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AP World History "-Isms" Flashcards

6983165649	Absolutism	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	0
6983165650	Anarchism	a political theory favoring the abolition of governments	1
6983165651	Anti-Semitism	policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews	2
6983165652	Chartism	the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people	3
6983165653	Colonialism	-The practice of having and running colonies.	4
6983165654	Cubism-	the most influential artistic movement of the 20th century "Pablo Piccasso" typifies the form. Multi-veiw-point and three dimensional representations of objects, sometimes disassembled and reassembled in abstract ways.	5
6983165655	Dadaism	a nonsensical form of mostly visual arts that became popular beginning around 1916 as a response to the horrors of WWI.	6
6983165656	New Imperialism	Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers and the United States, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.	7
6983165657	Owensim	Utopian socialist philosophy of 19th century social reformer ______ ________ and his followers and successors. Aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement.	8
6983165658	Pan-Slavism	A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.	9
6983165659	Positivism	the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)	10
6983165660	Communism	a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.	11
6983165661	Conservatism	a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes	12
6983165662	Racism	discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race	13
6983165663	Corporatism	a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups	14
6983165664	Realism	This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion	15
6983165665	Revisionism	Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.	16
6983165666	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.	17
6983165667	Empiricism	the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.	18
6983165668	Existentialism	A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. A few well known _______ writers are Jean-Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard ("the father of _______"), Albert Camus, Freidrich Nietzche, Franz Kafka, and Simone de Beauvoir.	19
6983165669	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.	20
6983165670	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.	21
6983165671	Socialism	a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.	22
6983165672	Utilitarianism	The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.	23
6983165673	Zionism	A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.	24
6983165674	Fabianism	a British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire, especially India.	25
6983165675	Fascism	A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.	26
6983165676	Feminism	the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men	27
6983165677	Fourierism	founded by Charles Fourier. he believed that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures of human being naturally seek. He advocated phalanxes in which agrarian labor dominated and people could rotate tasks throughout the day	28
6983165678	Humanism	an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics	29
6983165679	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.	30
6983165680	Isolationism	a policy of non-involvement in foreign affairs	31
6983165681	Impressionism	Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.	32
6983165682	Jansenism	A branch of Catholicism which resembled Protestantism. Emphasized need for God's grace in achieving salvation and the importance of original sin. Louis XIV took special actions to restrict the rights of this group and force them underground.	33
6983165683	Liberalism	A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.	34
6983165684	Mannerism	Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.	35
6983165685	Marxism	the economic and political theories of ______ __________and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded	36
6983165686	Mercantilism	an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests	37
6983165687	Militarism	a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests	38
6983165688	Modernism	practices typical of contemporary life or thought	39
6983165689	Nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it	40
6983165690	Nazism	a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party encouraged this and it was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.	41
6983165691	Daoism	Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns	42
6983165692	Confucianism	the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct	43
6983165693	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime	44
6983165694	Animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	45
6983165695	Zoroastrianism	A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil	46
6983165696	Federalism	A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments	47
6983165697	Centralism	denotes the concentration of a government's power into a centralized government. This takes away some of the powers of the states and puts more power into the hands of the executive leader	48
6983165698	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	49
6983165699	Protectionism-	government policy of insulating domestic industries from the world market through import tariffs and taxes.	50
6983165700	Manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.	51
6983165701	Radicalism	a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned	52
6983165702	Protestantism	- religions born of protests to the practices of Catholicism	53

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AP World History 32 Flashcards

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4328125912	Africa was a. of relatively low economic value b. the last continent to come under European control c. colonized by the largest percentage of Europeans d. the continent least affected by European presence	b.	0
4328146571	Economic development for many Africans meant a. compulsory labor in European-owned businesses. b. freedom from contract labor and labor migration c. increased opportunities for large landholders d. the loss of most small landholdings	a.	1
4328154685	Christian religions proved attractive in some parts of Africa because a. they did not disrupt African culture b. Africans were willing to abandon Islam c. they established mission schools d. they could be adapted to African needs	c.	2
4328166789	Western missionaries did not introduce Christianity into Ethiopia because a. it already existed there b. it was heavily Muslim c. it was inaccessible to Europeans d. it was a mythical kingdom which existed only in the minds of medieval cartographers	a.	3
4328178664	In 1909, the African National Congress was founded by a. western-educated lawyers and journalists b. tribal kings and princes c. Haile Selassie d. disgruntled ex-military officers	a.	4
4328189024	Before World War II, African nationalist movements were a. large and controlled mainly by Europeans b. small and had little influence c. seldom affected by European ideology d. large but had very little power	b.	5
4328201450	World War II was most important for African independence movements because a. the German colonies were destroyed during the war b. so many Africans served in Allied armies c. Africans listened closely to German propaganda d. Africans liberated their countries during the war	b.	6
4328211254	Although much of India is fertile land, its agriculture suffered, mostly because of a. the lack of adequate dikes and dams b. the ancient or outdated agricultural techniques c. the lack of government support d. natural disasters	d.	7
4328221941	The Indian Civil Service was considered one of the most bureaucracies_________ of all time a. honest b. efficient c. repressive d. corrupt	a.	8
4328232198	In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded by a. a small group of English-speaking Indian professionals b. British residents of India interested in reform c. Hindu radicals seeking independence d. the Indian urban working class	a.	9
4328237703	Many Indians had converted to Islam in order to a. evade the heavy taxes on Hindus b. escape the caste system c. avoid religious persecution d. reach high government office	b.	10
4328243788	The majority of the Indian people during World War I a. wished only to remain neutral b. rebelled against British control c. wanted to support Germany d. supported Britain enthusiastically	d.	11
4328251404	Mohandas Gandhi was known to his followers as Mahatma, or a. "the great soul." b. "blessed one" c. "fearless leader" d. "the path to freedom:	a.	12
4328256096	What was the symbol of Gandhi's movement? a. the dove b. Salt c. Spinning wheel d. A hand grasping a book	c.	13
4328264348	Gandhi transformed the INdian independence movement from a. a previously violent to a nonviolent movement b. an urban to a rural movement c. an elite to a mass movement d. a British to a primarily Indian movement	c.	14
4328272982	During the 1920s, the British in India a. repressed any attempts at Indian nationalism b. made concessions only within the Indian Civil Service c. began to withdraw military support d. slowly gave Indians control over "national areas" such as education and the economy	d.	15
4328283262	When Indians revolted against colonial authorities at the beginning of World War II, the British government a. offered India its independence after the war b. used troops to repress the revolts c. dosed the Indian National Congress d. arrested thousands of demonstrators	a.	16
4328294318	As India prepared for independence, the most serious problem was the a. refusal of Britain to give up control b. struggle between Hindus and Muslims c. devaluation of Indian currency d. devastation remaining from WWII	b.	17
4328324243	In 1947, the Indian National Congress, led by _________ formed the first independent government of India a. Jawaharlal Nehru b. Muhammad Au Jinnah c. Lord Mountbatten d. Mahatma Gandhi	a.	18
4328337807	The 1947 independence of Pakistan and India a. was achieved without loss of life b. was thwarted by a British invasion c. was marred by violence between Muslims and Hindus d. none of the above	c.	19
4328348761	In 1910, the most serious problem facing Mexico was a. widespread urban unrest b. the growing gap between rich and poor c. a lack of foreign investment in Mexico d. the lack of any commercial agricultural crops	b.	20
4328353473	One percent of the Mexican population owned a. 85% of the land b. 45% of the land c. 20% of the land d. 10% of the land	a.	21
4328360852	The Mexican Revolution can be described as a. the work of many ambitious but limited leaders b. having a well-defined ideology c. the result of a determined political party d. All of the above	a.	22
4328367403	What did Emiliano Zapata do with the land he seized? a. sold it and used it to purchase guns b. started building forts c. returned it to the Indian villages d. declared it a separate nation	c.	23
4328385544	The Constitutionalists eventually won control in Mexico because they a. adopted many agrarian and social reforms b. returned land and power to the wealthy class c. were able to keep the US out of Mexico d. used the power of the church	a.	24
4328392926	the national revolutionary party in 1928 Mexico a. began a series of coups and assassinations b. was similar to fascist parties in Europe c. created a forum for labor, peasants, and business d. was very rigid and uncompromising	c.	25
4328400537	Argentina's government represented the interests of the oligarquia, which is a. a brotherhood of unions b. a small group of wealthy land owners c. a large group of middle-class professionals d. the military high command	b.	26
4328405704	Both Argentina and Brazil had a. large docile middle classes b. a small but outspoken middle class c. no middle class d. a classless society	b.	27
4328416002	The Depression of 1929 a. had far less of an impact on Argentina and Brazil than it had on Europe or the United States b. was not the turning point that the First and Second World Wars were c. caused Argentina and Brazil to veer toward authoritarian regimes d. impacted Argentina but had almost no effect on Brazil	c.	28
4328425238	During the Second World War a. Brazil was aligned with the Allies and Argentina was neutral b. Brazil was aligned wit the Axis and Argentina was neutral c. Brazil was neutral and Argentina was aligned with the allies d. Brazil and Argentina were aligned wit the Axis	a.	29
4328431969	In the early twentieth century, what were the two most powerful forces for change? a. Environmentalism and fascism b. Pacifism and the secret ballot c. Nationalism and the desire for social justice d. Unionization and intellectualism	c.	30

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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6597958269	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
6597958270	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	1
6597958271	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	2
6597958272	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.	3
6597958273	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	4
6597958274	Freetown	West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.	5
6597958275	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	6
6597958276	gens de couleur libres	Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.	7
6597958277	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	8
6597958278	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	9
6597958279	Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests	10
6597958280	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	11
6597958281	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	12
6597958282	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	13
6597958283	Nation	A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	14
6597958284	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	15
6597958285	American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	16
6597958286	Petit Blancs	The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.	17
6597958287	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference	18
6597958288	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).	19
6597958289	the Reign of Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	20
6597958290	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.	21
6597958291	Tupac Amaru	The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.	22
6597958292	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	23
6597958293	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	24
6597958294	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	25
6597958295	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	26
6597958296	Labour Party	British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.	27
6597958297	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	28
6597958298	Middle class values	Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."	29
6597958299	Robert Owens	Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.	30
6597958300	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	31
6597958301	Populism	Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.	32
6597958302	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	33
6597958303	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	34
6597958304	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	35
6597958305	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	36
6597958306	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	37
6597958307	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	38
6597958308	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	39
6597958309	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	40
6597958310	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	41
6597958311	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	42
6597958312	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	43
6597958313	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	44
6597958314	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	45
6597958315	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	46
6597958316	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	47
6597958317	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	48
6597958318	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	49
6597958319	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	50
6597958320	Apartheid	Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.	51
6597958321	Cash crop agriculture	Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.	52
6597958322	Leopold II	his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.	53
6597958323	Cultivation System	System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.	54
6597958324	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	55
6597958325	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	56
6597958326	Guillotine	defined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax)	57
6597958327	Mass Production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.	58
6597958328	Steam Ships	technological innovation allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian and African ports quickly and predictably	59
6597958329	mercantilism	A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country	60
6597958330	Capitalism	(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.	61
6597958331	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.	62
6597958332	Garibaldi	Leader of the Italian Nationalist Army. He was a bold and visionary leader. He united Southern Italy, also captured Sicily in the 1860's.	63
6597958333	Mazzini	Giuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy. He preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.	64
6597958334	Count Cavour	Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.	65
6597958335	Pedro I	Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil, aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil	66
6597958336	William Wilberforce	He was a highly religious man and a member of the English Parliament who worked tirelessly for the abolition of slavery	67
6597958337	Janissary	a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks	68
6597958338	Muhammad Ali	Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).	69
6597958339	Tanzimat	'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.	70
6597958340	Extraterritoriality	Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.	71
6597958341	Canton System	The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).	72
6597958342	Empress Dowager Cixi	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.	73
6597958343	Palm Oil	A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.	74
6597958344	Emmeline Pankhurst	(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.	75
6597958345	Emily Davison	Threw herself under the Kings horse at the Derby to draw attention to the women's movement and was killed.	76
6597958346	Separate Spheres	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics	77
6597958347	Universal Male Suffrage	The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's	78
6597958348	Ems Telegram	A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.	79
6597958349	free trade imperialism	Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of a weaker state. In the late 19th cent, this characterized the relationships between Latin American republics and GB/US	80

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AP World History Ch. 19 Flashcards

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3265759093	Benin	A city-state in west Africa around the Niger River delta that emerged after 1000 CE	0
3265759094	Chiefdoms	Small states in west Africa that arose after population pressures and other problems provoked conflicts between tribes.	1
3265759095	Ethiopia	A region in northeast Africa that was home to the kingdom of Axum, one of the first African states to promote Christianity.	2
3265759096	Gao	A trading hub in west Africa that was the main stop for caravans entering and leaving the Sahara.	3
3265759097	Great Zimbabwe	A large stone city in Zimbabwe that was the capital of a large kingdom between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers.	4
3265759098	Ghana	A great kingdom in west Africa that controlled trade through the Sahara between the seventh and thirteenth centuries CE.	5
3265759099	Griots	A west African historian, author of musician.	6
3265759100	Ife	Another city-state near the Niger River delta that was in conflict with Benin often.	7
3265759101	Jenne	A market city on the Sahara caravan routes.	8
3265759102	Kongo	A powerful kingdom in the Congo River basin that arose around 1200 CE due to tribal conflicts.	9
3265759103	Kinship	The earliest system of government in west Africa.	10
3265759104	Mali	An empire that arose after the collapse of Ghana, founded by the lion prince Sundiata.	11
3265759105	Mansa Musa	The ruler of the Mali empire during its high point; often called the richest man in history.	12
3265759106	Stateless societies	A term use by some historians to refer to the kinship form of government in early west Africa.	13
3265759107	Sundiata	The lion prince; founder of the Mali empire.	14
3265759108	Swahili city-states	Cities along the East African coast that gained tremendous wealth in the late post-classical age by controlling trade.	15
3265759109	Timbuktu	Another Sahara market city; its name is widely known due to its humorous sound.	16
3265759110	Trans-Saharan trade	Trade that linked the Middle East with the states and empires of west Africa.	17

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Chapter 9, AP World History Flashcards

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2069255431	Which of the following statements expresses a view of women found in the Quran?	Women were spiritually equal to men	0
2069255432	Which of the following was a feature of Islam that attracted converts in India?	The Muslim notion of equality of all believers	1
2069255433	Which of the following was a result of the cross-regional ties created in the expanding Islamic world?	The exchange of agricultural products and practices from one region to another	2
2069255434	Which of the following is an example of a role assumed by the ulama?	Judges	3
2069255435	Which of the following is a distinctive feature of sufism?	Renunciation of material world in the pursuit of spiritual union with Allah	4
2069255436	In contrast to the Umayyad dynasty, the caliphs of the Abbasid dynasty	Allowed non-Arabs to play a prominent role in society	5
2069255437	Which of the following refers to the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims should try to make at least once in their lifetime?	Hajj	6
2069255438	Why was the city of Mecca important?	It was the site of the Kaaba where pilgrims congregated	7
2069255439	Sufi practitioners facilitated the conversion to Islam of people living in Anatolia and India by	Emphasizing personal experience of the divine. rather than by law	8
2069255440	Which of the following is a requirement for all muslims?	Alsmgiving	9
2069255441	Which of the following was a force that helped bind the Islamic world together?	The system of Islamic education created by Ulama	10
2069255442	The Arab empire that accompanied the spread of Islam stretched from	Spain to India	11
2069255443	Which of the following resulted from Muslim rule in Spain?	The secular aspects of Islamic learning influenced the shaping of new European civilization	12
2069255444	Which of the following religious traditions blended elements of Hinduism and Islam?	Sikhism	13
2069255445	Which of the following was the most thoroughly Islamized region in the period from 600-1500?	Anatolia	14

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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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7240115109	antithesis	juxtaposition of opposite ideas (especially in parallel structure) to emphasize their differences	0
7240123052	anecdote	a brief story	1
7240125172	ambiguity	lack of clarity in writing, leaving more than one correct interpretation possible	2
7240128373	allusion	referring to another work of literature, an event in history, art, etc. outside of the current work.	3
7240132271	abstract	somethign that exists only as an idea	4
7240136476	appeal to authority	author claims to be the authority on a topic or cites someone who is an authority (a false appeal to authority is an appeal to a non-authority - e.x. citing something your mom said to you to prove...)	5
7240140286	author's purpose	the reason an author writes; three most common reasons are to entertain, to inform, or to persuade.	6
7240141395	didactic	intending to teach, or preach (usually not good - unless you're writing a homily)	7
7240146449	analogy	a comparison where one object is compared to another that is unlike it (simile, metaphor, hyperbole)	8
7240148470	antecedent	the noun to which a pronoun refers (subjects and pronouns need to be consistent in tense)	9
7273111438	aphorism	a short saying of wisdom, making a point ("don't leave 'til tomorrow what can be done today")	10
7273111439	clause	a group of words with a subject and a verb - can be dependent or independent	11
7273111440	cliche	anything that is so overused that it is no longer original ("strong as an ox," "busy as a bee")	12
7273111753	colloquialism	the use of informal words, phrases, slang, etc. to create realism.	13
7273111754	concrete	something that is able to be seen and touched	14
7273111755	connotation	the suggested or implied meaning of a word or phrase (opposite of denotation)	15
7273111756	contemplative	thoughtful, reflective	16
7273112135	convey	to communicate a thought, feeling, or idea so that others can understand.	17
7273112136	deductive	top-down logic, where specifics are drawn from the general principle (e.x. all women are bad drivers, you are a woman, thus you are a bad driver)	18
7273112137	denotation	the dictionary definition of a word	19
7324070346	device	a technique (a tool) an author uses to produce a special effect in his writing (e.x. simile, flashback, analogy)	20
7324072870	diction	an author's word choice (should serve purpose)	21
7324074630	elegiac	(adjective) lamenting the death of someone or something valuable (e.x. "O Captain! My Captain!")	22
7324080114	euphemism	a mild or less negative word used in place of a harsh or blunt term (political correctness)	23
7324083439	excerpt	a passage or quotation taken from a book, play, etc.	24
7324085779	expository	(adjective) explaining or describing information, rather than telling a story or sharing emotion (like in poetry or fiction)	25
7324089720	extended metaphor/extended simile	a comparison made more than once, continues over several sentences, compares multiple similar points	26
7324094547	figures of speech	imply meaning instead of literally saying it (e.x. metaphor, simile, personification)	27
7324097982	footnote	an explanatory comment at the bottom of a page, referring to a specific part of the text	28
7324100398	homily	a sermon or lecture on a religious or moral theme meant to guide human behavior	29
7557661106	hyperbole	overstatement; gross exaggeration for rhetorical effect	30
7557681305	hypothetical example	a fictional example used to explain a more complicated idea; puts the idea into understandable terms (e.x. the examples from Singer's Solution to Poverty essay)	31
7557720825	illustrate/illustrative	explain or make something clear using examples, charts, pictures, etc./serving as an example or explanation	32
7557720826	imagery	the use of images	33
7557726006	inference	a conclusion arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data	34
7557734392	invective	a verbal attack on someone (instead of a diatribe, it is directly addressed to them) a denunciation; casting blame on someone or something ("How could you forget to []? How could you be so thoughtless, and careless? I can't BELIEVE this.")	35
7557739649	irony (especially verbal)	(verbal) saying the opposite of what you mean, (irony in general) the result is opposite of what is expected	36
7557754070	jargon	specific words or phrases used by a group of people; difficult for people outside that group to understand (e.x. legal jargon)	37
7557791443	juxtaposition	placing two things opposite to each other to emphasize the difference between them	38
7557803387	lyrical	personal, reflective prose that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject	39
7632826527	metaphor	figure of speech comparing unlike objects, does not use like or as (metaphorical allusion - comparing someone to a person, place, thing - e.x. call someone a "Hercules")	40
7632826528	mood	the emotional tone or atmosphere of writing (2nd definition - in grammar, mood refers to intent of sentence)	41
7632826529	narrative	a form of verse/prose that tells a story	42
7632826530	oxymoron	term consisting of contradictory elements juxtaposed to create a paradoxical effect, (e.x. loud silence, bittersweet)	43
7632827868	paradox/paradoxical	a statement that seems self-contradictory but is nevertheless true, (e.x. "this is the beginning of the end," "less is more," "I can resist anything but temptation")	44
7632827869	parallelism/parallel structure	the structure required for expressing two or more grammatical elements of equal rank	45
7632827870	pedantic	someone who is concerned with precision, minute details, etc. in order to appear intelligent	46
7632829323	personification	a figure of speech in which objects/animals are given human characteristics	47
7632829324	point of view	the perspective writing is written from: 1st person - I, me, my, we (personal and intimate) 3rd person - he, she, they (formal and distant) 2nd person - you, your (draws reader into writing)	48
7632829325	prosaic	characteristic of prose as distinguished from poetry (factual, dull, commonplace)	49
7632933612	prose	any discourse that is not poetry	50
7632933613	pun	a humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings	51
7632939230	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	52
7632939231	qualify	to modify, limit, or restrict, by listing exceptions or reservations (strengthens your argument)	53
7632940890	rebuttal	part of your argument where you address/anticipate/negate the counterargument	54
7632940891	refute/refutation	to negate opposing arguments, using contradicting evidence ("no, you're wrong, and here's why...")	55
7632942916	rhetoric/rhetorical strategy/rhetorical purpose	the language and style that an author/speaker chooses. If well chosen, should further the author/speaker's purpose and "serve the argument."	56
7632942917	sarcasm	a sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks (sarcasm differs from irony, which is more subtle)	57
7632942918	satire/satirical/satirize	a literary style used to poke fun at, attack, or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change	58
7632944366	solecism	a stylistic device where writing intentionally violates correct grammatical rules	59
7783001475	stance	the position an author takes	60
7783001476	style/stylistic	the manner in which an author uses and arranges words, shapes, ideas, forms sentences, and creates a structure to convey ideas	61
7783001477	subordinate clause	a clause that is dependent on the main clause; less important than the independent clause	62
7783001478	symbol	an object that evokes ideas and associations not literally part of the original object	63
7783003435	syntax/syntactical	the organization of language into meaningful structure; every sentence has a syntax, or pattern of words	64
7783003436	tone	the author's attitude toward the subject being written about - could be indignant, angry, bitter, elated, cautious, ambivalent (!), contemplative/reflective, ambiguous.	65
7783003437	understatement	a restrained statement that departs from what could be said; a studied avoidance of emphasis or exaggeration, often to create a particular effect	66
7783003438	wit	the ability to quickly make brilliant/humorous comments	67
7783005854	allegory	a story where characters/events stand for something else; the story has a second meaning beneath the surface	68
7783005855	alliteration	the repetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words	69
7860278154	anticlimax	a disappointing situation; a moment when expectations are high, but the discourse instead shifts to something boring or trivial	70
7860281706	assertion	a strong, forceful declaration that something is true (in an essay, your thesis) Unqualified assertion - stated as unequivocally true (always true) Qualified assertion - expresses a level of uncertainty, limits the assertion (the one you want to write!)	71
7860288183	apostrophe	a speaker addresses something/someone that is not present (usually in poetry)	72
7860291902	climax	the point in a narrative where the conflict/tension reaches its highest point; the turning point where the rising action transitions into falling action	73
7860294092	conceit	a figure of speech comparing two vastly different objects; creates surprise/shock in the reader	74
7860297644	counterexample	an examples that disproves a previous claim (instead of supporting examples, these tear down the argument)	75
7860301563	cynicism	a pessimistic view of humanity, thinking that humans will not make ethical choices, that humans are generally bad, etc.	76
7860305053	diatribe	a long, violent, bitter criticism of someone/something, pointing out all its weaknesses and failings ("I hate cats. They're so ugly, and snooty, and they pee on everything, and they scratch you and poop in smelly litterboxes...")	77
7860308200	digression	a temporary departure from the main topic; getting "off track," often provides more background information	78
7860311225	dogma/dogmatic	principles laid down by an authority as undeniably true (synonyms: teaching, belief, principle, maxim), dogmatic - inclined to lay down your beliefs as absolutely true	79
7933118034	enumerate	to list out items or details one-by-one; creates emphasis	80
7933120284	enunciate	to pronounce words clearly and articulately; or to state/declare a theory	81
7933123930	epilogue	opposite of a prologue; a chapter at the end of a work of literature concluding the work (unlike an afterword, it is narrated by a character in the story and does not address the readers directly)	82
7933129881	epiphany	a moment when a character has a realization suddenly, achieving new awareness/knowledge that changes how he/she view the world (an "ah-ha" moment)	83
7933134592	ethos	refers to the credibility of a person as a means of persuading others	84
7933137581	fallacy	an error in logic, faulty reasoning resulting in a faulty conclusion, (examples) Ad Hominem - instead of countering the opponent's view, you attack your opponent personally Non sequitur - a conclusion/statement that does not flow logically from the previous argument or statement (Because trans fats are bad for you, we ought to only eat fruits and vegetables) Red Herring - distracting the audience with evidence that seems relevant but actually is not Straw man argument - misrepresenting the opponent's view	85
7933162311	farce	a lighthearted comedy centering around a ridiculous, exaggerated plot (e.x. Importance of Being Earnest)	86
7933165879	genre	a type of literature characterized by a specific style or form; literature genres include: poetry, drama (plays), prose, fiction, and non-fiction	87
7933174713	imperative mood	a grammatical mood forming a command or request	88
7933177317	inversion	also called anastrophe, reverses the normal order of words (could place the adjective after the noun it modifies, place a verb before its noun, or place a noun before its preposition)	89
8063231543	logos	the use of logic to support a claim	90
8063235319	metonomy	figure of speech using the name of one thing to represent something it's closely related to (the white house says...)	91
8063239377	simile	a comparison using "like" or "as"	92
8063242125	onomatopoeia	words that sound like their meaning ("buzz," "crash," "whoosh," "bang,")	93
8063246887	parody	an imitation of a work meant to ridicule its style and subject	94
8063249525	pathos	an emotional appeal meant to persuade the audience, weak and often "polarizing"	95
8063253024	periodic sentences	a sentence not in the usual order of English sentences; puts the verb/predicate at the end of the sentence, after particulars are listed first (its purpose can be to persuade, by showing reasons before the conclusion) (example: Of all the boys it could have been, of all the people it could have been, it was the one person she most wanted to see, George.)	96
8063267138	prepositional phrase	preposition, modifiers, object of preposition	97
8063271695	semantics	the studyof how language is used figuratively and literally to create meaning	98
8063276677	syllogism	a rhetorical device that draws a specific conclusion from a general principle (example: All men are mortal, John is a man, John must be mortal)	99
8063280252	theme	a unifying or dominant idea; a topic (e.x. love, hate, war, peace)	100
8268709262	treatise	a written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject (longer and more detailed than an essay)	101
8268723508	ballad	a poem/song narrating a story in short stanzas; traditionally passed down orally	102
8268769313	chiasmus	two clauses are balanced against each other by inverted their orders (e.x. "one should eat to live, not live to eat")	103
8268786383	liotes	a form of understatement that uses a double negative, function - adds emphasis by catching attention ("it's not unclean)	104
8268795511	meter	the pattern of stressed/unstressed syllables in a line of poetry; the rhythm of a poem	105
8268800675	synecdoche	using the part to represent the whole, (Give us this day our daily bread: bread, part, represents food, whole, or the three dresses waltzed into the room: dresses, part, represent whole, girls Or Whole to represent Part (e.x. The United States won gold at the Olympics - United States (whole) represents U.S. Team (part), the ship was in dismay: ship (whole) represents crew members (part)	106
8268815665	anachronism	using someone/something in the wrong time period (Shakespeare's putting clocks in Julius Caesar)	107
8268821810	anaphora	the repetition of a word/clause at the beginning of a sentence, adds emphasis (I have a dream)	108
8268827019	assonance	repeating vowel sounds	109
8268827020	consonance	repeating consonant sounds within words (different from alliteration)	110
8268831501	epigraph	a short note at the beginning of a poem or literary work (e.x. "Lawyers, I suppose, were children once" - TKAM epigraph)	111
8925027565	acerbic	a sharp, sarcastic, biting, ironic, critical tone (tone used in a satire)	112
8925038313	dogma/dogmatic	the official "rules" and principles regarding religion, faith, etc., generally unquestioned beliefs / expressing one's views as if they are official dogma (saying "I'm right, and I only can be right and I am 100% infallibly right")	113
9835176111	facetious	inappropriately playful	114
9835186303	patronizing	pretending to be kind-hearted but actually being condescending ("ah, it's alright, we all make mistakes sometimes," could be a patronizing statement)	115

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AP World History Flashcards

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2463964333	Paleolithic Age	The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.	0
2463972657	Homo sapiens	The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period.	1
2463977959	Neolithic Age	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.	2
2463987716	Neolithic Revolution	The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE	3
2463995882	hunting and gathering	The original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries	4
2464002819	Bronze Age	From about 4000 BCE when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East to about 1500 BCE when iron began to replace it.	5
2464009721	slash and burn agriculture	A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted.	6
2464015831	band	A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis.	7
2464028265	Çatal Hüyük	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern day southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.	8
2464038275	civilization	Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.	9
2464047239	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.	10
2464052694	nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.	11
2464060689	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.	12
2464067595	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.	13
2464073706	ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.	14
2464077420	city-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.	15
2464084521	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia c 1800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion c 1600 BCE.	16
2464089722	Hammurabi	(r. 1792 - 1750 BCE) The most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for codification of law.	17
2464096914	pharaoh	Title of kings of Ancient Egypt.	18
2464098806	pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	19
2464103200	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	20
2464113582	Indus River Valley	River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	21
2464119298	Harappa	Along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	22
2464130905	Mohenjo Daro	Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	23
2464134839	Yellow River	Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.	24
2464139288	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE.	25
2464145949	oracles	Shamans of priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on the bones led to Chinese writing.	26
2464153617	ideographs	Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	27
2464159926	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	28
2464164413	monotheism	The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.	29
2464174730	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 BCE.	30
2464177831	Qin dynasty	Established in 221 BCE at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 BCE.	31
2464183667	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BCE; ruled for the next 400 years.	32
2464188717	Zhou	Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew the Shang and established a second Chinese historical dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 BCE.	33
2464198650	Confucius	Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in the 6th century BCE; author of "Analects"; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi.	34
2464206145	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi.	35
2464216500	Buddha	Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; birn in 6th century BCE as son of a local ruler among Aryan tribes located near the Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.	36
2464239993	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	37
2464245863	Himalayas	Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms of warrior republics.	38
2464251730	monsoons	Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.	39
2464257042	Sanskrit	The sacred and classical Indian language.	40
2464258936	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century BCE.	41
2464264321	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form.	42
2464272432	Ramayana	One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries BCE.	43
2464278725	Upanishads	Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideals; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	44
2464283882	varnas	Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes- Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.	45
2464294389	untouchables	Low social class in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting- street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning.	46
2464300602	Indra	Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	47
2464305127	Chandragupta Maurya	Founder of the Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.	48
2464314972	Mauryan Dynasty	Established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great.	49
2464319909	Ashoka	Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire.	50
2464325182	dharma	The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	51
2464338052	Guptas	Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE, built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.	52
2464344974	Kautilya	Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare.	53
2464351080	gurus	Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	54
2464355865	Vishnu	The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice, widely worshipped.	55
2464358800	Shiva	Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.	56
2464363196	nirvana	The Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.	57
2464366973	Kamasutra	Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males; including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	58
2464375303	stupas	Stone shrines build to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be the relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	59
2464383544	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	60
2469675495	Cyrus the Great	Established massive Persian Empire by 550 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian empires.	61
2469681146	Zoroastrianism	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire.	62
2469689376	Olympic games	One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations.	63
2469693453	Pericles	Athenian political leader during the 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War.	64
2469699256	Peloponnesian Wars	Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in Southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unity of Greece.	65
2469704699	Phillip II	Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subject to Macedonian authority.	66
2469710474	Hellenistic period	That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms.	67
2469715022	Alexandria, Egypt	One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies.	68
2469721085	Roman republic	The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 BCE; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies.	69
2469725766	Punic Wars	Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the Western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts.	70
2469730251	Carthage	Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean.	71
2469735525	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama.	72
2469740560	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators.	73
2469745060	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome.	74
2469749946	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. Divided the Roman Empire into east and west sections.	75
2469754017	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually.	76
2469759774	direct democracy	Where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives.	77
2469763201	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution.	78
2469765845	consuls	Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy.	79
2469768503	Cicero	(106-43 BCE) Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar.	80
2469773897	Aristotle	(384-322 BCE) Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world.	81
2469778687	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery.	82
2469784077	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young.	83
2469789772	Sophocles	(496-406 BCE) Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	84
2469791413	Iliad and Odyssey	Greek epic poems attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos.	85
2469796247	Doric	Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles.	86
2469802414	Ionic	Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian.	87
2469805316	Corinthian	Along with Doric and Ionic, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.	88
2475957279	Axum	Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in the first century CE; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity.	89
2475960267	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom that developed on the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa.	90
2475962717	Sahara	Desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa.	91
2475964328	Shinto	Religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits.	92
2475968105	Olmec culture	Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 BCE; found irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.	93
2475975796	Teotihuacan	Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 20,000.	94
2475981587	Maya	Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture; written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.	95
2475987909	Inca	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create an empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire.	96
2475991434	Polynesia	Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.	97
2475993673	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China promising a Golden Age to be brought about by divine magic.	98
2475995895	Sui	Dynasty that succeeded Han in China; emerged from string rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China.	99
2475997227	Tang	Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 CE; more stable than previous dynasty.	100
2476000184	Rajput	Regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their regions.	101
2476001686	Devi	Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual.	102
2476003261	Islam	Major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission, based on prophecy of Muhammad.	103
2476006396	Allah	Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam.	104
2476010148	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of Roman empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople.	105
2476015510	Justinian	Early Byzantine emperor, responsible for major building in Constantinople and a codification of Roman law; his efforts to recapture some additional previously Roman territory ended in failure.	106
2476019567	St. Augustine	Influential church father and theologian (354-430 CE); born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination.	107
2476024417	Coptic	Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover.	108
2476027394	bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men; built up spirit merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness.	109
2476030339	Mahayana	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior.	110
2476032789	Jesus of Nazareth	Prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 CE.	111
2476036281	Paul	(3-67 CE) One of the first Christians missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church.	112
2476041807	pope	Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe.	113
2476043284	Benedict of Nersia	Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century CE; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.	114
2476048791	animism	A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions.	115
2574263919	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	116
2574269388	shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children.	117
2574275525	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam.	118
2574283724	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan establishes dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750.	119
2574289384	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century CE.	120
2574292712	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as an important shrine in Islam.	121
2574298402	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra).	122
2574305959	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632.	123
2574313112	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.	124
2574318395	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam.	125
2574322445	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.	126
2574326282	umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity.	127
2574331363	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	128
2574334085	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	129
2574339315	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	130
2574342749	hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	131
2574347660	caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad.	132
2574350219	Abu Bakr	(c. 573-634) One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community.	133
2574355528	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam.	134
2574360549	jihad	Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith [Islam].	135
2574365427	Nestorians	A christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area as opposed to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions.	136
2574369611	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan.	137
2574378678	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and the Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party.	138
2574384838	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali.	139
2574388035	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads and the appointment of a successor to the caliphate.	140
2574393378	Shi'a	Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali; supported the succession of the caliphate to a descendent of Muhammad.	141
2574399645	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	142
2574403420	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam.	143
2574405450	jizya	Head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic territory.	144
2574409552	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as an inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus.	145
2574415558	hadiths	Traditions of the prophet.	146
2574418316	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE.	147
2574422677	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	148
2574429535	wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire.	149
2574435341	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.	150
2574445639	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.	151
2574458085	lateen	Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship.	152
2574468838	al-Madhi	(ruled 775-785) Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession.	153
2574479349	Harun al-Rashid	One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era.	154
2574485188	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads.	155
2574493377	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from the mid-11th century.	156
2574504694	Crusades	Series or military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy.	157
2574513800	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam.	158
2574521252	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations - strong, weak, dissolute.	159
2574528740	ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam, pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.	160
2574538293	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.	161
2574545171	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following the death of Kabul Khan; elected Khan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of all Northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions, died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	162
2574558549	Hulegu	(1217 - 1265) Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257.	163
2574566180	Mamluks	Muslims slave warriors; established a dynasty on Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted the Mongol advance.	164
2574575687	Muhammad ibn Qasim	(661-750) Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be of the Umayyad Empire.	165
2574583061	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu.	166
2574592772	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Mayala and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asian to Muslim conversion.	167
2574607849	Malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center of trade among the southeastern Asian islands.	168
2574615750	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports.	169
2574624206	stateless societies	African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states.	170
2574629651	Ifriqiya	The Arabic term for eastern North Africa.	171
2574633550	Maghrib	The Arabic term for western North Africa.	172
2574635959	Almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later that Almoravids; penetrated into Sub-Saharan Africa.	173
2574644140	Sundiata	The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260.	174
2574651350	Timbuktu	Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend of the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university.	175
2574656489	Songhay	Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger Valley; formed an independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (lived 1464-1492).	176
2574667486	Muhammad the Great	Extended the boundaries of the Songhay empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century.	177
2574708685	Hausa	Peoples of Northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions.	178
2574714922	Sharia	Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance.	179
2574720350	Zenj	Arabic term for the east african coast.	180
2574724212	Benin	Powerful city state (in present day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century.	181
2574731880	Kongo	Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by the late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy.	182
2574740116	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mupata.	183