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American Pageant Chapter 17 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

3636160786	Aroostook War (began 1839)	Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.	0
3636160787	Battle of Buena Vista (1847)	Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.	1
3636160788	California Bear Flag Republic (1846)	Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.	2
3636160789	Caroline (1837)	Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.	3
3636160790	Conscience Whigs (1840s and 1850s)	Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. They sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power".	4
3636160791	Creole (1841)	American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among Southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves.	5
3636160792	"Fifty-four forty or fight" (1846)	Slogan adopted by mid-nineteenth century expansionists who advocated the occupation of Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the United States. Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54° 40', he settled on the forty-ninth parallel as a compromise with the British.	6
3636160793	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)	Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.	7
3636160794	Liberty party (1840-1848)	Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the this party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.	8
3636160795	Manifest Destiny (1840s and 1850s)	Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth century expansionism.	9
3636160796	spot resolutions (1846)	Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops.	10
3636160797	Tariff of 1842	Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates.	11
3636160798	Walker Tariff (1846)	Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts.	12
3636160799	Wilmot Proviso (1846)	Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.	13
3636160800	William Henry Harrison	Governor of the Indiana Territories who became a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe. The last Whig President, he was also the first president to die in office (pneumonia). He was the 9th president in 1841, he won the election because of his military success and his lack of a public stand on key issues.	14
3636160801	John Tyler	elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery	15
3636160802	Zachary Taylor	General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.	16
3636160803	James K. Polk	president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union.	17
3636160804	Santa Anna	Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)	18
3636160805	Stephen Kearney	This Colonel, under the direction of Polk, led a small army that captured Santa Fe with no opposition. He then proceeded to California where he joined a conflict already in progress that was being staged jointly by American settlers.	19
3636160806	John Fremont	American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the United States Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. First Presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform of opposition to slavery (lost election of 1856).	20
3636160807	Winfield Scott	United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)	21
3636160808	Nicolas Trist	Chief clerk of the State Department, 1848; arranged armistice with Santa Anna; signed Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo; secured Texas and other land as American territories.	22

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AP Language Midterm Flashcards

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5751191123	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	0
5751191124	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	1
5751191125	anaphora	Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines. Example: "Then the bull will turn like a cat and get somebody who has been acting very brave about ten feet behind him. Then he will toss a man over the fence. Then he picks out one man and follows him..."	2
5751191127	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	3
5751191128	antithesis	Juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, although not always, in parallel structure). Example: We want healthy food, not garbage.	4
5751191129	anastrophe	Departure from normal word order for the sake of emphasis. Example: Twinkling the stars led us north. (versus: The twinkling stars led us north.)	5
5751191130	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	6
5751191131	asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between clauses, often resulting in a hurried rhythm or vehement effect. Example: We arrived, it rained, no one was happy.	7
5751191132	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	8
5751191133	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	9
5751191134	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	10
5751191135	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	11
5751191136	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	12
5751191137	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	13
5751191138	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	14
5751191139	foreshadowing	Foreshadowing is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the story; builds suspense/anxiety	15
5751191140	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	16
5751191141	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	17
5751191142	imperative sentences	Commands or tells or orders someone to do something, and is usually followed by a period: Wait for the bus.	18
5751191143	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	19
5751191144	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	20
5751191145	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	21
5751191146	Litotes	an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Ex: "Not bad" looking	22
5751191147	logos	An appeal to reason. one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	23
5751191148	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	24
5751191149	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere	25
5751191150	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	26
5751191151	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	27
5751191156	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	28
5751191157	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	29
5751191160	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	30
5751191161	periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	31
5751191163	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	32
5751191164	point of view	Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."	33
5751191168	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	34
5751191170	repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. When repetition is poorly done, it bores, but when it's well done, it links and emphasizes ideas while allowing the reader the comfort of recognizing something familiar.	35
5751191171	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	36
5751191172	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	37
5751191173	rhetorical question	A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.	38
5751191174	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	39
5751191175	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	40
5751191176	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	41
5751191177	soliloquy	A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener.	42
5751191178	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	43
5751191179	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	44
5751191180	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	45
5751191181	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	46
5751191182	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	47
5751191183	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	48
5751191184	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	49
5751191185	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	50
5751198038	Interrogative	Asks questions; followed by a question mark: Are we there yet?	51
5751200553	Declarative	Makes or affirms a statement or fact, and is followed by a period: Edgar Allan Poe died in Baltimore.	52
5751202778	Exclamatory	Expresses strong feelings or emphasizes a point; is followed by an exclamation point; these are often interjections: I said no!	53
5751235224	Anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	54
5751296877	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes. (1) An evaluation the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style). Compare, for example, Jonathan Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, on can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	55
5751302575	Diction	Diction: Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	56
5751309068	Genre	Type of writing (i.e., personal narrative, descriptive, persuasive, research, fiction, etc.)	57
5751311025	Polysyndeton	Employing many conjunctions between clauses, often slowing the tempo or rhythm. Example: We arrived and we hit the ball with great power and we scored runs and the crowd screamed and we felt like we were the best.	58
5751312101	Apposition	Addition of an adjacent, coordinate, explanatory or descriptive element. Example: He lived on the diamond, his home.	59
5751313895	Perenthesis	Insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow. Example: The teacher, wild-eyed and crazed, shouted at the interloper.	60
5751322703	Isocolon	A series of similarly structured elements having the same length. A kind of parallelism. Example: I read, I loved, and I laughed.	61
5751623914	Assonance	Repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words. Example: E.T. stole foam.	62
5751628594	Transitive Verbs	express an action in which a subject performs an action on an object.	63
5751631586	Intransitive Verbs	convey a state of being or condition of the grammatical subject. Intransitive verbs do not have direct objects (transitive verbs do have direct objects). Instead, intransitive verbs may be followed by adjectives, adverbs, or nouns (including prepositional phrases functioning as adjectival, adverbial, or noun phrases) that further define the condition or state of being described by the verb. She will rise to the occasion. She is resting peacefully.	64
5751633284	Anadiplosis	The repetition of the last word (or phrase) from the previous line, clause, or sentence at the beginning of the next. Example: I have not encountered in years such a tasty jam. The jam could delight even the biggest detractor.	65
5751636414	Epistrophe	Ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words. Example: Today it rained, like yesterday it rained, and probably tomorrow it will rain.	66
5751639378	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Example: We had never met such a kind man, such a caring father, and such a gentle human.	67
5751640850	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	68
5751640851	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) In verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	69
5751642830	Parenthesis	Insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow. Example: The teacher, wild-eyed and crazed, shouted at the interloper.	70
5751645751	Clause	are groups of words that contain a subject and verb.	71
5751645752	Phrase	are groups of words that do not contain a subject, verb, or both. Most often, they are modifiers. Example: At the airport; running free; slipping on the ice.	72
5751652775	Context and Culture	What triggers the writing and the environment in which you are writing Considerations (per Purdue / Owl): Time period or timing Location Current events Cultural significance	73
5751678294	Independent Clause	contains a subject and a verb and completes a thought: with terminal punctuation, it stands on its own. Example: We waited. Subj. Verb	74
5751679446	Dependent Clause	contains a subject and a verb but does not complete a thought. A dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause to become complete. Without an independent clause, it becomes a sentence fragment. Example: While we waited. Subj. Verb	75
5751686825	Simple Sentence	contain one independent clause and have one subject and verb, either of which can be compound. My cat is fierce. Subj. Verb	76
5751690440	Compound Sentence	contain two or more independent clauses and a method of coordination. My cat is fierce, and it hunts lizards. Subj. Verb Subj. Verb	77
5751692607	Complex Sentence	contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses are usually attached to the independent clause by a subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun. Although we run regularly, we are still in bad shape.	78
5751695165	Compound Complex Sentences	contain at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. While we waited for the plane, we tried to read, but the TVs were too loud.	79
5751738579	Ellipsis	Omission of a word or short phrase easily understood in context. Example: He hugged his mom, and she him.	80
5751766844	Loose Sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clauses, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational	81

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AP Spanish Language: El Tiempo Flashcards

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695857078	el clima	the climate	0
695857079	el cielo	the sky	1
695857080	(está) despejado	clear	2
695857081	la estrella fugaz	the shooting star	3
695857082	el meteorito	the meteorite	4
695857083	derretirse (i)	to thaw	5
695857084	el día	the day	6
695857085	el amanecer	dawn	7
695857086	el anochecer	nightfall	8
695857087	el crepúsculo	twilight	9
695857088	la madrugada	dawn (m)	10
695857089	el frente frío	cold front	11
695857090	el frente cálido	warm front	12
695857091	el eclipse solar	solar eclipse	13
695857092	el eclipse lunar	lunar eclipse	14
695857093	las estaciones	the seasons	15
695857094	la primavera	spring	16
695857095	el verano	summer	17
695857096	el otoño	fall, autumn	18
695857097	el invierno	winter	19
695857098	la lluvia	rain	20
695857099	el aguacero	the downpour	21
695857100	el arco iris	the rainbow	22
695857101	el charco	the puddle	23
695857102	el chubasco	the (heavy) shower	24
695857103	la gota	the drop	25
695857104	el granizo	hail	26
695857105	el huracán	the hurricane	27
695857106	la inundación	the flood	28
695857107	llover (ue)	to rain	29
695857108	llover a cántaros	to rain cats and dogs	30
695857109	la llovizna	drizzle	31
695857110	la lluvia helada	freezing rain	32
695857111	el lodo	mud	33
695857112	la precipitación	precipitation	34
695857113	el relámpago	lightning	35
695857114	la tempestad	the storm (temp)	36
695857115	tempestuoso	stormy	37
695857116	el temporal	the storm (tem)	38
695857117	la tormenta	the storm (tor)	39
695857118	el trueno	thunder	40
695857119	llueve	it's raining (verb)	41
695857120	está lloviendo	It's raining (progressive)	42
695857121	truena	it's thundering (verb)	43
695857122	está tronando	It's thundering (progressive)	44
695857123	la neblina	fog	45
695857124	la marea alta	high tide	46
695857125	la marea baja	low tide	47
695857126	la nieve	snow	48
695857127	la bola de nieve	the snowball	49
695857128	el copo de nieve	the snowflake	50
695857129	helar (ie)	to freeze	51
695857130	la nevada	the snowfall	52
695857131	nevar (ie)	to snow	53
695857132	nieva	it's snowing (verb)	54
695857133	está nevando	It's snowing (progressive)	55
695857134	la nube	the cloud	56
695857135	está cubierto	it's overcast	57
695857136	está nublado	it's cloudy	58
695857137	está poso nuboso	it's partly cloudy	59
695857138	pronosticar	to forecast, to predict	60
695857139	el pronóstico del tiempo	the weather forecast	61
695857140	la sequía	the drought	62
695857141	el sol	the sun	63
695857142	brillar	to shine	64
695857143	ponerse el sol	to set	65
695857144	la puesta del sol	the sunset	66
695857145	salir el sol	to rise	67
695857146	la salida del sol	sunrise	68
695857147	soleado	sunny	69
695857148	hace sol	it's sunny (hacer)	70
695857149	hay sol	it's sunny (haber)	71
695857150	la temperatura	the temperature	72
695857151	el calor	heat	73
695857152	agobiante	oppressive	74
695857153	agradable	pleasant	75
695857154	bajo cero	below zero	76
695857155	bochornoso	sultry	77
695857156	caluroso	hot	78
695857157	centígrado	centigrade	79
695857158	el frío	the cold	80
695857159	el grado	the degree	81
695857160	húmedo	humid	82
695857161	hace buen tiempo	the weather's nice	83
695857162	hace mal tiempo	the weather's bad	84
695857163	hace (mucho) calor	it's (really) hot	85
695857164	hace fresco	it's cool	86
695857165	hace (mucho ) frío	it's (really) cold	87
695857166	el terremoto	the earthquake	88
695857167	el viento	the wind	89
695857168	la brisa	the breeze	90
695857169	leve	light	91
695857170	la ráfaga	the gust	92
695857171	soplar	to blow	93
695857172	hace (mucho) viento	it's (really) windy	94

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WHS AP Language Quiz 1 Flashcards

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2732577321	Abase	to lower in rank	0
2732577491	Abstruse	difficult to understand	1
2732577667	Acumen	keenness of judgment or insight	2
2732577826	Adroit	dexterous	3
2732577979	Aesthetic	appreciation of beauty	4
2732578100	Alleviate	to ease pain	5
2732578139	Altruism	selflessness	6
2732578364	Amalgam	a mixture (combination of diverse elements)	7
2732578533	Ambiguous	more than one meaning	8
2732578746	Ambivalent	uncertain	9
2732579141	Apathetic	feeling or showing little emotion	10
2732579381	Arcane	understood by only a few	11
2732579420	Ascertain	to find out through experimentation	12
2732579664	Assimilate	to make similar	13
2732579665	Astute	clever	14
2732580050	Aural	related to the sense of hearing (musicians prefer aural to visual learning)	15
2732580208	Autonomy	independence	16
2732580219	Belie	to misrepresent or disguise; to represent falsely	17
2732580583	Beneficial	helpful	18
2732580591	Bombastic	pompous	19

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Chapter 3 AP World History Flashcards

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4796582250	Code of Hammurabi Theme: development and transformation of social structures	Definition:well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. Key Concept: 2.1 The development and codification of religious and cultural traditions Sig: One of the first law codes made that depicted Hammurabi and Shamash and it showed that they developed a writing system.	0
4796582884	Harappa Theme: Interaction between humans and the environment	Definition:archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. Key Concept: 1.3 The development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies. Sig: Archaeologists must have found valuable information in this site.	1
4796583360	Hieroglyphs Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition: designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented. Key Concept: 2.1: the development and codification of religious and cultural traditions Sig: This was one of the first writing systems created in early times.	2
4796584004	Mohenjo Daro Theme: state building, expansion, and conflict	Definition: built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. Key Concept 2.2:The development of states and empires Sig: This civilization must have contributed something important to history and us.	3
4796592132	Patriarchy Theme: development and transformation of social structures	Definition:a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line. Key Concept: 1.3: the development and interactions of ealy agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: Patriarchy was a sexes life style that was practiced a lot throughout history.	4
4796592545	Salinization Theme: Interaction between humans and the environment	Definition:refers to a build up of salts in soil, eventually to toxic levels for plants. (3,000 - 6,000 ppm salt results in trouble for most cultivated plants.) Salt in soils decreases the osmotic potential of the soil so that plants can't take up water from it. Key Concept: 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies. Sig: Humans must have contributed in salinization as they started to grow crops.	5
4796592655	Uruk Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the dried-up, ancient channel of the Euphrates River, some 30 km east of modern As-Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies. Sig: Uruk probably had a stable source of water but mnau floods and it must have influenced other cities.	6
4796593701	Cuneiform Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies Sig: This ancient writing system must have influenced for other writing systems to be created.	7
4796594102	Hatshepsut Theme: development and transformation of social structures	Definition:fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh and came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC. Key concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies sig: A very strong and brave female leader	8
4796600580	Hyksos Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta circa 1640 BC. They formed the 15th and 16th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part of the country until driven out circa 1532 BC. Key concept: 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: They must have declined because of internal and external struggles.	9
4796594182	Nubia Theme:interaction between humans and the environment	Definition:region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early and agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: This region must have been used a lot by humans and a place where some even settled in.	10
4796594347	Phoenicians Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies. The Phoenicians prospered from trade and manufacturing until the capital, Tyre, was sacked by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. Key concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: They must have had weak defenses and were unprepared when they were sacked.	11
4796594849	Shang dynasty Theme: state building, expansion, and conflict	Definition:according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. Key concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies. Sig: The Shang dynasty must have done mistakes and the dynasties that followed tried to not make those as well.	12
4796595102	Ziggurat Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:were a form of temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia Key concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: Later temples and perhaps pyramids were probably influenced by ziggurats.	13
4796595612	Epic of Gilgamesh Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC), it is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk. Key concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and early societies Sig: more than likely only high class people were able to read it or have access to it and this poem probably influenced for others to be made.	14
4796596750	Hebrews Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine and, according to biblical tradition, descended from the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham. Key concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: They must have had a more developed tradition and beliefs.	15
4796598922	Mandate of Heaven Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:an ancient Chinese belief/theory and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well, appropriately and fairly. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early and agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: Because of this belief, maybe these "granted" emperors felt superior towards others, making them corrupt.	16
4796599125	Oracle Bones Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:pieces of ox scapula or turtle plastron, which were used for pyromancy - a form of divination - in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early and agricultural, pastoral and urban societies. Sig: This must have influenced for others to use other animal parts for other things such as spiritual/religious.	17
4796599403	Quipu Theme: development and interaction of cultures	Definition:sometimes known as khipus or talking knots, were recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America. A quipu usually consisted of colored, spun, and plied thread or strings made from cotton or camelid fiber. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early and agricultural, pastoral and urban societies. sig: These devices must have been very useful for the people who used them.	18
4796600366	Teotihuacan Theme: interaction between humans and the environment	Definition:a vast Mexican archaeological complex northeast of Mexico City. Key Concept 1.3: the development and interactions of early and agricultural, pastoral and urban societies Sig: This city was home to the Toltecs and others who came later on.	19

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AP World History Review Flashcards

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5072102268	Describe the earliest form of writing in China and explain how it was used.	China's first form of writing is Oracle Bones, they were used to predict the future.	0
5072108423	Explain the role of ancestor worship in during the Shang Dynasty.	They believed in it and it existed during the Shang Dynasty.	1
5072113764	Explain the Mandate of Heaven and its relationship to the Dynastic Cycle.	The Mandate of Heaven set up the Dynastic Cycle. The Dynastic Cycle is the rise and fall of different dynasties that are then taken over by other dynasties. The Mandate of Heaven can sometimes be the factor which starts the cycle, this is because when one leader is thought to not be following the Mandate of Heaven people will revolt or lose respect for the leader and then the dynasty falls to a new group.	2
5072119095	Explain the philosophical underpinnings of Confucianism, including its goals, and explain how the events of the Warring States period influenced his beliefs.	The Warring States period led to the beginning of new philosophies one of which being Confucianism. Confucius believed in the nature of relationship and that every relationship has a inferior and superior. He also has a collection of sayings called the Analects.	3
5072122401	Describe the goals of Daoism and Legalism and contrast the fundamental ideas that define each.	Daoism believes that people should retreat from society and find oneness with nature. It also believed that man's problems could be answered by studying nature, and that men create more problems by trying to control nature. Legalisms goal was to enhance the power and wealth of the state and to create strict laws that allow for social harmony.	4
5072126790	What challenges did China face during the Warring States period? What was the ultimate result?	The challenges that China faced during the Warring State period include they didn't have a centralized government and during this time they didn't have really any kind of government and the regional lords were fighting for power. The ultimate result was the establishment of many small kingdoms ruled by former vassals and the intellectual formation of new concepts of political and social organization.	5
5072131599	Identify the ways in which Shi Huangdi consolidated power.	He tolerated no hindrance to his establishment of an absolutist state, regional aristocracies and their forts were destroyed, 36 provinces were created, standardized scripts coinage weights and measures were developed by the central government.	6
5072136227	Identify the innovations of the Han Dynasty.	Some of the innovations of the Han Dynasty were technological innovations (brush pen, paper, water mills for grinding, rudders, compasses) commercial advancements, and integration of Confucian ideas.	7
5072140496	Identify the factors that contributed to the collapse of the Han Dynasty.	A factor that contributed to the collapse of the Han Dynasty include that they had a child emperor which was why they got overthrown by Wang Mang.	8

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AP World History semester 1 final Flashcards

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605261657	diffusion	the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another	0
605261658	free market economy	Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand	1
605261659	neolithic	New stone age	2
605261660	supply and demand	an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)	3
605261661	innovation	the act of starting something for the first time	4
605261662	ziggurat	a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians	5
605261663	pictogram	A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept	6
605261664	cuneiform	an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia	7
605261665	ideogram	in written language, a character or symbol that represents an idea or thing	8
605261666	polis	A city-state in ancient Greece	9
605261667	hegemony	the domination of one state or group over its allies	10
605261668	dominance	the state that exists when one person or group has power over another	11
605261669	balance of power	distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong	12
605261670	pax ramona	roman peace;long period of relatve peace and minimalexpansion by military force experienced by the roman empire in the first and second centuries AD, 207 years	13
605261671	republic	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	14
605261672	legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)	15
605261673	assimilation	the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another	16
605261674	patron client relationship	In ancient Rome, a fundamental social relationship in which the patron—a wealthy and powerful individual—provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron.	17
605261675	janapada	The extended word for Jana that warriors called themselves when they settled in the Ganga Valleys.	18
605261676	guilds	business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.	19
605261677	tribals	The aboriginal peoples of the Indian sub-continent, who are outside the caste system and live seperately from society	20
606475231	trans saharan trade	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	21
606475232	lateen sail	triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade	22
606475233	humanism	the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare	23
606475234	pax mongolica	Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire	24
606475235	capitalism	an economic system based on private ownership of capital	25
606475236	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	26
606475237	renaissance	The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history	27
606475238	printing press	invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects	28
606475239	laissez-faire	the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs	29
606475240	encomienda system	Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well., system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.	30
606475241	repartmiento	forced slavery upon the natives	31
606475242	mita	in the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year.	32
606475243	enlightened despotism	system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment	33
606475244	indentured servent	laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America	34
606475245	Atlantic slave trade	Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the MIddle Passage of the Triangular Trade.	35
606475246	hieroglyphs	pictures, characters, or symbols standing for words, ideas, or sounds; ancient Egyptians used instead of an alphabet like ours	36
606475247	old kingdom	2700 BC - 2200 BC. Upper and Lower Egypt kept separate kingdoms, but later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization. BUILT THE PYRAMIDS: an eternal resting place for their god-kings.	37
606475248	Middle Kingdom	2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between NIle and Red Sea so Egytian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria.	38
606475249	Zimbabwes	The fortified stone-built administrative centers between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers in the Great Rift Valley in Eastern Africa that were centers of trade are called	39
606475250	Alexander the Great	son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world	40
606475251	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	41
606475252	Confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	42
606475253	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	43
606475254	Consuls	Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies	44
606475255	Gupta Empire	Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism	45
606475256	Hellenistic synthesis	The blending of Greek and local cultures on the territories conquered by Alexander the Great's armies; as a result a distinct new culture emerged	46
606475257	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.	47
606475258	Qin Dynasty	The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.	48
606475259	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)	49
606475260	tribunes	An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.	50
606475261	Triumvirate	a group of three men responsible for public administration or civil authority	51
606475262	Warring States Period	time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.	52
606475263	Mandate of Heaven	a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source	53
606475264	Byzantine Empire	a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395	54
606475265	feudalism	a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service	55
606475266	Hanseatic League	An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.	56
606475267	Magna Carta	This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.	57
606475268	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	58
606475269	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	59
606475270	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	60
606475271	Middle Passage	the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade	61

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Ch.16 and 17 AP World History (The World Economy and Transformation of the West) Flashcards

Apparenty The World SHRINKS!!!!
But seriously, The Early Modern Period, 1450-1750: The World Shrinks
Ch.16 and 17( One of the 2 chapter sets)
Ch.16 The World Economy
Ch.17 The Transformation of the West

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3449344413	Magna Carta	This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights	0
3449344415	Christopher Columbus	Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon(Ferdinand and Isabella); successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas.	1
3449344416	World Economy	Established by Europeans by the late 16th century; based on control of seas including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. Early on was based on SILVER not gold.	2
3449344417	Encyclopedie	Was an encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1766 by some of the most prominent philosophers. It originally consisted of 28 volumes and covered everything then known about the sciences, technology, & history. It criticized the Church and government and praised religious tolerance, Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot	3
3449344422	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.	4
3449344423	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519, The same year Charles V became empreor, he wa skilled in the Philippines in 1521, but one of his ships returned to Spain in 1522 completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.	5
3449344424	Strait of Magellan	The strait separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands south of the continent, found by Magellan at the tip of South America during his voyage around the globe	6
3449344425	Tierra del Fuego	The large island, maybe archipelago whose name means "Land of Fire". it is located near the southern tip of Chile, but administered by Argentina and Chile.	7
3449344426	Charles V	Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain as Charles I . He summoned the Diet of Worms (and the Council of Trent, He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation.	8
3449344427	Diet of Worms	Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.	9
3449344428	Council of Trent	The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.	10
3449344429	Spanish Armada	The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.	11
3449344430	Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada	12
3449344431	Dutch East India Company	Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed until the British took over.	13
3449344432	British East India Company	A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.	14
3449344433	Battle of Lepanto	A battle in which Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope, loss of large international routes for Muslims.	15
3449344434	Macao	One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty, controlled by the Porteguese.	16
3449344435	Core Nations	Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.	17
3449344436	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.	18
3449344437	Mestizos	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory	19
3449344438	Northwest Passage	This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other nations more quickly, the Engish thought they might have found it by discovering the St. Lawrence River, but alas it was but a foolish dream.	20
3449344440	Mughal Empire	an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.	21
3449344441	Vasco de Balboa	First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. He also led an expedition across Panama and "discovered" the Pacific Ocean.	22
3449344442	Francisco Pizarro	The Spanish conquistador who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532., Double crossed Indian people. He captured their chief, Atahualpa, and promised to release him if they paid a huge ransom which they agreed to pay, yet he killed the chief anyways. Then he made the Inca empire under Spanish rule.	23
3449344446	New France	French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system, had capital in Quebec, founded 1608. Fell to the British in 1763. Under King Louis the 14th(Sun King).	24
3449344447	Seven Years War	Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America, loss of New France at the Treaty of Paris of 1763 to the British,However France did gain back a lot of sugar colonies,	25
3449344448	Treaty of Paris of 1763	Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British. However France did gain back a lot of sugar colonies,	26
3449344449	John Locke	Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.	27
3449344450	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	28
3449344451	John White	Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"	29
3449344452	Roanoke	Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.	30
3449344453	Sir Walter Raleigh	English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.	31
3449344454	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.	32
3449344455	Boers	Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.	33
3449344456	Calcutta	Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.	34
3449344460	The Prince	A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests	35
3449344461	Niccolo Machiavelli	Italian Renaissance writer, described government(practically) in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).Florentine statesman and historian, was reacting against Humanist of the time who only seemed to write in LATIN. Wanted a internally reunified Italy.	36
3449344463	Humanism	Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages, Renaissance.	37
3449344464	Leonardo da Vinci	Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).	38
3449344465	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy, Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature	39
3449344469	Francis I	King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor in order to distract his main rival the Hapsburg ruler of Austria and Spain. Illustrated the increasing abandonment of religious and feudal justifications of the previous era.	40
3449344470	Cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form	41
3449344471	Don Quixote	The main character in Miguel de Cervantes' book about the changing times in the early 1600's. He was a man who did not like how the Middle Ages were ending and people were becoming more materialistic, so he set of to become a knight and bring back chivalry to Spain	42
3449344472	Johannes Gutenberg	German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. His printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on of the most important inventions of all time.	43
3449344473	European Style Family	Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married.	44
3449344474	Martin Luther	German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church, also he was excommunicated by Catholic Church in 1521 after dispute with Charles V. Translated the Bible into German, and this contributed to the further development of the German language	45
3449344475	Augsburg Confession	Codification in 1530 of Luther's doctrines as established since time of Diet of Worms and subsequent confinement at Wartburg, 1521-22. Included priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiation. Luther's friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.	46
3449344476	Wittenberg church	The church on which Luther posted his 95 theses	47
3449344478	Protestanism	General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many many MANY varieties of religious belief	48
3449344479	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death	49
3449344480	Henry VIII	King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England(Anglican Church) in 1532.	50
3449344481	Elizabeth I	This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England, was the daughter of Henry the 8th.	51
3449344482	Jean Calvin	French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America	52
3449344483	Predestination	doctrine of John Calvin that adhered to the idea that each person's fate is predetermined by god(COMPLETELY Retarded to Think about)	53
3449344484	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils(Like council of Trent) that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.	54
3449344485	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.	55
3449344486	Ignatius Loyola	Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.Was a Spanish soldier whose leg had been shattered fighting from Charles V against the French. He said that salvation could be achieved by self-discipline and by doing good deeds	56
3449344487	Edict of Nantes	A decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants	57
3449344488	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia, destroyed 60 % of population of Germany in some areas and stagnated it for the next hundred years.	58
3449344489	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended thirty years war in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the holy roman empire to choose their own religion-either protestant or catholic	59
3449344490	English civil war	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king, Think King Charles I >>>> Oliver Cromwell etc etc.	60
3449344491	Henry IV	The irst Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris, also devised Edict of Nantes.	61
3449344492	King Charles I	The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s).	62
3449344493	Oliver Cromwell	English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.	63
3449344496	Witchcraft Persecutions	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans b/w 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas	64
3449344497	Scientific Revolution	Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages, was initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics but by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.	65
3449344498	Copernicus	Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres "	66
3449344499	On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres	Copernicus published his book the year of his death fearing ridicule, Destroyed the notion for believing in crystal spheres capable of moving the stars around the earth.	67
3449344500	Johannes Kepler	Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy	68
3449344501	Tycho Brahe	Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.Kepler was one of his assistants	69
3449344502	Galileo	Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.	70
3449344503	William Harvey	Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg.	71
3449344504	Francis Bacon	English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method	72
3449344505	Renes Descartes	He developed analytical geometry; relied on math and logic; he believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason; believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings, Cogito Ergo Sum	73
3449344508	Issac Newton	English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity	74
3449344510	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Locke, maybe (Paine, but not likely ) etc etc.	75
3449344511	Versailles	This enormous, ostentatious monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, served as a manifestation of the power of absolute monarchy. Meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris.	76
3449344512	King Louis XIV	Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years as the self proclaimed "Sun King" of France, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right of Kings, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves. Also built the magnificent palace at Versailles. He said " I am the State".	77
3449344513	absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies, think of the Sun King.	78
3449344514	Parliamentary Monarchy	Originated in England(Glorious Revolution) and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.	79
3449344515	Fredrick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy, abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder cases. He also granted limited freedom of speech and press, as well as greater religious toleration.	80
3449344516	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior.	81
3449344517	Adam Smith	Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces	82
3449344518	The Wealth of Nations	A book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics	83
3449344519	Denis Diderot	French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.	84
3449344520	Catherine the Great	This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia,encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry	85
3449344521	Mary Wollstonecraft	English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, mother of Mary Shelly(* Yeah the one that you are thinking about), she also wrote a "Vindication of the Rights of Women"	86
3449344522	Edmund Burke	A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published "Reforms on The Revolution in France", one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.	87
3449344523	mass consumerism	refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economy capacity to afford some of these goods, can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in western Europe, from the 18th century onward.	88
3449344524	Jean Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution Wrote "The Social Contract"; Emile.	89
3449344525	Vindication of the Rights of Women	Mary Wollstonecraft's treatise of 1792, in which she argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all human beings, not just in men. She concluded that women should have equal rights with men in education, politics, and economics. Also attacked Edmund Burke	90
3449344526	Reforms on The Revolution in France	A treatise by Edmund Burke which largely defended inherited thrones, the aristocracy, while condemning revolutions as radical, dangerous and useless, was very conservative. Attacked by Rousseau, Wollstonecraft, and Paine.	91
3449344527	Vindication of the Rights of Man	A political pamphlet, written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, which attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism. Wollstonecraft's was the first response in a pamphlet war sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), a defence of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the Church of England.	92
3449344530	Encyclopaedia Britannica	A Compilation of scientific and philosophical findings that was popularized during the enlightenment and found a wide audience.	93
3449344534	noble savage	The notion, often associated with Rousseau, that non-Western or "primitive" people are actually happier and more virtuous than Westerners. Based on the idea that humans are free and equal in "a state of nature" but that social institutions deprive them of that freedom and equality.	94
3449344535	Medici	The family members were wealthy politicians, businessmen, and patrons of the arts who influenced both individuals and the bigger picture, in Florence and all of Europe. Cosimo de Medici ruled Florence for five years after strategically getting himself elected, used his grandson Lorenzo as a diplomat to get aquainted with other leaders of Europe, and became a great patron of the arts, like other members of his family, and helped many artists such as Michelangelo Used diplomatic prowess to end a war against Naples and the Papacy in 1479, but shortly after his death, wars tore apart Italy and lowered it from its status of the center of European civilization.	95
3449344536	Lorenzo Medici	Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)	96
3449344537	Cosimo de Medici	A wealthy Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city behind the scenes, He skillfully manipulated the constitution and influencing elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, and was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors); as head of the Office of Public Debt, He was the grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent	97

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American Pageant Chapter 13 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

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3636149450	Alamo	Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.	0
3636149451	Anti-Masonic Party (established c. 1826)	First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. They opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.	1
3636149452	Bank War (1832)	Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.	2
3636149453	Black Hawk War (1832)	Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.	3
3636149454	compromise Tariff of 1833	Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.	4
3636149455	corrupt bargain	Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.	5
3636149456	Force Bill (1833)	Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.	6
3636149457	Goliad	Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.	7
3636149458	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.	8
3636149459	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.	9
3636149460	panic of 1837	Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill", which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.	10
3636149461	pet banks	Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.	11
3636149462	Battle of San Jacinto (1836)	Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.	12
3636149463	Specie Circular (1836)	U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard", or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.	13
3636149464	spoils system	Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.	14
3636149465	Tariff of Abominations (1828)	Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.	15
3636149466	Trail of Tears (1838-1839)	Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.	16
3636149467	John Q. Adams (1825-1829)	The sixth president of the United States, who was not well-liked by citizens and accused of making a corrupt bargain to win the election. He mainly focused on the economy during his presidency.	17
3636149468	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	18
3636149469	Denmark Vesey	American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was subsequently hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many Southern states.	19
3636149470	John C. Calhoun	The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.	20
3636149471	Black Hawk	Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States	21
3636149472	Nicholas Biddle	The brilliant but arrogant president of the Second Bank of the United States. Many people believed he held an unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. The power struggle between Biddle and Jackson led to Jackson depositing a large amount of investments into his pet banks.	22
3636149473	Daniel Webster	noted orator, constitutional lawyer, senator, secretary of state, and major spokesman for nationalism and the union in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s.	23
3636149474	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.	24
3636149475	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836	25
3636149476	Stephen Austin	The son of Moses Austin and also known as the "Father of Texas" he lead "the old 300" into Texas after his father died of pneumonia. Mexico granted him land on the condition that there would be Roan Catholicism, the learning of Spanish, and no slavery.	26
3636149477	Sam Houston	United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas	27
3636149478	Santa Anna	Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)	28
3636149479	William Henry Harrison	was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.	29

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