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AP Literature and Composition Terms Flashcards

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2334930806actA major unit of action in a drama or play. Each act can be further divided into smaller sections called scenes.0
2334930807allegoryA story in which people, things and actions represent an idea about life; allegories often have a strong moral or lesson.1
2334930808alliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.2
2334930809allusionA regerence in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature. Allusions are often indirect or brief references to well-known characters or events.3
2334930810analogyA comparision of two or more like objects that suggests if they are alike in certain respects, they will probably be alike in other ways as well.4
2334930811anecdoteA brief account of an interesting incident or event that usually is intended to entertain or to make a point.5
2334930812asideAn actor's speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking.6
2334930813assonancerepetition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry.7
2334930814audiencethe particular group of readers or viewers that the writer is addressing. A writer considers his or her audience when deciding on a subject, a purpose for writing and the tone and style in which to write.8
2334930815authorthe writer of a book, article, or other text9
2334930816author's purposean author's purpose is his or her reason for creating a particular work. The purpose can be to entertain, explain, or inform, express an opinion, or to persuade.10
2334930817autobiographya form of nonfiction in which a person tells the story of his or her life.11
2334930818ballada poem that tells a story and is meant to be sung or recited.12
2334930819biographythe story of a person's life that is written by someone else.13
2334930820blank verseunrhymed iambic pentameter14
2334930821caesuraa pause or a sudden break in a line of poetry15
2334930822cause and effectone event brings about or causes the other. The event that happens first is the cause, the one that follows is the effect.16
2334930823charactera person who is responsible for the thoughts and actions within a story, poem, or other literature. Characters are extremely important because they are the medium through which a reader interacts with a piece of literature. Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood.17
2334930824antagonist"a character in a story or poem who deceives, frustrates, or works against the main character, or protagonist, in some way. The antagonist doesn't necessarily have to be a person. It could be death, the devil, an illness, or any challenge that prevents the main character from living ""happily every after."""18
2334930825caricaturea picture or imitation of a person's habits, physical appearance or mannerisms exaggerated in a comic or absurd way.19
2334930826foila character who serves as a contast or a conflict to another character.20
2334930827hero/heroinea character whose actions are inspiring or noble; often the main character in a story.21
2334930828main charactersthe characters who are central to the plot of a story; main characters are usually dynamic and round22
2334930829minor charactersa less important character who interacts with the main characters, helping to move the plot along and providing background for the story. Minor characters are usually static and flat.23
2334930830characterizationall of the techniques that writers use to create characters24
2334930831character traita character's personality25
2334930832direct characterizationthe author directly states a character's traits of makes direct comments about a character's nature.26
2334930833dynamic charactera character who changes throughout the course of the story.27
2334930834flat charactera character about whom little information is provided.28
2334930835indirect characterizationthe author does not directly state a character's traits; instead the reader draws conclusions and discovers a character's traits based upon clues provided by the author.29
2334930836round characteris a character who is fully described by the author (several character traits, background information, etc.)30
2334930837static charactera character who does not change or who changes very little in the course of a story.31
2334930838chronological orderthe order in which events happen in time.32
2334930839clarifyingthe reader's process of pausing occasionally while reading to quickly review what he or she understands. By clarifying as they read, good readers are able to draw conclusions about what is suggested but not stated directly.33
2334930840clichéa type of figurative language containing an overused expression or a saying that is no longer considered original.34
2334930841comedya dramatic work that is light and often humorous in tone and usually ends happily with a peaceful resolution of the main conflict.35
2334930842comparisonthe process of identifying similarities.36
2334930843concrete poetrya type of poetry that uses its physical or visual form to present its message.37
2334930844conflictthe tension or problem in the story; a struggle between opposing forces.38
2334930845central conflictthe dominant or most important conflict in the story.39
2334930846external conflictthe problem or struggle that exists between the main character and an outside force (person vs. person, person vs. society, person vs. nature, person vs. the supernatural, person vs. technology, etc.)40
2334930847internal conflictthe problem or struggle that takes place in the main character's mind (person vs. self).41
2334930848connectinga reader's process of relating the content of a literary work to his or her own knowledge and experience.42
2334930849connotationthe idea and feeling associated with a word as opposed to its dictionary definition or denotation.43
2334930850consonancethe repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within a line of poetry. Alliteration is a specific type of consonance.44
2334930851context clueshints or suggestions that may surround unfamiliar words or phrases and clarify their meaning.45
2334930852contrastthe process of pointing out differences between things.46
2334930853coupleta rhymed pair of lines in a poem.47
2334930854denotationthe opposite of connotation in that it is the exact or dictionary meaning of a word.48
2334930855dialecta form of language that is spoken in a particular place or by a particular group of people.49
2334930856dialoguethe conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. A dialogue occurs in most works of literature.50
2334930857dramaa drama or play is a form of literature meant to be performed by actors before an audience. In a drama, the characters' dialogue and actions tell the story. The written form of a play is known as a script.51
2334930858drawing conclusionscombining several pieces of information to make an inference is called drawing a conclusion.52
2334930859dramatic monologuea literary devince that is used when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings, those that are hidden throughout the course of the story line, through a poem or a speech. This speech, where only one character speaks, is recited while other characters are present onstage. This monologue often comes during a climatic moment in a work and often reveals hidden truths about a character, their history and their relationships.53
2334930860elegya type of literature defined as a song or poem that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.54
2334930861enjambmentin poetry, the running over of a line or thought into the next of verse.55
2334930862epigrama short poem or verse that seeks to ridicule a thought or event, usually with witticism or sarcasm.56
2334930863epica long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero whose actions reflect the ideals and values of a nation or group.57
2334930864epiphanya sudden moment of understanding that causes a character to change or to act in a certain way.58
2334930865epitapha short poem or verse written in memory of someone59
2334930866essaya short work of nonfiction that deals with a single subject.60
2334930867descriptive essayan essay that describes a particular subject.61
2334930868expository essayan essay whose purpose is to explain and give information about a subject.62
2334930869formal essayan essay that is highly organized and thoroughly researched.63
2334930870humorous essayan essay whose purpose is to amouse or entertain the reader.64
2334930871informal essayan essay that is lighter in tone and usually reflects the writer's feelings and personality.65
2334930872narrative essayan essay that tells a story.66
2334930873persuasive essayan essay that attempts to convince a reader to adopt a particular option or course of actions.67
2334930874evaluatingthe process of judging the value of something or someone. A work of literature can be evaluated in terms of such criteria as entertainment believability, originality, and emotional power.68
2334930875extended metaphora figure of speech that compares two essentially unlike things in great length.69
2334930876fablea brief tale that teaches a lesson about human nature. Fables often feature animals as characters.70
2334930877fact and opiniona fact is a statement that can be proved. An opinion, in contrast, is a statement that reflects the writer's or speaker's belief, but which cannot be supported by proof or evidence.71
2334930878fantasya work of literature that contains at least one fantastic or unreal element.72
2334930879fictionprose writing that tells an imaginary story. Fiction includes both short stories and novels.73
2334930880figurative language / figure of speechexpressions that are not literally true.74
2334930881flashbackan interruption of the chronological sequence (as in a film or literary work) of an event of earlier occurrence. A flashback is a narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during current events, in order to provide background for the current narration.75
2334930882folkloretraditions, customs, and stories that are passed down within a culture. Folklore contains various types of literature such as legends, folktales, myths, and fables.76
2334930883folktalea simple story that has been passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. Folktales are told primarily to entertain rather than to explain or teach a lesson.77
2334930884foota unit of meter within a line of poetry78
2334930885foreshadowingwhen the writer provides clues or hints that suggest or predict future event in a story.79
2334930886free versepoetry without regular patterns of rhyme and rhythm. Often used to capture the sounds and rhythms of ordinary speech.80
2334930887generalizationa broad statement about an entire group.81
2334930888genrea type or category of literature. The four main literary genres include: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama.82
2334930889haikua traditional form of Japanese poetry, usually dealing with nature. A haiku has three lines and describes a single moment, feeling, or thing. The first and third lines contain five syllables and the second line contains seven syllables.83
2334930890heroic couplet / closed coupleta couplet consisting of two successive rhyming lines that contain a complete thought.84
2334930891historical fictionfiction that explores a past time period and may contain references to actual people and events of the past.85
2334930892horror fictionfiction that contains mysterious and often supernatural events to create a sense of terror.86
2334930893humorthe quality that provokes laughter or amusement. Writers create humor through exaggeration, sarcasm, amusing descriptions, irony, and witty dialogue.87
2334930894hyperbolea figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for exphasis or humorous effect.88
2334930895idioma phrase or expression that means something different from what the words actually say.89
2334930896imagerythe use of words and phrases that appeal to the five senses. Writers use sensory details to help readers imagine how things look, feel, smell, sound, and taste.90
2334930897inferenceis a logical guess based on evidence in the text.91
2334930898interviewa meeting in which one person asks another about personal matters, professional matters, or both.92
2334930899ironya contrast between what is expected and what actually exists or happens. irony spices up a literary work by adding unexpected twists and allowing the reader to become more involved with the characters and plot.93
2334930900verbal ironyoccurs when the speaker means something totally different than what he or she is saying and often times the opposite of what a character is saying is true.94
2334930901dramatic ironyoccurs when facts are not known to the characters in a work of literature but are known by the audience.95
2334930902cosmic ironysuggests that some unknown force brings about dire and dreadful events.96
2334930903irony of situationthe difference between what is expected to happen and the way events actually work out.97
2334930904legenda story handed down from the past about a specific person, usually someone of heroic accomplishments.98
2334930905limericka short humorous poem composed of five lines that usually has the rhyme scheme AABBA, created by two rhyming couplets followed by a fifth line that rhymes with the first couplet. A limerick typically has a sing-song rhythm.99
2334930906literal meaningthe actual meaning of a word or phrase.100
2334930907lyric poetrya song-like poem written mainly to express the feelings or emotions of a single speaker.101
2334930908main ideathe most important point that a writer wishes to express.102
2334930909memoira specific type of autobiography; like autobiography, a memoir is about the author's personal experiences. However, a memoir does not necessarily cover the author's entire life.103
2334930910metaphor"a type of figurative language in which a comparison is made between two things that are essentially unalike but may have one quality in common. Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not contain an explicit word of comparison, such as ""like"" or ""as""."104
2334930911meter"the regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. Although all poems have rhythm, not all poems have regular meter. Each unit of meter is known as a foot. The conventional symbols used to identify accented and unaccented syllables are:""/"" to indicate an accented syllable""X"" or ""U"" to indicate an unaccented syllable"105
2334930912iambX /106
2334930913trochee/ X107
2334930914anapestX X /108
2334930915dactyl/ X X109
2334930916spondee/ /110
2334930917pyrrhicX X111
2334930918monometerone foot per line112
2334930919dimetertwo feet per line113
2334930920trimeterthree fet per line114
2334930921tetra meterfour feet per line115
2334930922pentameterfive feet per line116
2334930923hexametersix feet per line117
2334930924heptameterseven feet per line118
2334930925octametereight feet per line119
2334930926metonymythe metaphorical substitution of one word or phrase for another related word or phrase.120
2334930927mooda mood or atmosphere is the feeling that a literary work conveys to readers. Mood is created through the use of plot, character, the author's descriptions, etc.121
2334930928morala lesson that a story teaches. A moral is often stated directly at the end of a fable.122
2334930929motifa recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature. A motif may also be two contrasting elements in a work, such as good and evil. A motif is important because it allows one to see main points and themes that the author is trying to express, in order that one might be able to interpret the work more accurately.123
2334930930motivationthe reason why a character acts, feels, or thinks in a certain way.124
2334930931mytha traditional story that attempts to explain how the world was creaed or why the world is the way that it is. Myths are stories that are passed on from generation to generation and are of unknown authorship.125
2334930932narrativeany writing that tells a story. Most novels and short stories are place into the categories of first-person and third-person narratives, which are based on who is telling the story and from what perspective.126
2334930933narrative poetrypoetry that tells a story. A narrative poem can come in many forms and styles, both complex and simple, short or long, as long as tells a story. Like fiction, narrative poetry contains characters, settings, and plots.127
2334930934narrator"one who tells a story; the speaker or the ""voice"" of an oral or written work. The narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The narrator is the direct window into a piece of work. Who the author chooses to narrate establishes the point of view in the story."128
2334930935unreliable narratorone who gives his or her own understanding of a story, instead of the explanation and interpretation the author wishes the audience to obtain. This type of action tends to alter the audience's opinion of the conclusion.129
2334930936nonfictionprose writing that presents and explains ideas or that tells about real people, places, objects, or events. Some examples of nonficiton include autobiographies, newspaper articles, biographies, essays, etc.130
2334930937novela work of fiction that is longer and more complex than a short story. In a novel, etting, plot, and characters are usually developed in great detail.131
2334930938odea lyric poem of some length, usually of serious or meditative nature and having an elecated style and formal structure.132
2334930939onomatopoeiathe use of words whose sound suggest their meaning.133
2334930940oral historystories of people's lives related by word of mouth. These histories usually include both factual material and personal reactions.134
2334930941oxymorona form of figurative language combining contradictory words or ideas.135
2334930942paradoxa statement that seems to contradict itself but is, nevertheless, true.136
2334930943parallelismthe use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related or equal in importance.137
2334930944paraphrasingthe restatement of a text by readers in their own words or in another form.138
2334930945parodya literary or artistic work that imitates the characterisic style of an author's work for comic effect or ridicule.139
2334930946personificationa figure of speech where animals, ideas, or inanimate objects are given human characteristics.140
2334930947persuasionpersuasive writing is meant to sway readers' feelings, beliefs, or actions. Persuasion normally appeals to both the mind and the emotions of readers.141
2334930948plotthe sequence of related events that make up a story.142
2334930949expositionintroduces the characters and the conflicts they face.143
2334930950incting incidentoccurs after the exposition and introduces the central conflict within the story.144
2334930951rising actionfollowing the introduction of the central conflict; complications arise as the characters struggle with the conflict.145
2334930952climaxthe turning point, point of maximum interest, and highest tension in the plot of a story, play, or film. The climax usually occurs towards the end of the story after the reader has understood the conflict and has become emotionally involved with the characters. At the climax, the conflict is resloved, and the outcome of the plot becomes clear.146
2334930953falling actionthe end of the central conflict in a story, when the action starts to wind down.147
2334930954resolution / denouementoccurs after the climax and is where conflicts are resolved and loose ends are tied up.148
2334930955subplotan additional minor plot that involves a secondary conflict in the story; the subplot may or may not affect the main plot.149
2334930956poetrya type of literature in which ideas and feelings are expressed in compact, imaginative, and often musical language. Poets arrange words in ways designed to touch readers' senses, emotions, and minds. Most poems are written in lines that may contain patterns of rhyme and rhythm. These lines may be grouped in stanzas.150
2334930957point of viewperspective from which a story is told.151
2334930958first person point of viewthe person telling the story is one of the characters in the story. Is the most limited type.152
2334930959second person point of view"refers to the use of ""you"" in explanations or arguments. It is not frequently used, but is appropriate in certain circumstances. Most second person points of view occur within instructions that are meant to be followed."153
2334930960third person limited/objectivethe person telling the story is not one of the characters in the story. He or she is an outside observer. The reader can only know what one character learns through interaction with other characters or through overheard conversations. The narrator cannot supply the thoughts or feelings of other characters in the story.154
2334930961third person omniscient"the narrator is not a character in the story, but the events in the story are seen through the eyes of more than one of the characters. The narrator is considered to be ""all knowing"" and cannot only see and hear everything that is happening to all characters in the story, but can also enter their minds and tell the reader what each is thinking and feeling. This is the least limited point of view because the narrator has knowledge of all the characters."155
2334930962predicitingthe process of gathering information and combining it with the reader's own knowledge to guess what might occur in the story.156
2334930963primary sourcea first hand account of an event; primary sources include:diariesjournalslettersspeechesnews storiesphotographspieces of art157
2334930964propagandatext that uses false or misleading information to present a slanted point of view.158
2334930965prosethe ordinary form of spoken and written language; that is, language that lacks the special features of poetry.159
2334930966questioningthe process of raising questions while reading in an effort to undertand characters and events.160
2334930967realistic fictionimaginative writing set in the real, modern world. The characters act like real people who use ordinary human abilities to cope with problems and conflicts typical of modern life.161
2334930968refrain / chorusrepetition in literature of one or more lines at regular intervals; sometimes called the chorus.162
2334930969repetitiona technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for effect or emphasis.163
2334930970rhymerepetition of an identical or similarly accented sound or sounds in a work. Rhyme gives poems flow and rhythm, helping the lyricist tell a story and convey a mood.164
2334930971end or terminal rhymeswords that rhyme at the end of a verse-line.165
2334930972eye rhymesare words that when written appear to rhyme, but when spoken do not.166
2334930973internal rhymerhyme found within a line poetry.167
2334930974slant rhymealso known as near rhyme, half rhyme, off rhyme, imperfect rhyme, oblique rhyme, or pararhyme. A distinctive system or patter of metrical structure and verse composition in which two words have only their final consonant sounds and no preceding vowel or consonant sounds in common.168
2334930975rhyme scheme"the pattern of end rhyme used in a poem, generally indicated by matching lowercase letters to show which lines rhyme. The letter ""a"" notes the first line, and all other lines rhyming with the first line. The first line that does not rhyme with the first, or ""a"" line, and all others that rhyme with this line, is noted by the letter ""b"", and so on. The rhyme scheme may follow a fixed pattern (as in a sonnet) or may be arranged freely according to the poet's requirements."169
2334930976rhythmrefers to the pattern of flow of sounds created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry.170
2334930977sarcasmthe use of praise to mock someone or something; the use of mockery or verbal irony.171
2334930978satirea literary technique in which ideas or customs are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society.172
2334930979scanningthe process of searching through writing for a particular fact or piece of information.173
2334930980scenea section in a play presenting events that occur in one place at one time.174
2334930981science fictionprose writing in which a writer explores unexpected possibilities of the past or the future by using scientific data and theories as wel as his or her imagination.175
2334930982secondary sourceinformation compiled from or based on other sources.176
2334930983sensory detailswords and phrases that help readers see, hear, taste, feel, or smell what an author is describing.177
2334930984sequencethe order in which events occur or in which ideas are presented.178
2334930985settingthe time, place, physical details, and circumstances in which a story occurs. Settings include the background, atmosphere, or environment in which characters live and move, and usually include physical characteristics of the surroundings.179
2334930986short storybrief work of fiction that generally focuses on one or two main characters who face a single problem or conflict.180
2334930987simile"a type of figurative language that makes a comparison between two otherwise unlike objects or ideas by connecting them with the words ""like"" or ""as."""181
2334930988soliloquya speech delivered by a character who is alone on stage.182
2334930989sonneta distinctive poetic style that uses a system or pattern of metrical structure and verse composition usually consisting of 14 lines, arranged in a set rhyme scheme.183
2334930990Italian/Petrarchan sonnetABBA ABBA CDECDE184
2334930991English/Shakespearean sonnetABAB CDCD EFEF GG185
2334930992speakerthe voice that talks to the reader in a poem, as the narrator does in a work of fiction. The speaker in the poem is not necessarily the poet.186
2334930993speecha talk given in public.187
2334930994stage directionsthe instructions to the actors, director, and stage crew in the script of a play.188
2334930995stanzaa grouping of two or more lines within a poem. A stanza is comparable to a paragraph in prose.189
2334930996triplet/tercetthree line stanza190
2334930997quatrainfour line stanza191
2334930998cinquain/quintetfive line stanza192
2334930999sestet/sextetsix line stanza193
2334931000septetseven line stanza194
2334931001octaveeight line stanza195
2334931002stereotypea broad generalization or an oversimplified view that disregards individual differences.196
2334931003story mappinga visual organizer that helps a reader understand a work of literature by tracking setting, characters, event, and conflicts.197
2334931004stylehow a writer says something; many elements contribute to style, including word choice, sentence length, tone, and figurative language.198
2334931005summarizingthe process of briefly recounting the main ideas of a piece of writing in a person's own words, while omitting unimportant details.199
2334931061suspensea feeling of growing tension and excitment. Writers create suspense by raising questions in readers' minds about what might happen.200
2334931062symbolismusing something specific to stand for something else, expecially an idea. A symbol is a person, place, object, or action that stands for something beyond itself.201
2334931063synecdochea literary technique in which the whole is represented by naming one of its parts or vice versa.202
2334931064tall talea humorously exaggerated story about impossible events.203
2334931065themea common thread or repeated idea that is incorporated throughout a literary work. A theme is a thought or idea the author presents to the reader about life or human nature.204
2334931066tonethe writer's attitude or feeling about his or her subject.205
2334931067tragedya dramatic work that presents the downfall of a dignified character or characters who are invlolced in historically or socially significant events. The events in a tragic plot are set in motion by a decision that is often an error in judgment. Succeeding events inevitably lead to a disastrous conclusion, usually death.206
2334931068understatementa statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said; the opposite of hyperbole. Understatement is usually used for humorous effect.207
2334931069urban legenda contemporary story that is told in many rumored versions that have little basis in fact.208
2334931070voicean author or narrator's distinctive style or manner of expression. Voice can reveal much about the author or narrator's personality.209
2334931071Pastoralportraying or suggesting idyllically the life of shepherds or of the country, as a work of literature, art, or music.210
2334931072suspension of disbeliefa willingness to suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and login for the sake of enjoyment.211
2334931073Utopiaany visionary system of political or social perfection.212
2334931074anthropomorphismthe attribution of human form or behaviour to a deity, animal, etc.213
2334931075apostrophean exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person (typically one who is dead or absent) or thing.214
2334931076cacophonya harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.215
2334931077cadencesuch a modulation in reading aloud as implied by the structure and ordering of words and phrases in written text.216
2334931078catharsisthe process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from strong or repressed emotions.217
2334931079conceita fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor.218
2334931080syntaxthe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.219
2334931081dissonancelack of harmony among musical notes; a tension or clash resulting from the combination of two disharmonious or unsuitable elements.220
2334931082euphemisma mild or indirect word or expression for one too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.221
2334931083hubrisexcessive pride or self-confidence; (in Greek tragedy) excessive pride toward or defiance of the gods, leading to nemesis.222
2334931084in media resinto the middle of a narrative; without preamble.223
2334931085interior monologuea piece of writing expressing a character's inner thoughts.224
2334931086lamenta formal expression of sorrow or mourning, especially in verse or song; an elegy or dirge.225
2334931087lyrichaving the form and musical quality of a song, and especially the character of a songlike outpouring of the poet's own thoughts and feelings, as distinguished from epic and dramatic poetry; characterized by or expressing spontaneous, direct feeling.226
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AP World History: Period 8 Flashcards

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3825733948Asian AmericanThe internment of Japanese Americans in the United States was over in 1946.0
3825733949Atomic BombAfter the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviets began construction of a near copy of the Fat Man bomb, called Joe-1.1
3825738246Brown v. Board of EducationThe Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.2
3825740464Civil Rights Act 1964An act that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.3
3825740465Cold WarAfter World War ll there was political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.4
3825743117ContainmentThe United States introduced this policy as a way to stop the spread of Communism.5
3825744786DecolonizationDue to the Cold War, three newly independent nations emerged in the 1950s and the 1960s in Asia and Africa.6
3825749285Détente (mutual coexistence)Détente means "release the tension" and this was a period of improving relations between the United States and Soviet Union7
3825752301Internment of JapaneseThe United States was the forced relocation of all Japanese ancestry who loved on Pacific coast to interment camps during World War ll.8
3825754370ChinaAided North Korea in Korean War.9
3825754371Korean WarA war between the United States and North Korea after the invasion of South Korea.10
3825757381LatinosA series of racial attacks in 1943 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California between minorities (Mexican-Americans) and servicemen.11
3825760234Military-industrial ComplexThe conjunction of an "immense military establishment" with a "permanent arms industry."12
3825764181Nuclear ArsenalNuclear weapons such as atomic bombs had become a popular war tactic after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.13
3825764182Oil CrisisAn oil crisis began in 1973 when members of the OPEC proclaimed an oil embargo.14
3825767543Postwar OptimismWinning the war effort dictated a new direction in American culture. Americans now wanted something new and better, and many were earning enough money to find that better life.15
3825767544Red ScareFear in the potential rise in communism.16
3825770426Vietnam WarA military conflict between South Vietnam, supported by the United States, and Communist North Vietnam. The war resulted in a North Vietnamese victory and unification of Vietnam under Communist rule.17
3825796014Braceros ProgramAllowed Mexican nationals to take temporary agricultural work in the United States.18
3825800314Clean Air ActA United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.19
3825806903Oil EmbargoThe OPEC imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military.20
3825806904MedicareA federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older21
3825808954MedicaidA federal and state program that helps low-income individuals or families pay for the costs associated with long-term medical and custodial care22
3825811356Space RaceThe competition between the United States and Soviet Union regarding achievements in the field of space exploration23
3825813616Suez CrisisA short conflict following the nationalization of the Suez Canal by President Nasser of Egypt in 1956. Britain and France made a military alliance with Israel to regain control of the canal, but international criticism forced the withdrawal of forces.24
3825815593Baby BoomA temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.25
3825817530Civil Rights MovementAs the USSR exploited the grievances of black Americans and sought to extend its influence in the Third World, the United States tried to massage its domestic racial problems by promoting gradual desegregation.26
3825819230DesegregationThe elimination of laws, customs, or practices under which people from different religions, ancestries, ethnic groups, etc., are restricted to specific or separate public facilities, schools, organizations, etc.27
3825822611Mexican-AmericansWere the main minority involved in the Zoot Suit Riots that broke out throughout Los Angeles.28
3825827491Tennessee Valley AuthorityA federal agency that controls the electricity, irrigation and flood control from the dams and reservoirs along the Tennessee River.29
3825830980Thurgood MarshallA judge of the twentieth century; the first black appointed to the Supreme Court.30
3825835162Sun BeltThe southern and southwestern region of the U.S.31
3825839433Iran Hostage CrisisOn November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages.32
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APES Flashcards

APES

Terms : Hide Images
157497798Ionizing radiationenough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays)0
157497799High Quality Energyorganized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear1
157497800Low Quality Energy: disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)2
157497801First Law of Thermodynamicsenergy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed3
157497802Second Law of Thermodynamicswhen energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)4
157497803Natural radioactive decayunstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particle5
157497804Half-lifethe time it takes for ½ the mass of a radioisotope to decay6
157497805Estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe levelapproximately 10 half-live7
157497806Nuclear Fissionnuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutron8
157497807Nuclear Fusiontwo isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus (He). Process is expensive; break-even point not reached yet9
157497808Orea rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to min10
157497809Organic fertilizerslow-acting & long-lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed11
157497810Best solutions to energy shortageconservation, increase efficiency, explore alternative energy option12
157497811Surface miningcheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to worker13
157497812Humusorganic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms14
157497813Leaching:removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downward15
157497814Illuviationdeposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B horizon)16
157497815Loamperfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%17
157497816Conservation:allowing the use of resources in a responsible manne18
157497817Preservationsetting aside areas and protecting them from human activities19
157497818Parts of the hydrologic cycleevaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltratio20
157497819Aquiferany water-bearing layer in the ground21
157497820Cone of depressionlowering of the water table around a pumping wel22
157497821Salt water intrusionnear the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquife23
157497822ENSOEl Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific24
157497823During an El Niño yeartrade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to S25
157497824During a non El Niño yeareasterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America26
157497825Effects of El Niñoupwelling decreases disrupting food chains; N U.S. has mild winters, SW U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricane27
157497826Nitrogen fixinbecause atmospheric N2 cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia (NH3) by bacteria (rhizobium28
157497827Ammonificationdecomposers convert organic waste into ammoni29
157497828Nitrificationammonia (NH3) is converted to nitrate ions (NO3)30
157497829Assimilationinorganic nitrogen is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & protein31
157497830Denitrificationbacteria convert nitrate (NO3 and nitrite (NO2 back into N2 gas32
157497831Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because:it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate (PO4)3- rock33
157497832Sustainabilitythe ability to meet the current needs of humanity without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their need34
157497833How excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystemsrunoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewag35
157497834Photosynthesisplants convert atmospheric carbon (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6)36
157497835Aerobic respirationO2-consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO37
157497836Largest reservoirs of Ccarbonate (CO3) 2- rocks first, oceans second38
157497837Biotic and abioticliving and nonliving components of an ecosystem39
157497838Producer/Autotrophphotosynthetic or chemosynthetic life40
157497839Fecal coliform/Enterococcus bacteriindicator of sewage contamination41
157497840Energy flow in food websonly 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (second law); not all biomass is digested and absorbed; predators expend energy to catch prey42
157497841Chlorinedisinfection of water; bad = forms trihalomethane43
157497842Primary successiondevelopment of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life or those in which the soil profile is totally destroyed (lava flows); begins with lichen action44
157497843Secondary succession:life progresses where soil remains (clear-cut forest, fire)45
157497844Cogenerationusing waste heat to make electricit46
157497845Mutualismsymbiotic relationship where both partners benefit47
157497846Commensalism:symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected48
157497847Parasitismrelationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host49
157497848Biomelarge distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animal50
157497849Carrying capacitythe number of individuals that can be sustained in an area51
157497850R strategistreproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring52
157497851R strategistreproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring53
157497852Positive feedbackwhen a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (warmer Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer earth54
157497853Negative feedbackwhen a changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (warmer earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)55
157497854Malthussaid human population cannot continue to increase exponentially; consequences will be war, famine & diseas56
157497855Doubling timerule of 70; 70 divided by the percent growth rat57
157497856Replacement level fertilitythe number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 in developed countries58
157497857World Population~ 6.7 billion59
157497858Preindustrial stagebirth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high60
157497859Transitional stagedeath rate lower, better health care, population grows fas61
157497860Industrial stagedecline in birth rate, population growth slow62
157497861Postindustrial stagelow birth & death rate63
157497862Age structure diagramsbroad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth64
157497863First, second and third most populated countries:China, India, U.S65
157497864Most important thing affecting population growth:low status of women66
157497865Ways to decrease birth rate: family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties67
157497866Percent water on earth by type:: 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater68
157497867Salinization of soil:in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind69
157497868Ways to conserve wateragriculture = drip/trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures70
157497869Point vs. non point sourcesPoint, from specific location such as a pipe. Non-point, from over an area such as runoff71
157497870BODbiological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic material72
157497871Eutrophication: rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates (NO3) - and phosphates (PO4) 3- in wate73
157497872Hypoxia: when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life74
157497873Minamata disease:(1932-1968, Japan) mental impairments caused by methylmercury (CH3Hg) + poisoning75
157497874Primary air pollutants:produced by humans & nature (CO,CO2,SOx,NOx, hydrocarbons, particulates)76
157497875Natural selectionorganisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation77
157497876Radonnaturally occurring colorless, odorless, radioactive gas, found in some types of soil and rock, can seep into homes and buildings, formed from the decay of uranium (U), causes lung cancer78
157497877Photochemical smog:g: formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O*79
157497878Acid deposition:caused by sulfuric and nitric acids (H2SO4, HNO3), resulting in lowered pH of surface water80
157497879Greenhouse gasess: Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH4). Effect: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy, causing Earth to warm81
157497880Effects of global warmingrising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, drought, famine, extinction82
157497881Causes of ozone depletionCFCs, methyl chloroform or trichloromethane (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), halon (haloalkanes), methyl bromide (CH3Br)— all of which attack stratospheric ozone83
157497882Effects of ozone depletionincreased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth84
157497883Love Canal, NY(1950s +) chemicals buried in old canal; school and homes built over it; caused birth defects and cancer85
157497884Main component of municipal solid waste (MSW)paper; most is landfilled86
157497885True cost / External costsharmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a product's price87
157497886Incineration advantagesvolume of waste reduced by 90%, and waste heat can be used88
157497887Incineration disadvantages:toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxins), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals89
157497888Best way to solve waste problem:reduce the amounts of waste at the source90
157497889Keystone speciesspecies whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others, such as a sea otter, sea stars, grizzly bear, prairie dogs91
157497890Indicator speciesspecies that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged ex. trout92
157497891Characteristics of endangered speciessmall range, large territory, or live on an island93
157497892In natural ecosystems, methods which control 50-90% of pests:predators, diseases, parasites94
157497893Major insecticide groups (and examples)chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT); organophosphates (malathion); carbamates (aldicarb95
157497894Pesticide prossaves lives from insect-transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers96
157497895Pesticide cons:genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification97
157497896Natural pest controlbetter agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants98
157497897Electricity generation methodusing steam from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear reactions; falling water to turn a turbine to power a generator99
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AP World History - Lexicon Books and Authors Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5566434935Ban Zhou (c. 100 CE)Lessons for Women0
5566434936Lady Murasaki (1008)The Tale of Genji1
5566437171Thomas Hobbes (1651)Leviathan2
5601824942John Locke (1689)Two Treatises of Government3
5601831503Jean Jacques Rosseau (1762)The Social Contract4
5566437170Adam Smith (1776)Wealth of Nations5
5566440601Mary Wollstonecraft (1792)A Vindication of the Rights of Women6
5601845008Thomas Malthus (1798)An Essay on the Principle of Population7
5602554050Simón Bolívar (1815)Jamaica Letter8
5602559734Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1848)The Communist Manifesto9
5602562519John Stuart Mill (1859)On Liberty10
5602566661Charles Darwin (1859)On the Origin of Species11
5602566662Joseph Conrad (1899)Heart of Darkness12
5602573085Rachel Carson (1962)Silent Spring13
5602576722Betty Friedan (1963)The Feminine Mystique14
6143605464T.S. Elliot (1922)The Waste Land15
6143607304Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)Uncle Tom's Cabin16
6143610011Thomas Paine (1776)Common Sense17
6143671605Adolf Hitler (1925)Mein Kampf18
6143672593Rudyard Kipling (1899)The White Man's Burden19
6320729693Dante Alighieri (1320)Divine Comedy20
6320731886Geoffrey Chaucer (1478)The Canterbury Tales21
6320824599Francis Fukuyama (1992)The End of History and the Last Man22
6320829666Edmund Burke (1790)Reflections on the Revolution in France23
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AP World History Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2876112158AsokaIndian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from circa 269 BCE to 232 BCE.0
2876112159Caste systemA system of social stratification in India, deriving from the Aryan hereditary division of the population into priests (Brahmins), warriors and rulers (Kshatriya), farmers and merchants (Vaisya), and laborers, artisans, and domestic servants (Sudra).1
2876112160ConfuciusChinese philosopher and teacher.2
2876112161Daoismphilosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way", "path", "principle", or "god", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes something that is both the source of, and the force behind, everything that exists.3
2876112162DiasporaJews living outside Israel the dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel the dispersion of any people from their original homeland the people so dispersed4
2876112163Enlightenmentthe action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened the action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insight, in particular (in Buddhism) that awareness which frees a person from the cycle of rebirth5
2876112164Ethnic ReligonAn ethnic religion is generally defined by the ethnicity of its adherents, and conversion essentially equates to cultural assimilation into that ethnoreligious group. Ethnic religions are distinguished from religions that actively seek converts worldwide, regardless of ethnic affiliation.[1] In contrast, ethnic religions have (diasporas excluded) limited geographic scope, and membership is (by definition) determined by ethnic affiliation.6
2876112165Feng ShuiChinese philosophical system of harmonizing everyone with the surrounding environment. The term feng shui literally translates as "wind-water" in English. This is a cultural shorthand taken from the passage of the now-lost Classic of Burial recorded in Guo Pu's commentary:[1] Feng shui is one of the Five Arts of Chinese Metaphysics, classified as physiognomy (observation of appearances through formulas and calculations). The feng shui practice discusses architecture in metaphoric terms of "invisible forces" that bind the universe, earth, and humanity together, known as qi.7
2876112166Filial PietyVirtue of respect for one's father, elders, and ancestors. The Confucian classic Xiao Jing or Classic of Xiào, thought to be written around the Qin-Han period, has historically been the authoritative source on the Confucian tenet of xiào / "filial piety". The book, a conversation between Confucius and his student Zeng Shen (曾參, also known as Zengzi 曾子), is about how to set up a good society using the principle of xiào (filial piety). The term can also be applied to general obedience, and is used in religious titles in Christian Churches, like "filial priest" or "filial vicar" for a cleric whose church is subordinate to a larger parish. Filial piety is central to Confucian role ethics.[2]8
2876112167Four Noble Truths"the truths of the Noble Ones," which express the basic orientation of Buddhism: this worldly existence is fundamentally unsatisfactory, but there is a path to liberation from repeated worldly existence.9
2876112168Greek RationalismIn epistemology, rationalism is the view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".[2] More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive".[3] Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth - in other words, "there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience".[4] Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.10
2876112169Jesus of NazarethThe central figure of Christianity, whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God. Christianity regards Jesus as the awaited Messiah (or "Christ") of the Old Testament and refers to him as Jesus Christ,[e] a name that is also used in non-Christian contexts.11
2876112170Karmarefers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).[2] Good intent and good deed contribute to good karma and future happiness, while bad intent and bad deed contribute to bad karma and future suffering.[3][4] Karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in some schools of Asian religions.[5] In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life, as well as the nature and quality of future lives - or, one's saṃsāra.[6]12
2876112171Laoziphilosopher and poet of ancient China. He is known as the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching[1] and the founder of philosophical Taoism, and as a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions. Although a legendary figure, he is usually dated to around the 6th century BCE and reckoned a contemporary of Confucius, but some historians contend that he actually lived during the Warring States period of the 5th or 4th century BCE.[2] A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Throughout history, Laozi's work has been embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements.[3]13
2876112172Missionariesmember of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development.[1][2] The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin missionem (nom. missio), meaning "act of sending" or mittere, meaning "to send".[3] The word was used in light of its biblical usage; in the Latin translation of the Bible, Christ uses the word when sending the disciples to preach in his name. The term is most commonly used for Christian missions, but can be used for any creed or ideology.[4]14
2876112173Monasticismmonkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Similar forms of religious life also exist in other faiths, most notably in Buddhism, but also in Hinduism and Jainism, although the expressions differ considerably.[1] By contrast, in other religions monasticism is criticized and not practiced, as in Islam and Zoroastrianism, or plays a marginal role, as in Judaism.15
2876112174Nirvana(often initial capital letter). Pali nibbana. Buddhism. freedom from the endless cycle of personal reincarnations, with their consequent suffering, as a result of the extinction of individual passion, hatred, and delusion: attained by the Arhat as his goal but postponed by the Bodhisattva.16
2876112175Paul of Tarsusan apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world.[7] He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age.[8][9] In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Paul used his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to advantage in his ministry to both Jewish and Roman audiences.17
2876112176Proselytizingthe act of attempting to convert people to another religion or opinion.[1][2] The word proselytize is derived from the Greek language prefix προσ- (pros-, toward) and the verb ἔρχομαι (érchomai, to come) in the form of προσήλυτος (prosélytos, a new comer).[3] Historically in the Koine Greek Septuagint and New Testament, the word proselyte denoted a gentile who was considering conversion to Judaism. Though the word proselytism originally referred to Early Christianity (and earlier Gentiles such as God-fearers), it now refers to the attempt of any religion or religious individuals to convert people to their beliefs, or any attempt to convert people to a different point of view, religious or not. Proselytism is illegal in some countries.[4]18
2876112177Reincarnationthe religious or philosophical concept that the soul or spirit, after biological death, can begin a new life in a new body. This doctrine is a central tenet of the Hindu religion.[1] It is also a common belief of various ancient and modern religions such as Spiritism, Theosophy, and Eckankar, and is found as well in many tribal societies around the world, in places such as Siberia, West Africa, North America, and Australia.[2]19
2876112178Sanskritthe primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European.[4] Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India[5] and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand.[6] Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.[7]20
2876112179Siddartha Gautamawas a sage on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in northeastern India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.[4][note 4]21
2876112180Silk Roadsan ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time.[1]22
2876112181Sutraan aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a text in Hinduism or Buddhism. Literally it means a thread or line that holds things together and is derived from the verbal root siv-, meaning to sew.[1] The word "sutra" was very likely meant to apply quite literally to these texts, as they were written down in books of palm leaves sewn together with thread. This distinguishes them from the older sacred Vedas, which until recently were only memorised, never committed to paper.23
2876112182Syncrestismthe combining of different, often contradictory beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merger and analogizing of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths. Syncretism also occurs commonly in expressions of arts and culture (known as eclecticism) as well as politics (syncretic politics).24
2876112183The ANTALECTSa collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius' followers. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475 BC-221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). By the early Han dynasty the Analects was considered merely a "commentary" on the Five Classics, but the status of the Analects grew to be one of the central texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty. During the late Song dynasty (960-1279) the importance of the Analects as a philosophy work was raised above that of the older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the "Four Books". The Analects has been one of the most widely read and studied books in China for the last 2,000 years, and continues to have a substantial influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today.25
2876112185Vedic Traditionare a large body of texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[2][3] Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya, which means "not of a man, superhuman"[4] and "impersonal, authorless".[5][6][7]26
2876112186Zoroastrianism.one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, based in Greater Iran. For one thousand years Zoroastrianism was one of the word's most powerful religions. A prototype of Zoroastrian was the early religion of the Median Empire, and in varying forms Zoroastrianism was the generally-inclusive state religion of Greater Iran from 600 BCE to 650 CE, including the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian Empires.[1]27
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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

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4969646315AlliterationRepetition of initial consants in 2 or more adjacent words0
4969646316AnadiplosisRepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause1
4969646317AnaphoraRepetition of same words/groups of words at the beginning of successive clauses2
4969646318AnastropheInversion of the natural or usual word order3
4969646319AntithesisThe juxtaposition of contrasting ideas4
4969646320AntaclanasisRepetition of a word in 2 different senses5
4969646321AnthimeriaThe substitution of one part of speech for another6
4969646322AntimetaboleRepetition of words, in succesive clauses, in reverse grammatical order7
4969646323ApposistionPlacing side by side the coordinate elements. The second of which serves as an explanation of modification of the first8
4969646324AssonanceRepetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words9
4969646325AsyndetonDeliberate omission of comjunctions between a series of related clauses10
4969646326ClimaxArranagement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing inportance11
4969646327EllipsisThe deliberite omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context.12
4969646328EpanelipsisRepetition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the same clause.13
4969646329EpistropheRepetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses14
4969646330IronyUse of a word in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning of the word15
4969646331IsocolonScheme of parallel structure that occurs whem parallels are similar not only in structure but in length16
4969646332LitotesDeliberate use of understatement17
4969646333MetaphorImplied comparison between 2 things of unlike nature18
4969646334MetonymySubstitution of some attributive or siggestive words for what is actually meant19
5743066810ChiasmusWords, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in the same or modified form20
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