AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 4833646039 | longevity | long life |  | 0 |
| 4833646040 | collaborate | to work together |  | 1 |
| 4833646265 | enhance | improve, augment |  | 2 |
| 4833646266 | deleterious | harmful |  | 3 |
| 4833646649 | nonchalant | calm, casual |  | 4 |
| 4833646650 | ephemeral | momentary, fleeting |  | 5 |
| 4833647085 | impetuous | rash, impulsive |  | 6 |
| 4833647813 | digression | straying from the main point |  | 7 |
| 4833647814 | assiduous | hard-working |  | 8 |
| 4833648271 | compromise | to settle differences |  | 9 |
| 4819643097 | fundamental attribution error | def: the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition ex: they are speeding because they are a jerk (don't know that they are driving to the hospital) |  | 0 |
| 4819643098 | hostile aggression | def: being mean or violent to another for the sake of causing them harm ex: punching someone in the face |  | 1 |
| 4819643101 | foot-in-the-door phenomenon | def: the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request ex: get you to volunteer for one hour at a charity, then get you to volunteer several hours a week |  | 2 |
| 4819643103 | cognitive dissonance | def: the uncomfortable feeling that arises when our actions do not match our feelings/beliefs ex: a pacifist punches someone, feels discomfort about his action |  | 3 |
| 4819643104 | conformity | def: adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard ex: wear clothes that are "popular" |  | 4 |
| 4819643106 | normative social influence | def: influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval ex: applaud even when you don't like what just happened to avoid other people's judgement |  | 5 |
| 4819643108 | social facilitation | def: individual effort increases when in a larger group ex: perform better athletically when there is a big crowd |  | 6 |
| 4819643109 | social loafing | def: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable ex: group projects |  | 7 |
| 4819643110 | deindividuation | def: the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity ex: soldiers killing during wartime |  | 8 |
| 4819643111 | group polarization | def: individual opinions become more extreme when a part of a group ex: group is against an idea, then listens to another opinions, and the group as a whole changes its opinion to the topic |  | 9 |
| 4819643112 | group think | def: the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives ex: mass suicides, Bay of Pigs, riots |  | 10 |
| 4819643113 | testosterone | the number one indicator of aggression - being a male and this.... |  | 11 |
| 4819643114 | norm | def: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior ex: Muslim women wear hijabs/other veils |  | 12 |
| 4819643116 | prejudice | def: an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action ex: a person believes that people from Bali are less intelligent than those from Nepal |  | 13 |
| 4819643117 | stereotype | def: a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people ex: Asian people are smarter than white people. |  | 14 |
| 4819643118 | discrimination | def: unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members ex: against African Americans in 20th century |  | 15 |
| 4819643119 | ingroup | def: "Us"- people with whom we share a common identity ex: team you support |  | 16 |
| 4819643120 | outgroup | def: "Them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup ex: rival team |  | 17 |
| 4819643121 | ingroup bias | def: the tendency to favor our own group ex: think your team is better than the other |  | 18 |
| 4819643124 | just-world phenomenon | def: the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get ex: you get a good grade on a test because you are a good person. A different person gets a bad grade because they are a bad person. |  | 19 |
| 4819643125 | instrumental aggression | def: any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy in order to gain a particular goal ex: hitting your sibling until they give you back something they stole |  | 20 |
| 4819643126 | frustration-aggression hypothesis | def: the principle that frustration - the blocking or an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression ex: person becomes frustrated with job then becomes aggressive at home to redirect frustration |  | 21 |
| 4819643127 | mere exposure effect | def: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them ex: see an advertisement for a product so many times you grow to like that product |  | 22 |
| 4819643129 | reciprocal altruism | def: unselfish regard for the welfare of others in order to receive something in return ex: being nice to a friend with the hopes they are nice to you back |  | 23 |
| 4819643130 | bystander effect | def: the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present ex: see a car wrecked on the side of the road but don't stop because you think someone else will |  | 24 |
| 4819643132 | norm of reciprocity | def: an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them ex: if a person gets a gift for their birthday, they are more likely to give a gift to the other person on their birthday |  | 25 |
| 4819643137 | Door in the face phenomenon | You make a large request first and when told "no," you make a smaller request | 26 | |
| 4819643138 | Foot in the door phenomenon | def: gradual increasing demand through persuasion In sales, they offer you a set price that you agree on, and then, before the final contract is signed or payment is made, they raise the price; the idea being that once you have made a commitment to take the product, you will stick with your commitment and then get a little more (car dealers do this by adding on fees...don't pay additional fees!) | 27 | |
| 4819643139 | attributions | things we point to as the cause of events, other people's behaviors, and our own actions | 28 | |
| 4819643145 | obedience | performing a behavior because of a direct order from an authority figure | 29 | |
| 4819643146 | altruism | form of helping, perhaps with risk/cost, for the benefit of others with no expectation of a reward | 30 | |
| 4819643151 | Deindividuation | performing an irrational behavior due to the anonymity we feel when in a crowd | 31 | |
| 4819643152 | Bystander effect | the presence of others may inhibit us from taking action (could be due to diffusion of responsibility or "Informational influence" in which no one else is responding so we judge that help is not needed | 32 | |
| 4819682424 | Stanley Milgrim Experiment | Landmark study of obedience (shock experiment) | 33 | |
| 4819684045 | Philip Zimbardo Experiemnt | Landmark study of roles and social behavior (Stanford Prison Experiment) | 34 | |
| 4819686916 | Asch Experiment | Landmark study of conformity (Line Experiment) | 35 |
| 4805626834 | Trilogy | (N.) A group of three literary or musical works that have a related theme | 0 | |
| 4805630296 | Trisect | (V.) To divide into three parts | 1 | |
| 4805632873 | Triumvirate | (N.) A group of three, especially in authority | 2 | |
| 4805635805 | Quadrant | (N.) 1. (mathematics) A quarter of a circle or of its circumference 2. An early machine for measuring altitudes 3. Any of the four parts of an area divided by perpendicular lines | 3 | |
| 4805645789 | Quartet | (N.) 1. A musical composition for four voices or instruments 2. A set of four, especially of four musicians | 4 | |
| 4805651319 | Quatrain | (N.) A stanza or group of four lines of poetry | 5 | |
| 4805654751 | Decimate | (V.) 1. To destroy a large part of 2. To kill one in every ten | 6 | |
| 4805657825 | Decathlon | (N.) An athletic contest in which each contestant takes part in ten events | 7 | |
| 4805660393 | Bicentennial | (N.) 1. A two-hundredth anniversary (Adj.) 2. Happening every 200 years | 8 | |
| 4805665552 | Centenary | (Adj.) 1. Pertaining to a 100-year period (N.) 2. A centennial | 9 | |
| 4805669678 | Centigrade | (Adj.) Referring to a thermometer scale of 100 degrees where water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees | 10 | |
| 4844633072 | Protean | (Adj.) Changeable in shape/form; variable | 11 | |
| 4844634527 | Abscond | (V.) To depart in a sudden and secret manner, especially to avoid capture | 12 | |
| 4844637619 | Wellnigh | (Adverb) Very nearly; almost | 13 |
| 4798659727 | allegory | story conveying a meaning other than the literal; abstract principles represented by characters or figures | 0 | |
| 4798661274 | alliteration | repetition of initial consonant sounds | 1 | |
| 4798662449 | anagnorisis | discovery; hero suddenly becoming aware of a situation or true character | 2 | |
| 4798663035 | anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of neighboring clauses for emphasis | 3 | |
| 4798664910 | antecedent | word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun replaces | 4 | |
| 4798668802 | apologue | short story with a moral, often involving talking animals or objects; a fable; short allegory | 5 | |
| 4798674986 | apostrophe | speaker addresses an inanimate object | 6 | |
| 4798675451 | assonance | 7 |
| 4773565654 | Hyperbole | A rhetorical exaggeration... Often accomplished via comparisons, similes and metaphors. | 0 | |
| 4773565655 | Understatement | A statement that describes something in a way that makes it seem less important, serious, bad, etc. than it really is, or the act of making such statements. | 1 | |
| 4773565656 | Litotes | A deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying it's opposite. | 2 | |
| 4773565657 | Antithesis | A juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, although not always, in parallel structure). | 3 | |
| 4773565658 | Hypophora | A figure of reasoning in which one asks and then immediately answers ones own questions. Reasoning aloud. | 4 | |
| 4773565659 | Rhetorical Question | To affirm or deny a point strongly by asking it as a question. | 5 | |
| 4773565660 | Procatalepsis | Refuting anticipated objections. | 6 | |
| 4773565661 | Distinctio | The explicit definition of or elaboration upon the meaning or meanings of a word or sets of words. | 7 | |
| 4773565662 | Simile | An explicit comparison, often employing "like" or "as". | 8 | |
| 4773565663 | Metaphor | A comparison made by referring to one thing as another. | 9 | |
| 4773565664 | Analogy | A comparison of two things based on their being alike in some way. | 10 | |
| 4773565665 | Allusion | An implied or indirect reference especially in literature; also the use of such references. | 11 | |
| 4773565666 | Eponym | One for whom or which something is or is to be believed to be named. | 12 | |
| 4773565667 | Sententia | One of several terms describing short, pithy sayings. | 13 | |
| 4773565668 | Exemplum | An anecdote or short narrative used to point a moral or sustain an argument. | 14 | |
| 4773565669 | Climax | The arrangement of words, phrases or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure. | 15 | |
| 4773565670 | Chaismus/Parallelism | The repetition of ideas in inverted order. Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses. | 16 | |
| 4773565671 | Conduplicatio/Anadiplosis | The repetition of the last word (or phrase) from the previous line, clause or sentence at the beginning of the next. | 17 | |
| 4773565672 | Metabasis | A transitional statement in which one explains what has been and what will be said. | 18 | |
| 4773565673 | Parenthesis | An insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow. | 19 | |
| 4773565674 | Apostrophe | Turning one's speech from one audience to another. Most often, occurs when one addresses oneself to an abstraction, to an inanimate object or to the absent. | 20 | |
| 4773565675 | Enumeratio | Dividing a subject into it's adjuncts, a cause into it's effects or an antecedent into it's consequents. | 21 | |
| 4773565676 | Antanagoge | Putting a positive spin on something that is nevertheless acknowledged to be negative or difficult. | 22 | |
| 4773565677 | Epithet | A characterizing word or phrase accompanying or occurring in place of a name of a person or thing. | 23 | |
| 4773565678 | Polysyndeton | Employing many conjunctions between clauses often showing the tempo or rhythm. | 24 | |
| 4773565679 | Asyndeton | The omission of conjunctions between clauses, often resulting in a hurried rhythm or vehement effect. | 25 | |
| 4773565680 | Zeugma | A general term describing when one part of speech (often the main verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence (often in a series). | 26 | |
| 4773565681 | Metonymy | A reference to something or someone by naming one of it's attributes. | 27 | |
| 4773565682 | Synecdoche | A whole represented by naming one of it's parts. | 28 | |
| 4773565683 | Hyperbaton | An inversion of normal word order. A generic term for a variety of figures involving transposition, it is something synonymous with anastrophe. | 29 | |
| 4773565684 | Aporia | Deliberating with oneself as though in doubt over some matter; asking oneself what is the best or appropriate way to approach something. | 30 | |
| 4773565685 | Anaphora | The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or lines. | 31 | |
| 4773565686 | Epistrophe | Ending lines, phrases, clauses or sentences with the same word. | 32 | |
| 4773565687 | Symploce | The combination of both anaphora and epistrophe. | 33 | |
| 4773565688 | Amplification | An expanded statement. | 34 | |
| 4773565689 | Personification | A reference to abstractions or inanimate objects as though they had human qualities or abilities. | 35 | |
| 4773565690 | Parataxis | The placing of clauses or phrases one after another without coordinating or subordinating connectives. | 36 |
Idioms w/hacer
| 4351866503 | hace + time expression + preterite | ago | 0 | |
| 4351866504 | hace buen tiempo | it's good weather |  | 1 |
| 4351866505 | hace mal tiempo | it's bad weather |  | 2 |
| 4351866506 | hace calor | it's warm |  | 3 |
| 4351866507 | hace frío | it's cold |  | 4 |
| 4351866508 | hace viento | it's windy |  | 5 |
| 4351866509 | hacer caso | to pay attention, heed |  | 6 |
| 4351866510 | hacer (buenas) migas | to hit it off with someone | 7 | |
| 4351866511 | hacer de las suyas | to be up to one's old tricks | 8 | |
| 4351866512 | hacer un papel | to play a role |  | 9 |
| 4351866513 | hacer juego | to match |  | 10 |
| 4351866514 | hacer la vista gorda | to turn blind eye, pretend not to notice |  | 11 |
| 4351866515 | hacer las paces | to make peace |  | 12 |
| 4351866516 | hacer época | to be sensational, attract public attention | 13 | |
| 4351866517 | hacer pedazos (añicos) | to break to pieces |  | 14 |
| 4351866518 | hacer su agosto | to make a killing |  | 15 |
| 4351866519 | hacer un viaje | to take a trip |  | 16 |
| 4351866520 | hacerse+ profession, status, etc. | to become | 17 | |
| 4351866521 | hacerse daño | to hurt oneself |  | 18 |
| 4351866522 | hacerse tarde | to become late |  | 19 |
| 4351866523 | hacérsele agua la boca | to make someone's mouth water |  | 20 |
| 4026502058 | Epitaph | Lines that commemorate the dead at their burial place | 0 | |
| 4026502059 | Euphemism | A word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality | 1 | |
| 4026502060 | Euphony | When sounds blend together harmoniously | 2 | |
| 4026516907 | Explicit | To say or write something directly and clearly | 3 | |
| 4026524026 | First Person Narrator | A narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his/ her point of view | 4 | |
| 4026534306 | Farce | Comedy, broad humor | 5 | |
| 4026538380 | Foil | A secondary character who's purpose is to highlight he characteristic of the main character | 6 | |
| 4026547723 | Foreshadowing | An event or statement in a narrative suggesting a larger event that is to come | 7 | |
| 4026554674 | Free Verse | Poetry written without a regular rhyme scheme in a metric system | 8 | |
| 4026555884 | Genre | A subcategory of literature, including science fiction, detective stories, biography, etc | 9 | |
| 4026566016 | Gothic Literature | A literary movement that from the 18th century, which combines fiction, horror, and romanticism | 10 | |
| 4026577961 | Hubris | The extensive pride or ambition that leads to the main characters downfall | 11 |
| 3656195342 | Allay | diminish or put at rest; to calm or pacify | 0 | |
| 3656200088 | Capacious | capable of holding much; spacious or roomy | 1 | |
| 3656205950 | Diurnal | of or during the day | 2 | |
| 3656209265 | Ignominious | public disgrace or shame; humiliating | 3 | |
| 3656212903 | Mitigate | make less severe | 4 | |
| 3656215899 | Prostrate | lying stretched out on the ground with one's face downward | 5 | |
| 3656218696 | Phlegmatic | having an emotional and stolidly calm disposition | 6 | |
| 3656223612 | Propitious | giving or indicating a good chance of success; favorable | 7 | |
| 3656228711 | Palpitate | (of the heart) beat rapidly, strongly, or irregularly | 8 | |
| 3657814800 | Didactic | In the manner of a teacher, particularly so as to treat someone in a patronizing way | 9 |
| 3629589795 | Zunghars | Western Mongol group that created a substantial state(1671-1760); the Zunghar threat provoked Qing expansion into Central Asia | 0 | |
| 3629592299 | yasak | Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native people of Siberia, most often in the form of furs | 1 | |
| 3629592809 | Siberia | Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals | 2 | |
| 3629593768 | settler colonies | Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply sending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America | 3 | |
| 3629593769 | Qing dynasty | Ruling dynasty of China(1644-1912); the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China | 4 | |
| 3629594650 | plantation complex | Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of British North America | 5 | |
| 3629595597 | peninsulares | In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas | 6 | |
| 3629595911 | Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans the Near East, and much of North Africa | 7 | |
| 3629595912 | mulattoes | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood | 8 | |
| 3629596468 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims | 9 | |
| 3629596469 | mestizo | Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas | 10 | |
| 3629596953 | mercantilism | An economic theory that argues that governments serve their states' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion | 11 | |
| 3629597334 | jizya | Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing the Jizya for a time | 12 | |
| 3629597961 | the "great dying" | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas | 13 | |
| 3629598186 | fixed winds | The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible | 14 | |
| 3629598462 | devshirme | The tribute of male children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps | 15 | |
| 3629598463 | creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas | 16 | |
| 3629598982 | Constantinople 1453 | Constantinople, the capitol and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman invaders in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium | 17 | |
| 3629599332 | conquistadores | Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires | 18 | |
| 3629599589 | Columbian exchange | The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization | 19 | |
| 3629599977 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor(1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy | 20 | |
| 3629599978 | Akbar | The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire(1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion | 21 | |
| 3645997774 | trading post empire | Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples | 22 | |
| 3646002654 | Tokugawa shogunate | Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments | 23 | |
| 3646004608 | Spanish Philippines | An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century of so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain | 24 | |
| 3646004609 | "soft gold" | Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it | 25 | |
| 3646007907 | "silver drain" | Term often used, along with "specie drain", to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China | 26 | |
| 3646007908 | shogun | In Japan, a supreme military commander | 27 | |
| 3646009988 | samurai | The warrior elite of medieval Japan | 28 | |
| 3646009989 | Potosi | City that developed high in the Andes(in present-day Bolivia) a the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570's | 29 | |
| 3646012058 | piece of eight | Standard Spanish silver coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales | 30 | |
| 3646014373 | Middle Passage | Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas | 31 | |
| 3646014374 | Manila | Capitol of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600 | 32 | |
| 3646016993 | Fardinand Magellan | Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European(Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe(1519-1521) | 33 | |
| 3646016994 | Little Ice Age | A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era | 34 | |
| 3646019397 | Indian Ocean commercial network | The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean(including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500 | 35 | |
| 3646019398 | Hurons | Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade | 36 | |
| 3646021837 | daimyo | Feudal lords who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors | 37 | |
| 3646024056 | Dahomey | West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade | 38 | |
| 3646025712 | cartaz | A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean | 39 | |
| 3646029318 | British/Dutch East India companies | Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples | 40 | |
| 3646030711 | Benin | West African kingdom(in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade | 41 | |
| 3646032649 | Banda Islands | Infamous case of the Dutch forcible taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed, enslaved, or left to starve and then replaced with Dutch planters | 42 | |
| 3646034267 | African diaspora | Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade | 43 | |
| 3706063275 | Wang Yangming | Prominent Chinese philosopher(1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education prescribed by traditional Confucianism | 44 | |
| 3706063289 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab(1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia(Islamic law) | 45 | |
| 3706065055 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet(1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of established religion | 46 | |
| 3706066697 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war(1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia(1648) | 47 | |
| 3706067547 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness"; religious revival movement in Central Peru(1560's) whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age | 48 | |
| 3706067548 | Society of Jesus | "Jesuits", this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe | 49 | |
| 3706069224 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1500); combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women | 50 | |
| 3706070480 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method | 51 | |
| 3706133484 | Matteo Ricci | Most famous Jesuit missionary in China in early modern period; active in China 1582-1610 | 52 | |
| 3706133485 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther ; while the leaders of movement claimed the seek "reformation" of Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenging Church authority and endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" | 53 | |
| 3706136596 | Ninety-Five Theses | List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg(1517); the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity | 54 | |
| 3706138074 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist(1642-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution | 55 | |
| 3706138180 | Guru Nanak | Founder of Sikhism(1469-1539) | 56 | |
| 3706141778 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets(1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition | 57 | |
| 3706142092 | Karl Marx | German philosopher(1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism | 58 | |
| 3706144090 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian(1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe | 59 | |
| 3706144091 | kaozheng | "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied to historical documents | 60 | |
| 3706147282 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite to Christianity, although with limited success | 61 | |
| 3706155493 | Huguenots | Protestant minority in France | 62 | |
| 3706155494 | huacas | Local gods of the Andes | 63 | |
| 3706155495 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer(1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church | 64 | |
| 3706157180 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis(1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today | 65 | |
| 3706157181 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and to the belief that knowledge could transform human society | 66 | |
| 3706159197 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion | 67 | |
| 3706159198 | deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs | 68 | |
| 3706161068 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist(1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth | 69 | |
| 3706163117 | Council of Trent | Main instrument of Catholic Counter Reformation(1545-1563), through which the Catholic Church clarified doctrines and corrected abuses | 70 | |
| 3706163586 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer(1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos | 71 | |
| 3706167205 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | The Marquis de Condorcet(1743-1794) was a French philosopher and mathematician who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason | 72 | |
| 3706168783 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent(1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrines, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability | 73 | |
| 3706168789 | bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to to achieve union with the divine | 74 |
| 3585053161 | alexandrine | one line of iambic hexameter | 0 | |
| 3585053775 | alliteration | repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words (righteous rapture; singsong syllable; sing a song of sixpence; big, black bear) | 1 | |
| 3585055585 | allusion | reference, without explanation, to previous, well-known literature, history, Bible, mythology, or other common knowledge | 2 | |
| 3585057450 | anachronism | something out of its place in the context of time (e.g. Victorian foxhunting during Arthurian times) | 3 | |
| 3585058625 | anadiplosis | repetition of an important word in a phrase or clause (often last word) in the next phrase or clause (e.g. "truth brings freedom; freedom brings responsibility") | 4 | |
| 3585059970 | analogy | comparison of two dissimilar things that are alike in some way, often using simile or metaphor (e.g. "He reminded me of a pig eating his swill"). | 5 | |
| 3585061472 | anaphora | a device of repetition in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at beginning of two or more lines, clauses or sentences (see epistrophe) | 6 | |
| 3585066111 | antagonist | character who opposes the main character (protagonist); often the villain | 7 | |
| 3585066904 | antihero | character, usually the protagonist, who faces problems in a story, but who often goes against traditional societal standards (e.g. Holden Caulfield) | 8 | |
| 3585068223 | antithesis | contrasted ideas in parallel form (Give me liberty or give me death.) | 9 | |
| 3585068774 | aphorism | wise saying, usually short and written, reflecting a general truth (e.g. "Haste makes waste.") | 10 | |
| 3585069514 | apostrophe | speaking to something that cannot answer (Death, hear me cry and tell me you will spare me now.) | 11 | |
| 3585069964 | assonance | resemblance or similarity in sound between vowels followed by different consonants in two or more stressed syllables (lake and fate) | 12 | |
| 3585070691 | asyndeton | a form of condensed expression in which words/phrases are presented in series, sep. by commas (ex. veni, vidi, vici) NO conjunctions | 13 | |
| 3585072290 | ballad | songlike, narrative poetry; usually simple, rhyming verse using abcb rhyme scheme | 14 | |
| 3585072838 | blank verse | poetry that consists of unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter | 15 | |
| 3585073226 | caesura/cesura | pause in a line of poetry before the end of a line | 16 | |
| 3585075514 | catharsis | therapeutic release of emotion upon identifying with, and being moved by, literature | 17 | |
| 3585078737 | classicism | movement of ancient Greece and Rome that employed strict forms, accented reason, and embraced restraint (the neo-classicists emulated these ideas in the late 18th and early 19th centuries) | 18 | |
| 3585079966 | cliche | trite idea or statement | 19 | |
| 3585080239 | climax | highest point in the plot (before outcome is revealed) | 20 | |
| 3585080810 | cinquain | five-line poetic form, with 22 total syllables divided according to set pattern | 21 | |
| 3585083230 | conceit | a simile or metaphor used to convey a fanciful idea (Petrarchan or metaphysical) | 22 | |
| 3585084680 | concrete | opposing of abstract. Refers to nouns that can be perceived with the five senses. | 23 | |
| 3585085223 | conflict | opposing elements or characters (problems) | 24 | |
| 3585086017 | connotation | surrounding feelings and associations added to word meaning (e.g. mother-kindly, nurturing, etc.) | 25 | |
| 3585088804 | consonance | repetition of similar consonant sounds, with changes in intervening vowel sounds | 26 | |
| 3585090852 | contractions | shortening words by leaving out letters for poetic or other effect (o'er=over, 'tis= it is) | 27 | |
| 3585091772 | couplet | two consecutive, rhymed lines of poetry; rhyme pattern aa | 28 | |
| 3585094246 | denotation | dictionary definition of a word | 29 | |
| 3585094856 | denouement | outcome, resolution, solution of a plot | 30 | |
| 3585095284 | diction | word usage or choice | 31 | |
| 3585095619 | didactic | describes literary works meant to teach a moral or lesson | 32 | |
| 3585095818 | doggerel | jerky, rude composition in verse; poorly executed attempt at poetry, with trivial subject matter | 33 | |
| 3585096704 | double entendre | deliberately ambiguous statement, one of whose possible meanings is risque/suggestive of some impropriety | 34 | |
| 3585098588 | elegy | poetic form lamenting the death of a person or decline of a situation | 35 | |
| 3585099455 | ellipsis | three dots that indicate words have been left out of a quoted passage or that time has passed (...). When words are omitted but no three dots are there, the literary device is also called ellipsis. | 36 | |
| 3585101560 | enjambment | device of continuing the sense and grammatical construction of a verse or couplet into the next | 37 | |
| 3585102357 | epanalepsis | a figure of speech in which one word or one phrase is repeated after intervening text (ex. "The king is dead; long live the king!") | 38 | |
| 3585103754 | epic | long, narrative poem, usually telling of heroic deeds, events of historic importance, or religious or mythological subjects | 39 | |
| 3592224141 | epistrophe | the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences (See anaphora). | 40 | |
| 3592224721 | epigraph | a short quotation at the beginning of a book or chapter that relates to the theme | 41 | |
| 3592226067 | epitaph | inscription on tombstone | 42 | |
| 3592226163 | eponym | person whose name is the source of a new word | 43 | |
| 3592226847 | euphemism | "nicer" word for a less pleasant subject | 44 | |
| 3592227041 | fable | story with moral about life, often with personified animals | 45 | |
| 3592227898 | farce | short humorous piece with low comedy | 46 | |
| 3592228438 | figure of speech | use or arrangements of words for specific effects | 47 | |
| 3592229801 | first-person narrator | person telling the story uses "I," "we" and is often a character in a story | 48 | |
| 3592231594 | foil | character opposite or different from the protagonist, used to highlight the protagonist's traits; incidents or settings may also be used as foils | 49 |
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