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Flashcards

AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

6769765424	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
6769765425	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
6769765426	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
6769765427	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
6769765428	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
6769765429	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
6769765430	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
6769765431	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
6769765432	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
6769765433	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
6769765434	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
6769765435	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
6769765436	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
6769765437	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
6769765438	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
6769765439	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
6769765440	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
6769765441	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
6769765442	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
6769765443	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
6769765444	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
6769765445	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
6769765446	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
6769765447	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
6769765448	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
6769765449	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
6769765450	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
6769765451	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
6769765452	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
6769765453	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
6769765454	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
6769765455	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
6769765456	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
6769765457	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
6769765458	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
6769765459	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
6769765460	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
6769765461	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
6769765462	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
6769765463	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
6769765464	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
6769765465	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
6769765466	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
6769765467	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
6769765468	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
6769765469	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
6769765470	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
6769765471	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
6769765472	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
6769765473	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
6769765474	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
6769765475	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
6769765476	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
6769765477	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
6769765478	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
6769765479	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
6769765480	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
6769765481	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
6769765482	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
6769765483	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
6769765484	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
6769765485	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
6769765486	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
6769765487	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
6769765488	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
6769765489	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
6769765490	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
6769765491	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
6769765492	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
6769765493	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
6769765494	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
6769765495	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
6769765496	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
6769765497	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
6769765498	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
6769765499	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
6769765500	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
6769765501	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
6769765502	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
6769765503	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
6769765504	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
6769765505	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
6769765506	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
6769765507	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
6769765508	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
6769765509	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
6769765510	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
6769765511	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
6769765512	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
6769765513	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
6769765514	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
6769765515	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
6769765516	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
6769765517	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
6769765518	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
6769765519	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
6769765520	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
6769765521	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
6769765522	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
6769765523	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
6769765524	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
6769765525	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
6769765526	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
6769765527	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
6769765528	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
6769765529	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
6769765530	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
6769765531	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
6769765532	Silk Road Trade system		108
6769765533	Kingdom of Mali		109
6769765534	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
6769765535	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
6769765536	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
6769765537	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
6769765538	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
6769765539	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
6769765540	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
6769765541	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
6769765542	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
6769765543	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
6769765544	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
6769765545	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
6769765546	Bantu Migrations		122
6769765547	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
6769765548	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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AP Greek Literature Terms Flashcards

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2849686321	Hubris	Too much pride	0
2849686322	Thespians	Came from first Greek actor Thespis, what actors are called today	1
2849686323	Exodus	Took chorus offstage and ended the play	2
2849686324	Prologue	Introduced the play	3
2849686325	Parados	Song that brought on the chorus	4
2849686326	Epeisodion	(Usually 5) Passage of dialogue that alternated with stasimon	5
2849686327	Stasimon	Song by the chorus alternating with strophe and antistrophe	6
2849686328	Strophe	Chorus moved to the left	7
2849686329	Antistrophe	Chorus moves to the right	8
2849686330	Deus-ex-machina	Mechanical crane used to raise and lower actors	9
2849686331	Eccyclema	Small wagon platform used to show dead people	10
2849686332	Periaktois	Triangular prism that revolves for scenery changes	11
2849686333	Pinakes	Scenery painted on boards	12
2849686334	Skene	Rectangular building with three doors providing a generic backdrop, actors changed costumes	13
2849686335	Chiton	Long flowing robes, dyed in bright colors, padded to give a broader appearance	14
2849686336	Himation	Long mantle, draped around the right shoulder	15
2849686337	Chlamys	Short cloak	16
2849686338	Onkus	High head piece	17
2849686339	Cothurnus/Cothurni	Thick soled shoes that made the actor taller, high platform shoes	18
2849686340	Paraskenia	Two wings on the side of the skene	19
2849686341	Proskenion	Platform placed in front of the skene, separates actors from chorus	20
2849686342	Parodos	Wide passageways on the left and right of the skene and orchestra	21
2849686343	Choregus	Financial banker for the author	22
2849686344	Trilogy	Three tragedies and a satire(comedy)	23
2849686345	Theatron	Seeing place	24
2849686346	City Dionysia	Festival of tragedies with a competition for the best plays	25
2849686347	Tragos	Dithyrambic rituals or goat song	26
2849686348	Everyman	Helps audience glean the personal message of the character	27
2849686349	Properties	Props to indicate roles	28
2849686350	Persona	Masks worn by the actors	29

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AP Literature Summer Terms Flashcards

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2890256040	Allusion	a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical	0
2890261771	Anaphora	a rhetorical device of repeating the same word or words at the start of two or more lines of poetry or successive phrases or sentences in prose	1
2890263450	Antithesis	a rhetorical device contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas, balancing one against the other in strong opposition.	2
2890270964	Aphorism	a concise statement which expresses succinctly a general truth or idea often using rhyme of balance	3
2890275454	Apostrophe	a rhetorical device in which an absent or imaginary person or an abstraction is directly addressed as though present	4
2890279342	Assonance	the repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh / fade	5
2890282585	Blank Verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	6
2890287136	Caesura	a pause in a line of poetry created not by the meter, but by the natural speaking rhythm, sometimes coinciding with punctuation	7
2890305731	Chiasmus	a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed	8
2890312680	Complaint	a lyric poem of lament, regret, and sadness which may explain the speaker's mood, describe its cause, discuss remedies, and appeal for help	9
2890314222	Conceit	an elaborate figure of speech in which two seemingly dissimilar things or situations are compared	10
2890318707	Connotation	the implied or associative meaning of a word (as opposed to denotation)	11
2890320322	Consonance	Though the final consonants in several stressed syllables agree, the vowel sounds that precede them are different.	12
2890322643	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word (as opposed to connotation)	13
2890324907	Dissonance	the grating of sounds that are harsh or do not go together	14
2890326306	Elegy	a formal poem focusing on death or mortality, usually beginning with the recent death of a particular person	15
2890328554	Ellipsis	the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context	16
2890331582	End-stopped line	a line of poetry that ends when the grammatical unit ends. Its opposite is enjambment.	17
2890333876	Enjambment	Describes a line of poetry in which the sense and grammatical construction continue on to the next line. In an enjambed line, the lack of completion creates pressure to move rapidly to the closure promised in the next line.	18
2890338613	Epigram	a concise, witty saying in poetry or prose that either stands alone or is part of a larger work; may also refer to a short poem of this type	19
2890340619	Euphony	a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony	20
2890342918	Exemplum	a brief tale used in medieval times used to illustrate a sermon or teach a lesson	21
2890345641	Free Verse	poetry that is written without a regular meter, usually without rhyme	22
2890353499	Idyll	a short descriptive narrative, usually a poem, about an idealized country life; also called a pastoral	23
2890376339	Internal Rhyme	a rhyme occurring within a line of poetry, as in Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven": While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping	24
2890378179	Litotes	a type of understatement in which something affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite (the teacher was not overly impressed with by the poor test scores)	25
2890384491	Lyric	a type of melodious, imaginative, and subjective poetry that is usually short and personal, expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker rather than telling a story	26
2890386694	Metonomy	a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using "the crown" to refer to a monarch	27
2890395501	Pastoral	a poem about idealized rural life, or shepherds, or both; also called an idyll	28
2890397364	Pathos	the quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity or sorrow	29
2890405183	Polysyndenton	the use of many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect	30
2890407555	Stock Character	a standard character who may be stereotyped, such as the miser or the foold, or universally recognized, like the hard-boiled private eye in detective stories	31
2890408728	Syllepsis	the linking of one word with two other words in two strikingly different ways (Ex. The migrants "exhausted their credit, exhausted their friends.")	32
2890413769	Synechdoche	the use of one part of an object to represent the entire object, such as using "boards" to mean "a stage" or "wheels" to mean "a car"	33
2890416780	Synesthesia	Describing one kind of sensation in terms of another, e.g., sound as color, color as sound, sound as taste, color as temperature	34
2890419553	Tautology	needless repetition which adds no meaning or understanding (Ex. widow woman; free gift; close proximity)	35

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Pre-AP Elements of Literature Flashcards

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4554632721	alliteration	a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series	0
4554632722	allusion	a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance	1
4554632723	analogy	a comparison in which an idea or thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it	2
4554632724	antagonist	a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist or the main character	3
4554632725	assonance	when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds	4
4554632726	atmosphere (mood)	a type of feelings that readers get from a narrative based on details such as settings, background, objects, foreshadowing, etc.	5
4554632727	characterization	a literary device that is used step by step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story	6
4554632728	climax	that particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point	7
4554632729	conflict	a literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces, usually a protagonist and an antagonist	8
4554632730	connotation	a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly	9
4554632731	dialect	the language used by people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people	10
4554632732	diction	the style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer	11
4554632733	epic	a long narrative poem, which is usually related to heroic deeds of a person of an unusual courage and unparalleled bravery	12
4554632734	epilogue	a chapter at the end of a work of literature which concludes the work	13
4554632735	exaggeration	a statement that makes something worse, or better than it really is	14
4554632736	figure of speech	cause text to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful	15
4554632737	flashback	an interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or literary work) with an event of earlier occurrence to provide insight to the audience	16
4554632738	foreshadowing	a literary device in which a writer gives an audience hint of what is to come later in the story	17
4554632739	hyperbole	an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis	18
4554632740	idiom	a set expression or a phrase comprising two or more words, not interpreted literally	19
4554632741	imagery	to use figurative language to represent objects actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses	20
4554632742	irony	a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words, or a situation that may end up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated	21
4554632743	metaphor	a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics	22
4554632744	onomatopoeia	a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing	23
4554632745	personification	a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea, or an animal is given human attributes	24
4554632746	persuasion	a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reasons and logic to influence the audience	25
4554632747	plot	a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story	26
4554632748	point of view	the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation	27
4554632749	protagonist	the central character or leading figure in poetry, narrative, novel or any other story	28
4554632750	pun	a play on words in which a humorous effect is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings	29
4554632751	resolution	the unfolding or solution of a complicated issue in a story (aka denouement)	30
4554632752	rising action	a series of relevant incidents that create suspense, interest and tension in a narrative	31
4554632753	satire	a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule	32
4554632754	setting	the environment or surrounding in which an event or story takes place	33
4554632755	simile	a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things by using "like" or "as"	34
4554632756	speaker	the character that is speaking, or the voice in a poem	35
4554632757	stereotype	a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing	36
4554632758	subplot	a secondary plot, or a strand of the main plot that runs parallel to it and supports it	37
4554632759	symbol	a object or character that has a meaning different than its literal appearance to portray ideas and beliefs	38
4554632760	theme	a main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly	39
4554632761	tone	an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience	40

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Flashcards

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

The Glossary of Literary Terms for the AP English Literature and Composition Test

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6741245086	Abstract	Complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, seldom uses examples to support its points.	0
6741245087	Academic	Dry and rhetorical writing; sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis.	1
6741245088	Accent	In poetry, the stressed portion of a word.	2
6741245089	Aesthetic	Appealing to the senses; a coherent sense of taste.	3
6741245090	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	4
6741245091	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds.	5
6741245092	Allusion	A reference to another work or famous figure.	6
6741245093	Anachronism	"Misplaced in time." An aspect of a story that doesn't belong in its supposed time setting.	7
6741245094	Analogy	A comparison, usually involving two or more symbolic parts, employed to clarify an action or a relationship.	8
6741245095	Anecdote	A Short Narrative	9
6741245096	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to.	10
6741245097	Anthropomorphism	When inanimate objects are given human characteristics. Often confused with personification.	11
6741245098	Anticlimax	Occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect.	12
6741245099	Antihero	A protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	13
6741245100	Aphorism	A short and usually witty saying.	14
6741245101	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman.	15
6741245102	Archaism	The use of deliberately old-fashioned language.	16
6741245103	Aside	A speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage.	17
6741245104	Aspect	A trait or characteristic	18
6741245105	Assonance	The repeated use of vowel sounds: "Old king Cole was a merry old soul."	19
6741245106	Atmosphere	The emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene	20
6741245107	Ballad	A long, narrative poem, usually in meter and rhyme. Typically has a naive folksy quality.	21
6741245108	Bathos	Writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries too hard to be a tear jerker.	22
6741245109	Pathos	Writing evokes feelings of dignified pity and sympathy.	23
6741245110	Black humor	The use of disturbing themes in comedy.	24
6741245111	Bombast	Pretentious, exaggeratedly learned language.	25
6741245112	Burlesque	Broad parody, one that takes a style or form and exaggerates it into ridiculousness.	26
6741245113	Cacophony	In poetry, using deliberately harsh, awkward sounds.	27
6741245114	Cadence	The beat or rhythm or poetry in a general sense.	28
6741245115	Canto	The name for a section division in a long work of poetry.	29
6741245116	Caricature	A portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality.	30
6741245117	Catharsis	Drawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play	31
6741245118	Chorus	In Greek drama, the group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it.	32
6741245119	Classic	Typical, or an accepted masterpiece.	33
6741245120	Coinage (neologism)	A new word, usually one invented on the spot.	34
6741245121	Colloquialism	A word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "school-book" English.	35
6741245122	Complex (Dense)	Suggesting that there is more than one possibility in the meaning of words; subtleties and variations; multiple layers of interpretation; meaning both explicit and implicit	36
6741245123	Conceit (Controlling Image)	A startling or unusual metaphor, or to a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines.	37
6741245124	Denotation	A word's literal meaning.	38
6741245125	Connotation	Everything other than the literal meaning that a word suggests or implies.	39
6741245126	Consonance	The repetition of consonant sounds within words (rather than at their beginnings)	40
6741245127	Couplet	A pair of lines that end in rhyme	41
6741245128	Decorum	A character's speech must be styled according to her social station, and in accordance to the situation.	42
6741245129	Diction	The words an author chooses to use.	43
6741245130	Syntax	The ordering and structuring of words.	44
6741245131	Dirge	A song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, heavy, depressed, and melancholy	45
6741245132	Dissonance	Refers to the grating of incompatible sounds.	46
6741245133	Doggerel	Crude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme, like limericks.	47
6741245134	Dramatic Irony	When the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not	48
6741245135	Dramatic Monologue	When a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience.	49
6741245136	Elegy	A type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner.	50
6741245137	Elements	Basic techniques of each genre of literature	51
6741245138	Enjambment	The continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause.	52
6741245139	Epic	A very long narrative poem on a serious theme in a dignified style; typically deal with glorious or profound subject matter.	53
6741245140	Epitaph	Lines that commemorate the dead at their burial place.	54
6741245141	Euphemism	A word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality.	55
6741245142	Euphony	When sounds blend harmoniously.	56
6741245143	Explicit	To say or write something directly and clearly.	57
6741245144	Farce	Extremely broad humor; in earlier times, a funny play or a comedy.	58
6741245145	Feminine rhyme	Lines rhymed by their final two syllables. Properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed.	59
6741245146	Foil	A secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast.	60
6741245147	Foot	The basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry, formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed.	61
6741245148	Foreshadowing	An event of statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later.	62
6741245149	Free verse	poetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern	63
6741245150	Genre	A sub-category of literature.	64
6741245151	Gothic	A sensibility that includes such features as dark, gloomy castles and weird screams from the attic each night.	65
6741245152	Hubris	The excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall	66
6741245153	Hyperbole	Exaggeration or deliberate overstatement.	67
6741245154	Implicit	To say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly.	68
6741245155	In media res	Latin for "in the midst of things," i.e. beginning an epic poem in the middle of the action.	69
6741245156	Interior Monologue	Refers to writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head; tends to be coherent.	70
6741245157	Inversion	Switching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase.	71
6741245158	Irony	A statement that means the opposite of what it seems to mean; uses an undertow of meaning, sliding against the literal a la Jane Austen.	72
6741245159	Lament	A poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss.	73
6741245160	Lampoon	A satire.	74
6741245161	Loose sentence	A sentence that is complete before its end: Jack loved Barbara despite her irritating snorting laugh.	75
6741245162	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that is not grammatically complete until it has reached it s final phrase: Despite Barbara's irritation at Jack, she loved him.	76
6741245163	Lyric	A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.	77
6741245164	Masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable (regular old rhyme)	78
6741245165	Meaning	What makes sense, what's important.	79
6741245166	Melodrama	A form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure.	80
6741245167	Metaphor	A comparison or analogy that states one thing IS another.	81
6741245168	Simile	A comparison or analogy that typically uses like or as.	82
6741245169	Metonymy	A word that is used to stand for something else that it has attributes of or is associated with.	83
6741245170	Nemesis	The protagonist's arch enemy or supreme and persistent difficulty.	84
6741245171	Objectivity	Treatment of subject matter in an impersonal manner or from an outside view.	85
6741245172	Subjectivity	A treatment of subject matter that uses the interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses.	86
6741245173	Onomatopoeia	Words that sound like what they mean	87
6741245174	Opposition	A pairing of images whereby each becomes more striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one.	88
6741245175	Oxymoron	A phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction.	89
6741245176	Parable	A story that instructs.	90
6741245177	Paradox	A situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does not.	91
6741245178	Parallelism	Repeated syntactical similarities used for effect.	92
6741245179	Paraphrase	To restate phrases and sentences in your own words.	93
6741245180	Parenthetical phrase	A phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail.	94
6741245181	Parody	The work that results when a specific work is exaggerated to ridiculousness.	95
6741245182	Pastoral	A poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds.	96
6741245183	Persona	The narrator in a non first-person novel.	97
6741245184	Personification	When an inanimate object takes on human shape.	98
6741245185	Plaint	A poem or speech expressing sorrow.	99
6741245186	Point of View	The perspective from which the action of a novel is presented.	100
6741245187	Omniscient	A third person narrator who sees into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.	101
6741245188	Limited Omniscient	A Third person narrator who generally reports only what one character sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.	102
6741245189	Objective	A thrid person narrator who only reports on what would be visible to a camera. Does not know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks it.	103
6741245190	First person	A narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his or her point of view.	104
6741245191	Stream of Consciousness	Author places the reader inside the main character's head and makes the reader privy to all of the character's thoughts as they scroll through her consciousness.	105
6741245192	Prelude	An introductory poem to a longer work of verse	106
6741245193	Protagonist	The main character of a novel or play	107
6741245194	Pun	The usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings	108
6741245195	Refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	109
6741245196	Requiem	A song of prayer for the dead.	110
6741245197	Rhapsody	An intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise.	111
6741245198	Rhetorical question	A question that suggests an answer.	112
6741245199	Satire	Attempts to improve things by pointing out people's mistakes in the hope that once exposed, such behavior will become less common.	113
6741245200	Soliloquy	A speech spoken by a character alone on stage, meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's thoughts.	114
6741245201	Stanza	A group of lines roughly analogous in function in verse to the paragraphs function in prose.	115
6741245202	Stock characters	Standard or cliched character types.	116
6741245203	Subjunctive Mood	A grammatical situation involving the words "if" and "were," setting up a hypothetical situation.	117
6741245204	Suggest	To imply, infer, indicate.	118
6741245205	Summary	A simple retelling of what you've just read.	119
6741245206	Suspension of disbelief	The demand made of a theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with their imagination.	120
6741245207	Symbolism	A device in literature where an object represents an idea.	121
6741245208	Technique	The methods and tools of the author.	122
6741245209	Theme	The main idea of the overall work; the central idea.	123
6741245210	Thesis	The main position of an argument. The central contention that will be supported.	124
6741245211	Tragic flaw	In a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good (or even great) individual that ultimately leads to his demise.	125
6741245212	Travesty	A grotesque parody	126
6741245213	Truism	A way-too obvious truth	127
6741245214	Unreliable narrator	When the first person narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible	128
6741245215	Utopia	An idealized place. Imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity, and peace.	129
6741245216	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. He closed the door and his heart on his lost love.	130
6741245217	Ode	A poem in praise of something divine or noble	131
6741245218	Iamb	A poetic foot -- light, heavy	132
6741245219	Trochee	A poetic foot -- heavy, light	133
6741245220	Spondee	A poetic foot -- heavy, heavy	134
6741245221	Pyrrhie	A poetic foot -- light, light	135
6741245222	Anapest	A poetic foot -- light, light, heavy	136
6741245223	Ambibranch	A poetic foot -- light, heavy, light	137
6741245224	Dactyl	A poetic foot -- heavy, light, light	138
6741245225	Imperfect	A poetic foot -- single light or single heavy	139
6741245226	Pentameter	A poetic line with five feet.	140
6741245227	Tetrameter	A poetic line with four feet	141
6741245228	Trimeter	A poetic line with three feet	142
6741245229	Blank Verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter.	143

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Literary Devices - AP Literature Flashcards

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6737926671	Allusion	A reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize.	0
6737935256	Anaphora	The repetition of the words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences.	1
6737938661	Diction	The word choices made by the writer.	2
6737944101	Syntax	The manner in which words are arranged in sentences.	3
6737948024	Connotation	The implied or associative meaning of a word - the emotion it carries.	4
6737953312	Imagery	The use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses.	5
6737960099	Figurative language	Language, employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, etc.) Remember, figures of speech are not literal.	6
6737965368	rhetoric	The art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner. It is an art of discourse, which studies and employs various methods to convince, influence or please an audience.	7
6737970319	Rhetorical Devices	Literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression (allusion, rhetorical question, hyperbole, etc).	8
6737974085	Inference	A conclusion one draws (infers) based on the premises or evidence.	9
6737979153	pun	A play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings	10
6737988669	Metaphor	A direct comparison of two different things (without the use of like or as)	11
6737992089	Simile	A comparison of two things using "like, "as," or other specifically comparative words.	12
6738000369	Personification	Endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics	13
6738004981	Irony	The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs	14
6738008346	Paradox	An apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth	15
6738012494	Onomatopoeia	A word formed from an imitation of natural sounds	16
6738018005	Rhetorical Question	A question asked for merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	17
6738022288	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction (non-specific, not concrete)	18
6738025678	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant.	19
6738029611	Absolute	A word free from limitations or qualifications	20
6738034842	adage	A familiar proverb or wise saying	21
6738098383	Ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his position on an issue	22
6738155371	allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions.	23
6738197469	analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.	24
6738200458	anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.	25
6738206555	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause which a pronoun refers	26
6738209653	aphorism	Aphorism (pronounced AFF-or-ism) is a short statement of a general truth. It's roughly similar to a "saying." Aphorisms often use metaphors or creative imagery to get their general point across.	27
6738217065	apostrophe	In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation "O". A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech.	28
6738223060	archetype	In literature, an archetype is a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature.	29
6738226769	antagonist	Opponent who struggles against or blocks the here, the protagonist, in a story.	30
6738230028	antimetabole	Repetition of words is successive clauses in reverse grammatical order.	31
6738235959	apposition	Placing in immediate successive order of two or more elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first (often set off by a colon).	32
6738240734	assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds, especially in words that are together.	33
6738243730	asyndeton	Commas used without conjunctions to separate series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally. A stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy.	34
6738248851	Characterization	Characterization is the process of conveying information about characters in fictional literature.	35
6738256497	Indirect characterization	INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION the author reveals to the reader what the character is like by describing how the character looks and dresses, by letting the reader hear what the character says, by revealing the character's private thoughts and feelings, by revealing the characters effect on other people (showing how other characters feel or behave toward the character), or by showing the character in action. Common in modern literature	36
6738262653	Direct characterization	The author tells us directly what the character is like: sneaky, generous, mean to pets and so on. Romantic style literature relied more heavily on this form.	37
6738266288	Static character	One who does not change much in the course of a story.	38
6738273522	Dynamic character	One who changes in some important way as a result of the story's action.	39
6740988924	Rogerian Argument	A negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach an agreement	40
6740993549	Deductive Argument	An argument that attempts to provide a guarantee of truth of the conclusion provided that the argument's premises (assumptions) are true. The premises are intended to provide strong support for the conclusion.	41
6740998128	Inductive argument	An argument that is intended by the arguer merely to establish or increase the probability of its conclusion. The premises are intended only to be strong that, if they were true, then it would be unlikely that the conclusion is false.	42
6741002299	Analogical Argument	Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive argument, whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed. Analogical reasoning is one of the most common methods by which human beings attempt to understand the world and make decisions.	43
6741006045	idiomatic	Using containing, or denoting (indicating), expressions that are natural to a native speaker; appropriate to the style of art or music associated with a particular period, individual, or group.	44
6741010682	Empirical Evidence	Knowledge acquired by means of the senses, particular observation and experimentation. Scientifically-based research that supports a conclusion.	45
6741012749	Parallel triad	The expression of related thoughts in a group of three, almost always using the same grammatical form.	46
6741020028	Abstract diction	It is the language (words or phrases) we use to describe qualities that cannot be perceived with our five senses.	47
6741025054	Periodic syntax (structure)	A particular placement of sentence elements such as the main clause of the sentence and/or its predicate are purposely held off and placed at the end instead of the beginning. In such cases, the crux of the sentence's meaning does not become clear until the reader reaches the last part.	48

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AP Language V's Flashcards

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2780204384	vindicated	freed from blame	0
2780206059	vitality	energy; power to survive	1
2780207105	virtuoso	a tremendously skilled artist	2
2780209239	vilify	to make vicious statements about	3
2780210900	venerated	highly respected	4

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AP Language Important Terms Flashcards

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6705103558	anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of two or more successive phrases or clauses.	0
6705103559	chiasmus	a reversal in the word order of words in two otherwise parallel sentences	1
6705103560	apostrophe	the direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea.	2
6705103561	hyperbole	a rhetorical figure in which emphasis is achieved through exaggeration	3
6705103562	metaphor	figurative language that describes something as though it actually were something else	4
6705103563	metonymy	the substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it. (ex. the crown declared that the man would be executed.)	5
6705103564	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole (ex. all hands on deck)	6
6705103565	onomatopoeia	the use of words that sound like a noise	7
6705103566	paradox	a statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory but ends up being true on some level	8
6705103567	parallelism	the use of similar and consistent grammatical structures or word order.	9
6705103568	personification	the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas.	10
6705103569	point of view	the perspective that a narrator takes toward the events it describes	11
6705103570	protagonist	the central character in a story	12
6705103571	pun	a witty word-play which reveals that words with different meanings have similar or even identical sounds	13
6705103572	satire	writing that ridicules or holds up to contempt the faults of individuals or groups	14
6705103573	polysyndeton	the repetition of conjunctions in a sentence	15
6705103574	asyndeton	the omission of conjunctions in a sentence	16
6705103575	archetype	a repeating symbol or type of character found in many cultures	17
6705103576	dramatic irony	a situation where the audience knows something that the characters on stage are not aware of	18
6705103577	allusion	a reference to a piece of literature, character, historical figure that the author assumes the reader will recognize	19
6705103578	dramatic climax	the turning point in a story when the action turns against the protagonist	20
6705103579	diction	the word choices made by a writer	21
6705103580	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	22
6705103581	flat (static) character	a character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story	23
6705103582	dynamic (round) character	a character who undergoes a change or transformation in the course of a story	24
6705103583	exposition	the important background information revealed in the story about the setting, characters' backstories, prior plot events, etc.	25
6705103584	exciting force	the spark or complication that "gets the action going" in the play the event that sets the plot into motion	26
6705103585	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	27
6705103586	denouement (catastrophe)	The final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work or the outcome of a complicated sequence of events	28
6705103587	omniscient narrator	a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters	29
6705103588	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	30
6705103589	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	31
6705103590	deus ex machina	an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel	32
10902998258	syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	33
10903003596	vernacular	the language or dialect (a regional or specific form of language) spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.	34
10903031601	zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses Example: She broke both John and his heart.	35
10903064603	antithesis	A person or thing is the direct opposite of someone or something else; a contrast	36
10903076582	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms Example: deafening silence	37
10903092672	refuted	to prove wrong; disprove	38
10903096318	evoke	bring up or recall	39
10903110641	subjective	based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions	40
10903118017	assertion	a declaration or statement	41
10903135629	synthesis	combining parts into a whole	42
10903135630	rhetoric	the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.	43
10903401029	sojourner	traveler; seeker of the truth	44