Unit 5 AP World History Flashcards
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| 3867916484 | Astrolabe | An instrument invented by Muslims that is used to determine direction by figuring out the position of the stars. | 0 | |
| 3867920162 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 1 | |
| 3867921959 | Circumnavigation | going completely around the earth | 2 | |
| 3867924463 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 3 | |
| 3867924464 | Compass | an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic "cardinal directions" | 4 | |
| 3867933434 | Dutch United East India Company | Dutch trading company that relied on private merchants to advance funds for launch. A charted company in the east indies and netherlands. The company took over the spice island in the 1600s. | 5 | |
| 3867938732 | English East India Company | an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India. | 6 | |
| 3867972869 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 7 | |
| 3867974505 | Galleon | old Spanish sailing ship | 8 | |
| 3867976523 | Immunities | Traditionally, government entities, charities, and family members were immune from liability. | 9 | |
| 3867977594 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | 10 | |
| 3867980702 | Lateen Sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade | 11 | |
| 3867981805 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 12 | |
| 3867983066 | Northwest Passage | A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. | 13 | |
| 3867985780 | Seven Years War | (1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 14 | |
| 3867988637 | Siberia | The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia. | 15 | |
| 3867991309 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 16 | |
| 3867993121 | 30 Years War | (1618-1648) This war resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire; *Defenestration of Prague* was a spark; war led to severe depopulation | 17 | |
| 3867995656 | 95 Theses | It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church. | 18 | |
| 3868001948 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. | 19 | |
| 3868006533 | Anglican Church | church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases | 20 | |
| 3868007994 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 21 | |
| 3868009202 | Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation | 22 | |
| 3868010650 | Copernicus | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | 23 | |
| 3868014399 | Council of Trent | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. | 24 | |
| 3868016647 | Diet at Worms | A court in Germany that Pope Leo X called to force Luther to recant his posting of the 95 theses. Pope Leo X said if Luther didn't recant then he was going to be excommunicated. Luther didn't. Justification by Faith meant that you go to heaven based on your beliefs and faith, not the Roman Catholic Church's approval of you. Luther said: "Tell me that what I said is not biblically true." | 25 | |
| 3868017990 | Divine Right | Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 26 | |
| 3868019127 | Enlightenment | A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy. | 27 | |
| 3868022816 | Excommunicate | cast out from the church | 28 | |
| 3868024423 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious. | 29 | |
| 3868027093 | Heresy | Any belief that is strongly opposed to established beliefs | 30 | |
| 3868027094 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 31 | |
| 3868028262 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 32 | |
| 3868030170 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 33 | |
| 3868032103 | Joint-Stock Companies | business venture that developed during the 1600s; investors buy shares of stock | 34 | |
| 3868034281 | Kepler | This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun. | 35 | |
| 3868035325 | King Henry VIII | (1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church. | 36 | |
| 3868035326 | Locke | Philosopher who held a different more positive view of human nature. He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government. He thought all people were born free and equal, with three natural rights. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. | 37 | |
| 3868035327 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 38 | |
| 3868036622 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 39 | |
| 3868038249 | Montesquieu | (1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government | 40 | |
| 3868039549 | Newton | (1642-1727) An English natural philosopher who studied at Cambridge and eventually developed the laws of movement found among the bodies of Earth. Spent his life dedicated to the study of mathematics (created calculus) and optics. Published Principia Mathematica and discovered the law of universal gravitation. | 41 | |
| 3868039550 | Peace of Westphalia | The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince- whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist- to choose the established creed of his territory (1648) | 42 | |
| 3868040537 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 43 | |
| 3868040538 | Protestant | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 44 | |
| 3868040539 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 45 | |
| 3868042095 | Putting Out System | a system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry | 46 | |
| 3868042096 | Recant | Withdraw, retract, or disavow something one has previously said, esp. formally | 47 | |
| 3868042097 | Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 48 | |
| 3868042098 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility | 49 | |
| 3868044309 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | 50 | |
| 3868063263 | Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 51 | |
| 3868063264 | Creoles | Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. | 52 | |
| 3868063265 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans. | 53 | |
| 3868063266 | Engenho | Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar. | 54 | |
| 3868065084 | Hacienda | A large Spanish-owned estate in the Americas, often run as a farm or a cattle ranch | 55 | |
| 3868065085 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 56 | |
| 3868066248 | Indentured Servant | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | 57 | |
| 3868067500 | Indigenous | Native to a certain area | 58 | |
| 3868067516 | Mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. | 59 | |
| 3868069625 | Mita System | To mine, the Spanish relied on voluntary labor, but they used this system to get people to do jobs no one else would. Each year, villages had to send 1/7 of their males to mine for four months. | 60 | |
| 3868069626 | Mulattoes | People of African and European descent | 61 | |
| 3868070890 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. | 62 | |
| 3868070891 | Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 63 | |
| 3868072414 | Smallpox | The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. | 64 | |
| 3868073714 | Taino | name of native people who lived in hispaniola conquered by columbus | 65 | |
| 3868073715 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 66 | |
| 3868075226 | Viceroy | representative who ruled one of Spain's provinces in the Americas in the king's name; one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch | 67 | |
| 3868092246 | Ghana Empire | Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. Also made gold scarce thus maintaining high prices fell due to expansion northward into Almoravids territory. | 68 | |
| 3868092247 | Mali Empire | From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. | 69 | |
| 3868093932 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. | 70 | |
| 3868093933 | Kingdom of Kongo | Was in the basin of the Congo river; conglomeration of several village alliances; it participated actively in trade networks; most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms; ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders. | 71 | |
| 3868093934 | Queen Nzinga | Fiercely resisted the slave trade and battled with the Portugese in Angola, though in the end she failed because of their superior weaponry. | 72 | |
| 3868095612 | Capetown | Originally in a base to provide food for Dutch Ships to Spice Islands, it became an area of moderate climate and freedom from tropical disease that made it attractive to settlers | 73 | |
| 3868095613 | Fulani | Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto. | 74 | |
| 3868095614 | Syncretic Religions | religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems. | 75 | |
| 3868096989 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 76 | |
| 3868096990 | African Diaspora | The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. | 77 | |
| 3868098167 | Olaudah Equiano | An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement. | 78 | |
| 3868098168 | Bullion | gold and silver in the form of bars | 79 | |
| 3868099206 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun. | 80 | |
| 3868099207 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | 81 | |
| 3868099225 | Gentry | A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. | 82 | |
| 3868100762 | Infanticide | the murder of infants | 83 | |
| 3868100763 | Manchu | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. | 84 | |
| 3868100764 | Mandarins | elite group of wealthy Confucian scholars who ran the Chinese civil service bureaucracy | 85 | |
| 3868101980 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 86 | |
| 3868101981 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, | 87 | |
| 3868103153 | Shoguns | Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration. | 88 | |
| 3868103154 | Tokugawa | this man established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years | 89 | |
| 3868104256 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. | 90 | |
| 3868104257 | Balkans | Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline. | 91 | |
| 3868104258 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 92 | |
| 3868107577 | Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. | 93 | |
| 3868107578 | Osman | Founder of the Ottoman Empire. | 94 | |
| 3868107579 | Safavid | 1501-1736 CE. Iranian empire established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. Had a mixed culture of Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs. Left their influence by creating and spreading Shi Islam around West Asia. | 95 | |
| 3868107580 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 96 | |
| 3868110095 | Wahabi | a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia | 97 |
Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards
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| 4796138973 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature. | 0 | |
| 4796138977 | Shays' rebellion | Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. |  | 1 |
| 4796138994 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | 2 | |
| 4796138976 | Separation of powers | A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny. | 3 | |
| 4796138999 | Popular sovereignty | A government in which the people rule by their own consent. | 4 | |
| 4796138980 | Bicameral | A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules | 5 | |
| 4796138985 | Federalists | Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution. | 6 | |
| 4796138979 | Anti-Federalist | Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution. | 7 | |
| 4796138984 | Federalism | A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments | 8 | |
| 4796139000 | Supremacy clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland) | 9 | |
| 4796138989 | Virginia Plan | Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states. | 10 | |
| 4796138988 | New Jersey Plan | Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally. | 11 | |
| 4796138981 | Connecticut or Great Compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. | 12 | |
| 4804791330 | Republican Democracy | Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation. | 13 | |
| 4796138991 | Three fifths clause | slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives. | 14 | |
| 4796138986 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | 15 | |
| 4804673475 | Federalist Paper #10 | Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts. | 16 | |
| 4796139002 | Bill of Rights | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns. | 17 | |
| 4796138995 | Elastic clause | AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time. | 18 | |
| 4796139006 | Commerce clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time. | 19 | |
| 4796139007 | Concurrent powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds | 20 | |
| 4796138996 | cooperative federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. | 21 | |
| 4796139009 | Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. | 22 | |
| 4796139010 | Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers | Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc. | 23 | |
| 4796139011 | Implied powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause | 24 | |
| 4796139012 | Inherent powers | powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase | 25 | |
| 4796139013 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws | 26 | |
| 4796139014 | Reserved Powers | belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level. | 27 | |
| 4796139015 | Unitary System | A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government | 28 | |
| 4796139016 | Block grants | Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate. | 29 | |
| 4796139017 | Categorical Grants | Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes. | 30 | |
| 4796139018 | Devolution | The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996 | 31 | |
| 4796139019 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. | 32 | |
| 4796157405 | The 10th Amendment | Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle. | 33 | |
| 4805520602 | 1st Amendment | Guarantees many individual rights including the right to expression and freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to petition the government, and the right to peaceful assembly. | 34 | |
| 4796158292 | The Motor Voter Law | An example of a mandate, an order given by the federal government that states must follow. | 35 | |
| 4796159049 | The Americans with Disabilities Act | An example of an unfunded mandate, an order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for | 36 | |
| 4796165382 | Ratification | The Constitutional process by which the states must approve amendments to the Constitution. Three-quarters of the states must approve an amendment before it is ratified and officially becomes part of the Constitution. Another example of federalism in the Constitution's structure. | 37 | |
| 4796169147 | Conditions of Aid | Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants. | 38 | |
| 4796174613 | Constitutional Convention | Meeting held in 1787, originally meant to revise the Articles of Confederation but created a new plan of government instead | 39 | |
| 4796180459 | Intrastate commerce | Commerce WITHIN A STATEcommercial activity regulated at the state level | 40 | |
| 4796183116 | Interstate commerce | Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress. | 41 | |
| 4804655267 | Welfare Reform Act | An example of devolution, giving states the authority to determine how to implement Welfare Programs and determine eligibility locally. Still use federal money. | 42 | |
| 4804762873 | Political Culture | a set of attitudes and practices held by a people that shapes their political behavior. It includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society. | 43 | |
| 7251925265 | Direct democracy | people vote on laws and make decisions for the community as a group (no representatives) | 44 | |
| 7251927469 | Oligarchy | rule by the few, done in their own interest and not for the collective good of a community | 45 | |
| 7251937395 | Conservative | One who generally favors limited government intervention, particularly in economic affairs. | 46 | |
| 7251939816 | Liberal | One who favors greater government intervention, particularly in economic affairs and in providing social services | 47 | |
| 7251947015 | Social Conservative | One who favors government support for traditional moral teachings | 48 | |
| 7251952237 | Moderate | One who takes middle of the road positions on most political issues | 49 | |
| 7251955657 | Libertarian | one who believes in limited government interference in the economy and personal liberties | 50 | |
| 7251973200 | 16th Amendment | Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes from individuals. This greatly enhanced the power of the federal government by making it possible for them to spend more funds on policies of their choosing. | 51 | |
| 7251979184 | 17th Amendment | Direct election of Senators. This amendment took the power to appoint senators away from state governments and gave it to the people of the state. | 52 | |
| 7266918646 | United States v Lopez | The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause when it passed a law prohibiting gun possession in local school zones. This increased state powers to regulate such matters while decreasing federal power | 53 | |
| 7274798958 | Marbury v Madison | Court case that established the Supreme Court's power to strike down federal laws that violated the constitution. This has allowed for continuous interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court (informal amendment) | 54 |
American Pageant Chapter 11 Key Terms and People to Know Flashcards
Made March 12, 2013
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| 3636145512 | Revolution of 1800 | Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. | 0 | |
| 3636145513 | patronage | Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees. | 1 | |
| 3636145514 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. | 2 | |
| 3636145515 | midnight judges (1801) | Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly-elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act. | 3 | |
| 3636145516 | Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. | 4 | |
| 3636145517 | Tripolitan War (1801-1805) | Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. | 5 | |
| 3636145518 | Louisiana Purchase (1803) | Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement. | 6 | |
| 3636145519 | Corps of Discovery (1804-1806) | Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west. | 7 | |
| 3636145520 | Orders in Council (1806-1807) | Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties. | 8 | |
| 3636145521 | impressment | Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. This was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period. | 9 | |
| 3636145522 | Chesapeake affair (1807) | Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. | 10 | |
| 3636145523 | Embargo Act (1807) | Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. This placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809. | 11 | |
| 3636145524 | Non-Intercourse Act (1809) | Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect. | 12 | |
| 3636145525 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war. | 13 | |
| 3636145526 | war hawks (1811-1812) | Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, they resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. | 14 | |
| 3636145527 | Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) | Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States. | 15 | |
| 3636145528 | Thomas Jefferson | chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826); third president of the US | 16 | |
| 3636145529 | Sally Hemings | a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, who, according to some, was the mother of some of Thomas Jefferson's children | 17 | |
| 3636145530 | Albert Gallatin | He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and he believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors. | 18 | |
| 3636145531 | John Marshall | as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835) | 19 | |
| 3636145532 | Samuel Chase | supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. | 20 | |
| 3636145533 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 21 | |
| 3636145534 | Robert R. Livingston | along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million | 22 | |
| 3636145535 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 23 | |
| 3636145536 | Meriwether Lewis | United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809) | 24 | |
| 3636145537 | William Clark | United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River | 25 | |
| 3636145538 | Aaron Burr | served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him. | 26 | |
| 3636145539 | James Madison | 4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836) | 27 | |
| 3636145540 | Tecumseh | a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813) | 28 | |
| 3636145541 | Tenskwatawa "The Prophet" | the Prophet; inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe | 29 |
American Pageant Chapter 1 Flashcards
---Check out our YOUTUBE CHANNEL for more help: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk-nPmzCoVv12ogaCGWb9tA--- All bold terms and important people from Chapter 1, New World Beginnings, in the American Pageant textbook by Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1912739536 | Canadian Shield | Zone of Northern America supported by massive rock outcropping. | 0 | |
| 1912739537 | Incas | Native American tribe in Peruvian Andes. | 1 | |
| 1912739538 | Aztecs | Native American tribe in present-day Mexico City, known for its human sacrifices. | 2 | |
| 1912739539 | nation-states | Civilizations with functioning governments and civil bureaucracies. | 3 | |
| 1912739540 | Cahokia | St. Louis settlement home to many Native Americans. | 4 | |
| 1912739541 | Three-Sister Farming | Practice of growing beans, corn, and squash together for maximum yield. | 5 | |
| 1912739542 | Middlemen | Muslim traders who raised prices on Asian goods. | 6 | |
| 1912739543 | Caravel | Innovative Portugese ship with triangular sails, allowing it to sail into the wind. | 7 | |
| 1912739544 | planation | Large scale agricultural enterprise using slavery to grow commercial crops. | 8 | |
| 1912739545 | Columbian exchange | Transfer of diseases, crops, and livestock between the Old and New Worlds. | 9 | |
| 1912739546 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Agreement which gave Brazil and African territory to Portugal, but the rest of South America to Spain. | 10 | |
| 1912739547 | Conquistadores | Spanish military commanders/explorers. | 11 | |
| 1912739548 | Capitalism | Economic system characterized by private property and free trade. | 12 | |
| 1912739549 | Encomienda | Spanish system of legal slavery. | 13 | |
| 1912739550 | Noche Triste | Night during which the Aztecs attacked and drove Cortes and the Spanish away from Tenochtitlan. | 14 | |
| 1912739551 | Mestizos | Those who had Spanish and Native American descent. | 15 | |
| 1912739552 | Battle of Acoma | Clash between Spanish and Native Americans in which the Spanish severed the foot of every survivor. | 16 | |
| 1912739553 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo rebels destroy Churches and kill hundreds of Spaniards. | 17 | |
| 1912739554 | Black Legend | Myth that Spaniards brought nothing but slavery and genocide to the New World. | 18 | |
| 1912739555 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Leaders of Spain during the exploration of the New World. | 19 | |
| 1912739556 | Christopher Columbus | Spanish explorer who first reported the existence of the New World to the European powers. | 20 | |
| 1912739557 | Francisco Coronado | Spanish explorer of present day Kansas. | 21 | |
| 1912739558 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Incas. | 22 | |
| 1912739559 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish priest who tried to protect Native Americans. | 23 | |
| 1912739560 | Hernan Cortes | Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs. | 24 | |
| 1912739561 | Malinche (Dona Marina) | Aztec woman who translated for Cortes and eventually married him. | 25 | |
| 1912739562 | Moctezuma | Leader of the Aztecs during the war against Cortes. | 26 | |
| 1912739563 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | European discoverer of Canada. | 27 | |
| 1912739564 | Robert de La Salle | French explorer of the Mississippi River. | 28 | |
| 1912739565 | Father Junipero Serra | Leader of the effort to christianize Native Americans in California. | 29 |
Give Me Liberty Chapter 16 Flashcards
America's Gilded Age, 1870-1890
Dr. King-Owen, APUSH
Terms : Hide Images
| 1178789255 | Iron Horse | a locomotive | 0 | |
| 1178789256 | Trusts | Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. | 1 | |
| 1178789257 | Social Darwinism | A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. | 2 | |
| 1178789258 | Promontory Point (UT), 1869 | Union Pacific & Central Pacific joined tracks here in 1869; drove a gold spike through the track | 3 | |
| 1178789259 | Robber Barons | Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price. | 4 | |
| 1178789260 | Gospel of Wealth | This was an article written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | 5 | |
| 1178789261 | Stock watering | Originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value | 6 | |
| 1178789262 | Pools | Agreements between companies to maintain prices at a certain level | 7 | |
| 1178789263 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | First federal action against monopolies. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. | 8 | |
| 1178789264 | Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices | 9 | |
| 1178789265 | Granger Laws | A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. | 10 | |
| 1178789266 | American Federation of Labor | 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. | 11 | |
| 1178789267 | Haymarket Square Riot, 1886 | Began as rally in support of striking workers in Illinois; however, someone threw a bomb at police which led to gunfire; 8 anarchists tried (4 convicted); marked decline of Knights of Labor | 12 | |
| 1178789268 | Knights of Labor | Founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens and led by Terrence Powderly. Its goals were the establishment of the 8 hour work day and the abolition of child labor. Open membership to EVERYONE besides bankers, lawyers, gamblers, and liquor dealers. Collapsed after Haymarket Square Riot | 13 | |
| 1178789269 | Craft Union | a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft | 14 | |
| 1178789270 | Closed shop | A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor. | 15 | |
| 1178789271 | Open shop | A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. | 16 | |
| 1178789272 | Yellow-dog contracts | Contracts that force employees to agree not to join a union or participate in any union activity as a condition of employment. | 17 | |
| 1178789273 | Black list | A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses. | 18 | |
| 1178789274 | Company town | a community set up and run by a company for its workers (ex. Pullman, IL) | 19 | |
| 1178789275 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He was a robber baron. | 20 | |
| 1178789276 | John D. Rockefeller | An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company. He often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first American billionaires, and was a robber baron. | 21 | |
| 1178789277 | Vertical integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | 22 | |
| 1178789278 | Horizontal integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller | 23 | |
| 1178789279 | Standard Oil | Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller | 24 | |
| 1178789280 | Bonanza farms | large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks (similar to work in a factory). | 25 | |
| 1178789281 | Ghost Dance | Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee | 26 | |
| 1178789282 | Homestead Strike, 1892 | Henry Clay Frick, a manager of Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel plant, precipitated a strike in 1892 by cutting wages by nearly 20 percent. Frick used the weapons of the lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers' walkout after five months. The failure of the Homestead strike set back the union movement in the steel industry until the New Deal in the 1930s. | 27 | |
| 1178789283 | Pullman Strike, 1894 | Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. Used mail cars as a ploy to involve national troops (stopping the mail is a federal crime). | 28 | |
| 1178789284 | Great Railroad Strike, 1877 | large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men | 29 | |
| 1178789285 | Wounded Knee, 1890 | A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act. | 30 | |
| 1178789286 | Reservation Policy | is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes would agree to live in clearly defined zones - reservations; In exchange they'd provide guidance and protection. In actuality, officials hoarded supplies and Indians were, malnourished, demoralized, and desperate. | 31 | |
| 1178789287 | Plains Indians | Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land. | 32 | |
| 1178789288 | Battle of Little Bighorn | In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (Sioux) defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died | 33 | |
| 1178789289 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations. Famous speech: "I Shall Fight No More." | 34 | |
| 1178789290 | Buffalo | Indians relied heavily on this animal for food and clothing, so white people killed them off in order to force Indians into reservations. | 35 | |
| 1178789291 | Dawes Severalty Act | Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes | 36 | |
| 1178789292 | Homestead Act | 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. | 37 | |
| 1178789293 | Helen Hunt Jackson | A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. government's many broken promises to the Native Americans, and their mistreatment of the Native Americans. | 38 | |
| 1178789294 | Frederick Jackson Turner | (1861 - 1932) He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness. | 39 | |
| 1178789295 | "Frontier Thesis" | Frederick Jackson Turner wrote a paper in 1893 that argued that American individualism and democracy were shaped by the frontier experience | 40 |
Give Me Liberty Chapter 16 Flashcards
America's Gilded Age, 1870-1890
Dr. King-Owen, APUSH
Terms : Hide Images
| 4653512830 | Trusts | Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies, actions of rival companies managed by single director | 0 | |
| 4653512831 | Social Darwinism | A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. | 1 | |
| 4653512837 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Banned combos & practices that prevented free trade, first federal action against monopolies. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. | 2 | |
| 4653512838 | Interstate Commerce Act | Ensure reasonable rates for railroads, did not offer more favorable treatment to others, Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices | 3 | |
| 4653512841 | Haymarket Square Riot, 1886 | Began as rally in support of striking workers in Illinois; however, someone threw a bomb at police which led to gunfire; 8 anarchists tried (4 convicted); marked decline of Knights of Labor | 4 | |
| 4653512842 | Knights of Labor | Founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens and led by Terrence Powderly. Its goals were the establishment of the 8 hour work day and the abolition of child labor. Open membership to EVERYONE besides bankers, lawyers, gamblers, and liquor dealers. Collapsed after Haymarket Square Riot | 5 | |
| 4653512849 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He was a robber baron. | 6 | |
| 4653512850 | John D. Rockefeller | An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company. He often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first American billionaires, and was a robber baron. | 7 | |
| 4653512851 | Vertical integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | 8 | |
| 4653512852 | Horizontal integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller | 9 | |
| 4653512853 | Standard Oil | Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller | 10 | |
| 4653512855 | Ghost Dance | Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee | 11 | |
| 4653512859 | Wounded Knee, 1890 | A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act. | 12 | |
| 4653512860 | Reservation Policy | is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes would agree to live in clearly defined zones - reservations; In exchange they'd provide guidance and protection. In actuality, officials hoarded supplies and Indians were, malnourished, demoralized, and desperate. | 13 | |
| 4653512862 | Battle of Little Bighorn | In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (Sioux) defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died | 14 | |
| 4653512863 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations. Famous speech: "I Shall Fight No More." | 15 | |
| 4653512865 | Dawes Severalty Act | Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes | 16 | |
| 4653512866 | Homestead Act | 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. | 17 | |
| 4653512868 | Frederick Jackson Turner | (1861 - 1932) known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness. | 18 | |
| 4653674694 | 1883 Civil Service Act | Merit system for federal employees, 1st step in making professional civil service & removing officeholding from hands of political machines | 19 | |
| 4653675564 | William M Tweed Organization | Reached into every neighborhood, Forged close ties w/ labor unions, railroad men, Won support from city's immigrants, Made private welfare system | 20 | |
| 4653676741 | 1884 Elk V Wilkins | Laws and treaties enabled to become American citizen if left tribes and assimilated into American culture/society, but in this case, the 14th and 15th amendment did not apply Unable to vote, denied "life, liberty, and property", | 21 | |
| 4653678062 | 1877-1879 Nez Perce | pursued by commissioner O.O. Howard (freedmen's Bureau), Planned to escape to Canada after fights with settlers, Settlers intruded tribal lands @ Oregon and Idaho | 22 | |
| 4653678724 | 1876 Sioux & Cheyenne | Led by Sitting Bull & Crazy horse, defended tribal and in Black Hills of Dakota Territory, land was invaded by whites after discovery of gold, most famous Indian victory @ Little Bighorn | 23 | |
| 4653680103 | western farming | rely on irrigation, chemicals, and machinery | 24 | |
| 4653680592 | california farms | relied on migrant laborers from China, the Philippines, Japan, and Mexico | 25 | |
| 4653680960 | western mining oil | Discovery of oil in LA 1892 Michigan iron ore & copper, gold & silver in California, Nevada and Colorado | 26 | |
| 4653681069 | federal financed systems | irrigation and dams led to commercial farming, west would not become developed without federal financial assistance | 27 | |
| 4653681870 | William Graham Sumner | "Social Classes owe nothing to each other" "Gov only existed to protect 'property of men and honor of women' " | 28 | |
| 4653682660 | JP Morgan | developed US steel (giant corporation, combined 8 large steel companies into 1st billion $ economic enterprise | 29 | |
| 4653684708 | pools | divided markets between competing firms and fixed prices | 30 |
Give Me Liberty! Ch. 15 Flashcards
Chapter 15 of Give Me Liberty! by Eric Foner
Terms : Hide Images
| 3587058836 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | 0 | |
| 3587058837 | Special Field Order 15 | Shermans response to meeting with black leaders, set aside large area of South Carolina and Georgia coasts for black families to settle with 40 acres of land and broken-down mules . "40 acres and a mule" 40,000 freed slaves settled here in hopes of building black independence. | 1 | |
| 3587058838 | black churches | Mostly Methodist and Baptist, 250 black ministers where in office during Reconstruction | 2 | |
| 3587058839 | first black colleges | Fisk University in Tennessee, Hampton Institute in Virginia, and Howard University in Washington DC | 3 | |
| 3587058840 | freedom to former slaves | an open ended process, a transformation of every aspect of their lives and of the society and culture that had sustained slavery in the first place | 4 | |
| 3587058841 | Confederate men deaths | 260,000, 1/5 of southern white male population | 5 | |
| 3587058842 | Southern Farming | property value 30% less than before, lost slaves, lost savings that they had invested in confederate bonds, some people experiencing physical labor for the first time | 6 | |
| 3587058843 | Freedmens Bureau | lead by O.O. Howard 1865-70, aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private landowners. | 7 | |
| 3587058844 | Andrew Johnson | "honest yeoman" racist born in poverty Lincoln's VP took over after Lincoln was assassinated, ordered 'shermans land' (40 acres for blacks) to be given back to their original owners, super duper racist | 8 | |
| 3587058845 | the task system | workers were assigned daily tasks after completed they were free to do whatever | 9 | |
| 3587058846 | wage labor | predominated on the sugar plantations, closely supervised, survived in rice kingdom of south Carolina and Georgia | 10 | |
| 3587058847 | sharecroppers | rented land owned by others | 11 | |
| 3587058848 | Johnson's pardons | restored political and property rights except for slaves, established new governments in south, opposed by northerners | 12 | |
| 3587058849 | Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves. Granted: legalized marriage, property ownership, and limited access to the courts. Denied:ability to testify against whites, serve on juries, serve in state militias, and ability to vote. | 13 | |
| 3587058850 | Radical Republicans | These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. | 14 | |
| 3587058851 | Charles Sumner | Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks | 15 | |
| 3587058852 | Thaddeus Stevens | A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress. | 16 | |
| 3587058853 | Civil Rights Act of 1866 | said all people born in the United States are citizens and have the right to our freedoms, A bill passed as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment. | 17 | |
| 3587058854 | 13th Amendment | officially abolished slavery, prohibits involuntary servitude. | 18 | |
| 3587058855 | 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws | 19 | |
| 3587058856 | 15th Amendment | citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | 20 | |
| 3587058857 | The Reconstruction Act | reorganized the South into five military districts., Divided the South into five districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers to maintain order and protect civil rights. It temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, required states to ratify the 14th Amendment if they wanted to be re-admitted to the Union, and states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote. | 21 | |
| 3587058858 | Tenure of Office Act | 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | 22 | |
| 3587058859 | Ulysses S. Grant | U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, won against Horatio Seymour | 23 | |
| 3587058860 | "waving the bloody shirt" | This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South. | 24 | |
| 3587058861 | Naturalization Law | an act passed by Congress at the beginning of Jefferson's presidency that reduced the requirement of fourteen years of residency to the previous requirement of five years | 25 | |
| 3587058862 | carpetbaggers | A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts. | 26 | |
| 3587058863 | scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners. | 27 | |
| 3587058864 | Reconstruction's Opponents | The Souths - planters, merchants, and Democrats. Bitterly opposed new govt. | 28 | |
| 3587058865 | Whiskey Ring | During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. | 29 | |
| 3587058866 | Ku Klux Klan | meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American. Against Republican leaders. Wore white robes and hood, lynched and tortured 'un' Americans | 30 | |
| 3587058867 | Enforcement Acts | outlawed terrorist societies and and allowed the president to use the army against them (mostly for KKK) | 31 | |
| 3587058868 | Liberal Republicans | In 1872, Republican reformers, alarmed by the corruption and scandals in the Grant administration, organized this branch of the Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley for president. They were laissez faire liberals who opposed legislation that benefited any particular group. | 32 | |
| 3587058869 | Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction | 10% of the voters in each Southern state had to swear an oath of loyalty to the US | 33 | |
| 3587058870 | Barrow Plantation | kept detailed records of whippings for 2 years there were 160 whippings and 200 slaves | 34 |
Give Me Liberty Chapter 15 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 118549457 | Reconstruction | Began before the Civil War ended. What to do with slavery and the rebels, so a political system had to be re-created and the connection between the North and South had to be made. A literal rebuilding of the South. | 0 | |
| 118549458 | Ten Percent Plan | specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments. All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property, though not their slaves. Most moderate Republicans in Congress supported the president's proposal for Reconstruction because they wanted to bring a quick end to the war. | 1 | |
| 118549459 | Wade Davis Bill | an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh. | 2 | |
| 118549460 | Andrew Johnson | A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. | 3 | |
| 118549461 | Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves, basic rights to vote and to take a white person to trial. | 4 | |
| 118549462 | Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Summer | Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress who was devoted to a stringent and punitive Reconstruction effort. Worked towards equality for Southern blacks. | 5 | |
| 118549463 | Civil Rights Bill | Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property. | 6 | |
| 118549464 | 14th Amendment | This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. | 7 | |
| 118549465 | Tenure of Office Act | In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton. | 8 | |
| 118549466 | Nathan Bedford Forest | First grand wizard of the KKK, he led an attack on Fort Pillow that killed 300 blacks, after they surrendered, in the Civil War. | 9 | |
| 118549467 | KKK | Southern society formed in 1866 to prevent freed men and women from exercising their rights and to help whites regain power; they wanted to get rid of Northerners who were in the South (northerners who came to get cheap land in the South were called Carpetbaggers) | 10 | |
| 118549468 | Carpetbaggers | A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts. | 11 | |
| 118549469 | Bossism | political parties organized under one boss to get , manifestation of politics in big cities. putting together of political machines run by political bosses. helped immigrants "under the table" (jobs, apts., etc.) bosses won votes in return. | 12 | |
| 118549470 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history | 13 | |
| 118549471 | Samuel Tilden | the Democrat nominee for the 1876 election who campaigned against Republican scandal; he was an electoral vote away from winning the election when four doubtful states needed to send in returns; the debacle was resolved with a compromise between parties, and his opponent, Hayes, was elected president instead | 14 | |
| 118549472 | Bargain of 1877 | (1877) also known as the Compromise of 1877. The bargain was that Hayes was elected as president in exchange for the ending of Reconstruction. | 15 |
Give Me Liberty! Ch. 15 Flashcards
Chapter 15 of Give Me Liberty! by Eric Foner
Terms : Hide Images
| 1655219669 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | 0 | |
| 1655219670 | Special Field Order 15 | Shermans response to meeting with black leaders, set aside large area of South Carolina and Georgia coasts for black families to settle with 40 acres of land and broken-down mules . "40 acres and a mule" 40,000 freed slaves settled here in hopes of building black independence. | 1 | |
| 1655219671 | black churches | Mostly Methodist and Baptist, 250 black ministers where in office during Reconstruction | 2 | |
| 1655219672 | first black colleges | Fisk University in Tennessee, Hampton Institute in Virginia, and Howard University in Washington DC | 3 | |
| 1655219673 | freedom to former slaves | an open ended process, a transformation of every aspect of their lives and of the society and culture that had sustained slavery in the first place | 4 | |
| 1655219674 | Confederate men deaths | 260,000, 1/5 of southern white male population | 5 | |
| 1655219675 | Southern Farming | property value 30% less than before, lost slaves, lost savings that they had invested in confederate bonds, some people experiencing physical labor for the first time | 6 | |
| 1655219676 | Freedmens Bureau | lead by O.O. Howard 1865-70, aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private landowners. | 7 | |
| 1655219677 | Andrew Johnson | "honest yeoman" racist born in poverty Lincoln's VP took over after Lincoln was assassinated, ordered 'shermans land' (40 acres for blacks) to be given back to their original owners, super duper racist | 8 | |
| 1655219678 | the task system | workers were assigned daily tasks after completed they were free to do whatever | 9 | |
| 1655219679 | wage labor | predominated on the sugar plantations, closely supervised, survived in rice kingdom of south Carolina and Georgia | 10 | |
| 1655219680 | sharecroppers | rented land owned by others | 11 | |
| 1655219681 | Johnson's pardons | restored political and property rights except for slaves, established new governments in south, opposed by northerners | 12 | |
| 1655219682 | Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves. Granted: legalized marriage, property ownership, and limited access to the courts. Denied:ability to testify against whites, serve on juries, serve in state militias, and ability to vote. | 13 | |
| 1655219683 | Radical Republicans | These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. | 14 | |
| 1655219684 | Charles Sumner | Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks | 15 | |
| 1655219685 | Thaddeus Stevens | A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress. | 16 | |
| 1655219686 | Civil Rights Act of 1866 | said all people born in the United States are citizens and have the right to our freedoms, A bill passed as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment. | 17 | |
| 1655219687 | 13th Amendment | officially abolished slavery, prohibits involuntary servitude. | 18 | |
| 1655219688 | 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws | 19 | |
| 1655219689 | 15th Amendment | citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | 20 | |
| 1655219690 | The Reconstruction Act | reorganized the South into five military districts., Divided the South into five districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers to maintain order and protect civil rights. It temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, required states to ratify the 14th Amendment if they wanted to be re-admitted to the Union, and states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote. | 21 | |
| 1655219691 | Tenure of Office Act | 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | 22 | |
| 1655219692 | Ulysses S. Grant | U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, won against Horatio Seymour | 23 | |
| 1655219693 | "waving the bloody shirt" | This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South. | 24 | |
| 1655219694 | Naturalization Law | an act passed by Congress at the beginning of Jefferson's presidency that reduced the requirement of fourteen years of residency to the previous requirement of five years | 25 | |
| 1655219695 | carpetbaggers | A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts. | 26 | |
| 1655219696 | scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners. | 27 | |
| 1655219697 | Reconstruction's Opponents | The Souths - planters, merchants, and Democrats. Bitterly opposed new govt. | 28 | |
| 1655219698 | Whiskey Ring | During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. | 29 | |
| 1655219699 | Ku Klux Klan | meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American. Against Republican leaders. Wore white robes and hood, lynched and tortured 'un' Americans | 30 | |
| 1655219700 | Enforcement Acts | outlawed terrorist societies and and allowed the president to use the army against them (mostly for KKK) | 31 | |
| 1655219701 | Liberal Republicans | In 1872, Republican reformers, alarmed by the corruption and scandals in the Grant administration, organized this branch of the Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley for president. They were laissez faire liberals who opposed legislation that benefited any particular group. | 32 | |
| 1655219702 | Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction | 10% of the voters in each Southern state had to swear an oath of loyalty to the US | 33 | |
| 1655219703 | Barrow Plantation | kept detailed records of whippings for 2 years there were 160 whippings and 200 slaves | 34 |
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