state after Muhammad died	51
5391261505	Shia (Shiite)	minority of Muslims who felt the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad	52
5391267251	Sunni	majority of Muslims who felt the caliph should be chosen by the Islamic community -the religious conflict between them started as political and became religious	53
5391273675	Abassid dynasty	similar to Persian and Roman empires (bureaucracy, wealth, center of learning) (STABLE)	54
5391281766	sufis	missionaries who spread Islam to Southern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia	55
5391294703	women in Islam	many rights were given to them by the quran (equal to men in the eyes of Allah, could own property and have money, no female infanticide) -this changed when Islam expanded into Persia (veiling, household seclusion among the upper class)	56
5391368935	hadiths	traditions about Muhammad that developed negative images of women	57
5391373767	5 pillars of Islam	obligations that bind all Muslims together	58
5391376305	Shuria	laws that regulated every aspect of a Muslim's life	59
5391378819	ulama	judges and interpreters who teach and transmit the faith	60
5391381076	madrassas	schools for higher learning	61
5391382748	Islamic Empire	-the Islamic empire became a zone of commerce and communication -specialized in agriculture (sugar, coffee, citrus fruits) -manufactured paper (learned how from the Chinese) -made use of Roman and Persian roads -Lateen sail and Astrolobe helped in sailing -banking (loans and checks) -wrote the first extensive medical encyclopedia and opened the first pharmacies -developed Hindi (known as Arabic) numerals and algebra -had high respect for Greek and Persian culture -helped preserve it for later European rediscovery (renaissance, enlightenment) -limited use of imagery in art and architecture (used calligraphy and geometry instead)	62
5391614060	Byzantine empire	-the old Roman empire that would last 1000 more years (falls in 1453) -wealthy and urbanized -located at crossroads of Europe and Asia -continued using Roman infrastructure -strong army, navy, and merchant marine -a secret weapon called "Greek Fire" gave them a huge military advantage	63
5391641747	Constantinople	-the highly defensible capital city called "the New Rome" -entertainment and sport took place at the Hippodrome	64
5391651918	Justinian	-emperor who built the Church of Hagia Sophia, developed a law code, and made Greek the official language of the empire -he tried, but failed to conquer western Europe	65
5391670086	Caesaropapism	-the church was tied to the state -the state had the final word on matters	66
5391677293	Patriarch of Constantinople	-the religious leader of the Byzantine empire -differences existed between byzantine church and the Roman catholic church in Rome. -Jesus' humanity, the use of icons (painting of religious figures), celibacy for priests, and the power of the pope	67
5391718245	1054	-the great schism -byzantine eastern orthodox church permanently separates from Rome when the pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other -first major break in Christianity ***Eastern orthodox Christianity would spread along trade routes into Russia -Moscow would be called "the third Rome" after Muslims capture Constantinople in 1453	68
5391760288	500-1500 CE	-known as the "middle ages" in western Europe, it was a time of isolation and small-scale warfare -western Europe was far removed from trade routes -geography made political unity different -the pope and the Roman catholic church were the only unifying power	69
5391770838	Franks	-Germanic invaders who shifted the "center" of Europe from Italy to France -they adopted much from the Roman empire	70
5391778939	Charlemagne	-king of the Franks who established short-term centralized rule and made connections with the Roman catholic church -he became the "holy Roman emperor", the political power of the Roman Catholic church -the pope would retain the religious power	71
5391792062	Vikings	-nomadic mariners and traders living in Scandonavia -they would attack European towns and monasteries -made use of small, maneuverable boats -would eventually convert to Christianity	72
5391820836	England	-kings built fortresses and a navy to stop the Vikings -their efforts would create an "English" identity	73
5391829542	Holy Roman Empire	-confederation of German states, Belgium, Northern Italy, and eastern France -a "German identity" was being created	74
5391842507	feudalism	system in Europe in which land is given by a lord to vassals (knights) in return for military service	75
5391849975	primogeniture	passing down of a lord's land and power to his eldest son	76
5391853084	serfs	-people (not fully free, not fully slaves) who cultivated land for a lord, gave him gifts, and paid taxes -the lord gave them protection and their own land (which they could not leave)	77
5391876731	manor	-large, usually self-sufficient estates owned by a lord (included a castle, churches, fields, meadows, forests, and a river or lake) -the moldboard plow, horse collar, and watermills freed humans and animals for other work	78
5391890619	1000	an end to the spread of disease and an agricultural surplus increased population	79
5391896123	towns	they became economic gathering places	80
5391903877	*The Roman catholic church became THE unifying authority*	it owned 1/3 of all property by 1200 and was the only way to heaven	81
5391915613	monasteries	-they often owned large amounts of land -helped expand agriculture by organizing labor -provided social services (like Buddhists) became centers of learning that were "Euro-centered", not worldly -monks hand-copied classical Greek and Roman texts and knowledge	82
5391944234	western Europe changed greatly from 1000-1300	-population increased greatly due to improved farming (horseshoes, better horse collars, crop rotation) -powerful leaders (church and secular) created regional states	83
5391952069	lay investiture	-kings and vassals often appointed friends and relatives to loyal positions in the church (like bishops) -erodes the power of the church	84
5391959186	William the Conqueror	-Norman (French) dike who invaded (and defeated) England in 1066 -set up an efficient, centralized administration	85
5391967705	Magna Carta	-1215 -it forces the king of England (king John) to follow the law, it gave certain rights to nobles and it created the British Parliment	86
5391991047	Italy	cities there became powerful through trade	87
5391993732	towns and cities	-trading centers that benefited common people -towns people benefited most (carters freed them from their feudal obligation) -banks, credit, and investments were available -men went from being warriors to "providers" -urban women worked outside the home and became economically equal to men -guilds set prices and standards	88
5392023259	Hanseatic league	collection of city-states in northern Europe that established common trade practices and a monopoly on trade	89
5392034030	3 estates	classes of medieval Europe (those who pray, fight, and work)	90
5392039906	code of chivalry	-governed the manners and actions of knights -required respect for the Christian faith and women	91
5392045849	Roman catholic church	dominated everyone's lives	92
5392048262	cathedrals	massive, expensive, churches designed to bring worshipers closer to God	93
5392061787	Gothic architecture	used "flying buttresses" to support tall windows and vaulted ceilings	94
5392067837	Cathedral schools	founded to create scholars and educated workers	95
5392070916	universities	gave degrees in medicine, law and theology to the elite	96
5392076008	Thomas Aquinas	Christian who wrote that reason (thinking) and faith were both gifts from God	97
5392080964	commoners	-they led simple lives -most remained illiterate and uneducated -venerated saints, relics, and the Virgin Mary	98
5392090774	pilgrimages	trips to churches to see relics	99
5392093035	monks	founded orders that preached messages of simple faith	100
5392099077	1200	the western half of Christendom was on the rise while the Byzantine empire was declining	101
5392102659	heresies	religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to traditional church doctrine	102
5392113481	crusades	western Christian (Roman catholic) attempt to conquer the holy lands of the Bible from the Muslims and convert whole populations (including Jews and Eastern Orthodox Christains	103
5392134271	results of the crusades	-western Christians lost almost all of them -the Byzantine empire was greatly weakened (western Christians sacked Constantinople in 1204) -increased European exposure to Muslims philosophy, theology, science, and math -increased Muslim interaction with classical Greek thought (which they would later reject) -encouraged Europeans to trade with Muslims -connected Europe to the trade market of the eastern hemisphere (especially China)	104
5392167136	reconquista	-the forced conversion to Muslims in Spain to Roman Catholocism -many other Muslims and Jews were driven out of Spain or killed -Christian communities in Africa and Arabia will whither away by 1300, making Europe the only "Christian" region	105
5392200303	pastoralists	-different groups of nomads from central Asia -they herded over large grazing areas and subsisted on animal products -horses and camels were the backbone of their military success -they diffused weapons and modes of transportation that changed warfare forever -state-building was difficult (small number of people spread out over a large area)	106
5436891634	nobility	attained through personal achievement and charisma	107
5436895292	pastoral women	they had status and power (some even fought in battles)	108
5436902527	Xiongnu	early nomadic "state" north of China	109
5436906600	Turks	nomads who would convert to Islam and invade India and Arabia	110
5436910379	Sultan	title given to Muslim Turk leaders	111
5436920267	Delhi Sultanate	-Islamic kingdom in Northern India that would be set up after the Turks violently invaded it in the 700's -Hindus converted to Islam, were driven into southern India, or were killed	112
5436932901	Almoravid Empire	nomadic empire in northwestern Africa created by Berbers in the 1000's	113
5436937501	1453	Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, turn it into a Muslim city, and end the Byzantine Empire	114
5436944641	Mongols	-greatest land-based empire in history -they made world trade, cultural diffusion, and awareness of others grow like never before -connected by Europe, China, and the Islamic world -always outnumbered by enemies -exploited people but did not force their culture onto others -would eventually become absorbed into many of the cultures they conquered	115
5436979030	Chinggis Khan	-clan leader whose personality and ability to forge alliances allowed him to unite feudal mongol tribes -along with his sons and grandsons, he conquered China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the middle east, and parts of Eastern Europe -Calvary, mobility, and psychological warfare made him successful -aided by good luck and timing -hoped to unite the entire world -his empire broke into 4 hordes (empires) after his death	116
5437008490	China and the Mongols	-the mongol Kublai Khan created the Yuan dynasty there -convinced the Chinese he had been granted the Mandate of Heaven -active in culture and his people's warfare -kept mongols and Chinese separate -used "imported" mongol administrators, not Chinese for his government -tried twice but failed to conquer Japan	117
5437026875	Middle East	-the mongols defeated the Abbassid dynasty and conquered Persia -initially destroyed irrigation systems -eventually converted to Islam and took up agriculture	118
5437037467	Mamluks	slave dynasty in Egypt that stopped the mongols and then turned Egypt into a center of Muslim culture and learning	119
5437045436	Russia	-mongol devastation was worse there than anywhere -the "Golden Horde" never occupied it, but instead received tribute from Moscow -this is why Russia never unified or developed culture and education like countries in Western Europe until much later	120
5437062912	1500	all mongol hordes had collapsed and their empire was finished	121
5437069918	The black death	-Afro-Eurasian pandemic in the early 1300's -spread along mongol trade routes -originated in central Asia -carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas	122
5437080352	1331	first outbreak in northeastern China	123
5437083805	1347	reached the Middle east (killed 1/3 pop) and western Europe (killed 1/2)	124
5437091612	1409	-reached East Asia -India and sub-Saharan Africa were much less affected	125
5437101499	consequences of the plague	-labor shortage in Europe ends serfdom -created better employment opportunities for women -helped break down the mongol hordes -silk road trade ends -Europeans seek new trade routes by sea ******It would return off and on over the centuries and still exists today	126
5450742688	15th Century	-almost everyone in the world lived in a civilization -Australia, Pacific Islands, North America, Amazon River Basin, and Africa south of the equator were the exceptions	127
5450753387	Ming dynasty	-replaces the Yuan dynasty in China -elimination of foreign rule -return to the Confucian exam system -extensive use of eunechs in the imperial court -emperor Yongle sponsors the writing of an 11,000 volume encyclopedia	128
5450773391	Europe in the 15th century	-recovery from the Black Death resulted in stronger states with large, powerful armies -Britain and France would fight in the Hundred Years War	129
5450784090	Renaissance	period of cultural flowering in Italy created through European and Muslim connections during the crusades -Florence, Italy was the center of the Renaissance ***art and writing became religious, secular, realistic, worldly, and more human -Leonardo daVinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare were the most famous individuals of the period -elite members of society became commissioned works from them -local taxes were raised to pay the artists and writers	130
5450794564	humanists	-scholars who studied secular topics (Greek and Roman classics) as well as religion	131
5471791142	exploration	china did it for prestige, while Europe did it to make money, convert people to Roman Catholocism, and acquire land	132
5471796693	Zheng He	Muslim Eunech from China who sailed his "treasure fleet" to Africa, the Persian gulf, and all over the Indian Ocean	133
5471806884	1433	-the Ming begin to focus on agriculture instead of exploration -they felt like they already ad everything they needed	134
5471813344	Portugal	-it began to explore the Atlantic in 1415 -they began to grow sugar cane on islands near West Africa -African slaves were needed to do the work	135
5471820772	cannons	they allowed Portugal to violently dominate trade	136
5471823067	Bartolomeu Dias	sailed from Europe around the cape of Good Hope in Africa	137
5471825791	Vasco da Gama	sails from Europe, around Africa, and all the way to India	138
5471829127	Christopher Colombus	Italian who wanted to cross the Atlantic to create a trade route from Europe to Asia	139
5471841519	Songhai Empire	major center of Islamic learning and trade in West Africa	140
5471845072	sugar	plantations of it in the Mediterranean increased the Muslim demand for African slaves	141
5471851569	Ottoman Empire	powerful "gunpowder" empire in the Middle East and Egypt from the 1450's to 1900 (mostly Sunni Muslims)	142
5471860582	Suleiman the Magnificent	Ottoman leader who encouraged the development of art and a better military	143
5471865490	1529	an Ottoman invasion of Europe is stopped at Vienna ***European military and naval technology would far outpace theirs	144
5471874905	Safavid empire	-religious empire in Persia (mostly Shia Muslims) -the Ottomans and Safavids periodically fought each other until the 1700's	145
5471882507	Mughal empire	Muslim "gunpowder" dynasty that replaced the Delhi Sultanate in India	146
5471889139	Akbar	sensitive, tolerant ruler of India who created a "divine faith" that combined elements of Islam and Hinduism in an effort to promote religious unity (it fell apart after he died)	147
5471896501	Malacca	became a major Muslim port city in Southeast Asia	148
5471901727	Mexica (Aztec)	last great Meso-american culture before the arrival of the Europeans	149
5471906092	TTenochtitlan	Mexica capital city located on Lake Texcoco	150
5471911774	Chinampas	"floating" gardens -cacao beans were their currency *like the Romans, their empire was connected by thousands of miles of roads over which they traded goods *like China, the Aztec demanded tribute from other groups they conquered	151
5471926702	human sacrifice	religious sacrifice in which bloodshed gave moisture to the earth -victims were captured enemies	152
5471932160	Inca	-they created a centralized empire in western South America -relied on llamas and alpacas -empire was connected by roads -emperor was divine, absolute ruler who ruled alongside his wife -society was seen by them as a utopia	153
5471942584	mita	labor people performed for the state in return for elaborate feasts	154
5471946635	quipu	knotted cords that were used to keep records	155

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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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2474333228	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE	0
2474335182	Abbas the Great	Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology	1
2474340316	Khalifa Abdallahi	Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598	2
2474344206	Muhammad Abduh	Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry	3
2474356928	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908	4
2474362579	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	5
2474364747	absolute monarchy	concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies	6
2474373064	African National Congress	Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa	7
2474377146	Afrikaner National Party	Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid	8
2474384514	Akbar	Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India	9
2474392787	al-Afghani	Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry	10
2474395917	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	11
2474399883	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'is to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	12
2474415011	Harun al-Rashid	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	13
2474417959	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is	14
2474422752	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848	15
2474428444	Allah	Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	16
2474429402	Salvador Allende	President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of land and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States	17
2474435113	Alliance for Progress	Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention	18
2474442342	Almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa	19
2474454505	Almoravids	A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain	20
2474463090	Pedro Cabral Alvares	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	21
2474465098	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution	22
2474469351	American Civil War	Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South	23
2474474088	American exceptionalism	Historical argument that the development of the United States was largely distinctive; contact with Western Europe was incidental to the larger development of the United States on its own terms	24
2474479004	American Revolution	Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America	25
2474484556	amigos del pais	clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform	26
2474489803	anarchists	Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarists autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881	27
2474494320	Anasazi	"The ancient ones"; culture located in southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 CE; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs	28
2474498054	Anglican church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce form his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death	29
2474508309	Anschluss	Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations	30
2474510735	apartheid	Policy of strict radical segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically	31
2474515906	appeasement	Policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939	32
2474521321	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	33
2524898144	Corazon Aquino	First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of the late 1980s; whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator	34
2524911034	arabic numerals	Acutally an Indian system of numerical notation transported by Arabs to West; central to two scientific revolutions	35
2524922677	Aragon	Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; presseed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda	36
2524936968	Juan Jose Arevalo	Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of Socialist reforms including land reform; Naitonalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit company	37
2524944753	Aregentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists	38
2524950111	Asante Empire	Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650	39
2524957975	asantehene	Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool	40
2524963537	Takuaji Ashikaga	Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino	41
2524979945	Asian sea trading network	Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks	42
2524992339	Atlantic Charter of 1941	World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people the choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization	43
2525009414	Atlantic Colonies	British colonies in North America; originally restricted to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean from New England to Georgia	44
2525014179	audiencia	Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates	45
2525026873	Aurangzeb	Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determines to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite mulitary successes; died in 1707	46
2525038468	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	47
2525045302	ayllus	Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, somtimes mythical ancestor	48
2525054289	Aztecs	The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sendentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco	49
2525067815	Babur	Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended form Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530	50
2525076956	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	51
2525082496	Baibars	Commander of Mameluk forces at Ain Jalut; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians	52
2525089232	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succedded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community	53
2525098708	bakufu	Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	54
2525133365	Vasco de Balboa	First Spanish captian to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captians	55
2525147309	Balfour Declaration	British minister's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine during World War I; issued in 1917	56
2525152899	Balkan	Peninsula located in south-eastern Europe, including Macedonia and Greece, plus what became Bulgaria; controlled by Byzantine Empire	57
2525160720	Balkan nationalism	Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of cries within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I	58
2525171251	banana republics	Term given to conservative governments supported or created by the United States in Latin America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests	59
2525189166	Bangladesh	Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan	60
2525197520	banner armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes indentified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty	61
2525208598	Batavia	Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java	62
2525215263	Fulgencio Batista	Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro	63
2525225122	Battle of River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	64
2525229864	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	65
2525236813	Batu	Ruler of Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236	66
2525241401	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	67
2525250766	Belgian Revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy	68
2525254606	Belisarius	One of Justinian's most important military commanders during preiod of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in North Africa and in Italy	69
2525271508	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monaticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire	70
2525293342	Benin	City-state formed in the 14th century under Ewuare the Great; control extended from Niger River to coast near modern Lagos. A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast, the city-state came into contact with the Portugese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century	71
2525332708	Berke	Ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East	72
2525341578	Berlin Wall	Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was toen down at end of Cold War in 1991	73
2525358226	St. Bernard of Clarivaux	Emphasized role of faith in prefernece to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities	74
2525366672	bhatic cults	Groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	75
2525378754	Benazir Bhutto	Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power	76
2525394884	Biafra	Founded as an independent nation in eastern Nigeria, where the Ibo people were most numerous; suppressed as an independent state and reincorporated into Nigeria in 1970	77
2525414053	Otto van Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes	78
2525429342	Black death	Plauge the struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced European's population; affected social structure	79
2525438393	Blitzkrieg	German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II	80
2525453097	bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness	81
2525458961	Boer republic	Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s	82
2525476186	Boer War	Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in South Africa	83
2525488851	Boers	Dutch settlers in Cape Colony	84
2525491506	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military successs led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia	85
2525502218	Bolshevik Revolution	After intial revolution in March 1917 had set up a liberal regime in Russia, the well-organized Bolshevik faction of the communist party, under Lenin, seized power in November ( October by the Russian calander); the Bolsheviks capitalized on wonder strikes and widespread discontent with Russia's continued participation in World War I; quickly moved to set up a new political and social regime	86
2525523526	Bolsheviks	Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution	87
2525538860	Napoleon Bonaparte	Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815	88
2525558580	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of internetion of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials	89

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AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards

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6106653230	Paleolithic Era	Most of the 2 million-plus years during which our species has existed. Throughout this long time span, which runs to about 14,000 years ago, human beings learned only simple tool use, mainly through employing suitably shaped rocks and sticks for hunting and warfare. During this time, the human species developed into Homo erectus, and later Homo sapiens sapiens. The greatest achievement of the Paleolithic people was the spread of the human species over much of the Earth's surface.	0
6106654562	Mesolithic Era	This term designates a span of several thousand years, from about 12,000 to 8000 B.C.E., during which human ability to fashion some tools and other implements improved greatly. The Mesolithic people's ability to domesticate more animals led to an increase in food supply and a subsequent increase in population growth.	1
6106656507	Neolithic Revolution	The Neolithic revolution is the term for the invention of agriculture. This revolution in economic production began in the Middle East as early as 10,000 B.C.E. and gradually spread to other centers, including parts of India, north Africa, and Europe. With agriculture, human beings were able to settle more permanently in one spot and specialize in particular economic, political, and religious functions. Agriculture also created a great increase in the sheer number of people in the world.	2
6106660031	Civilization	The word "civilization" comes from the Latin term for "city." Formal states, writing, cities, and monuments characterize civilizations. They also develop elaborate trading patterns and extensive political territories. While many of the ingredients of civilization had existed by 6000 or 5000 B.C.E., the origins of civilization, strictly speaking, date only to about 3500 B.C.E. The first civilization arose in the Middle East, along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Many of the accomplishments of the river -valley civilizations had lasting impact and are still fundamental to world history today.	3
6106668103	Sumerians	The Sumerians were the most influential people of the Tigris-Euphrates region. By about 3500 B.C.E., the Sumerians had developed a cuneiform alphabet, the first known human writing. The Sumerians were also characterized by their development of astronomical sciences, intense religious beliefs, and tightly organized city-states. The Sumerians also improved the region's agricultural prosperity by learning about fertilizers and adopting silver to conduct an early form of commercial exchange. The Sumerians eventually fell to a people called the Akkadians, who continued much of the Sumerian culture in the Tigris-Euphrates region.	4
6106666456	River Valley Civilizations	The first civilizations all sprang up alongside the banks of major rivers in order to irrigate their agricultural fields. The first river valley civilizations began in the Middle East and flourished for many centuries. They created a basic set of tools, intellectual concepts such as writing and mathematics, and political forms that would persist and spread to other parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Additionally, most of the river valley civilizations were in decline by 1000 B.C.E.	5
6106666457	Tigris-Euphrates Civilization	This civilization was founded in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in a part of the Middle East long called Mesopotamia. It was one of the few cases of a civilization that started absolutely from scratch, with no examples to imitate. This civilization progressed mostly because of the accomplishments of the Sumerians.	6
6106671760	Egyptian Society	Egyptian civilization emerged in northern Africa, along the Nile River, by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and technological influence from Mesopotamia, but it produced different social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamian civilization, Egyptian civilization featured very durable and centralized state institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural forms, including the pyramids, also characterized Egyptian civilization.	7
6106671761	Indian River Valley Civilization	A prosperous urban civilization emerged along the Indus River by 2500 B.C.E., supporting several large cities, including Harappa, whose houses had running water. Indus River peoples had trading contacts with Mesopotamia, but they developed a distinctive alphabet and artistic forms. Invasions by Indo-Europeans, however, resulted in such complete destruction of this culture that little is known about its subsequent influence on India.	8
6106673200	Chinese River Valley Civilization	Civilization along the Huanghe River in China developed in considerable isolation, though some overland trading contact developed with India and the Middle East. In addition to the existence of an organized state that carefully regulated irrigation in the flood-prone river valley, the Chinese had produced advanced technology and elaborate intellectual life by about 2000 B.C.E. There was also less of a break between Chinese river valley society and the later emergence of civilization in China than in any other case.	9
6106674786	The Shang Dynasty	The Shang ruled over the Huanghe River valley by about 1500 B.C.E. These rulers are noted for constructing substantial tombs and palaces. The Zhou took over the river valley from the Shang around 1000 B.C.E., ruling a loose coalition of regional lords.	10
6106678498	Neolithic Age	(8000 - 5000 B.C.E) Time period when people used polished stone artifacts and were farmers.	11
6106681861	Bronze Age	(4000 - 1500 B.C.E.) Subdivision of prehistory based on technological advancement in which bronze metalwork was developed in the Middle East.	12
6106705504	Zhou dynasty	(1122 - 256 B.C.E.) First of Chinese classical civilizations. Ruled through alliances with regional princes. Extended territory to Yangzi River and promoted standard Mandarin Chinese language.	13
6106705506	Era of Warring States	(402 - 201 B.C.E.) Time period between the Zhou and Qin dynasties in which regional rulers formed independent armies and reduced emperors to little more than figureheads.	14
6106709903	Confucius, a.k.a. Kung Fuzi	(c. 551-478 B.C.E.) Chinese philosopher who wrote an elaborate political philosophy that became the core of China's cultural and political thinking for centuries. Those who adopted his teachings saw him not as a deity but as a master of ethics.	15
6106759197	Han dynasty	(202 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Followed the Qin dynasty. Expanded China's possessions to include Korea, Indochina, and central Asia. Era generally characterized by stability, prosperity, and peace. Contemporary of and often compared to the Roman Empire.	16
6106761302	Legalism	Philosophy that gained ground during the Zhou and was dominant during the Qin dynasty which was rooted in the belief that laws should replace morality and a ruler must provide discipline to maintain order.	17
6106762782	Caste system	Social relationship developed on a large scale uniquely in India. Five major castes regulated social status and work roles. Grew more complex over time into a multitude of subcastes. Governed society more than any political body.	18
6106765258	Buddhism	The Indian prince Gautama became the Buddha, or "enlightened one," when he questioned the poverty and misery he saw. Generally seen as a reform movement out of Hinduism. Buddhism had its greatest effect outside of India, especially in southeast Asia.	19
6106766928	Vedas	Meaning hymns to the gods; four ancient books of Aryan religious traditions in which can be found the origins of Hinduism.	20
6106769694	Hellenistic period	After Alexander's death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt.	21
6106772492	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 B.C.E. in which is taught that life is a battle between the opposing forces of good and evil, with humans having to choose between the two.	22
6106776006	Herodotus	Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote an account of the Persian Wars in the Histories.	23
6106778312	Byzantine Empire:	Successor to the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It was artistically creative and active in trade. Its emperors, especially Justinian, tried to revive the heritage of Rome throughout its previous territory but failed. Many centuries of fighting Muslims led to its demise in 1453.	24

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Ap World History unit 3 terms Flashcards

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5607124122	babur	Founded Mughal dynasty (India)	0
5607128270	Akbar	Greatest ruler of Mughals - accepted all religions - created "Din-I-Ilahi" (faith of the divine) - combo of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity	1
5607139215	Sha Jahan	Mughal ruler - tried but failed to expand - built Taj Mahal	2
5607141605	Charles V (5)	Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from Hapsburgs	3
5607144659	Conquistador	Spanish soldier/explorer who came to americas	4
5607146471	Henry of Navarre	1st French monarch - bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestants - cared ab welfare of people	5
5607152224	Ivan the Great	Size of Russia = x4 - Moscow = impressive capital of 3rd Roman Empire - foundation for Russian aristocracy - longest rule	6
5607156123	Hideyoshi	Daimyo that unified Japan - only samurai class carried weapons - replaced by Tokugawa	7
5607169577	Louis XIV (14)	"I am the state" - longest rule of Europe - France = absolute monarchy - france more powerful bc of foreign war - built Versailles - symbol of European absolutism	8
5607182408	Prince Henry the Navigator	Pushed Portuguese attempts to explore African sea route to asia	9
5607198936	Oliver Cromwell	British military leader, based on meritocracy (gov officials chosen based on abilities), England became 1st republic (even though it was military dictator)	10
5607271203	ronin	Masterless samurai (1180-1868)	11
5607271204	Sikhs	Ten Sikh gurus, northern India, started Sikhism religion, unique view of world = one god	12
5607271205	Suleiman I	Ruler of Ottomans, same time period as Charles V, fair ruler/expanded, reconstructed legal system	13
5607271206	Sunni Ali	15th century, king of Songhai empire in sub-Saharan Africa, controlled Timbuktu (trade), bigger than Mali empire	14
5607271207	Lepanto	1571, coalition of catholic states' navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy, beginning of west European (spain/Portugal) dominance in Mediterranean	15
5607408253	Act of toleration	1689, british law granting religious tolerance, ends generations of bloodshed	16
5607408254	Capitalism	Economic system- gov. stays out of companies choices, goal is to make profit for company not gov.	17
5607408255	Joint stock company	West European financial company w/ capital from investors, to make profit, before "corporations"	18
5607408256	Dutch East India Company	Controlled trade for Britain, became even stronger than some gov.	19
5607408257	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope divides Latin America, Portuguese=Brazil, Spain=everywhere else	20
5607408258	Parliament	France, people responsible for edicts (laws); eventually, they didn't record ones they didn't agree w/, power struggle	21
5607408259	Elizabeth I	England monarch (1558-1603), religious issues, "Elizabethan Age" - golden age, Shakespeare, encourage colonization, didn't give out nobility	22
5607408260	John Calvin	Calvinism- belief in predestination, anti witches	23
5607408261	English enlightenment	(1649-1690), England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, "Glorious Revolution", English bill of rights, writing by John Locke & Thomas Hobbes	24
5607408262	Footbinding	During Tang (china) Dynasty (700), all classes, girls @ 6 years, status (femininity-pain for appearance) symbol, only rich could afford,	25
5607473503	Huguenots	Protestants who lived in catholic France, (minority), often persecuted	26
5607473504	Italian Renaissance	Rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art & architecture, humanism, families like Medici & the Catholic Church, natural world blend w/ religion, thoughts leaving religion base	27
5607473505	Jesuits	Soldiers for Pope, "society of Jesus", branch of Catholicism (after reformation), focused on education, missionary work, social justice	28
5607473506	Northern renaissance	Northern Europe, literature & art (in common language for people), human form blend w/ religion,	29
5607591373	Philosophes	French enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature, started enlightenment	30
5607591374	Puritans	Part of protestants in England who dismiss Anglican Church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England, known in USA as pilgrims	31
5607591375	Architecture of the Renaissance	Architecture based on math precision, ex: columns, domes, perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture	32
5607591376	Deism	Belief that God stays out of our daily lives, he's creator of universe, gave us everything we need & then just watches	33
5607591377	Printing press	Gutenberg - led to increased literacy, takes power from Church monopoly on literacy (tells what is in bible incorrect bc they can't read it)	34
5608241762	Absolute monarchy	Hereditary leadership that controls all power	35
5608241763	Boyars	Member of the highest rank of feudal Russian & Romanian aristocracy, 2nd only to the ruling princes, 10th to 17th century	36
5608241764	Cossacks	People from the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for military skill & used by Ivan the Great to expand their empire	37
5608241765	Creoles	Spanish/Portuguese born in the americas, below those actually born in Europe	38
5608586332	devshirme	giving a single son to the Ottoman sultans to become Janissaries as slave soldiers, a tax for not being Islamic & under their rule	39
5608586333	Divine right	Like deism, belief god stays out of our daily lives, European (monarchs), it was their right to rule bc god said so, "born into monarchy, I must deserve it"	40
5608586334	Dutch learning	Rangaku - how Japan kept in touch w/ western technology & medicine, (1641-1853), bc of Tokugawa shogunate' policy	41
5608586335	Encomienda	System of Spanish rule in Americas, landowners have right to forced labor of all indigenous people living on that land	42
5608586336	Enlightenment	Attempt to apply logic from scientific revolution to human nature/gov./economic	43
5608586337	Estates-general	Meeting of French governing body, to find more income to state, backfired, led to French Revolution	44
5608586338	Glorious revolution	1688, overthrow king james of England	45
5608586339	Hagia Sophia	Former Eastern Orthodox Church, converted to a mosque, now a museum, in Istanbul	46
5608586340	Janissaries	Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire, from devshirme tax	47
5608586341	Mercantilism	Economic system, colonies market resources for sole use of mother country (colonization)	48
5608586342	Mestizos	American that is half indigenous, half European	49
5608586343	Mughal dynasty	Muslim dynasty in india	50
5608586344	Mulattoes	Offspring of a European/african	51
5608586345	Parliamentary monarchy	Attempt to control monarchy through parliament, 1st experiment w/ England, controlled budget which limited monarch	52
5608586346	Peninsulares	Highest of Spanish colonial caste system in America, born in Spanish empire, held high official power	53
5608586347	Purdah	Practice of requiring women to cover their bodies, separates genders, some places it was more cultural then religious	54
5608586348	Qing Dynasty	Founded by Manchu, not native to china (foreign), last Chinese dynasty, couldn't keep out europeans	55
5608586349	Reconquista	Re establishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, (718-1492)	56
5608586350	Sovereignity	Right to exercise supreme political power over area, people, etc	57
5608586351	Taj Mahal	Finest example of Mughal architecture, created by Sha Jahan for his wife	58
5608586352	Tokugawa Shogunate	A feudal military dictatorship of Japan, est. 1603 by Tokugawa Ieysu, ruled by shoguns in Tokugawa family until 1868, "Edo Period", capital city = Edo (now Tokyo), class hierarchy based from Hideyoshi, samurai @ top, followed by farmers, merchants, artisans	59
5608586353	Viceroyalty	Royal official who governs country/province under monarch, colonization	60
5608586354	Caravel	3-masted ship used by Portuguese and Spanish, began in 15th century, could explore UP river	61
5608586355	Colombian Exchange	Trade of Americans/Africans/Europeans, crops, disease, culture, people, animals -improved diets in Europe, massive immigration	62
5608586356	Northwest Passage	Attempt to find water route through North America, none ever found, explored bays/rivers indtrad	63
5608586357	Middle Passage	Sea voyage of Africans to Americas - 25/50% would die on trip	64
5608586358	Triangular Trade	Trade of Slavs to Caribbean, sugar to England, goods to africa	65
5608586359	Catholic reformation (counter reformation)	Instead of changing Catholic Church (did get rid of indulgences), they stopped the spread of Protestantism, reformed Catholic Church & persecuted some	66
5608586360	Commercial revolution	European economic expansion, colonialism, & mercantilism - (1520-1650), voyages allowed Europeans to build vast networks of international trade, making wealth	67
5622582761	Excommunication	Kicked out of the church	68
5622582762	Heliocentric theory	Belief that earth rotates around the sun, opposite of geocentric theory & church idea that earth is revolved by sun	69
5622582763	Indulgence	Selling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for art in Rome by church,	70
5608760917	Excommunication	Kicked out of the church	71
5608760918	Heliocentric theory	Belief that earth rotates around the sun, opposite of geocentric theory & church idea that earth is revolved by sun	72
5608760919	Indulgence	Selling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for art in Rome by church, Martin Luther brought its issue to light	73
5623059605	Laissez-faire economics	Belief that gov. shouldn't control business, let market decide success/fail of products	74
5623059606	Natural laws	Belief that human interaction of law is governed by a set of laws, similes to those found in nature (gravity)	75
5623059607	95 theses	Complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church, nailed to door, began Protestant reformation	76
5623059608	Predestination	Belief that going to heaven is not based on actions, but is predetermined by God	77
5623100934	Protestant Reformation	Attempt to reform Catholic Church, leads to divide, Protestant beliefs gain supporters, based on Bibles words not church's, bibles written in vernacular, divided nations in Europe - wars	78
5672475724	Society of Jesus	Otherwise known as Jesuits, Catholic response to reformation - encouraged education & human rights	79
5672475725	Martin Ltuher	Wrote the 95 theses, initiated Protestant reformation, refused to take back his ideas, protected by German princes, wanted clergy to be able to marry	80
5672475726	Henry VII (7)	Created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church bc Pope wouldn't let them marry to women who couldn't produce a male son	81
5672475727	Saint Ignatius of Loyola	Leader of jesuits	82
5672475728	Thirty Years War	1618-1648, in current day Germany, involved most major powers in Europe, religious conflict between Protestant/ Catholic, self-preservation of Hapsburg also a cause	83
5672475729	Enlightened monarchs/despots	Monarchs embraced the enlightenment, emphasis on rationality, applied ideas to their kingdoms - religious toleration, freedom of speech/press/property, fostered the arts, sciences, education	84
5623229223	Society of Jesus	Otherwise known as Jesuits, Catholic response to reformation - encouraged education & human rights	85
5623229224	Martin Luther	Wrote the 95 theses, initiated Protestant reformation, refused to take back his ideas, protected by German princes, wanted clergy to be able to marry	86
5623229225	Henry VII (7)	Created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church bc Pope wouldn't let them marry to women who couldn't produce a male son	87
5623229226	Saint Ignatius of Loyola	Leader of jesuits	88
5623229227	Thirty Years War	1618-1648, in current day Germany, involved most major powers in Europe, religious conflict between Protestant/ Catholic, self-preservation of Hapsburg also a cause	89
5623229228	Enlightened monarchs/despots	Monarchs embraced the enlightenment, emphasis on rationality, applied ideas to their kingdoms - religious toleration, freedom of speech/press/property, fostered the arts, sciences, education	90
5672532947	Maria Theresa & Joseph 2	She was only female head of hapsburgs, archduchess of austria, enlightened despot, 1 of most powerful rulers of her time, queen of Hungary&bohemia &other places from 1780 until her death/// he was holy Roman emperor	91
5672719356	Copernicus	1st modern creation of heliocentric theory	92
5672719357	Galileo	father of modern astronomy/physics/ & science,, improved telescope, 1st & 2nd laws of motion, supported Copernicus	93
5672719358	Sir issac newton	created Kepler' law of planetary motion, showed bodies were under same set of natural laws, helped scientific revolution & advancement of heliocentrism	94
5672719359	Voltaire	Enlightened thinker who spoke against the Catholic Church	95
5672719360	Jean-Jacques Rosseau	Political ideas impacted by French revolution, development of socialist theory, growth of nationalism, the famous line "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains	96
5672719361	Class diversification in Europe	Growth of the middle class between aristocracy & peasantry	97
5672719362	Adam Smith	The wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire (moved away from mercantilism)	98
5672956011	Proto-industrialization	16th century, initially applied to countryside,, but it's when rural people were beginning to industrialize	99
5673225634	Prince Henry the navigator	Sparked European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a Head start, promoted early efforts to export an African route to Asia	100
5673225635	Christopher Columbus	"Discoverer" of the Americas when looking for route to East Indies, treatment of indigenous peoples was horrible, started new wave of exploration & starts era of European dominance	101
5673225636	Ferdinand Magellan	1521, circumnavigation	102
5673225637	Colonization	Markets, resources for industrializing nations, precious metals needed in Iberian peninsula for wealth, Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance to start ahakn	103
5673225638	Jacques Cartier	discovery of Canada	104
5673225639	North American fur trade	Indians/French worked together, massive export of fur, beaver skin caps were popular in Europe, French colonized differently (mostly men along Mississippi)	105
5673225640	Henry Hudson	British explorer, discovered Scandinavia, Canada, looking for northwest apsaage	106
5673225641	New amsterdam	17th century settlement in new Netherlands, (1614-1674), protected trading center that later became NYC	107
5673225642	Osman I	1299,, founder of Ottoman Empire, from him that the Turks called themselves the osmanli until the Ottoman Empire ended	108
5673225643	Sultan	Muslim ruler who claimed full power in practical terms without claiming overall caliphate, developed further means in some other contexts, dynasty/land ruled by sultan is called sultanahte	109
5673571014	viziers	Ranking political advisor, often to Muslim monarch (Caliph, Amir, Malik(king), or Sultan)	110
5673571015	Istanbul	Previously Constantinople until 1930 when it was officially Istanbul, 3,000 year old history = one of oldest existing cities of the world	111
5673571016	Mehmet II	(1480), 1st ottoman ruler to claim title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all christians), beside typical title such as sultan, made this claim after conquering Constantinople in 1453	112
5673571017	Millet system	Method of working w/ religious minorities in Ottoman Empire, millets has great deal of power, set their own laws, collected their own taxes, as long as they were loyal to empire & abided by Muslim Sharia law	113
5673571018	Harem	Place in which the wives of sultan would live in the Ottoman Empire, sultan had children w/ all Women, they would also get educated	114
5673571019	Siege of Vienna	Failed attempt of ottomans to invade Europe, from them on Europe feared or had to keep peace w/ ottomans, farthest western advancement into Central Europe of the ottomans, of all battles between Christians & Islams -- this signaled end to previously unstoppable Turkish forces	115
5673571020	Safavid Empire	Native Iranian dynasty, gunpowder empire, enemy to ottomans because they were Shiite, (1501-1736), united Iran's provinces under one rule, acted as bridge to modern Iran	116
5673571021	Abbas The Great	most powerful of Safavid leaders, expanded trade to west, "Abbas' reign" -- military success, raised Iran to great power, skilled diplomat, tolerant of Christian subjects	117
5674154493	Isfahan	Cultural/political center of Safavid empire, 3rd largest city in Iran today	118
5674154494	Ming Dynasty	rules China from 1368-1644, last Chinese dynasty w/ Chinese natives ruling, vast army & navy, junk ships (1,500 tons & 4-masted), over 100,000 tons of iron produced per year, many books printed	119
5674154495	Francis Xavier	Pioneered Christian missionary, cofounder of Jesuits, Roman Catholics church considers him to have converted more people than anyone since St. Paul	120
5674154496	Qing Dynasty	(1644-1912), Took over after the Ming, came over the Great Wall built to keep them out, Manchu origin, allowed foreign trade bc they were foreign, last Chinese dynasty	121
5674154497	Tea & Chinese trade w/ Europe	Portuguese discovered Chinese tea in 1560s, starts for wealthy people, eventually becomes daily life for those all across Europe (dominates life)	122
5674154498	Kangxi	Greatest Chinese emperor in history, reign for 61 years (longest ever), took throne @ 8, did not exercise much (if any), his 4 guardians & grandmother Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang	123
5674154499	Ashikaga Shogunate	(1336-1573), fetal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family, regional power still w/ daimyo, as the daimyo feuded between themselves, loyalty to the shoguns was strained & open warfare began	124
5674305585	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	aka japans 2nd "greatest unifier", known for his invasion of Korea, cultural legacies: only samurais can carry weapons	125
5678142471	Babur the Tiger	Founded the Mughal dynasty (India) & believed himself to be a descendant of Genghis Khan	126
5679408057	Aurangzeb	(Tyrant) Ruler of Mughal (1658-1707), controversial figure in south Asian history bc he destroyed many Hindu temples & forced many Hindus to become Islamic	127
5679408058	Askia Muhammad	King of the Songhai empire until the late 15th century, v strong & big empire, covered a lot of Africa (the Hausa states, Mali empire) in northwestern Africa, expansion of trade, built schools, & Islam was important	128
5679408059	Gold trade in west/central affics	Made inlands rich, relied on slaves, slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons in order to expand	129
5679408060	Osei Tutu	Leader of Ashanti confederacy in Africa, firearms traded w/ Europeans for slaves/gold, expanded power of city-sfafe	130
5679408061	Boers	Name given to Dutch immigrants in South Africa, moved inland, came into conflict w/ Zulu tribe	131
5679707464	Zulu	South African tribe lead by Shaka Zulu, he united tribes through war & then posed threat to boers/British, one of the few instances in which non-Europeans were able to defeat Europeans	132
5679707465	Atlantic Slave Trade	Purchase/transport of Africans to the new world, 1/3 of triangular trade between Europe, Americas & acrics	133
5679707466	Sugar production and the slave trade	Labor was infensive /dangerous, had to keep transportinf because of death rates, males primarily brought over, overseers kept order V violently	134
5679707467	Hernan Cortes	Defeated Aztecs due to guns, disease, & ateel	135
5679707468	Francisco Pizarro	Defeated Incas due to guns, disease, steel, & a gullible montezuma	136
5679707470	New spain	Viceroy ruled territory (1525-1821), current-day Central America	137
5679707471	Spanish importation of smallpox and measles	Colombian exchange- immunity lacked in Latin America, so all indigenous people died, millions died	138
5679845822	Bartolome de las Casas	Demonized role of Spanish / Columbus in treatment of Native Americans	139
5679707472	Silver mining	Changed world trade, source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, resource for Mexico, extracted materials from America sent to europee	140
5679845823	Portuguese sugar production	Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532, surpassed honey as primary sweetener	141
5679707473	Peter Stuyvesant	Last Dutch director/general of New Netherlands from 1647 until it was taken by English in 1664, became NYC	142
5679707474	Jamestown	First British colony in the US	143
5679845824	Plymouth rock	Pilgrims landed in US, religious focused colony	144
5679845825	Massachusetts Bay Colony	First British colony in New England, became Massachusetts, started as joint-stock company	145
5679845826	French and Indian wars	Wars between English & French over land, secession, & power -- in North America, colonists & British vs French & Indians, debt from wars leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution	146
5679845827	Russian- American company	Russian trading company that had monopoly over trade w/ alaska	147

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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6659314450	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
6659314451	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	1
6659314452	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	2
6659314453	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.	3
6659314454	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	4
6659314455	Freetown	West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.	5
6659314456	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	6
6659314458	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	7
6659314459	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	8
6659314460	Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests	9
6659314461	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	10
6659314462	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	11
6659314463	Maternal feminism	Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.	12
6659314464	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	13
6659314465	Nation	A clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	14
6659314466	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	15
6659314467	North American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	16
6659314468	Petit Blancs	The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.	17
6659314469	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference	18
6659314470	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).	19
6659314471	the Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	20
6659314472	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.	21
6659314473	Tupac Amaru	The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.	22
6659314475	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	23
6659314476	Caste War of Yucatan	Long revolutionary struggle (1847-1901) of the Maya people of Mexico against European and mestizo intruders.	24
6659314477	Caudillo	A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.	25
6659314478	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	26
6659314479	Dependent development	Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.	27
6659314480	Porfirio Diaz	Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.	28
6659314481	Duma	The elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.	29
6659314482	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	30
6659314483	Labour Party	British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.	31
6659314484	Latin American Export Boom	Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.	32
6659314485	Lenin	Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870-1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.	33
6659314486	Lower middle class	Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population.	34
6659314487	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	35
6659314488	Mexican Revolution	Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.	36
6659314489	Middle class values	Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."	37
6659314490	Model T	The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.	38
6659314491	Robert Owens	Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.	39
6659314492	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	40
6659314493	Populism	Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.	41
6659314494	Progressivism	American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.	42
6659314496	Russian Revolution of 1905	Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.	43
6659314497	Socialism in the United States	Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.	44
6659314498	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	45
6659314499	Abd al-Hamid II	Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.	46
6659314500	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	47
6659314501	China 1911	The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.	48
6659314502	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	49
6659314503	Informal empire	Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.	50
6659314504	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	51
6659314505	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	52
6659314506	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	53
6659314507	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	54
6659314508	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	55
6659314509	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	56
6659314510	Selim III	Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.	57
6659314511	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	58
6659314512	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	59
6659314513	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	60
6659314514	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	61
6659314515	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	62
6659314516	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	63
6659314517	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	64
6659314518	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	65
6659314519	Africanization of Christianity	Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many continued to believe in their old gods and spirits.	66
6659314520	Apartheid	Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.	67
6659314521	Cash crop agriculture	Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.	68
6659314522	Colonial racism	A pattern of European racism in their Asian and African colonies that created a great racial divide between themselves and the natives and limited native access to education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo-scientific notions of naturally superior and inferior races.	69
6659314523	Colonial tribalism	A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive.	70
6659314524	Leopold II	his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.	71
6659314525	Cultivation System	System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.	72
6659314526	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	73
6659314527	Informal Empires	Term commonly used to describe areas such as Latin America and China that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence.	74
6659314528	Invention of tradition	In many colonial states, a process of forging new ways of belonging and self identification that defined and to some extent mythologized the region's past, especially to create broader terms of belonging than had existed before.	75
6659314529	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	76
6659314530	Western educated elite	The main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, they moved into their country's professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers.	77

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ap Flashcards

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5597014517	reapportionment	Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people	0
5597017748	splitting	In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts	1
5597025279	majority-minority districts	A congressional district created to include a majority of minority voters; ruled constitutional so long as race is not the main factor in redistricting.	2
5597034878	gerry meandering	Redrawing of districts boundaries to gain a political advantage	3
5597037875	boundary	invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory	4
5597054905	geometric boundary	Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.	5
5597063927	physical-political boundaries	political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape	6
5597072290	heartland theory	Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.	7
5597079189	critical geopolitics	Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians	8
5597083911	unilateralism	World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process	9
5597091299	supranational organization	Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.	10
5597102696	deterritorialization	The movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of states.	11
5597110375	reterritorialization	With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own	12
5597118752	EU UN NATO NAFTA		13
5597125248	balance of power	distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong	14
5597128179	terrorism	Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population	15
5597131337	isis	Islamic State of Iraq and Syria	16
5597136242	Al-Qaeda	A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001	17

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AP Language-Vocab Flashcards

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3661138541	Ad Hominem argument	An argument that attacks the integrity or character of an opponent rather that the merit of an issue. Ex: You are wrong because you're not smart.	0
3661150749	Analogy	A comparison that attempts to explain one idea or thing by likening it to another. Ex: The structure of an atom is like the solar system.	1
3661155999	Anecdote	A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audiences attention or to support a generalization or claim.	2
3661168915	Appeal to ethos	Appeal to ethics Ex:You need to stop eating meat to help the environment.	3
3661171119	Appeal to pathos	Appeal to emotion Ex: Can you stop doing that please, you're hurting my feelings.	4
3661174953	Appeal to logos	Appeal to logic Ex: I can't because I need to study	5
3661177279	Begging the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept. Ex: You must like to kill animals. No? Then stop eating meat.	6
3661184578	Casual relationship	The relationship expressing "If X is the cause, than Y is the effect." Ex: If it's hot that it must be the sun	7
3661197815	Colloquialism	A word or expression acceptable in informal use but inappropriate in formal use. Ex: TBH I hate studying	8
3661202196	Conclusion	The final paragraph that sums up the essay. Ex: And finally...	9
3661206738	Connotation	how society defines something Ex: The definition of school is a place of education	10
3661211699	Emphasis	A rhetorical principle that requires stress to be given to important elements in an essay at the expense to less important elements. Ex: The most important thing on the test will be..	11
3661218281	Essay	A short pros discussion of a single concept. Ex: An essay over photosynthesis.	12
3661223235	Euphamism	A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Ex: Mentally challenged	13
3661231183	Example	An instance that is representative of an idea or claim. Ex: this is an example	14
3661243057	Logical fallacy	Errors in reasoning, used by speakers or writers sometime in order to dupe their audiences. Ex: Don't let him do the surgery; he cheats on his wife.	15
3661239109	Generalization	A statement that asserts some broad truth based upon a knowledge of specific cases. Ex: all people know what pi equals	16
3661252068	Objective and subjective writing	Two different attitudes of description.	17
3661254952	Red herring	A side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument. Ex: don't think about that... think about this	18
3661261660	Sarcasm	Caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.Ex: I REALLY like your dress	19
3661265418	Satire	Often an attack on a person. Ex: Reasons why Tom should not be president	20
3661269639	Subordination	Any idea that is not a significant enough to be expressed in a main clause or independent sentence.	21
3661273456	Tone	The writers attitude towards that audience. Ex: Happy	22
3661275891	Understatement	A way of deliberately representing something as less than it is. Ex: I don't like him because he's not smart.	23
3661279069	Voice	The presents or sound of self chosen by the author. Ex: Kind voice	24
3667456523	Abstract	Words or phrases denotation ideas qualities, and conditions that exist but cannot be seen Ex: air	25
3667468093	Ad populem argument	A fallacious argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of a group rather than its reasons. Ex: All Asians are smarter than non Asians.	26
3667479996	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in additional to the literal meaning. Ex: the color blue represents sadness.	27
3667494820	anaphora	The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses.Ex: Martin Luther kings speeches.	28
3667514013	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. Ex: 7th grade, 8th grade	29
3667544891	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction. Ex: liberty or love	30
3667576517	Attitude	A writers intellectual position Ex: Democrate	31
3667580927	Audience	The group the work was intended for. Ex: kids, teens, adults	32
3667588998	Claim	The ultimate conclusion. Ex: that girls are better than boys	33
3667595795	Cliche	A stale image by expression. Ex: boy boy and the good girl	34
3667602405	Comparison/ Contrast	A rhetorical mode used to develop essays that systematically Ex: milk to soy milk	35
3667615823	complex sentance	A sentence with an independent clause	36
3667626687	Concrete	Said of word or terms detonating objects Ex: walls	37
3667781084	evidence	The logical bases or supports for an assertion or idea Ex: court case example	38
3667788641	Genre	The majority category into which a literary work fits Ex: Drama, Romance	39
3667798101	Inversion	The reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence to achieve some desired effect, usually emphasis.	40
3670374152	Loose sentance	A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first followed by dependent grammatical units. EX: phrases	41
3670378740	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one subject is substituted for another closely associated with it. Ex:The white house declared	42
3670384131	Periodic Sentence	Presents its main meaning in a clause at the end. Ex: first, second, finally.	43
3670386059	Process analysis	A type of development in writing that stresses how a sequence of steps produces a certain effect. Ex:	44
3670391690	Rhetorical questain	A question posed with no expectation of getting an answer. Ex: should you be talking	45
3670398085	Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole Ex: 50 heads pf cattle	46
3670400138	Syntax	The order of words in a sentence and their relationships to each other.	47
3670405147	Transition	Words, phrase, sentences, or even paragraphs that indicate connecting between the writers idea Ex: Similarly, also	48
3670410638	Unity	The characteristic of having all parts contribute to the overall effect	49
3670437948	Allusion	A reference to some famous literary work, historical figure, or event. EX: has the patience of job	50
3670454416	Argumentation	The writers attempt to convince the reader to agree with him. Ex: you should agree because...	51
3670459236	Coherence	The principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition Ex: And all of these things work together	52
3670468430	Description	A rhetorical mode used to develop and essay or other writing Ex: The girls hair was dark brown	53
3670475596	Diction	Word choice Ex: To use small of big words	54
3670480841	Exposition	Writing whose chief aim is to explain. Ex: an exposition over the environment	55
3670486715	Figurative language	Said of word or expression used in a non literal way. Ex: Hyperbole	56
3670493147	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration. Ex: It was raining cats and dogs	57
3671879562	mood	The impression made on the feeling of the reader. Ex: the reader feels sad	58
3671884434	Narration	An account of events as they happen. Ex: First Daniel did this, than he did this	59
3671895629	Oxymoron	A figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradicting terms to suggest a paradox Ex: Cruel kindness	60
3671917138	Pacing	The speed at which a piece of writing moves along Ex: the pacing of the book way way too fast, I couldn't catch up.	61
3671927246	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self contradicting or opposed to common sense. Ex: A Paradox is a paradox	62
3671939339	parallelism	The principle of coherent writing requiring that coordinating elements be given	63
3671949047	Parody	A work that closely resembles another piece of work but making a mockery of it Ex: fifty shades of black	64
3671957922	Personification	Giving none human objects human characteristics Ex: The door screamed	65
3671964505	Point of view	the perspective that the story is told Ex: First person	66
3671971635	Rhetoric	The art of using persuasive language. Ex: using sarcasm	67
3671980466	Metaphor	A figurative image that implies the similarities between things otherwise dissimilar. Ex: I have been acquainted with light	68
3671994833	Verbal irony	The word literally state the opposite of the writers true meaning Ex: the opposite of what was said	69
3672000769	Situation irony	Events turn out the opposite of what was expected Ex: You thought wrong	70
3672007938	Dramatic irony	When the readers know that something is going to happen Ex: Romeo and Juliet	71
3673310057	Simile	A comparison using like or as Ex: You are as bright as the sun	72
3673320646	Style	A basic and distinctive mode of expression. Ex: How they decide to write	73
3673321908	Image	How something is shown/ how the author depicts it. Ex: the image of a tree or a plant	74
3673322526	Induction	Factual reasoning Ex: I know this is true because the book says so.	75
3673323771	Litotes	A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Ex: When you say something but not the severity of it.	76
3673326165	deduction	reasoning down from principles Ex: I know that this is true because my morals say that it is.	77
3673326822	Antithesis	Direct opposite. Ex: black and white	78
3673329102	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. Ex: The word it	79

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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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4409090202	Abstract/Concert language	abstract language names concepts or qualities that cannot be directly seen or touched: love, hate, emotion, etc. Concrete language denotes objects or qualities that can be percieved by the senses: pencil, shouting, stinky, leaky. The observable or physical is usually described in concrete language. Abstract words are sometimes needed to express ideas, but they are vague unless used with concrete supporting detail	0
4409108130	alliteration	a scheme using the repetition of constant sounds at the beginning of two or more adjacent words; daffy duck, final four, sweet sixteen	1
4409113754	allusion	a reference to a well-known person, place or thing from literature history etc. it evokes a vivid impression in very few words: Eden, Scrooge, mother theresa	2
4409118393	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. we shall not flag or fail, we shall go on to the end, we shall fight in france...	3
4409124181	anecdote	a short, simple, narrative of an incident: often used for humorous effect or to make a point	4
4409127530	antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. the ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs to be or not to be ask what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country	5
4409134203	aphorism	a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life the early bird gets the worm what goes around comes around	6
4409582934	apostrophe	usually in poetry but sometimes in prose: the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place thing or object	7
4409586746	argumentation	writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguement	8
4409592495	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants neigh/fade	9
4409648383	assumption	an opinion a perspective or a belief that	10
4419648133	asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words, speeds up flow of sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	11
4419648134	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	12
4419889308	cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	13
4419890825	caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.	14
4419890826	causal chain	an organizational rhetorical strategy used when writing in the rhetorical mode cause and effect in which a writer uses a sequence of events to show how one causes another, and how the second event in turn causes a third, and so on.	15
4419892427	chronological order	a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern	16
4419894669	classification and division	In a classification essay, a writer organizes, or sorts, things into categories. Division separates items into categories.	17
4419895795	cliché	A worn-out idea or overused expression	18
4419901203	climax	That point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest; usually the point at which the conflict is resolved	19
4419903295	coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.	20
4419903296	colloquialism	A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	21
4419906414	comparsion and contrast	comparing and contrasting lol dont worry girl you got this exam	22
4419906415	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	23
4419910922	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	24
4419910923	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	25
4419910924	denotation	Literal meaning of a word	26
4419913157	description	A rhetorical mode based in the five senses. It aims to re-create, invent, or present something so that the reader can experience it.	27
4419913225	dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	28
4419915622	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	29
4419915623	discourse	Communication of thought by words; talk; conversation	30
4419919882	epigraph	A brief quotation found at the beginning of a literary work, reflective of theme.	31
4419919883	epistrophe	A scheme in which the same word is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: "I believe we should fight for justice. You believe we should fight for justice. How can we not, then, fight for justice?"	32
4419919884	ethos	Appeal to authority	33
4419919885	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant he passed away= he died	34
4419919887	euphony	pleasant, harmonious sound	35
4419919886	example	an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. a concrete, specific illustration of a general point	36
4419921633	extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as well.	37
4419921634	figurative language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	38
4419923885	flashback/flashforward	a part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to the present (analepsis; a part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and returns to the present (prolepsis)	39
4419925346	genre	A category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.	40
4419925347	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	41
4419925348	imagery	Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.	42
4419925349	irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	43
4419926910	verbal irony	Irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.	44
4419926911	situational irony	Occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	45
4419930682	jargon	nonsensical talk; specialized language	46
4419930683	litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	47
4419930684	logos	Appeal to logic	48
4419932373	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	49
4419932374	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it the crown refers to the monarch or the pen is mightier than the sword	50
4419932419	mode	the method or form of a literary work; the manner in which a work (the feeling of the work; the atmosphere) syntax is also a determiner of this term because length, sentence length and the complexity affect pacing	51
4419933953	mood	How the reader feels about the text while reading.	52
4419933954	narration	the action or process of narrating a story	53
4419940257	objectivity/objective description	an impersonal presentation of events and characters; it is a writer's attempt to remove himself/herself from any subjective, personal involvement in a story. Hard news journalism is prized for its objectivity, although fictional stories can be written without a writer rendering personal judgement	54
4419944395	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	55
4419946296	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	56
4419946297	pacing	the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another	57
4419946298	paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	58
4419948802	parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	59
4419948803	parenthesis	the insertion of words, phrases, or a sentence that is not syntactically related to the rest of the sentence (Its is set off by dashes or parentheses.) ex. He said that it was going to rain - I could hardly disagree - before the game was over.	60
4419951020	parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	61
4419951021	pathos	Appeal to emotion	62
4419952487	periphrasis	substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. "They do not escape JIM CROW; they merely encounter another, not less deadly variety."	63
4419954107	periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	64
4419956319	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	65
4419956320	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	66
4419956321	persuasion	A kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions.	67
4419958320	polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"	68
4419958321	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	69
4419959482	repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	70
4419959483	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	71
4419959484	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	72
4419961693	sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	73
4419961694	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	74
4419961695	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	75
4419963678	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	76
4419963679	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	77
4419963680	style	The author's choices regarding language, sentence structure, voice, and tone in order to communicate with the reader.	78
4419965947	subjective description or subjectivity	an organizational rhetorical strategy that contains value judgments or language that is involved; focuses on author's reaction to event, conveying not just a factual account of details but also their significance; may include poetic or colorful words to impart an emotional response; antonym of objective description.	79
4419965948	symbolism	1. The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. 2. The symbolic meaning attached to material objects.	80
4419967794	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole set of wheels= car	81
4419967795	syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	82
4419967796	theme	A topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.	83
4419968887	tone	Attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices)	84
4419968888	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	85
4419968889	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech. image, simile, symbol, metaphor, etc.	86
4419970023	understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration.	87
4419971492	unity	The feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.	88
4419971493	voice	A writer's unique use of language that allows a reader to perceive a human personality in his or her writing.	89
4419971494	zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g., John and his license expired last week ) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts ).	90

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