AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Ways of the World AP World History: Chapter 8 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5368969629The opportunity to trade in ChinaThose who participated in the Chinese tribute system gained0
5368969630Calligraphy, scholarship, painting and poetryIn Song dynasty China, masculine identity came to be defined in terms of1
5368969631The nomadic pastoral peoples of the northern steppesChina's most enduring and intense interaction with outsiders was with2
5368969632All 4 required China to send them valuable goods in return for not attackingWhat do the Xiongnu, the Uighors, the Khitan, and the Jurchen have in common?3
5368969633The Buddhist notion of "morality" was translated with the Confucian term for "filial submission and obedience"Which of the following is an example of how Indian Buddhism was modified after the introduction into China?4
5368969634A complex network of internal waterways that provided cheap transportationWhich of the following contributed to China's economic revolution during the Tang and Song dynasties?5
5368969635The tribute system required non-Chinese to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinate place in a Chinese-centered world orderHow was the tribute system an expression of the Chinese view of themselves and their relationship to the world?6
5368969636The Chinese formula for gunpowder triggered the development of cannons in EuropeWhich of the following is an example of how Chinese inventions stimulate innovations in distant lands?7
5368969637Increased disorder following the collapse of the Han Dynasty, which discredited ConfucianismWhich of the following was a factor in the growth of Buddhism in China after 300 C.E.?8
5368969638Northern nomads conquered some portions of ChinaWhich of the following was a major development in Chinese society that took shape in the centuries following the collapse of the Han dynasty?9
5368969639The construction of a state structure that lasted until the 20th centuryWhich of the following was a political contribution of the Tang and Song dynasties?10
5368969640The setting of standards of excellence in art and literatureWhich of the following is a reason that the Tang and Song dynasties are regarded as a "golden age" in China?11
5368969641Japan's borrowing was wholly voluntary rather than occurring under conditions of direct military threat or outright occupationIn what respect was Japan's borrowing of Chinese culture different from the experiences of Korea and Vietnam?12
5368969642The evolution of a mixed Chinese or Turkic culture in northern ChinaChinese interaction with the northern nomads during the Tang Dynasty resulted in13
5368969643Adoption of a fast ripening rice strain from VietnamWhat contributed to the doubling of the Chinese population during the Tang and Song dynasties?14
5368969644Revival of ConfucianismWhat explains why women's lives were more restricted in the Song Dynasty than in the Tang Dynasty?15
5368969645The Chinese government often gave the states gifts that were worth more than the tributes paid to ChinaWhat statement about the Chinese tribute system is true?16
5368969646The capital city Kumsong was modeled on the Chinese capital of ChanglanWhat describes Korea's relationship with China?17
5368969647Send people to China to study Chinese thought and cultureIn their relations with China, Korea and Japan both18
5368969648PrintingWhat technological innovation from China spread to Eurasia?19
5368969649IndiansChinese references to "Western barbarians" included which people?20
5368969650Foot bindingEmergence of what practice during the Song Dynasty suggests woman's lives were more resticted than in Tang Dynasty?21
5368969651Their own writing systemsWhat did Korea, Japan, and Vietnam develop that reflected their unique culture?22
5368969652BuddhismThe invention of printing in China was linked to what religion?23
5368969653Buddhism reached itss peak of influence as people flocked to the religion has a way to deal with the chaos and violence of the periodHow did the charged environment in China in the ninth century affect Buddhism?24
5368969654Decentralized political structureSamurai reflected Japan's25
5368969655BuddhismWhat religion provided an element of cultural commonality for the far East Asian region?26
5368969656Was adept in literary skills as he was in martial skillsImagawa Ryoshun stated, "As you do not understand the Arts of Peace you skills in the Arts of War will not, in the end, achieve victory." This statement suggests that the ideal Samurai was one who27
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World history chapter 20 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
65515053271. World War 1882-891 Europe was vulnerable to a world war because of its alliances0
65515181062. Treaty of Versailles890 Germany lost its colonial empire and had to pay reperations for the war to all other countries involved1
65515348453. Woodrow Wilson/ 14 points891 Moral principles in dealing with other countries and the Leafue of Nations2
65515450114. Great Depression891-895 1929- money value went down a lot3
65515680655. New Deal884-895 By Franklin Roosevelt brought US out of Great Depression and made another Depression unlikely4
65516004696. Fascism896-898 The "anti communism"5
65516129737. Mussolini897-898 Italian version of Hitler6
65516405418. Nazi Germany898-901 Hitler and "Mein Kampf"7
65519218429. Hitler899-900 "Mein Kampf"8
655176442010. Etty Hillesum902-903 Holocaust witness9
655177379911. Revolutionary Right (Japan)904-905 Radical nationalism10
655179198112. WW2 in Asia907-909 Japan invaded everywhere11
655179855713. WW2 in Europe909-910 Germans resented everyone else, deliberate and planned war12
655181141014. Total war910-913 All out war13
655182694115. Hiroshima912-913 Nuke dropped on this city in Japan14
655185401216. Holocaust914 Germany and concentration camps15
655186755617. Marshall plan917 From US to Europe in order to help with rebuilding16
655188326718. European Economic Community917 Members reduced tariffs and developed common trade policies17
655189581219. NATO918 North Atlantic Treaty Organization18
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History: Ch. 29 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order, Pt. 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6346246531Archduke Franz FerdinandAustro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I.0
6346248716SarajevoAdministrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian empire; assassination there of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I1
6346253804Western FrontWar line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants.2
6346255301Nicholas IIRussian tsar; (r. 1894-1917); executed 1918.3
6346257070GallipoliWorld War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardanelles.4
6346260043Armenian GenocideLaunched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives.5
6346262181Eastern FrontWar zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought.6
6346264253Adolph HitlerNazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to 1945.7
6346266406Georges ClemenceauFrench premier desiring harsher peace terms for Germans.8
6346268616David Lloyd GeorgeBritish prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson.9
6346270516self-determinationRight of people in a region to determine whether to be independent.10
6346272162League of NationInternational organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the United States never joined.11
6346430416Triple EntenteA understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain in an alliance.12
6346438278Central PowersAn alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.13
6349004075Kaiser Wilhelm IIWilhelm was the last German emperor (kaiser) and king of Prussia, whose bellicose policies helped to bring about World War One.14
6349009274jingoismExtreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.15
6349011013DreadnoughtA battleship built for the Royal Navy that revolutionised naval power.16
6349015337Trench WarfareA type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery, which resulted in stalemate.17
6349026734propagandaInformation, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.18
6349030933"New Women"New gender roles created by women's participation in non-traditional roles during WWI, but reverted after the troops came home.19
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language Fall Vocab 2016 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5528157178esotericIntended for or understood by only a small group0
5528159631connotativethe implied or associated meaning of a word1
5528159632bombasticpompous in speech and manner2
5528159649colloquialCharacteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing3
5528164188tritecommonplace; overused, stale4
5528166750homespundomestic; made at home; spun or woven at home; simple and ordinary5
5528166751pedanticExcessively concerned with book learning and formal rules6
5528169446insipidlacking interest or flavor7
5528169447obtuseLacking sharpness of intellect; not clear or precise in thought or expression8
5528171892obscuredifficult to understand; partially hidden9
5528171893pensiveThoughtful Thinking deeply or seriously10
5528174170vacuousLacking intelligence11
5528174171elegiacExpressing sorrow or lamentation12
5528174172derisiveexpressing contempt or ridicule13
5528177331vilifyto say vile things about; to defame14
5528177332reticentNOT SPEAKING FREELY; RESERVED; RELUCTANT15
5528180099flippantLacking in seriousness; disrespectful, saucy16
5528180100antithesisDirect opposite17
5528180101concessionA reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.18
5528183438euphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant19
5528187437incontrovertibleIndisputable20
5528187438penitentexpressing remorse for one's misdeeds21
5528189661vindicateTo free from blame22
5528189662objectivitytreating facts without influence from personal feelings or prejudices23
5528189663haughtyArrogantly superior and disdainful24
5528193402cogentconvincing and well-reasoned25
5528193403imperiousoverbearing, arrogant; seeking to dominate; pressing, compelling26
5528193404impedeTo obstruct or interfere with; to delay27
5528195676opulentLuxurious; wealthy28
5528195677indolentLazy29
5528199688ebullienceintense enthusiasm30
5528199689superfluousUnnecessary31
5528201859pejorativeDisparaging, belittling, insulting32
5528201860proliferateto increase in number quickly33
5528205319affableFriendly34
5528205320malleablecapable of being shaped35
5528207998elusiveHard to grasp36
5528207999aestheticPertaining to beauty37
5528208000truncatecut short38
5528209355dilettantesomeone with an amateurish and superficial interest in a topic39
5540462868toneAttitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices)40
5540462869dictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words41
5540462870syntaxSentence structure42
5540464921allusionA brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.43
5540464922juxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts44
5540468076anaphoraRepetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences45
5540468077ethosAppeal to credibility46
5540469845logosAppeal to logic47
5540469846pathosAppeal to emotion48
5540469847overstatementstatement that implies more than the actual meaning (deliberately stating more than the truth)49
5540472465understatementa figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is50
5540472466sarcasmA sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks; differs from irony, which is more subtle.51
5540472467epistlea letter or literary composition in letter form52
5540474759exigenceAn issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak.53
5540478019polysyndetonSentence which uses and or another conjunction (with no commas) to separate the items in a series. Polysyndeton appear in the form of X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of a series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton.54
5540480294epigraphA brief quotation found at the beginning of a literary work, reflective of theme.55
5569303126anecdoteA brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.56
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History: Ch. 5 Classical Civilizations--Middle East and Mediterranean, Pt. 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4772199977World Class ReligionUnlike India, and to some extent China and Persia Greece and Rome did not create one.0
4772203067Greco-Roman ReligionA more primitive affair derived from belief in spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods and goddesses.1
4772205527PantheonHierarchy of gods and goddesses in Greece and Rome where Zeus (Greece) or Jupiter (Rome) presided over an unruly assemblage of lower gods and goddesses.2
4772215256Mystery ReligionsOften imported from the Middle East that often had a more spiritual passion that appealed to ordinary workers and peasants.3
4772218362Moral PhilosophySystematic thinking that arose in Greece and Rome to inquire into nature and human society, and provide a basis for ethical thought.4
4772222599CiceroConservative Roman senator and stoic philosopher who was killed in reaction to the assassination of Julius Caesar.5
4772225626AristotleGreek philosopher and teacher of Alexander the Great. Knowledge based on observation of phenomenon of the natural world.6
4772227322StoicsEmphasized an inner moral independence to be cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery.7
4772229772SeparationThe idea of philosophy and religion occupying different, but not necessarily hostile to each other, spheres informed classical Mediterranean political theory and human thought.8
4772242140SocratesEncouraged his pupils to question conventional wisdom, but ran afoul of the Athenian government accused of undermining political loyalty.9
4772247725Rational InquirySocratic principle of questioning by means of skeptical questioning.10
4772248915PlatoStudent of Socrates who accentuated the positive believing human reason could understand three perfect forms: truth, good, and beauty.11
4772269201PythagorasGreek mathematician whose theory was emblematic of the Greeks passion for understanding basic rationality in the universe.12
4772273731GalenGreek who observed human anatomy and was not improved upon for many centuries.13
4772277349EuclidGreek mathematician who created the world's most widely understood range of geometry.14
4772281927PtolemyGreek astronomer who theorized planetary rotation with a stationery earth at the center.15
4772285565AqueductsExample of Roman engineering that pointed towards the Roman's more practical nature.16
4772289890Art and LiteratureIn the classical Mediterranean world, more so than science and math, these things conveyed the key cultural values.17
4772296943SophoclesGreek dramatist who insightfully portrayed psychological flaws through his hero Oedipus.18
4772299972IliadGreek epic poem attributed to Homer set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states.19
4772302224OdysseyGreek epic poem attributed to Homer about a 10-year struggle to return home after the Trojan War.20
4772307684Doric21
4772308901Ionic22
4772309659Corinthian23
4772326979FarmersThe majority of Greeks and Romans who had little concern for the formal, city-based culture of Greece and Rome.24
4772332207Commercial AgricultureResulted from the growing of grapes and olives that necessitated buying and selling of staple goods, which eventually led to efforts at establishing an empire.25
4772375191MerchantsIn Greece, they tended to be foreigners and holding an ambiguous social status--In Rome they formed the second most prestigious social class.26
4772382258SlaveryA widely used practice that was seen as vital to the classical economy and was justified by philosophers as being a necessity in proper society.27
4772401802PatriarchalTypical household dynamic, whereby men were in firm control, but women sometimes played a vital economic role, and more important roles in upper class households.28
4772407961Air PollutionSerious problem in Rome because of the burning of wood for heat and manufacturing.29
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP WORLD HISTORY AZTECS Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3713128586YanasA class of people in the Incan society removed from their ayllus to serve permanately as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the nobility0
3713128587TwantinsuyuDivided into four great provinces under a governor, then divided again in order to maintain control of the empire. This was one part of a state bureaucracy in which almost all nobles participated in1
3713128588CalpulliBy the time the Aztecs came to power in the Valley of Mexico, the traditional _______ provided the empire with a bureaucratic institution which helped the empire function smoothly.2
3713128589CahokiaLocated near the confluence of the Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers, _______ seems to have replicated at least some aspects of traditional Mesoamerican political and commercial centers3
3713128590TopiltzinA Toltec and religious leader, ________ was apparently a priest dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl who lost a power struggle and went into exile. When Cortez arrived in Mexico, the Aztec leaders though 'Quetzalcoatl' had returned.4
3713128591Flower WarsWithin central Mexico the Aztecs left a few territories unconquered so that _______ could be staged in which both sides could obtain captives for sacrafice5
3713128592MilpaBased on the ancient agricultural methods of Maya and other Mesoamerican peoples, _______ agriculture was used to produce maize, beans, and squash- the mainstays of Mesoamerican diet.6
3713128593ChinampasTo enhance their surplus agriculture, the Aztecs adopted a system of irrigated agriculture by building ________- artificial floating islands which made possible the harvesting of four corn crops per year7
3713128594PachacutiIn 1438 Incan armies, led by _______, launched a series of military alliances and campaigns that brought them control of the region from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca- thus initiating the Incan Empire8
3713128595TeotihuacanJust as the Romans venerated the Greek pantheon of gods, so too did the Aztec venerate the pantheon of gods which had existed as far back as the time of _______9
3713128596Pueblo BonitoAn important religious and commercial center in the American Southwest, _______ apparently has strong commercial ties with the Valley of Mexico during the period of the Toltec10
3713128597Cult of the ancestorsExtremely important in Inca belief, _______ required that deceased rulers be mummified and then treated as intermediaries with the gods11
3713128598QuipuA system of knotted strings utilized by the Inca in lieu of a writing system, the _______ could contain numerical and other kinds of information for censuses and financial records12
3713128599Flowery DeathIn Aztec society, the _______ ensured eternity in the highest heaven for both men and women13
3713128600Temple of the SunLocated in Cuzco, the _______ was the center of the Incan state religion, and is where the mummies of past Incas were kept14
3713128601HuitzilopochtilRepresented by the Aztec god _________, Mesoamerica's traditional cult of warfare and sacrafice had become the "cult" of the militaristic Aztec state- a cult that demanded blood - or "precious water"- to sustain Aztec gods15
3713128602MitaUnlike the Aztecs, the Incas did not demand tribute in kind, but rather exacted labor on the lands assigned to the state and religion. These labor turns, _______, were an essential aspect of Inca control16
3713128603Aztec Tribute SystsemIn the _______, payments served both an economic and political function by concentrating power and wealth in the Aztec capital17
3713128604Split inheritanceDue to the Inca practice of _______, each new Inca needed to secure land and wealth- normally as a result of new conquests- in order to ensure his own cult and place in eternity18
3713128605PochtecaA specialized merchant class in Aztec society, the _______ specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items and also acted as the "eyes and ears" (unofficial spies) of the Aztec leadership in far off regions where they traded19
3713128606HuitzilopochtilMilitary success seems to have persuaded the Aztec that _______ considered them the chosen people and as military successes mounted, Aztec priests demanded more and more sacrificial victims to appease their god20
3713128607Spanish MitaDrawing heavily upon the labor traditions upon earlier Native American empires, the _______ provided the Spanish landowners with labor, while at the same time strengthening the position of the crown in New Spain and Peru21
3713128608ChinampaIn order to feed its population, Tenochtitlan relied upon _______ agriculture, a technology which allowed the Aztec to take advantage of their location on Lake Texococo22
3713128609GoldWhen Spanish explorers located exceptionally rich deposits of _______ in New Spain and Peru, the Spanish Caribbean became a sleepy backwater of the Spanish empire23
3713128610Flowery DeathIn Aztec society, the bearing of children was elevated to the point that women who died in childbirth won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly on the battlefield- a _______24
3713128611Tribute SystemThe Aztec _______ was one means of reminding conquered people a reminder of their status, and was also used to fill the Aztec markets with a diversity of goods25
3713128612CastasThe contact between Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans eventually produced large numbers of _______ in colonial Latin America26
3713128613Plantation AgricultureInitially Portuguese colonists practiced ________ in Brazil, an economic practice that required large numbers of slaves for labor27
3713128614IncaA magnificent and extensive road system enabled the _______ central government at Cuzco to communicate with all parts of its far-flung empire28
3713128615Sugar caneBeing introduced into the Caribbean in 1493, _______ became the driving force behind the colonization of Brazil for over a century only to be by-passed by various Caribbean colonies in the 17th century29
3713128616ToltecJust as the Romans embraced much of Classical Greek culture, the Aztec did likewise with the _______ culture30
3713128617RecopliaciónThe body of laws for governing Spanish America, the _______, was so large and varied that it took almost an entire century to complete it31
3713128618EncomiendaIn the early days of Spain's American empire, recruitment of labor came through the _______, a system which gave the Spanish settlers the right to compel the indigenous people to come work in their mines and fields32
3713128619Triple AllianceThe main objective of the _______ was to exact tribute from subject people throughout the Valley of Mexico and nearby regions33
3713128620AyllusRanging in size from small Inca villages to larger towns, _______ consisted of several families living together sharing land, tools, animals, crops, and work34
3713128621GoldIn 1695, _______ was discovered at 'Minas Gerais', thus bringing about a major shift in Brazil's economy from agriculture to mining35
3713128622PochtecaTo enhance trade within the Aztec empire, the elite entrusted some of the tribute items to officially recognized merchants, _______, who took them to distant lands and traded them for local products36
3713128623Treaty of TordisillasMigrated by the Church as the behest of the Papacy, the ________ divided the world into two spheres of influence, that of Spain and that of Portugal37
3713128624MerchantsRather than generate a large class of _______, Incan administrators organized the exchanges of various goods between the diverse regions of the empire38
3713128625CalpulliWith the passage of time, ancestry became less important to the nature of the ________ than the fact that groups of families lived together in communities, organized their own affairs, and allocated community property to family39
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3742334828Louis XVIBourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.0
3742334829Napoleon BonaparteOverthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.1
3742336159Count CavourPrime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy.2
3742336160Karl Marx1818-1883. German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship3
3742337064Maximilien RobespierreYoung provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. the leader of the Committee of Public Safety that began the Reign of Terror4
3742337065Benjamin DisraeliA British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.5
3742338394Otto Can Bismarckcreated a coalition with Austria-Hungary and Russia Unification of Germany6
3742338395Charles Darwin1809-1882 English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.7
3742339343Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenStatement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by the National Assembly; stated that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"8
3742339344Congress of ViennaMeeting in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes9
3742340343liberalFavorable to progress or reform; believing in maximum possible individual freedom; tolerant, open-minded; generous (adj); a person with such beliefs or practices (noun)10
3742340344Reform Bill of 1832Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.11
3742342301Industrial revolutionA series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s12
3742342302feminist movementsSought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education, came to concentrate on the right to vote, won support particularly for middle class women, active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century, revived light of other issues in the 1960s13
3742342303romanticism19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.14
3742343536Triple AllianceAlliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.15
3742343537Triple EntenteAn alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I16
3742343538guillotinedefined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading17
3742344934Reign of TerrorThis was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.18
3742344935conservativesPolitical viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century opposed revolutionary goals advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church19
3742344936radicalsPolitical viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century Advocated broader voting rights than liberals in some cases advocated outright democracy urged reforms in favor of the lower classes20
3742346063Chartisma reform movement among English workers and radicals that demanded universal suffrage and other political and social rights for the working classes21
3742346064socialismPolitical Movement with origins in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women Became more critical that constitutional issues after 187022
3742346065mass leisure culturean aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.23
3742346923settler societiessecond major type of European overseas possession, but within this type there were different patterns of European occupation and indigenous response. These were areas such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decreased the native population. White dominions are a part of this. *Australia, Canada, and New Zealand*24
3742348126Balkan nationalismMovements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.25
3742348127Robert Clivearchitect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India.26
3742349953ZulusAn African Bantu tribe that fought the British but lost and fell under British rule27
3742349954BoersDutch settlers in South Africa28
3742348128MaoriThe indigenous people of New Zealand29
3742349065Captain James CookMade voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West, convinced Kamehameha to establish a unified kingdom in the islands30
3742349955KamehamehaHawaiian prince; created unified kingdom of Hawaii with British backing by 1810; promoted westernization.31
3742351329sepoysTroops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India.32
3742351330British RajBritish political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India.33
3742352203battle of PlassyHe defeated the Nawab at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta. The battle was preceded by the attack on British-controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole incident. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta.34
3742352204satia Hindu practice whereby a widow immolates herself on the funeral pyre of her husband35
3742352205settlement colonyAreas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants36
3742353334white racial supremacyBelief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer37
3742354300Toussaint L'Ouverture(1743-1803) Leader of the slave rebellion on the french sugar island of st. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 180438
3742354301Father Miguel de HidalgoMexican priest who established an independence movement among American Indian and mestizos in 1810. despite early victories, was captured and executed39
3742355262Simon BolívarCreole military officer in northern South America won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822. Military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia40
3742355263Jose de San MartinLeader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Bourn in Argentina he served in Spanish Army but joined in the movement for independence and led the revolutionary army that crossed the andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-18 later collaborating with Simon Bolivar in the liberation of Peru. As "protector of Peru" he instituted a number of liberal reforms. For political reasons he went into exile in Europe in 182341
3742355264Santa AnnaSeized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824. After brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo. Defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836. Defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848. Unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.42
3742356697Benito Juarez(1806-1872) Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico. Leader of rebellion against Santa Anna. Liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian. Restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872.43
3742356698MaximilianProclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862. Ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867.44
3742357625Porfirio DiazJuarez's successor. First president, and the virtual dictator. Through political repression, produced economic rapid growth and stability.45
3742357626caudilloIndependent leader who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies. Sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule. Typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.46
3742358828Monroe DoctrineAmerican declaration stated in 1823. Established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americans would be considered and unfriendly act by the United States. Supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade.47
3742360196Treaty of Guadalupe-HudalgoAgreement that ended the Mexican-American War. Provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States. Left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America.48
3742360197fazendaCoffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860. Created major export commodity for Brazilian trade. Led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.49
3742361769Spanish-American WarWar fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898. Centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico. Permitted American intervention in Caribbean annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.50
3742361770Panama CanalAn aspect of American intervention in Latin America. Resulted from United States support for Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus. Provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Completed in 1914.51
3742361771Mahmud II(1785-1839) Ottoman Sultan. Built a private, professional army. Fermented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with his private army. Destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies. Initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.52
3742363621Abdul HamidOttoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908. Nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties. Deposed in coup in 1908.53
3742363622MamluksBegan as slaves for Muslim overlords. Came to rule Egypt as a vassal of the Ottoman sultans. Eventually overthrown by Napoleon's troops in 1798.54
3742363623Muhammad AliWon power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks. Established mastery of all Egypt by 1811. Introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms. By 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople. Died in 1848.55
3742364527Mahdiin Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer. Also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th-century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan.56
3742364528KangxiConfucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722. Established high degree of signification among the Manchus.57
3742364529Sun Yat-senHead of Revolutionary Alliance, an organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China. Briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912. Created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919. Died in 1925.58
3742365960Tanzimat reformsSeries of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876. Established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, and extensive legal reforms. Resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.59
3742365961khediveDescendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867. Formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.60
3742365962Suez CanalBuilt across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869. Financed by European investors. With increasing indebtedness to khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.61
3742367408Qing DynastyManchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming. Forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.62
3742367409compradorWealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty. Specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast. One of the major links between China and the outside world.63
3742367410Opium WarFought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839. Fought to protect British trade in opium. Resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade.64
3742370082Taiping RebellionBroke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s. Led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet. Sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry.65
3742370083queuesBraided ponytails that were the ethnic Chinese fashion under Manchu rule. Cut off by young revolutionaries, such as the Taipings and those following Sun Yat-sen, as an act of defiance.66
3742372024Nicholas I(r. 1894-1917) Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to delfect attention fro domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War I (1894-1917)67
3742373323Alexander II(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. son of Nicholas I68
3742373324LeninRussian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.69
3742376446BolsheviksA party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.70
3742376447Matthew PerryAmerican commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American Trade with Japan in 185471
3742377632Decembrist uprisingPolitical revolt in Russia in 1825, led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms, put down by Tsar Nickolas I72
3742377633Crimean WarFought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russians attempted to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II73
3742377634emancipation of the serfsTsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.74
3742379264zemstvoeslocal political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy75
3742379265anarchistsPolitical groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 188176
3742379266DumaNational parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution77
3742381273Meiji StateThis period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudal society to its modern form. Fundamental changes affected its social structure, internal politics, economy, military, and foreign relations. The period corresponded with the reign of Emperor Meiji after 1868, and lasted until his death in 1912.78
3742381274DietJapanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government but not control it.79
3742381275zaibatsuHuge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization80
3742383209Sino-Japanese WarWar fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western Insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula81
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Jargon (A-C) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7844959978abolitionthe legal prohibition and ending of slavery, especially of slavery of blacks in the U.S.; the act of abolishing0
7844959979absolutismthe principle or the exercise of complete and unrestricted power in government.1
7844959980administerto manage (affairs, a government, etc.); to have executive charge of2
7844959981administrationa body of administrators, especially in government.3
7844959982afro-a combining form of Africa: Afro-American; Afro-Asiatic.4
7844959983agrarianrelating to land, land tenure, or the division of landed property: agrarian laws.5
7844959984amer-a combining form of American6
7844959985analyzeto examine carefully and in detail so as to identify causes, key factors, possible results, etc.7
7844959986analysisa presentation, usually in writing, of the resultof this process: The paper published an analysis of the political situation.8
7844959987anarchisma doctrine urging the abolition of government or governmental restraint as the indispensable condition for full social and political liberty.9
7844959988anarchyfreedom from external or foreign rule; independence.10
7844959989ancientof or in time long past, especially before the end of the Western Roman Empire a.d. 476: ancient history.11
7844959990anti-semitismdiscrimination against or prejudice or hostility toward Jews.12
7844959991appeasementto yield or concede to the belligerent demands of (a nation, group, person, etc.) in a conciliatory effort, sometimes at the expense of justice or other principles.13
7844959992arablecapable of producing crops; suitable for farming14
7844959993archaeologythe scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, especially those that have been excavated.15
7844959994archaicmarked by the characteristics of an earlier period; antiquated: an archaic manner; an archaic notion.16
7844959995architecturethe character or style of building: the architecture of Paris; Romanesque architecture.17
7844959996-archya combining form meaning "rule," "government,", monarchy18
7844959997aristocracyany class or group considered to be superior, as through education, ability, wealth, or social prestige.19
7844959998atheismthe doctrine or belief that there is no God.20
7844959999asceticismrigorous self-denial; extreme abstinence; austerity.21
7844960000authoritarianfavoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom: authoritarian principles; authoritarian attitudes.22
7844960001authoritarianismof or pertaining to a governmental or political system, principle, or practice in which individual freedom is held as completely subordinate to the power or authority of the state, centered either in one person or a small group that is not constitutionally accountable to the people.23
7844960002balance of powera distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others.24
7844960003balance of tradethe difference between the values of exports and imports of a country, said to be favorable or unfavorable as exports are greater or less than imports.25
7844960004barbariana person without culture, refinement, or education; non-Greek, non-Roman, non-Christian, depending on the time in history26
7844960005bureaucracygovernment by many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials.27
7844960006border (national)the line that separates one country, state, province, etc., from another; frontier line28
7844960007bourgeoisie(in Marxist theory) the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values; the middle class29
7844960008capitalthe wealth, whether in money or property, owned or employed in business by an individual, firm, corporation,etc.30
7844960009capitalisman economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.31
7844960010capitola building occupied by a state legislature. The building in Washington, DC used by Congress.32
7844960011capitulateto surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms.33
7844960012cartelan international syndicate, combine, or trust formedespecially to regulate prices and output in some field ofbusiness.34
7844960013casualtya member of the armed forces lost to service through death, wounds, sickness, capture, or because his or her whereabouts or condition cannot be determined.35
7844960014causationthe action of causing or producing.36
7844960015celibacyabstention from sexual relations.37
7844960016celibatea person who remains unmarried, especially for religious reasons.38
7844960017centralin, at, or near the center: a central position.39
7844960018-centrica combining form with the meanings "having a center or centers" of the specified number or kind40
7844960019circa (c. ca.)about: (used especially in) approximate dates41
7844960020city-statea sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies.42
7844960021citizena native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection43
7844960022civilizationan advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached.44
7844960023chauvinismbiased devotion to any group, attitude, or cause.45
7844960024chivalrythe sum of the ideal qualifications of a knight, including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms.46
7844960025class struggleAlso called class conflict. Conflict between different classes in a community resulting from different social or economic positions and reflecting opposed interests.47
7844960026classicalof, pertaining to, or characteristic of Greek and Roman antiquity: classical literature; classical languages.48
7844960027coerceto dominate or control, especially by exploiting fear, anxiety, etc.49
7844960028coerciveserving or tending to coerce.50
7844960029coincidencea striking occurrence of two or more events at one time apparently by mere chance:51
7844960030colonyany people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power.52
7844960031colonialof, concerning, or pertaining to a colony or colonies: the colonial policies of France.53
7844960032Columbian Exchangea dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Eastern and Westernhemispheres (Old World and New World).54
7844960033communalof, by, or belonging to the people of a community; shared or participated in by the public: communal land;55
7844960034communisma theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership beingascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.56
7844960035conjuncturea combination of circumstances; a particular state of affairs.57
7844960036conscriptto compel into service.58
7844960037conscriptiona compulsory contribution of money or service to a government during a time of war.59
7844960038conservativedisposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change.60
7844960039constitutionalismthe principles of constitutional government or adherence to them.61
7844960040consumerEconomics . a person or organization that uses a commodity or service.62
7844960041consumerismthe concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy.63
7844960042conflateto fuse into one entity; merge: to conflate dissenting voices into one protest.64
7844960043contextthe set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc.65
7844960044continentone of the main landmasses of the globe, usually reckoned as seven in number (Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica).66
7844960045contingencydependence on chance or on the fulfillment of a condition; uncertainty67
7844960046conventiona meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives ordelegates, for discussion of and action on particular mattersof common concern.68
7844960047conventionalconforming or adhering to accepted standards, as of conductor taste. Non-nuclear weapons (conventional weapons).69
7844960048convergeto tend to a common result, conclusion, etc.70
7844960049coporationan association of individuals, created by law or underauthority of law, having a continuous existenceindependent of the existences of its members, and powersand liabilities distinct from those of its members.71
7844960050corporatepertaining to a united group, as of persons; having to do with a corporation72
7844960051corollaryan immediate consequence, result or easily drawn conclusion.73
7844960052correlationmutual relation of two or more things, parts; similarity, interconnection74
7844960053cosmopolitanfree from local, provincial, or national ideas, prejudices, orattachments; at home all over the world.75
7844960054coup d'etata sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resultingin a change of government illegally or by force.76
7844960055-cracyDenoting a particular form of government, rule, or influence: "democracy"77
7844960056craft ( n & v)Noun: an art, trade, or occupation requiring special skill, especially manual skill: the craft of a mason. Verb: to make or manufacture (an object, objects, product, etc.) with skill and careful attention to detail.78
7844960057creditconfidence in a purchaser's ability and intention to pay,displayed by entrusting the buyer with goods or serviceswithout immediate payment.79
7844960058currencysomething that is used as a medium of exchange; money.80
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History 8000 BCE-600 BCE Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5465085633AristocracyA form of government in which power is held by nobility. The highest class0
5465085634Agriculture RevolutionDefinition- The development of crops and animal raising as a source among human communities to supplement hunting and gathering1
5465085635BarbarianDefinition- A member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations2
5465085636BrahminsDefinition- A member of a social and cultural elite. In Hinduism they were teachers, priests and protectors.3
5465085637BureaucracyDefinition- A system of government in which most important decisions are made by state officials rather then by elected officials4
5465085638CitiesA large and permanent settlement.5
5465085639CivilizationsDefinition- The most advanced stage of human social developement and organization6
5465085640Complex Institutionsany sort of governing structure that controls the behavior of people around it7
5465085641CurrencyDefinition- A system of money in general use8
5465085642DeityDefinition- A god or goddess9
5465085643DemocracyDefinition- A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them10
5465085644DharmaThe principle of cosmic order or the teachings of Buddha.11
5465085645DiffusionDefinition- The spreading or something more widely12
5465085646Diversified Food SuppliesDefinition- Large selection of foods13
5465085647Domesticated AnimalsDefinition- Any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment14
5465085648Dynastic CycleAccording to this theory, each dynasty rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then, because of moral corruption, declines, loses the Mandate of Heaven, and falls, only to be replaced.15
5465085649EgalitarianDefinition- The belief that all people are created equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities16
5465085650Ethical CodesDefinition- A system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct17
5465085651FrontierA border seperating two countries18
5465085652HuntersA person who persuses and kills for food19
5465085653Ice AgeDefinition- A global episode during a past geological period20
5465085654Intensive CultivationDefinition- An agricultural production system characterized by high inputs or labor21
5465085655Irrigation SystemDefinition- An artificial application of water to the soil22
5465085656KarmaDefinition- The sum of a persons actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as their deciding fate23
5465085657Mandate of HeavenThe blessing under which a ruler is allowed to rule.24
5465085658MonogamyDefinition- The practice or state of being married to one person at a time25
5465085659PaganDefinition- A person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world26
5465085660Pastoralismthe branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock27
5465085661PatriarchyDefinition- A system of government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family28
5465085662PolygamyDefinition- The practice of having more then one wife or husband29
5465085663Record KeepingDefinition- The act of keeping detailed noted about activities and events30
5465085664SecularDefinition- Denoting attitudes, activities or other things that have no religious basis31
5465085665SericultureThe production of raw silk32
5465085666Settled PopulationDefinition- Populations of people who stayed in their location33
5465085667SlaveryThe practice or system of owning slaves.34
5465085668Specialization of LaborDefinition- The learned skill of a specific job35
5465085669SurplusDefinition- An amount of something left over when requirements have been met36
5465085670SyncretismThe combining or uniting of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought37
5465085671TextilesDefinition- The branch of industry involved in manufacturing of cloth38
5465085672TheorcacyDefinition- A system of government in which preists rule in the name of god39
5484454516VillagesA clustered human settlement or community, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.40
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature and Composition Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7424564688Allegory—A narrative or description with a second meaning beneath the surface one. A story, fictional or nonfiction, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. These characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to.0
7424564689Allusion—A brief, indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is expected to be familiar. These are usually literary, historical, Biblical, or mythological.1
7424564690Ambiguity—when an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.2
7424564691Anachronism—Assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence (e.g. the almanac in Back to the Future)3
7424564692Analogy—a comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses this, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the parallel case.4
7424564693Anecdote—A brief recounting of a relevant episode. These are often inserted into fictional or nonfiction texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.5
7424564694Angst—A term used in existential criticism to describe both the individual and the collective anxiety-neurosis of the period following the Second World War.6
7424564695Annotation—Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographic data (by the author or student).7
7424564696Antagonist.— the principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero of a narrative or drama8
7424564697Antihero— not to be confused with the antagonist or the villain, a central character in a dramatic or narrative work who lacks the qualities of nobility and magnanimity expected of traditional heroes and heroines in romances and epics. e.g. Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman9
7424564698Archetype—A term borrowed by psychologist Carl Jung who described archetypes as "primordial images" formed by repeated experiences in the lives of our ancestors, inherited in the "collective unconscious" of the human race and expressed in myths, religion, dreams, fantasies, and literature. These "images" of character, plot pattern, symbols recur in literature and evoke profound emotional responses in the reader because they resonate with an image already existing in our unconscious mind, e.g. death, rebirth.10
7424564699Canon—those works generally considered by scholars, critics, and teachers to be the most important to read and study, which collectively constitute the "masterpieces" of certain genres of literature.11
7424564700Characterization—The method an author uses to develop characters in a work.12
7424564701Cliché—a trite, tired, overused idea or expression; usually a sign of weak writing13
7424564702Concrete Language—Language that describes specific, observable things, people or places, rather than ideas or qualities.14
7424564703Connotation—Rather than the dictionary definition, the associations associated by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning or denotation.15
7424564704Denouement— a French term meaning "unknotting" used to describe the resolution of the lot following the climax16
7424564705Diction—Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. Can be described as formal or colloquial.17
7424564706Didactic—A term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model or correct behavior or thinking.18
7424564707Dramatic Irony—When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfiction character's perception of a situation and the truth of that situation.19
7424564708Ennui—A persistent feeling of tiredness or weariness, which often afflicts existential man, often manifesting as boredom.20
7424564709Epigraph—A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of a theme.21
7424564710Epiphany—A major character's moment of realization or awareness.22
7424564711Explication—The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text, especially a poem. This usually involves close analytical reading and special attention to figurative language and other literary devices.23
7424564712Exposition—Background information provided by a writer to enhance a reader's understanding of the context of a fictional or nonfictional story.24
7424564713Fiction—even it it's based on familiar events, a fiction is still defined as a product of a writer's imagination made up of characters, plot, setting, point of view, and theme.25
7424564714Figurative Language—includes device such as imagery, metaphor, hyperbole, simile, etc. The opposite of literal or actual words; describes sensations or responses that the thing described evokes. e.g. soft as a blanket or "All the world's a stage"26
7424564715Figure of Speech—A form of expression in which words are used out of the usual sense in order to make the meaning more specific27
7424564716Flashback—a narrated scene that marks a break in the narrative in order to inform the reader or audience member about events that took place before the opening scene of a work28
7424564717Flat Character—A character constructed around a single idea or quality; a flat character is immediately recognizable.29
7424564718Foil—A character whose traits are the opposite of another and who thus points up the strengths and weaknesses of the other character.30
7424564719Foreshadowing—verbal and dramatic hints that suggest what might come later in a play or story; sometimes only detected upon a second reading or analysis of the plot31
7424564720Genre—French, a literary form or type; classification. e.g. tragedy, comedy, novel, essay, poetry.32
7424564721Hyperbole—Conscious exaggeration used to heighten effect. Not intended literally, it is often humorous. Example: "And fired the shot heard round the world."33
7424564722Image—A word or group of words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the senses. It is always a concrete representation.34
7424564723Imagery—The use of sensory details in a pattern of images, often figurative, to create a strong unified sensory impression. (When an AP question asks you to discuss this, you should look especially carefully at the sensory details and the metaphors and similes of a passage. Some diction is also imagery, but not all diction evokes sensory responses.)35
7424564724In media res—a term meaning "in the middle of the story"; used to describe the common strategy of beginning a story in the middle of the action, in which the story begins on the verge of some important moment and which will later include flashbacks and flashforwards (e.g. Cold Mountain and Frankenstein begin in media res)36
7424564725Irony— a discrepancy between expectation and reality37
7424564726Metaphor—A comparison of two things, often unrelated. "all the world's a stage"38
7424564727Dead Metaphor—So overused that its original impact has been lost.39
7424564728Extended Metaphor(also called Conceit)—a metaphor developed at length; involves several points of comparison.40
7424564729Mixed Metaphor—When two metaphors are jumbled together, often illogically.41
7424564730Mood—An atmosphere created by a writer's word choice (diction) and the details selected. Syntax is also a determiner of this because sentence length and complexity often affect pacing.42
7424564731Moral—The lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story; heavily didactic story.43
7424564732Motif—A recurring symbol, character, incident, or concept in literature (e.g. Inman's journal in Cold Mountain)44
7424564733Onomatopoeia—The use of a word whose pronunciation suggests its meaning. "Buzz," "hiss," "slam," and "pop" are commonly used examples.45
7424564734Oxymoron—a simple paradoxical term that combines contradictory words into a single expression; usually serves the purpose of shocking the reader into awareness or conveying complex emotions. Examples include "wise fool," "sad joy," and "eloquent silence."46
7424564735Paradox- like an oxymoron, but more complex; a situation or action or feeling that appears to be contradictory but on inspection turns out to reveal a profound truth (e.g. one must serve in order to lead; solitude was his only companion; the silence was deafening.)47
7424564736Parable—A short story from which a lesson may be drawn.48
7424564737ParallelismSentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions.49
7424564738Parody—An exaggerated imitation of a usually more serious work for humorous purposes.50
7424564739Pathos—Qualities of a fictional or nonfictional work that evoke sorrow or pity. Over-emotionalism can be the result.51
7424564740Personification—Figurative Language in which inanimate objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions are endowed with human traits or human form—e.g. "When Duty whispers..."52
7424564741Plot—System of actions represented in a dramatic or narrative work.53
7424564742Point of View—The perspective from which a fictional or nonfictional story is told.54
7424564743First person-uses "I"; major/minor participant in the action55
7424564744Second person-- "you"; usually not literal and usually intended to thrust the reader into the story56
7424564745Third person/Objective- detached, impersonal; uses details, dialogue, actions to reveal character to the reader57
74245647463rd person limitedthe reader observes the situation from the outside through the senses and thoughts of a single character58
74245647473rd person omniscientthe story is told by an all-knowing narrator, allowing us to see the world through the eyes of many characters, not just one character59
7424564748Protagonist—Chief character in a dramatic or narrative works; usually trying to accomplish some objective or working toward some goal.60
7424564749Round Character—Similar to a dynamic character; drawn with sufficient complexity to be able to surprise the reader without losing credibility.61
7424564750Satire—A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme, ironic and often humorous way.62
7424564751Sarcasm—A type of verbal irony in which, under the guise of praise, a caustic and bitter expression of strong and personal disapproval is given.63
7424564752Setting—The locale and time period in which the action takes place.64
7424564753Simile—A figurative comparison of two things, often dissimilar, using the connecting words: "like," "as," or "then."65
7424564754Situational Irony-the opposite occurs rather than what is expected66
7424564755Stock Character—Conventional character types that recur repeatedly in various literary genres. E.g. the wicked stepmother or Prince Charming or the rascal.67
7424564756Stream of Consciousness—Technique of writing that undertakes to reproduce the raw flow of consciousness, with the perceptions, thoughts, judgments, feelings, associations, and memories presented just as they occur without being tidied into grammatical sentences or given logical and narrative order.68
7424564757Style—The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. In combination they create a work's manner of expression.69
7424564758Symbol—A thing, event, or person that represents or stands for some idea or event. A figure of speech in which a concrete object is used to stand for an abstract idea —e.g. the cross for Christianity.70
7424564759Syntax—In grammar, the arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their relationship.71
7424564760Theme—A central idea of a work of fiction or nonfiction, revealed and developed in the course of a story or explored through argument.72
7424564761Tone—A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization of the sentence and global levels. This is the result of allusion, diction, figurative language, imagery, irony, symbol, syntax, and style.73
7424564762Understatement- the opposite of hyperbole; a kind of irony that deliberately represents something as much less than it really is —e.g. Macbeth, having been nearly hysterical after killing Duncan, tells Lenox, "'Twas a rough night."74
7424564763Unity—A work of fiction or nonfiction is said to be unified is all the parts are related to one central idea or organizing principle. Thus, unity is dependent upon coherence.75
7424564764Verbal Irony—When the reader is aware of a discrepancy between the real meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the writer's words.76
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!