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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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6749406693AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
6749406694DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
6749406695Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
6749406696IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
6749406697IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
6749406698Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
6749406699Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
6749406700LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
6749406701Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
6749406702Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
6749406703Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.10
6749406704Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese11
6749406705Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).12
6749406706Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.13
6749406707Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)14
6749406708BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.15
6749406709Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)16
6749406710Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.17
6749406711OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.18
6749406712Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.19
6749406713Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.20
6749406714ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.21
6749406715VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.22
6749406716CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.23
6749406718FranglaisA form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.24
6749406719EbonicsA dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.25
6749406720SpanglishA hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.26
6749406721FrancophonePlaces and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).27
6749406722HankulThe system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.28
6749406723Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.29
6749406724Germanic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.30
6749406725Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.31
6749406726Balto-Slavic BranchThis branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.32
6749406727Celtic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.33
6749406728Uralic Language FamilyLanguage Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.34
6749406729Austronesian Language FamilyLanguage Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.35
6749406730Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyThis language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.36
6749406731Niger-Congo Language FamilyMore than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.37
6749406732Prehistoric SubgroupA language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European38
6749406733Altaic Language FamilyA language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.39
6749406734Kurgan TheoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.40
6749406735Renfrew (Anatolian) TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.41
6749406736British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.42
6749406737Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.43
6749406738Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).44
6749406739Backward ReconstructionWhen linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.45
6749406740Sound ShiftSlight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).46
6749406741Treaty of TordesillasPope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.47
6749406742HindiApproximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.48
6749406743SwahiliThe lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.49
6749406744UrduPakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.50
6749406745FarsiThe principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.51
6749406746MandarinThis language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.52
6749406747ArabicThis language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.53
6749406748HebrewThis language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.54
6749406749Irish GaelicThis is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.55
6749406750BasqueAlso known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.56
6749406751WelshThis is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.57
6749406752InuktitutThe language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.58
6749406753GlobalizationThe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).59
6749406754QuebecThis province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.60
6749406756Latin AmericaThis region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.61
6749406757BelgiumThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.62
6749406758SwitzerlandThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).63
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Language Vocab AP HG Flashcards

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5289487606languageA set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication0
5289487607mutual intelligibilityThe ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.1
5289487608standard languageThe variant of a language that a countries political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for all public life.2
5289487609dialectsLocal or regional characteristics of a language, has distinct grammar and vocabulary3
5289487610dialect chainA set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related.4
5289487611isoglossA geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.5
5289487612language familiesGroup of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin6
5289487613subfamiliesDivisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and its origin is more recent.7
5289487614sound shiftSlight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from present towards origin.8
5289487615Proto-Indo-EuropeanLinguistics hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestoral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which the hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa through parts of Asia to Australia.9
5289487616backward reconstructionThe tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward their original language.10
5289487617extinct languageLanguage without any native speakers11
5289487618deep reconstructionTechnique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded the extinct language12
5289487619NostraticLanguage believed to be the ancestral language not only of P-I-E but also of the Kartvelian language, Uralic-Altaic languages, Dravidian languages and the Afro-Asiatic languages.13
5289487620language converganceThe collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages; the opposite of language divergence.14
5289487621language divergenceThe opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of language into new languages.15
5289487622conquest theoryOne major theory on how P-I-E diffused into Europe. Holds that early speakers of P-I-E spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.16
5289487623dispersal hypothesisHypothesis which holds that Indo-European languages that arose from P-I-E were first carried eastward into SW Asia, next around the Caspian sea, and then across the Russian-Ukraine plains and into the Balkans.17
5289487624Romance languages(French, Spanish, Italian, Portugese, Romanian) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed.18
5289487625Germanic languages(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the West and South.19
5289487626Slavic languages(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukranian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) languages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in Ukraine about 2000 years ago.20
5289487627lingua francaToday refers to "common language" , a language used by different speakers for trade or commerce. Originated as "language of the Franks" and was used for trade in the Mediterranean sea area.21
5289487628pidgin languagewhen parts of two or more languages are combined into a simplified structure and vocabulary22
5289487629Creole languageA language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by people in place of the mother tongue.23
5289487630monolingual stateCountries in which only one language is spoken24
5289487631multilingual stateCountries in which more than one language is spoken25
5289487632official languageIn multilingual countries, the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of courts and government.26
5289487633global languagethe language used most commonly around the world; defined by either number of speakers or prevalence of use in commerce and trade.27
5289487634placethe uniqueness of a location28
5289487635toponyma place name29
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AP Literature Poetry Terms That You Probably Don't Know Flashcards

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9264371151AlliterationThe repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Example: "Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood."0
9264371152AllusionA brief, intentional reference to a historical, mythic, or literary person, place, event, or movement.1
9264371153AmphibrachA stressed syllable surrounded by two unstressed syllables. (This is a metrical foot) Examples: "another," "uncommon," "instead of."2
9264371154AnapestA metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. Examples: "underfoot" and "overcome" (Metrical Foot)3
9264371155AnaphoraThe repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines to create a sonic effect. Example: "I have a dream" repetition4
9264371156AntithesisContrasting or combining two terms, phrases, or clauses with opposite meanings. Example: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."5
9264371157ApostropheAn address to a dead or absent person, or personification as if he or she were present.6
9264371158ArchetypeA basic model from which copies are made; a prototype. AKA our basic knowledge from the unconscious7
9264371159AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. Example: "Try to light the fire"8
9264371160Blank VerseUnrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse. This 10-syllable line is the predominant rhythm of traditional English dramatic and epic poetry, as it is considered the closest to English speech patterns.9
9264371161CacophonyHarsh or discordant sounds, often the result of repetition and combination of consonants within a group of words. Example: "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!"10
9264371162CadenceThe patterning of rhythm in natural speech, or in poetry without a distinct meter (i.e., free verse).11
9264371163CaesuraA stop or pause in a metrical line, often marked by punctuation or by a grammatical boundary, such as a phrase or clause.12
9264371164CatalexisOmission or incompleteness usually in the last foot of a line in metrical verse Ex: Take the bride and take the groom out, Slap the child and clear the room out. -- Take the bride and take the groom, Slap the child and clear the room.13
9264371165ChiasmusRepetition of any group of verse elements (including rhyme and grammatical structure) in reverse order, such as the rhyme scheme ABBA. Ex: "But many that are first / Shall be last, / And many that are last / Shall be first";14
9264371166Closed FormA type of form or structure in poetry characterized by regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern. Example: Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though. He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.15
9264371167Common MeasureA quatrain that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines.16
9264371168ConceitAn often unconventional, logically complex, or surprising metaphor whose delights are more intellectual than sensual.17
9264371169ConcreteVerse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic.18
9264371170ConnotationThe associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning.19
9264371171ConsonanceA resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme. This can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence ("bed" and "bad") or reversed ("bud" and "dab"20
9264371172Controlling ImageAn image a poet uses to carry forward the sense of the poem.21
9264371173CoupletA pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length.22
9264371174DactylA metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables; the words "poetry" and "basketball"23
9264371175DimeterA line of verse composed of two feet. Example: "Some go local / Some go express / Some can't wait / To answer Yes,"24
9264371176DirgeA brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral.25
9264371177DissonanceA disruption of harmonic sounds or rhythms.26
9264371178Double EntendreA phrase or a figure of speech that might have multiple senses, interpretations or two different meanings or that could be understood in two different ways.27
9264371179Dramatic MonologueA poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader.28
9264371180ElegyIn traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subject's death but ends in consolation.29
9264371181End RhymeThe rhyming of the final syllables of a line.30
9264371182End-Stopped LineA metrical line ending at a grammatical boundary or break—such as a dash or closing parenthesis—or with punctuation such as a colon, a semicolon, or a period.31
9264371183EnjambmentThe running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation; the opposite of end-stopped.32
9264371184EpicA long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance.33
9264371185EpigramA pithy, often witty, poem. Example: This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained.34
9264371186EuphemismA polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant. Example: Croak = Death35
9264371187EuphonyThe use of words and phrases that are distinguished as having a wide range of noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds they create.36
9264371188Exact RhymeA form of rhyme between two words or phrases, satisfying the following conditions: The stressed vowel sound in both words must be identical, as well as any subsequent sounds. For example, "sky" and "high"; "skylight" and "highlight".37
9264371189ExplicationA relatively short analysis which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem.38
9264371190External RhymeA pattern of words that rhyme on the "outside." edge of the poem - the last syllable in the last word of each line in a stanza.39
9264371191Eye RhymeRhymes only when spelled, not when pronounced. For example, "through" and "rough.40
9264371192Feminine RhymeThe rhyming of one or more unstressed syllables, such as "dicing" and "enticing."41
9264371193Figurative LanguageUsing figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive and impactful.42
9264371194FootThe basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter. Usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable.43
9264371195Free VerseNonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech.44
9264371196HaikuA Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables.45
9264371197Heroic CoupletA pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length written in iambic pentameter and features prominently in the work of 17th- and 18th-century didactic and satirical poets.46
9264371198HyperboleA figure of speech composed of a striking exaggeration.47
9264371199IambA metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. Ex: "unite" and "provide"48
9264371200ImageThe ideas pictured in a reader's mind created by the writer.49
9264371201ImageryElements of a poem that invoke any of the five senses to create a set of mental images.50
9264371202In media resDescribes a narrative that begins, not at the beginning of a story, but somewhere in the middle — usually at some crucial point in the action51
9264371203Internal RhymeRhyme within a single line of verse; When a word from the middle of a line is rhymed with a word at the end of the line.52
9264371204LimerickA fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Example: "An infatuated man from Dover, was left by his imaginary lover. He pulled his hair, in sheer despair, forgetting a wig was his cover."53
9264371205LitotesA deliberate understatement for effect; the opposite of hyperbole.54
9264371206LyricOriginally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers to a short poem in which the poet, the poet's persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings.55
9264371207Masculine RhymeA rhyme of final stressed syllables (e.g., blow / flow, confess / redress ).56
9264371208MeasureA poetic rhythm measured by temporal quantity or accent57
9264371209MeiosisThe use of understatement to highlight a point or explain a situation or to understate a response used to enhance the effect of a dramatic moment.58
9264371210MetaphorA comparison that is made directly. Example: John Keats's "Beauty is truth, truth beauty"59
9264371211Metaphysical PoetsA group of 17th-century poets whose works are marked by philosophical exploration, colloquial diction, ingenious conceits, irony, and metrically flexible lines.60
9264371212MeterThe rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse.61
9264371213MetonymyA figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself. Often the substitution is based on a material, causal, or conceptual relation between things. For example, the British monarchy is often referred to as the Crown.62
9264371214Narrative BalladA popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines.63
9264371215Near RhymeRhyming in which the words sound the same but do not rhyme perfectly. Example "shape/keep"64
9264371216OctaveAn eight-line stanza or poem.65
9264371217OdeA formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary.66
9264371218OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which the sound of a word imitates its sense (for example, "choo-choo," "hiss," or "buzz").67
9264371219Open FormA type of structure or form in poetry characterized by freedom from regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, metrical pattern, and overall poetic structure.68
9264371220OxymoronA figure of speech that brings together contradictory words for effect, such as "jumbo shrimp" and "deafening silence."69
9264371221ParadoxAs a figure of speech, it is a seemingly self-contradictory phrase or concept that illuminates a truth. "Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is."70
9264371222ParallelismThe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.71
9264371223ParonomasiaA play on words; a pun.72
9264371224PentameterA line made up of five feet. It is the most common metrical line in English.73
9264371225PersonaA dramatic character, distinguished from the poet, who is the speaker of a poem74
9264371226PersonificationA figure of speech in which the poet describes an abstraction, a thing, or a nonhuman form as if it were a person75
9264371227ProsodyThe principles of metrical structure in poetry.76
9264371228PyrrhicA metrical unit consisting of two unstressed syllables, in accentual-syllabic verse, or two short syllables, in quantitative meter. EX: "To a green thought in a green shade."77
9264371229QuatrainA four-line stanza, rhyming.78
9264371230RefrainA phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza.79
9264371231RepetitionA literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer.80
9264371232RhythmAn audible pattern in verse established by the intervals between stressed syllables.81
9264371233RhymeThe repetition of syllables, typically at the end of a verse line.82
9264371234Rhyme SchemeThe ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.83
9264371235SatireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.84
9264371236ScansionThe analysis of the metrical patterns of a poem by organizing its lines into feet of stressed and unstressed syllables and showing the major pauses, if any.85
9264371237SestetA six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet.86
9264371238SonnetA 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme87
9264371239SpondeeA metrical foot consisting of two accented syllables. Example: With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him.88
9264371240English SonnetA sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a couplet with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg89
9264371241Italian SonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abba abba and a sestet rhyming in any of various patterns90
9264371242Slant RhymeRhyming in which the words sound the same but do not rhyme perfectly. Example "shape/keep"91
9264371243Sight RhymeRhymes only when spelled, not when pronounced. For example, "through" and "rough.92
9264371244SimileComparison using like or as93
9264371245StanzaA grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought.94
9264371246StressA syllable uttered in a higher pitch—or with greater emphasis—than others.95
9264371247SymbolSomething in the world of the senses, including an action, that reveals or is a sign for something else, often abstract or otherworldly.96
9264371248SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole (for example, "I've got wheels" for "I have a car," or a description of a worker as a "hired hand")97
9264371249SynesthesiaIn description, a blending or intermingling of different sense modalities.98
9264371250TenorWhat's getting reimagined by the other part of the metaphor99
9264371251TetrameterA line made up of four feet.100
9264371252ToneThe poet's attitude toward the poem's speaker, reader, and subject matter, as interpreted by the reader.101
9264371253TrimeterA line of three metrical feet.102
9264371254Triple RhymeA feminine rhyme involving one stressed and two unstressed syllables in each rhyming line.103
9264371255TrocheeA metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable. EX: "garden" and "highway."104
9264371256True RhymeA form of rhyme between two words or phrases, satisfying the following conditions: The stressed vowel sound in both words must be identical, as well as any subsequent sounds. For example, "sky" and "high"; "skylight" and "highlight".105
9264371257UnderstatementA figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration. The last line of Frost's "Birches" illustrates this literary device: "One could do worse than be a swinger of birches."106
9264371258VillanelleA French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain.107
9264371259VirguleSeparates lines of poetry that are quoted in run-on fashion in the text108
9264371260VoltaItalian word for "turn." AKA The climax of a sonnet.109
9264387725BalladA simple narrative poem of folk origin, composed in short stanzas and adapted for singing.110
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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards Flashcards

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7030967104Abstracta summary of a text, scientific article, document, speech, etc.; epitome. Example: He invaded Iraq on the basis of abstract theory, the very thing Burke warned against.0
7030967105Adagea traditional saying expressing a common experience or observation; proverb. Example: The word "revenge" in this adage is understood to be other-than-literal.1
7030968217Allegorya representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another Example: The Lord of The Flies (Golding) has allegories about society2
7030968218Alliterationthe occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Example: "Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers"3
7030969068Allusionan expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly Example: "Don't be a Scrooge!" (reference to a character who is evil/mean)4
7030969860Ambiguitythe quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness Example: outgoing and adventurous people are more likely to be open to new ideas5
7030970697Anachronisma thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned Example: Shakespeare (Julius Caesar play)6
7030970698Analogya comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification Example: I am to Golden Valley as Irik is to Buhach.7
7030971933Anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person Example: During a conversation about theme parks, a little kid tells about his trip to disney world8
7030972782Antagonista person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something Example: President Snow/the capital in The Hunger Games9
7030983264Antithesisa person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else Example: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."10
7030984080Aphorisma pithy observation that contains a general truth Example: There's no time like the present11
7030984813Apostrophea punctuation mark ( ' ) used to indicate either possession Example: The cat's food. The dog's bowl. It's Saturday.12
7030985577Archetypea very typical example of a certain person or thing. Example: Bully Damsel in distress Evil genius13
7030986443Assonancein poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible Example: "Hear the mellow wedding bells" (Edgar Allen Poe)14
7030986444Ballada poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas Example: "That which befalls me in my Lady's presence Bars explanation intellectual. I seem to see a lady wonderful Spring forth between her lips, one whom no sense Can fully tell the mind of,and one whence Another, in beauty, springeth marvelous, From whom a star goes forth and speaketh thus: 'Now my salvation is gone forth from thee.'"15
7030987046Bathosan effect of anti climax created by an unintentional lapse in mood from the sublime to the trivial or ridiculous Example: Jane Austen is among the few serious writers who used this tool. It helped her give a sense of merriness to her novel Northanger Abbey.16
7030987047Blank Verseverse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter. Example: Mending Walls by Robert Frost is an example of a blank verse poem17
7030989037Caesuraa break between words within a metrical foot. Example: Star spangled banner "Oh, say can you see || by the dawn's early light"18
7030989038Canona general law, rule, principle, or criterion by which something is judged. Example: Shakespearean canon19
7030990083Caricaturea picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect Example: He who is very smart is one who some may call a "robot"20
7030990084Climaxthe most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex Example: Pretty Little Liars last episode of season two when they found out who A was21
7030991042Colloquialused in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary Example: It's lit22
7030993836Conceita fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor Example: Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet) He compares Juliet to a boat in a storm.23
7030993837Connotationan idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning Example: "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day"24
7030996005Consonancerefer to the repetition of ending sounds that are consonants Example: "I held my nose in the breeze so I would not sneeze on your knees"25
7030996006Couplettwo lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit. Example: I have the measles and the mumps,/ a gash, a rash and purple bumps.26
7030996915Dictionhe choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing Example: His perfect diction never failed to be commented on.27
7030997846Deus ex machinaan unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel. Example: Bob used deus ex machina so his characters could escape their sticky situation.28
7030997847Elegya poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead. Example: Since I am not an animal lover, I could only sigh as Ann sang an elegy for her dead cat.29
7030999688Ellipsisthe omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues Example: So... what happened?30
7030999704Enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza. Example: "I think that I shall never see A poem as lovely as a tree." Kilmer31
7031000810Epica long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation Example: In early times the war of the Epigoni was a favorite subject of epic poetry.32
7031002072Epigrama pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way Example: "Make crime pay: become a lawyer" Will Rogers33
7031002073Euphemisma mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. Example: Saying "passed away" instead of "died"34
7031006580Expositioncomprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory Example: In 1887 the Piedmont exposition was held in Atlanta.35
7031006581Fablea short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral. Example: The tortoise and the hare is a fable (slow and steady wins the race)36
7031007497Falling Actionthe part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved Example: The falling action of the book Goldilock and the three bears was that she got out of bed and ran away37
7031007498Farcea comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations Example: Many argue that the government today is a mere farce of what it started out as38
7031008805First-person Narrativea point of view (who is telling a story) where the story is narrated by one character at a time Example: You are the smartest person in the room39
7031008806Flashbacka scene in a movie, novel, etc., set in a time earlier than the main story Example: Jane The Virgin and Pretty Little Liars go back in the past to give info40
7031009466Foilprevent (something considered wrong or undesirable) from succeeding Example: The detective foiled their plan.41
7031009467Foreshadowingbe a warning or indication of (a future event) Example: PLL uses foreshadowing at the end of the episodes42
7031010368Free Versepoetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter. Example: Milk & Honey book43
7031010369Genrea category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. Example: There are different genres of music on pandora (hip hop, pop, country)44
7031013143Hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally Example: She weighed a million pounds after eating dinner45
7031013144Imageryvisually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work Example: If you are a fan of music, then imagery surrounds you in songs. Many people agree that songs are but poetry set to music. Which puts pictures in your mind.46
7031014162In medias resinto the middle of a narrative; without preamble Example: The odyssey- Started in the middle and went back to the same point to hook the audience.47
7031014163Ironythe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect Example: PLL uses irony because Mona was their friend48
7031016086Juxtaposeplace or deal with close together for contrasting effect Example: Happiness/sadness49
7031018024Litotesironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary Example: No big deal my life is just over50
7031018025Lyricexpressing the writer's emotions, usually briefly and in stanzas or recognized forms Example: He also drew up select lists of epic and lyric poets.51
7031019158Metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable Example: She was so red she was a tomato.52
7031019159Meterin nouns denoting lines of poetry with a specified number of feet or measures Example: All i could see from where I stood.53
7031020013Metonymythe substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant Example: The "pen" stands in for "the written word."54
7031020014Mooda temporary state of mind or feeling Example: He has been in a grumpy mood since he got up.55
7031020015Motifan image, sound, action or other figures that have a symbolic significance and contributes toward the development of theme Example: Death is the depressing motif that appears in each of the artists paintings.56
7031021351Narratora person who narrates something, especially a character who recounts the events of a novel or narrative poem. Example: There is narrator in Jane The Virgin.57
7031021352Odea lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter. It is the ode on the fall of the king of Babylon. Example: Pindaric, Horatian, and Irregular are 3 types of odes.58
7031026455Omniscient Point of Viewthe narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters Example: Jane the Virgin's narrator.59
7031027678Onomatopoeiathe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named ( Example: Cheer team's music- SNAP, CRACKLE, POP60
7031028873Oxymorona figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction Example: "Pretty ugly"61
7031028874Parablea simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson Example: It was a parable of impending doom.62
7031029462Paradoxa seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true Example: In a strange paradox, the medicine made Heather sick before it made her better.63
7031029463Parodyan imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect Example: When I heard the parody of the love song, I could not stop laughing.64
7031031186Pastorala work of literature portraying an idealized version of country life Example: For some years previously the pastoral industry had been declining drought.65
7031031187Pathosa quality that evokes pity or sadness Example: ASPCA commercials with the sick homeless animals66
7031031188Personathe aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others Example: Toby's persona is misunderstood in season 1 of pll67
7031032298Personificationthe attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. Example: The sunshine danced down the ceiling and swam into the floor.68
7031034864Plotthe main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence. Example: Wonder Woman movie has a great plot (leads up to big war)69
7031039308Protagonistthe leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text. Example: Katniss Everdeen in the Hunger Games series.70
7031040161Quatraina stanza of four lines, especially one having alternate rhymes Example: He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there's some mistake. The onyl torres sounds the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake71
7031040162Realismthe quality or fact of representing a person, thing, or situation accurately or in a way that is true to life Example: It is thus opposed to natural realism and to idealism.72
7031040163Refraina repeated line or number of lines in a poem or song, typically at the end of each verse. Example: She could not refrain from weeping at these words.73
7031041658Rhetorical Questiona question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer Example: Is rain wet?74
7031041659Rhymecorrespondence of sound between words or the endings of words Example: Dr. Seuss books.75
7031041660Rhythma strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound Example: Songs have rhythm76
7031043111Rising Actiona plot is a series of relevant incidents that create suspense, interest and tension in a narrative Example: Pretty little Liars has rising action77
7031043112Sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt Example: My sister is really sarcastic78
7031043807Satirethe use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. Example: A modest proposal by Jonathan Swift.79
7031043808Settingthe place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place Example: PLL is set in rosewood80
7031045231Shakespearean Sonnetthe sonnet form used by Shakespeare, composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg. Also called Elizabethan sonnet, English sonnet Example: Italian/english sonnets81
7031045232Similea figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid Example: The sky was as blue as the Atlantic ocean.82
7031047374Soliloquyan act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers Example: Speech by Macbeth " She should have died hereafter"83
7031047375Stanzaa group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse Example: Couplets, Tercets, and quatrains84
7031049444Stereotypea widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing Example: While many people believe the stereotype all teenagers are lazy, their beliefs are false.85
7031049445Structurethe arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex Example: A small door in the stone structure opened.86
7031050285Stylethe literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words Example: Songwriters have a style of writing their music87
7031050286Syllogisman instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises) Example: All birds lay eggs. A chicken lays eggs. A chicken is a bird.88
7031052034Symbolismthe use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities Example: Mockingjay symbolizes freedom in The Hunger Games89
7031053606Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa Example: Calling a car wheels90
7031054242Syntaxthe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language Example: People who text on their phone while watching a movie are very annoying.91
7031055177Terza Rimaan arrangement of triplets, especially in iambs, that rhyme Example: From Second Satire by Sir Thomas Wyatt92
7031055178Themethe subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic Example: The theme of Animal Farm is leadership and corruption93
7031055179Tonethe general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc Example: joyful, serious, humorous, sad, threatening, formal, informal, pessimistic, and optimistic.94
7031056336Tragedya play dealing with tragic events and having an unhappy ending, especially one concerning the downfall of the main character Example: Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy95
7031056337Voicethe form or a format through which narrators tell their stories Example: In To Kill a Mockingbird Scout is a good example of voice (character voice)96
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AP Language Study Guide! Flashcards

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5025896897Rhetorical trianglespeaker, audience, subject0
5025896898rhetoricpersuasive speaking or writing (like a commercial or essay or article)1
5025896899ethosappeal to authority2
5025896900pathosappeal to emotions3
5025968489logosappeal to logic4
5025968490audiencepeople who experience media5
5025968491connotationfeeling that a word invokes to its literal meaning (like how calling someone a chicken is bad)6
5025968492counterargumentopposing a different argument in your argument7
5025970572propagandabiased or misleading media linked to nationalism (most of the time)8
5025970573personathe aspect of someones character that is presented to or perceived by others (playboy billionaire is bruce waynes persona)9
5025970574SOAPSspeaker, occasion, audience, purpose, subject, tone10
5025970575arrangementhow smth is organized11
5025972660Stylean author's own personalized, unique way of writing12
5025977952deliverythe certain way smth is spoken or written13
5025977953dictiona person's vocab14
5025977954syntaxthe way a sentence is arranged15
5025977955polemica verbal/written attack on someone16
5025980923inflammatoryarousing angry/violent feelings17
5025980924remorsefulsorry/apologetic tones in writing or words18
5025980925repulsivesomething disgusting19
5025980926ironichappening in the opposite way that was expected20
5025999717tricolona list of three21
5025999718cause and effectorganizational pattern that describes actions and results22
5026002808anaphorabeginning a series of sentences or lines with the same word or phrase23
5026002809process analysisdescribing how a system operates24
5026004284exemplificationproviding a series of examples25
5026004285compare and contrastjuxtaposing unike things to highlights similarities or differences26
5026004286classificationsorting information using categories27
5026006326close readingattentive to the elements of form and style; annotating is a way to do this28
5026009431imperative sentenceimperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command29
5026009432hortative sentencehortative is a choice of words that encourage action.30
5026011431metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.31
5026011432alliterationthe occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.32
5026011433antithesisa figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other, such as "hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins" "his sermons were full of startling antitheses"33
5026013230archaic languageold-speak34
5026015543What are the five parts of the classical argument?1. introduction 2. narrative/anecdote 3. confirmation. 4. concession/refutation 5. conclusion35
5026019414jocularfond of or characterized by joking; humorous or playful.36
5026077223aloofnot friendly or forthcoming; cool and distant.37
5026077224plaintivesounding sad and mournful.38
5026081061conciliatoryintended or likely to placate or pacify.39
5026081062bemusedpuzzle, confuse, or bewilder (someone).40
5026081063ominousgiving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen; threatening; inauspicious.41
5026134034jargonspecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.42
5026134035asyndetonthe omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence. "of the people, by the people, for the people"43
5026135573polysyndetonmany conjunctions in a sentence to make it seem like more than what it is44
5026135574allusionto reference smth in a text45
5026135575inversionInversion is achieved by doing the following: Placing an adjective after the noun it qualifies e.g. the soldier strong Placing a verb before its subject e.g. shouts the policeman Placing a noun before its preposition e.g. worlds between46
5026137569parallelism or parallel structureParallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. It is grammatically correct to ensure that phrases, clauses and items on a list after a colon use the correct parallel structure.47
5026137570personificationgiving smth inanimate human qualities48
5026171858zeugmaverb works figuratively and literally "they carried their backpacks and their dreams"49
5026186209juxtapositionthe fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.50
5026186210analogya comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.51
5026186211colloquialisma word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation. the use of ordinary or familiar words or phrases.52
5026188441clichea phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.53
5026195156Aristotles canons of rhetoricThe five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.54
5026199277The essential question of rhetorical analysishow does it function?55
5026221848TropeA literary trope is the use of figurative language - via word, phrase, or even an image - for artistic effect such as using a figure of speech. The word trope has also come to be used for describing commonly recurring literary and rhetorical devices, motifs or clichés in creative works.56
5026221849SchemeRhyme scheme is a poet's deliberate pattern of lines that rhyme with other lines in a poem or a stanza. The rhyme scheme, or pattern, can be identified by giving end words that rhyme with each other the same letter.57
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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7668576146allusiona reference in a work of literature to something outside the work0
7695029369attitudethe disposition toward or opinion of a subject by a speaker, author, or character1
7695041584allegorya story in which the people, things, and events have another extended, frequently abstract meaning2
7752118248alliterationthe repetition of similar or identical consonant sounds, normally at the beginning of words3
7695179163ambiguitymultiple meanings that a literary work may communicate, especially when two meanings are incompatible4
7754500423antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers5
7752137890apostrophedirect address, usually to someone or something that is not present6
7752151805assonancethe repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds7
7757112136clausea group of words containing a subject and its verb that may or may not form a complete sentence8
7694954903connotationthe implications of a word or a phrase, or the emotions associated with it, as opposed to its exact meaning (denotation)9
7729714219conventiona device of style or subject matter that is used so often that it becomes a recognized means of expression.fig10
7752195628dactyla metrical foot of three syllables, including an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables11
7754339901detailsare the individual items or parts that make up a larger picture or story12
7694997617denotationthe specific, literal meaning of a word to be found in a dictionary, as opposed to connotation13
7706375486devices of soundThe techniques of deploying the sound of words, especially in poetry Ex. rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia14
7694983367didacticexplicitly instructive15
7757190299dictionword choice, "techniques" of a passage, prose, or poem16
7694971704digressionthe inclusion of material unrelated to the actual subject of a work17
7757122224ellipsisa phrase that omits some words that would be necessary for a complete construction18
7754357920end-stoppeda line with a pause at the end19
7754362032free versepoetry that is not written in a traditional meter but is still rhythmical20
7754455447heroic couplettwo end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc, usually containing a complete thought in the two-line unit21
7754464662hexametera line containing six feet22
7754467881iamba two-syllable foot with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable23
7754475592internal rhymerhyme that occurs within a rhyme24
7706403662epigrama pithy saying, often employing contrast; a verse form, which is usually brief and pointed25
7729752482euphemisma figure of speech utilizing indirection to avoid offensive bluntness, such as "deceased" for "dead" or "remains" for "corpse"26
7729741670figurative languagefigures of speech, such as metaphor, simile, and irony27
7746049571grotesquecharacterized by distortions or incongruities28
7746062847jargonthe specialized language of a profession or group29
7746070883literalthe precise, explicit meaning30
7729747116imageryimages created by literary works, sensory details31
7757128539imperativethe mood of a verb that gives an order32
7729747117ironya figure of speech in which the intended meaning and the actual meaning differ33
7743537988metaphora figurative use of language in which a comparison is expressed without the use of a comparative term like "as", "like", or "than"34
7757131345modifyto restrict or limit in meaning "large, shaggy dog"35
7743618350narrative techniquesthe methods involved in telling a story; the procedures used by a writer of stories or accounts36
7743618351omniscient point of viewthe vantage point of a story in which the narrator can know, see, and report whatever he or she chooses37
7746083340oxymorona combination or juxtaposition of opposites38
7754486443onomatopoeiathe use of words whose very sound suggests their actual meaning "buzz", "honk", "hiss"39
7746119201parablea story designed to suggest a principle40
7757139513parallel structurea similar grammatical structure within a paragraph41
7746129770paradoxa statement that seems to be self-contradictory but is true42
7757216637parodya composition that imitates the style of another composition, normally done for comic effect43
7757143838periodic sentencea sentence that becomes grammatically complete only at end44
7757224091personificationa figurative use of language that endows the nonhuman (ideas, inanimate objects, animals, abstractions)45
7743669721point of viewany of several possible vantage points from which the story is told46
7743680489rhetorical techniquesthe devices used in effective or persuasive language47
7757235059reliabilitya quality of some fictional narrators in whose word the reader can place his trust48
7757293240resources of languagea general phrase for the linguistic devices or techniques that a writer can use49
7743760757satirewriting that uses ridicule to arouse a reader's disapproval of the subject50
7757163578settingthe background of a story, the physical location of a story, play, or novel51
7745920455strategythe management of language for a specific effect52
7757174492stylethe mode of expression in language53
7745950605structurethe arrangement of materials within a work; the relationship of the parts of the work as a whole; the logical divisions of a work54
7757158528syntaxthe structure of a sentence55
7757244043soliloquya speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts aloud56
7757268640syllogisma form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them57
7805577844sonneta poem written in iambic pentameter, normally composed of 14 lines58
7757247266stereotypea conventional pattern, expression, character, or idea59
7745987665symbolsomething that is simultaneously itself and also a sign of something else60
7757254446thesisthe theme, meaning, or position that a writer endeavors to prove support61
7746001927themethe main thought expressed by a work62
7746010803tonethe manner in which the author expresses his or her attitude63
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AP Lit Vocabulary Words 1-50 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7764001371Aestheticpertaining to beauty0
7764011683AllegoryA story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.1
7764015346AlliterationRepetition of consonant sounds2
7764019251AllusionA reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art3
7764023404AnalogyA comparison of two different things that are similar in some way4
7764026506AnecdoteA brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.5
7764034372AsideA line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage6
7764038505AtmosphereThe emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene.7
7764045754CadenceRhythmic flow of a sequence of sounds or words8
7764051280CatharsisDrawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play9
7764061458ColloquialismA word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "school-book" English.10
7764067972Connotationthe implied or associative meaning of a word11
7764071695CoupletTwo consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme12
7764071696DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word13
7764073479Dictionword choice14
7764073480Dramatic Monologuea long speech or poem in which one person speaks reflecting on a problem or situation.15
7764081743EnjambmentThe continuation of reading one line of a poem to the next with no pause, a run-on line.16
7764086744EpicA long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds17
7764086745EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant18
7764086746Foilto thwart, frustrate, defeat19
7764092055Foreshadowingsuggesting, hinting, indicating, or showing what will occur later in a narrative20
7764092056Free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme21
7764093582GenreType of literature22
7764093583HubrisExcessive pride23
7764101424HyperboleAn exaggeration24
7764101425Ironythe opposite of what one expects25
7764103966MetaphorA comparison without using like or as26
7764103967Objectivityneutral, fact-based approach27
7764113332OnomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.28
7764113333OxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.29
7764115705ParableA simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson30
7764115706Paradoxa contradiction or dilemma31
7764124998Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses32
7764124999Parodya work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner33
7764126413PastoralHaving to do with the country34
7764133064PersonaAn individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.35
7764133065Personificationthe giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea36
7764135494Point of ViewThe perspective from which a story is told37
7764135495ProtagonistMain character38
7764137566PunA play on words39
7764147803SatireA literary style used to make fun of or ridicule an idea or human vice or weakness40
7764147804SimileA comparison using "like" or "as"41
7764150401SoliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage42
7764155403StanzaA group of lines in a poem43
7764155404SubjectivityExpressions of the individuality and personal experiences and perceptions of an artist44
7764166143SymbolismA device in literature where an object represents an idea.45
7764166144SyntaxSentence structure46
7764168084Tragic FlawA weakness or limitation of character, resulting in the fall of the tragic hero.47
7764168085Unreliable narratoran untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story48
7764169571Utopiaan ideal society49
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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6606505733AbstractAn abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research.0
6606505734AdageA saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language.1
6606505735AnachronismA person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time or era in which the work is set.2
6606506280AntithesisA rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences.3
6606507502AphorismA short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment.4
6606507503ApollonianRefers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior.5
6606508255ApostropheA rhetorical device in which a speaker addresses a person or personified thing not present.6
6606508734ArchetypeAn abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model or form.7
6606508735AssonanceThe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose.8
6606508736BardA poet.9
6606508740BathosThe use of insincere or overdone sentimentality.10
6606509550BildungsromanA German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal.11
6606509863BombastInflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects.12
6606509864BurlesqueA work of literature meant to ridicule a subject.13
6606510864CaesuraA pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always) marked by punctuation.14
6606510865CanonThe works considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied.15
6606513051ConsonanceThe repetition of two or more consonant sounds in a group of words or a line of poetry.16
6606513762Connotation vs. DenotationSuggested or implied meaning vs. dictionary definition.17
6606514243DenouementThe resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work of fiction.18
6606514244Deus ex machinaThe use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem.19
6606514747DionysianSensual, pleasure-seeking impulses.20
6606516603EpigramA concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.21
6606516604EuphonyPleasing, harmonious sounds.22
6606520927HarangueA forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade.23
6606521356HubrisThe excessive pride that often leads tragic heroes to their death.24
6606521833In medias resA Latin term for a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point.25
6606522303KenningA device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities.26
6606522304LampoonA mocking, satirical assault on a person or situation.27
6606523023LitotesA form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity (He is not a bad dancer).28
6606523024MaximA saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth.29
6606523848MelodramaA literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response.30
6606523849Metaphysical poetryThe work of poets, particularly those of the seventeenth century, that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life.31
6606524297MetonymyA figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated.32
6606524949Non sequiturA statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.33
6606527047Pathetic fallacyFaulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or non-human objects.34
6606529642Stream of consciousnessA style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind (As I Lay Dying)35
6606529643SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part (mast for ship or days for life).36
6606531063TropeThe generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor.37
6606532835VerisimilitudeSimilar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is.38
6606533516VillanelleA French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of 19 lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes.39
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