| 5778459796 | Homo sapiens | The species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic | | 0 |
| 5778459813 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | | 1 |
| 5778459792 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | | 2 |
| 5778459790 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization | | 3 |
| 5778459815 | During the Paleolithic era, fire was used in new ways including ___ (list 3) | aid hunting and foraging, protect against predators, adapt to cold environments | | 4 |
| 5778459814 | Egalitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples in a society | | 5 |
| 5778459793 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | | 6 |
| 5778459799 | Bronze Age | From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing | | 7 |
| 5778459791 | Civilization | Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups | | 8 |
| 5778459797 | Neolithic Agricultural Revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture | | 9 |
| 5778459817 | Advantage of agriculture | more reliable and abundant food supply | | 10 |
| 5778459818 | Disadvantages of agriculture | disease, malnutrition, crop reliance | | 11 |
| 5778459798 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | | 12 |
| 5778459821 | Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations | new weapons and modes of transportation | | 13 |
| 5778459795 | Culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction | | 14 |
| 5778372249 | Social Heirarchy | how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder |  | 15 |
| 5778372245 | Patriarchy | A male dominated society |  | 16 |
| 5778459800 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys | | 17 |
| 5778459801 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states | | 18 |
| 5778459802 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | | 19 |
| 5778459803 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | | 20 |
| 5778459804 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections | | 21 |
| 5778372273 | Assyrian Empire | this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE. | | 22 |
| 5778459822 | the first written legal code was ______ | Code of Hammurabi | | 23 |
| 5778459805 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. | | 24 |
| 5778459806 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs | | 25 |
| 5778459807 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | | 26 |
| 5778459808 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform | | 27 |
| 5778372256 | Polytheistic | The belief in many gods | | 28 |
| 5778459809 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization | | 29 |
| 5778372261 | Judaism | an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. | | 30 |
| 5778372254 | Zoroanstrianism | one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago. | | 31 |
| 5778372277 | Vedic Religions | Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation. | | 32 |
| 5778459810 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China | | 33 |
| 5778459811 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty | | 34 |
| 5778459812 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | | 35 |
| 5778372244 | Caste System | a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich | | 36 |
| 5778372247 | Mandate of Heaven | an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly. |  | 37 |
| 5778372248 | Silk Road | an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea | | 38 |
| 5778372250 | Reincarnation | the rebirth of a soul in a new body. | | 39 |
| 5778372253 | Eightfold Path | the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. | | 40 |
| 5778372255 | Greek Philosophy | the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics |  | 41 |
| 5778372257 | Legalism | strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit. | | 42 |
| 5778372258 | Confucianism | a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius. | | 43 |
| 5778372259 | Buddhism | is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). | | 44 |
| 5778372262 | Christianity | the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. | | 45 |
| 5778372263 | Daoism | a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. | | 46 |
| 5778372264 | Han Dynasty | an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e. | | 47 |
| 5778372265 | Persia | an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq. | | 48 |
| 5778372266 | Gupta | an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e. | | 49 |
| 5778372267 | Ancient Egypt | an empire that lasted for 3000 years | | 50 |
| 5778372268 | Roman empire | located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e. | | 51 |
| 5778372269 | Maya | located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e. | | 52 |
| 5778372270 | State | A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority | | 53 |
| 5778372271 | Empire | an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority. | | 54 |
| 5778372275 | Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. | | 55 |
| 5778372276 | Sanskrit Scriptures | An ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived. | | 56 |
| 5778372278 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | | 57 |
| 5778372279 | Mauryan Empire | (321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya. | | 58 |
| 5778372280 | Ashoka | Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. | | 59 |
| 5778372281 | Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha) | Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering. | | 60 |
| 5778372282 | Emperor Constantine | Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire. | | 61 |
| 5778372283 | Buddha | |  | 62 |
| 5778372289 | Parthenon | |  | 63 |
| 5778372292 | Gupta Empire | (320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. | | 64 |
| 5778372296 | Aqueduct | |  | 65 |
| 5778372297 | Colosseum | |  | 66 |
| 5778372300 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | |  | 67 |
| 5778372301 | Silk Road | |  | 68 |
| 5778372302 | Trans-Saharan Trade Route | |  | 69 |
| 5778372303 | filial piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | | 70 |
| 5778372304 | monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | | 71 |
| 5778372305 | shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. | | 72 |
| 5778372306 | animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | | 73 |
| 5778372307 | ancestor veneration | Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors | | 74 |
| 5778372308 | syncretic religion | Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both | | 75 |
| 5778372309 | Persian Empire | Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great. | | 76 |
| 5778372310 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | | 77 |
| 5778372311 | Han Dynasty | (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity | | 78 |
| 5778372313 | Hellenistic | Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great. | | 79 |
| 5778372314 | Teotihuacan | A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450. | | 80 |
| 5778372315 | Moche | civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | | 81 |
| 5778372317 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | | 82 |
| 5778372318 | Persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby. | | 83 |
| 5778372321 | Athens | A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. | | 84 |
| 5778372322 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E. | | 85 |
| 5778372323 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras. | | 86 |
| 5778372324 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | | 87 |
| 5778372325 | Silk Roads | trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire | | 88 |
| 5778372326 | Trans-Saharan Caravan Route | Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000. | | 89 |
| 5778372327 | Indian Ocean Sea Lanes | lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China | | 90 |
| 5778372328 | Mediterranean Sea Lanes | Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred | | 91 |
| 5778372329 | Qanat System | a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields | | 92 |
| 5778372331 | Jesus of Nazareth | a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity. | | 93 |
| 5778372332 | Paul of Tarsus | A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities. | | 94 |
| 5778372337 | tribute | Money paid by one country to another in return for protection | | 95 |
| 5804504247 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | | 96 |
| 5804504248 | Bahgdad | The capital of the Muslim world during the regions intellectual, economic, and political height | | 97 |
| 5804504249 | Umayyad | The first large islamic Caliphate. Its capital was in Damascus and it favored Arabs over Persians and other ethnic groups. | | 98 |
| 5804504250 | Abbasid | Islamic empire that was more cosmopolitan, more accepting of non-Arabs, and ruled the region until overthrown by the Mongols. | | 99 |
| 5804504251 | lateen | A triangular shaped sail adopted by Muslim sailors that allowed ships better maneuverability in the open ocean | | 100 |
| 5804504252 | Astrolabe | a tool adapted by Muslim traders that used the stars to aid maritime navigation | | 101 |
| 5804504253 | caravan | Used camels with newly innovated saddles to carry large loads of merchandise across trade routes with incremental rest stops. | | 102 |
| 5804504254 | Muhammad | religious leader who claimed to be the third prophet of the God of Abraham | | 103 |
| 5804504255 | Qur'an | the holy book of Islam | | 104 |
| 5804504256 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | | 105 |
| 5804504257 | hajj | One of the five pillars of Islam that requires all Muslims to make a pilgrimage to Mecca if they are able. | | 106 |
| 5804504258 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | | 107 |
| 5804504259 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam that the caliph should be elected; included the Umayyads | | 108 |
| 5804504260 | Shi'ah | followers of the interpretation within Islam that the caliph should be a blood relative of Muhammad | | 109 |
| 5804504261 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. Were given freedom to worship under most Islamic empires but sometimes faced some extra burdens like increased taxes | | 110 |
| 5804504262 | Sikhism | South Asian Belief system that blends ideas from Hinduism and Islam | | 111 |
| 5804504263 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | | 112 |
| 5804504264 | Sharia | Islmic holy law that draws its inspiration from Muslim holy texts | | 113 |
| 5804504265 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | | 114 |
| 5804504266 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | | 115 |
| 5804504267 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | | 116 |
| 5804504268 | Chinggis Khan | Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | | 117 |
| 5804504269 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | | 118 |
| 5804504270 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | | 119 |
| 5804504271 | Constantinople | Capital of the Byzantine Empire, later known as Istanbul after the Turkish conquest. | | 120 |
| 5804504272 | schism | The split between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox church in the 11th century | | 121 |
| 5804504273 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | | 122 |
| 5804504274 | Feudalism | system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | | 123 |
| 5804504275 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the feudal system | | 124 |
| 5804504276 | Charlemagne | monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | | 125 |
| 5804504277 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | | 126 |
| 5804504278 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | | 127 |
| 5804504279 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | | 128 |
| 5804504280 | Sui | restored order to China after the long warring period following the collapse of the Han Dynasty | | 129 |
| 5804504281 | Tributary system | The system whereby China saw itself as a "Middle Kingdom" which the rest of the region revolved around. It forced neighboring powers to give large gifts and kowtow to the emperor annually. | | 130 |
| 5804504282 | Neo-Confucianism | A syncretic faith that combines rational thought about social order with the metaphysics of Daoism and Buddhism | | 131 |
| 5804504283 | Xuanzang | Chinese monk who made a pilgrimage to India and popularized Mahayana Buddhism in China, in spite of resistance from the Tang emperors. | | 132 |
| 5804504284 | Shinto | a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945. | | 133 |
| 5804504285 | Grand Canal | great canal system in China that joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | | 134 |
| 5804504286 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | | 135 |
| 5804504287 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | | 136 |
| 5804504288 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | | 137 |
| 5804504289 | Footbinding | practice imposed during the Song dynasty in China. It limited women's mobility and demonstrates decreased status for women. | | 138 |
| 5804504290 | Seppuku | ritual suicide by samurai in Japan; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | | 139 |
| 5804504291 | Shoguns | military leaders in feudal Japan | | 140 |
| 5804504292 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states Japan's feudal era | | 141 |
| 5804504293 | Champa (quick ripening) Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | | 142 |
| 5804504294 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influenced Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | | 143 |
| 5804504295 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. | | 144 |
| 5804504296 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | | 145 |
