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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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5249946006Caste Systema class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich0
5249946007PatriarchyA male dominated society1
5249946008MatriarchalA female dominated society2
5249946009Mandate of Heavenan ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.3
5249946010Silk Roadan ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea4
5249946011Social Hierarchyhow individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder5
5249946012Reincarnationthe rebirth of a soul in a new body.6
5249946013AssimilationThe process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group7
5249946014MonotheisticThe belief in only one god8
5249946015Eightfold Paththe path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.9
5249946016Zoroanstrianismone of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.10
5249946017Greek Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics11
5249946018PolytheisticThe belief in many gods12
5249946019Legalismstrict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.13
5249946020Confucianisma system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.14
5249946021Buddhismis a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").15
5249946022Islamthe religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.16
5249946023Judaisman ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.17
5249946024Christianitythe religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.18
5249946025Daoisma philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.19
5249946026Han Dynastyan empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.20
5249946027Persiaan empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.21
5249946028Guptaan empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.22
5249946029Ancient Egyptan empire that lasted for 3000 years23
5249946030Roman empirelocated in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.24
5249946031Mayalocated in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.25
5249946032StateA body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority26
5249946033Empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.27
5249946034Hebrew ScripturesTorah, Old Testament28
5249946035Assyrian Empirethis empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.29
5249946036Babylonian EmpireEmpire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.30
5249946037Roman EmpireExisted from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.31
5249946038Sanskrit ScripturesAn ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.32
5249946039Vedic ReligionsCore beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.33
5249946040HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms34
5249946041Mauryan Empire(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.35
5249946042AshokaLeader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.36
5249946043Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.37
5249946044Emperor ConstantineFounded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.38
5249946045Buddha39
5249946046Shiva40
5249946047Brahma41
5249946048Vishnu42
5249946049Darius I43
5249946050Alexander the Great44
5249946051Parthenon45
5249946052Agora at Corinth46
5249946053Hoplite Armor47
5249946054Gupta Empire(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.48
5249946055Roman Columns49
5249946056Greek Columns50
5249946057Pantheon51
5249946058Aqueduct52
5249946059Colosseum53
5249946060Circus Maximus54
5249946061Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)Religion?55
5249946062Indian Ocean Maritime System56
5249946063Silk Road57
5249946064Trans-Saharan Trade Route58
5249946065filial pietyIn Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.59
5249946066monasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith60
5249946067shamanismThe practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.61
5249946068animismBelief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.62
5249946069ancestor venerationVeneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors63
5249946070syncretic religionCombines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both64
5249946071Persian EmpireGreatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.65
5249946072Qin Dynastythe Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall66
5249946073Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity67
5249946074PhoeniciaSemitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.68
5249946075HellenisticOf or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.69
5249946076TeotihuacanA large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.70
5249946077Mochecivilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.71
5249946078ChacoAn urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.72
5249946079Cahokiaan ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.73
5249946080PersepolisA complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.74
5249946081Chang'anCapital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.75
5249946082PataliputraThe captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires76
5249946083AthensA democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.77
5249946084CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.78
5249946085AlexandriaCity on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.79
5249946086ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul80
5249946087Silk Roadstrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire81
5249946088Trans-Saharan Caravan RouteIslamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.82
5249946089Indian Ocean Sea Laneslanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China83
5249946090Mediterranean Sea LanesTrade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred84
5249946091Qanat Systema traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields85
5249946092Shadufa mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.86
5249946093Jesus of Nazaretha teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.87
5249946094Paul of TarsusA Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.88
5249946095Greco-Roman PhilosophyIdeas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.89
5249946096ZoroastrianismWhat religion?90
5249946097ChristianityWhat religion?91
5249946098corvee laborunpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government92
5249946099tributeMoney paid by one country to another in return for protection93
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AP Language Review- Quiz #5 Flashcards

Grammar Terms and Rhetoric

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1424526846AnadiplosisRepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause0
1424526847EpanelepsisRepetition of words at the end of clauses of a word from the beginning.1
1424526848AntimeboleA rhetorical scheme w/ repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order, A-B-C, C-B-A2
1424526849AphorismA concise statement of known authorship that contains a general truth or moral principle3
1424526850InfinitiveA verb form that functions as a noun or auxiliary verb, created by the word "to" followed by the verb4
1424526851GerundA verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun5
1424526852PrepositionA word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word6
1424526853AntecedentA word, phrase, or clause to which a following pronoun refers.7
1424526854PronounA word that takes the place of a noun8
1424526855ConjunctionA part of speech that connects words, sentences, phrases or clauses.9
1424526856PredicateThe action or state of being of the sentence10
1424526857Participial PhraseA verbal phrase that is used as an adjective and most often ends in "ing" or "ed"11
1424526858DenotationDictionary definition of a word; literal meaning12
1424526859ConnotationAll the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests13
1424526860Mode of discourseThe way in which information is presented in a text.14
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The American Pageant (13th Edition) Chapter 32 Flashcards Flashcards

A list of terms, acts, policies, and more from Chapter 32 of the American Pageant 13th Edition APUSH textbook.

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2200520222Adkins v. Children's HospitalIn this case, the court reversed its ruling in the Muller v. Oregon case by invalidating a minimum wage law for women.0
2200520223Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920Washington D.C. returned control of railroads to private hands.1
2200520224Merchant Marine Act of 1920Authorized the Shipping Board, which controlled about 1,500 vessels, to get rid of a lot of ships at bargain prices, thus reducing the size of the navy.2
2200520225Veteran's BureauCreated to operate hospitals and provide rehabilitation for the disabled.3
2200520226Adjusted Compensation ActGave every former soldier a paid-up insurance policy due in 20 years. Passed by Congress twice.4
2200520227Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-22Resulted in a plan that kept a 5:3:3 ratio of ships that could be held by the U.S., Britain, and Japan (in that order).5
2200520228Four-Power TreatyBound Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S. to preserve the status quo in the Pacific. Replaced the 20-year old Anglo-Japanese Alliance.6
2200520229Kellogg-Briand PactSaid that all nations that signed would no longer use war as offensive means. Frank B. Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role.7
2200520230Fordney-McCumber Tariff LawRaised the tariff from 27% to 35%.8
2200520231Teapot Dome ScandalAlbert B. Fall leased land to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and 3 times that from Sinclair.9
2200520232Capper-Volstead ActExempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.10
2200520233McNary-Haugen BillSought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad.11
2200520234Dawes PlanRescheduled German reparations payments and gave the way for further private loans to Germany.12
2200520235Rugged IndividualismHoover's view that America was made great by strong, self-sufficient people.13
2200520236Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929Designed to help farmers help themselves, and set up a Federal Farm Board to help the farmers.14
2200520237Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930Raised the tariff to 60%.15
2200520238Muscle Shoals BillDesigned to dam the Tennessee River. Vetoed by Hoover.16
2200520239Reconstruction Finance CorporationBecame a government lending bank.17
2200520240Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injection ActOutlawed anti-union contracts and forbade the federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing.18
2200520241Bonus Expeditionary ForceErected unsanitary camps and shacks in vacant lots, creating health hazards and annoyance.19
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American Pageant Chapter 12 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

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3636147334American System (1820s)Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network.0
3636147335Anglo-American Convention (1818)Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.1
3636147336Cohens v. Virginia (1821)Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.2
3636147337Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.3
3636147338Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.4
3636147339Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824)Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank.5
3636147340Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.6
3636147341Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) (1819)Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.7
3636147342Treaty of Ghent (1815)Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.8
3636147343Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.9
3636147344Hartford Convention (1814-1815)Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.10
3636147345Land Act of 1820Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.11
3636147346loose constructionLegal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally-mandated responsibilities.12
3636147347McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. "The power to tax involves the power to destroy"13
3636147348Missouri Compromise (1820)Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30.14
3636147349Monroe Doctrine (1823)Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.15
3636147350Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.16
3636147351panic of 1819Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.17
3636147352peculiar institutionWidely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.18
3636147353Rush-Bagot agreement (1817)Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.19
3636147354Russo-American Treaty (1824)Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.20
3636147355Tallmadge amendment (1819)Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.21
3636147356Tariff of 1816First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.22
3636147357War of 1812 (1812-1815)Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.23
3636147358Stephen DecaturAmerican naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, ". . . our country, right or wrong!"24
3636147359Henry ClayEloquent Kentucky spokesman for the American System and key architect of the Missouri Compromise in the U.S. Senate25
3636147360James MonroePresident whose personal popularity contributed to the Era of Good Feelings26
3636147361Washington IrvingOne of the first nationalistic American writers to achieve literary recognition in Europe27
3636147362John MarshallAristocratic Federalist jurist whose rulings bolstered national power against the states28
3636147363John Quincy AdamsNationalistic secretary of state who promoted American interests against Spain and Britain29
3636147364George CanningBritish foreign secretary whose proposal for a joint British-American declaration led to the unilaterally declared Monroe Doctrine30
3636147365Andrew JacksonMilitary commander who exceeded his government's instructions during an invasion of Spanish territory31
3636147366Daniel WebsterThe leading voice promoting nationalism and greater federal power in the United States Senate during the 1820s32
3636147367Tsar Alexander IRussian ruler whose mediation proposal led to negotiations ending the War of 181233
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American Pageant Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4818371764Protestant ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.0
4818371765Roanoke IslandEnglish colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 15901
4818371766Spanish Armadathe Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.2
4818371767primogenitureright of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son3
4818371768joint-stock companyA company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.4
4818371769chartera document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights5
4818371770JamestownThe first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.6
4818371771First Anglo- Powhatan War1610- Lord De La Warr of the Virginia Company initiated war with the Indians, ended with the marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas7
4818371772Second Anglo-Powhatan WarIndians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 stopped any hope of creating native peoples into Virginia society or peace with coexisting.8
4818371773Act of TolerationA legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.9
4818371774barbados slave codeEstablished in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.10
4818371775squattersPoor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil11
4818371776Tuscarora War1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.12
4818371777Yamasee IndiansDefeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.13
4818371778Georgia BufferGeorgia was started as a barrier to keep out, French, Spanish and Indians from the other colonies14
4818371779Iroquois ConfederacyAn alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.15
4818371780Henry VIII(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.16
4818371781Elizabeth Iruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.17
4818371782Sir Francis DrakeEnglish explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold18
4818371783Sir Walter RaleighAn English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."19
4818371784James Ithe first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)20
4818371785captain John SmithOrganized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".21
4818371786PowhatanChief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.22
4818371787PocahontasA native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.23
4818371788Lord De La WarrNew governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.24
4818371789John RolfeHe was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.25
4818371790Lord BaltimoreFounded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.26
4818371791Oliver CromwellEnglish military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.27
4818371792James OglethorpeFounder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.28
4818371793HiawathaA Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.29
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The American Pageant (13th Edition) Chapter 31 Flashcards Flashcards

A list of terms, acts, policies, and more from Chapter 31 of the American Pageant 13th Edition APUSH textbook.

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2474183177Isolationism in AmericaDenounced "radical" foreign ideas and "un-American" lifestyles.0
2474183178Red ScareAn anti-Communist movement that resulted in Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer using raids to round up and arrest about 6,000 suspected Communists. Severely cut black speech for a period.1
2474183179New Ku Klux KlanPro-White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, and anti-everything else.2
2474183180Emergency Quota Act of 1921Newcomers were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910. Favored Slavs and southeastern Europeans.3
2474183181Immigration Act of 1924Cut the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890. Slammed the door on Japanese immigrants.4
247418318218th AmendmentProhibited the sale of alcohol. Particularly supported by women and the Women's Christian Temperance Union.5
2474183183Gang Wars of ChicagoAbout 500 people were murdered. Captured criminals were rare, and convictions even rarer.6
2474183184Al CaponeMost infamous of U.S. gangsters. Perpetrated countless atrocities, including the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Caught for tax evasion.7
2474183185Gangs in the U.S.Moved into activities such as prostitution, gambling, and narcotics. By 1930, their annual profit was around $12-18 billion.8
2474183186John DeweyA professor at Columbia University who believed in "learning by doing" and believed that "education for life" should be the primary goal of school.9
2474183187Scopes "Monkey" TrialA case in which John T. Scopes was charged with teaching evolution. William Jennings Bryan was among those who opposed him.10
2474183188New Churches of ChristIn establishing these, Christians began to reconcile their differences between religion and the findings of modern science.11
2474183189Treasury Secretary Andrew MellonHis tax policies favored the rapid expansion of capital investment. Also reduced the amount of taxes rich people had to pay, thrusting the burden onto the middle class.12
2474183190Henry FordPerfected the assembly-line production to where his Rouge River Plant was producing a finished automobile every ten seconds.13
2474183191Advertising in the Roaring 20sUsed techniques such as persuasion, ploy, seduction, and sex appeal to sell merchandise.14
2474183192Orville and Wilbur WrightFlew the first airplane for 12 seconds over a distance of 120 feet at Kitty Hawk, N.C.15
2474183193Charles LindberghFirst person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, going from New York to Paris.16
2474183194The Great Train RobberyMarked the birth of the movie industry in 1903.17
2474183195The Jazz SingerFirst movie with sound.18
2474183196Margaret SangerLed the birth-control movement.19
2474183197National Women's PartyBegan in 1923 to campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment in the Constitution.20
2474183198FlappersYoung people that deviated from traditional practices. They were dancing and dressing more provocatively, as well as listening to the newly discovered genre of jazz music.21
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APUSH chapter 11 ("The American Pageant" 13th edition) Flashcards

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3378457535Significance of election of 1800Federalist lost control of both the executive and legislative branches0
3378459859First dem-rep presidentThomas Jefferson1
3378461586"Revolution of 1800"first peaceful transfer of power between political parties2
3378463975MudslingingTalking badly/campaigning against other party3
3378466997"Whispering campaign''Feds mudslinging against Jefferson, talked about his affair with his slaves4
3378470922Why did Federalists pass the Judiciary Act of 1801Federalists wanted to maintain some grip on power5
3378472969Midnight appointmentsAttempt by Adams administration to put Federalist judges in place before leaving office6
3378475771Reason for Marbury v. MadisonOne of the midnight judicial appointees (William Marbury) sued Sec. of state James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission7
3378481489Opposing viewpoints in the Marbury v. Madison case-paper contract/commission needed to be a judge? or -simply confirmation of judgeship from President?8
3378485331Final ruling in the Marbury v. Madison case-Parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 ruled unconstitutional -established the idea of judicial review -sup. court has the power to declare fed laws unconstitutional -MASSIVE expansion of judicial power9
3378491763Chief justice during Marbury v. Madison caseJohn Marshall10
3378492702Thomas Jefferson's personalitypacifist11
3378494429Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans-strict interpretation of the constitution -limited fed gov't, farmers!12
3378495711Jeffersonian policies-eliminated excise taxes -lowered national debt DOES NOT dismantle all of the federalist policies KEPT: debt plan and bank of US13
3378511890How did Jefferson's belief of pacifism affect the Tripolitan warsmall gunboats to reduce spending on military, unsuccessful against Barbary pirates, ended up spending money on treaty anyway14
3378514623Jefferson tried to buy what land from FranceNew Orleans15
3378516947Why did Napoleon sell the entire Louisiana territory to the USHaitian revolution went poorly for him, didn't want to fight with England, needed money for war against england, abandoned dream of new world empire16
3378524261How was Jefferson hypocritical when buying the Louisiana purchasewent against his interpretations of the constitution, used loose interpretation and implied powers to make the deal17
3378527383Effects of Louisiana purchase-doubled size of US -supported Jefferson's vision of an agrarian society -avoided potential threat(France) along the nation's borders -further weakened the federalist party18
3378533329Lewis & Clarkled a scientific exploration of the trans-Mississippi west -start of US claims to the Oregon territory and pacific coast19
3378537608Effects of Lewis & Clark's expeditionestablished good relationship w natives = relationships helped w trade and during war of 181220
3378542794Two of Aaron Burr's missionsRadical Federalist plotted to secede New England and New York States from the union, Wanted to take Mexico and united with Louisiana territory under his rule21
3378546859Who helped defeat Burr in NY election and how did he retaliateAlexander Hamilton, Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 180422
3378548789Why was Burr acquitted after put on trial for treasonJohn Marshall found him innocent, he was all talk, didn't actually do anything23
3378551258Effect of the Aaron Burr incidentsshowed that newly purchased land needed to be governed more effectively24
3378553390How did war in Europe cause problems for the US / How did Europe violate US neutrality-impressment by British Navy -France issued Berlin Decree, said they would seize ships trading with England -England issued the Orders in Council, said ships must stop in England first25
3378557974Chesapeake Leopard AffairEnglish ship Leopard attacked American ship, the Chesapeake26
3378561336What was Jefferson's response to the Chesapeake affairEmbargo Act of 1807 (bc he didn't want to go to war)27
3378562378Embargo Act of 1807Banned US trade with ALL foreign nations28
3378564504Impacts of Embargo Act of 1807-economy plummeted -helped fuel the industrial revolution in the New England region29
3378567073James Madisonbecomes president in 180930
3378568580Non-Intercouse Act of 1809The US could trade with all nations EXCEPT France and England -FAILED31
3378571113Macon's Bill #2US would end embargo if the country respected US neutrality and freedom of the sea (will trade w/ whichever side would respect them)32
3378575615Who responded to Macon's Bill, what did this lead to?England England responds, trade begins with that country, England still continues to conquer ships and that leads to the war of 181233
3378576195War Hawksmembers of congress in 1811 that advocated for war against England -stop british harassment -wipe out native resistance on the frontier -take canada from england34
3378581821Shawnee brothers that organized a confederacy of tribes east of the mississippiTecumseh and "the Prophet"35
3378583230William Henry Harrisonorganized an army and attacked Native resistance in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe36
3378585600Impact of Battle of Tippecanoehuge blow to native resistance, win for american expansion37
3378587225Causes for War of 1812-England's arming of natives on the frontier -england's continued violations of US neutrality -pressure from war hawks in congress (desire for more land, protect american honor, etc) -democratic-republicans tended to favor france38
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American History Alan Brinkley | Chapter 15 "Reconstruction and the New South" Key Terms/People/Places/Events Flashcards

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5413363284Andrew JohnsonLincoln's successor of US president (a Democrat-turned-Republican) after his assassination in 1865, hostile to slaves and against their civil equality. Proposed a model for Southern reconstruction during a Congressional recess, causing the radical-republican-controlled Congress to reject his plans when they returned, and weaken his abilities by passing convenient legislation and increasing Congress's power relative tothe president's. This set a pattern for the next presidents that wasn't truly lost until Teddy Roosevelt.0
5413363285Atlanta CompromiseThe result of a speech given in Georgia by Booker T. Washington that outlined a philosophy of race relations, encouraging blacks to improve themselves in multiple ways, to become industrious and practical, and to prepare for equality to earn the respect of the whites. Encouraged a new generation of blacks to feel proud and showed them possibilities of social advancement in US society while respecting the system in place, challenging social taboos by empowering blacks to work harder and to augment the idea of what was expected of them/what they were capable of as blacks.1
5413363286Black CodesLocal laws enacted (1866) within states in the South designed to give whites greater control over Blacks after slavery was made illegal; caused Congress to take further legislative action by passing an act extending the funding of the Freedmen's Bureau and giving it the power to void any compulsory work agreements forced on blacks by the Black Codes. Led to the passing of the Civil Rights Act that year, and the strengthening of Congressional power especially on matters pertaining to Blacks; retaliation to the Black Codes highlighted the differences between opinions in the country, but also, subtly, the hope for Black's equality in the future.2
5413363287Booker T. WashingtonAfrican-American founder and president of Tuskegee institute, educator, author, orator, and presidential advisor. Encouraged blacks to cultivate a desire of self-improvement, and essentially adopt the identity of the white American middle class, and not wait for civil rights to catch up to their need for equality, wrote and delivered the Atlanta compromise.3
5413363288CarpetbaggersPejorative term for white Northerners (usually Republican leaders, and usually wealthy, educated individuals) who moved to the South after the Civil war while the South was in the process of recovery. Caused white southerners to be fearful of emigrating Northerners changing Southern social structure and culture by taking their occupations, and educating, democratizing, and modernizing the South, and leave Southerners exploited and weak; sixty were elected to Congress, encouraging progression of Reconstruction.4
5413363289Charles Sumner5
5413363290Compromise of 1877Informal, unwritten deal settling the intensely close tie between presidential candidates Hayes and Tilden with a four-part compromise, ending the Reconstruction era. Brought Hayes to power and put "Redeemers" in control of Southern governments as Republicans went North, leaving Southern blacks disenfranchised, allowing their previous efforts to advance black rights to stagnate.6
5413363291Crop-Lien systemCredit system that involved sharecroppers and tenant farmers giving merchants a claim (with interest) on their crops to pay for necessities while establishing artificially high-interest rates for these loans. Quickly accumulating debts caused many poor farmers, and especially recently freed freedmen, to suffer and become trapped under debts, forcing them to sell land, while harming the Southern agricultural economy.7
5413363292Enforcement Acts (Ku Klux Klan acts)Three bills passed during Grant's term by the Republican Congress allowing greater legal representation of blacks, and allowing the federal government to intervene(even by military force) if they were not actively protected within states. Another step towards the full granting of civil liberties to blacks, and used by Grant to convict many Klan members, leading to the decline of the Ku Klux Klan.8
5413363293Fourteenth AmendmentDefined American citizenship in the Constitution, and stated that the aforementioned freedoms in the Constitution are granted to all male US citizens, penalized states that denied suffrage to any adult males, and prohibited former Congressmen and Confederate officials from holding a political office until pardoned by one-third of Congress. Was an important milestone in the African-American civil rights movement, provided an important foundation for other group's civil rights movements in the future, defined the American identity constitutionally, and showed the power of the growing radical Republican majority in the Congressional body at the time.9
5413363294Freedmen's Bureau (est. 1865)A US Federal agency created to assist needy blacks(and whites) throughout the former confederacy by distributing foodstuffs, establishing schools and churches and attempting to help settle blacks on their own land. Was a genuine effort on the part of Congress and freedmen supporters to help blacks, but had a limited effect because it was authorized for only a year, and the abilities were too lacking to make a lasting difference.10
5413363295Hamilton Fish11
5413363296Ida B. WellsCommitted female black journalist who condemned lynching, writing multiple articles and initiating an anti-lynching movement, gaining support from both Northern and Southern (usually female)whites, an ultimate goal being to ratify a federal anti-lynching law. Showed the US that people --even some white Southern males-- recognized the evils of blacks mistreatment to the extent of rallying against it, though white supremacy overpowered the mission of developing black's civil liberties.12
5413363297Jim Crow LawsA network of state and local statutes in the South that legally separated whites and blacks where a historically deep cultural segregation had previously existed. Stripped many rights from blacks assumed in the 19th century, giving southern whites greater control over race relations.13
5413363298Ku Klux KlanOne of multiple large, decentralized yet effective organizations terrorizing blacks so as to discourage them from practicing their civil liberties, considered proud and patriotic by white southerners. Fought against civil rights granted to blacks, their actions caused Grant to pass legislation prohibiting legal discrimination based on race and giving the federal government authority to enforce black's rights, a bitter process leading to more equal representation backed by federal promise.14
5413363299Panic of 1873Four-year financial crisis caused by the bankruptcy of a leading firm(Jay Cooke and Company) invested too deeply in postwar railroad development. Caused a reform in the monetary system under a gold-backed currency, inspired the rise of the National Greenback Party, and stirred change of the national currency through the late nineteenth century.15
5413363300Plessy v. FergusonSupreme court decision upholding the constitutionality of state-enforced "separate but equal" doctrine. Concepts set forth here justified segregative legislation, allowed for the presence and growth of harsher attitudes that white supremacists had towards blacks, and defined legality of segregation for years after.16
5413363301Radical Republicans17
5413363302Redeemers(/Bourbons)Members of a powerful white conservative coalition (businessmen, landowners, professionals) with power over Southern politics from the 1870s to 1910. Removed Radical republican group of freedmen, "carpetbaggers", and "scalawags" that had dominated Southern politics during Reconstruction , helping to bring economic development and business to the region, while removing services such as schools established by the previous political leaders.18
5413363303ScalawagsSouthern white Republicans supporting the economic development of the South and its reconstruction after the Civil War. Improved the South internally, helped to "Northernize" the South by supporting policies of desegregation and racial integration, many edited Southern Republican newspapers during Reconstruction.19
5413363304SharecroppingTenant workers for white landowners who paid their landlords either a fixed rent or a share of their crops. Reminiscent of gang-labor system of slavery before the Civil war, the contracts of which showed little deviation from the previous slavery model; gave blacks an illusion of greater independence compared to slavery, but was devised to tie blacks to their bosses economically and legally.20
5413363305Thaddeus Stephens21
5413363306Wade-Davis BillRadical reconstruction proposition devised by Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis authorizing the president to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered state under a strict set of requirements(majority of white males must pledge allegiance to the Union, delegates to be elected by those who had not borne arms against the US; new state conventions would have to abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate civil and military leaders, and repudiate debts accumulated by state govt's during the Civil War), but mentioning nothing about Black's political rights. Convinced Lincoln to modify his proposition for reconstruction to provide a fair alternative though he died soon after; was a less strict version of the later proposed Reconstruction plan by Congress.22
5413363307William SewardExpansionist, anti-secessionist, and Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869 under Lincoln and Johnson, purchased Alaska from Russia and annexed the Midway Islands. Advanced rights and opportunities for blacks and fugitive slaves, and protected abolitionists with his status.23
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American History Alan Brinkley | Chapter 14 "The Civil War" Key Terms/People/Places/Events Flashcards

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3704270783AntietamCreek near Sharpsburg, where on 9/17 the Union McClellan's 87,000 and Confederacy Lee's 50,000 armies clashed, 6,000 died with 17,000 injured. An extreme loss for both sides, technically a win for the Union; led to Lincoln's preliminary issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation; McClellan's actions caused Lincoln to replace him, beginning a series of several replacements of command.0
3704270784Appomattox Court HouseVirginia town where Lee surrendered to Grant after being blocked by Union forces. Marked the beginning of the end of the Civil war, as other generals surrendered not long after, both an ideological loss and a literal defeat for the South.1
3704270785Bull RunFirst battle of the Civil war neat Manassas, VA, where the Union was driven off after being exhausted and overcome by the Confederacy; the North believed it would be a quick and easy victory, and the war would then be over. Was a severe blow to the Union's morale, showed the North that the South was serious about the war, and showed both sides that the war wouldn't end swiftly.2
3704270786Clara BartonImportant nurse during the Civil war and founder of the American Red Cross. Recognized the development of women's roles and the opening of new opportunities as social and cultural customs were lifted and/or new ones assumed, during the period of shifting American identity.3
3704270787Emancipation ProclamationAbraham Lincoln's written declaration (and executive order)"freeing" all slaves in Confederate territory except those under Union control. Established the war as one against slavery, inspired antislavery sentiments in the North, helping African Americans to free themselves, weakened the South's grip on slaves in this way.4
3704270788Fort SumterUnion fort that Confederate leaders decided to fire upon for two days until Union general Anderson surrendered, and immediately after, the North began preparations for war. Marked the beginning of the Civil war, and soon after the secession of other Southerns states to the Confederacy occurred; "the last push" towards war.5
3704270789George B. McClellanReplaced by Burnside6
3704270790GettysburgBattle in Pennsylvania between Meade and Lee, lasting for 2 days; after Pickett's Charge, Lee had lost 1/3 of his army; eventually he had to retreat from __________. A turning point in the war as the Confederates were weakened and much fewer than before.7
3704270791GreenbacksPaper currency, not based on gold or silver standard.8
3704270792Homestead ActPermitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years. Encouraged permanent settlement as well as Western Expansion; with other legislation served to open up and develop the West more.9
3704270793Jefferson Davis10
3704270794March to the SeaSixty-mile wide path of destruction from ruins of Atlanta, GA, to Savannah, GA, by Will. Teh. Sherman, in which units disabled railroad communications, and towns and plantations were burned. Damaged Southern morale and communications while the war was coming to an end, leading to the surrender of the Confederacy by Lee.11
3704270795Morrill Land Grant Act12
3704270796Robert E. LeeLeader of the Confederate army who opposed secession and was neutral about slavery, known for his aggressive tactics in battles. Led the Confederacy through the Civil war and an important symbol for the Confederacy.13
3704270797ShilohIn Tennessee. Confederate army led by Beauregard and Johnston surprised Grant. Johnston was killed in battle. Union Victory. After the victory, the Union occupied Corinth Mississippi, a major hub of railroads.14
3704270799Ulysses S. GrantUnion general known for his unrelenting tactics, as the North had great supplies of resources and soldiers, became 18th President of the United States during the reconstruction. Successfully commanded (second to Lincoln) the Union army during the Civil war and stabilized the nation under his presidency.15
3704270800U.S. Sanitary CommissionLed By Dorothea Dix, mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. It made the nursing field turn from primarily all men to primarily all women.16
3704270801William Tecumseh ShermanUnion soldier, businessman, educator, author; served under Ulysses S. Grant, and became Commanding general of the Army; "founded" idea of "scorched earth" policies as a declaration of total war against the Confederacy. Instrumental in the taking of Atlanta, demoralized Confederacy in his "scorched earth" practices during his infamous March to the Sea; pioneered many war tactics still used today.17
3704280030Crittenden compromiseJ. Crittenden of Kentucky proposed it. Called for several constitutional amendments. It would satisfy southern demands and guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in slave states. Wanted to reestablish Missouri compromise line. Republicans did not want to accept the compromise. It would have required republicans to flee from their most fundamental position, the non-expansion of slavery.18
3704354287First Confiscation ActPassed by Congress in 1861. Declared that all slaves supporting the confederate military effort would be considered free.19
3704365538Second Confiscation ActPassed by Congress in 1862. Declared that freed slaves and all African Americans have the right to fight in the war.20
3704413234"King cotton diplomacy"Southerners placed a great deal of hope in it. It ended up failing because England and France imported their cotton from Egypt or India.21
3704450189New Technology1) Repeating Pistol (Colt) 2) Repeating Rifle (Winchester)22
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American History Alan Brinkley | Chapter 14 "The Civil War" Key Terms/People/Places/Events Flashcards

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5413362369Abraham Lincoln0
5413362370AntietamCreek near Sharpsburg, where on 9/17 the Union McClellan's 87,000 and Confederacy Lee's 50,000 armies clashed, 6,000 died with 17,000 injured. An extreme loss for both sides, technically a win for the Union; led to Lincoln's preliminary issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation; McClellan's actions caused Lincoln to replace him, beginning a series of several replacements of command.1
5413362371Appomattox Court HouseVirginia town where Lee surrendered to Grant after being blocked by Union forces. Marked the beginning of the end of the Civil war, as other generals surrendered not long after, both an ideological loss and a literal defeat for the South.2
5413362372Bull RunFirst battle of the Civil war neat Manassas, VA, where the Union was driven off after being exhausted and overcome by the Confederacy; the North believed it would be a quick and easy victory, and the war would then be over. Was a severe blow to the Union's morale, showed the North that the South was serious about the war, and showed both sides that the war wouldn't end swiftly.3
5413362373Clara BartonImportant nurse during the Civil war and founder of the American Red Cross. Recognized the development of women's roles and the opening of new opportunities as social and cultural customs were lifted and/or new ones assumed, during the period of shifting American identity.4
5413362374Emancipation ProclamationAbraham Lincoln's written declaration (and executive order)"freeing" all slaves in Confederate territory except those under Union control. Established the war as one against slavery, inspired antislavery sentiments in the North, helping African Americans to free themselves, weakened the South's grip on slaves in this way.5
5413362375Fort SumterUnion fort that Confederate leaders decided to fire upon for two days until Union general Anderson surrendered, and immediately after, the North began preparations for war. Marked the beginning of the Civil war, and soon after the secession of other Southerns states to the Confederacy occurred; "the last push" towards war.6
5413362376George B. McClellan7
5413362377GettysburgBattle in Pennsylvania between Meade and Lee, lasting for 2 days; after Pickett's Charge, Lee had lost 1/3 of his army; eventually he had to retreat from __________. A turning point in the war as the Confederates were weakened and much fewer than before.8
5413362378Greenbacks9
5413362379Homestead ActPermitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years. Encouraged permanent settlement as well as Western Expansion; with other legislation served to open up and develop the West more.10
5413362380Jefferson Davis11
5413362381March to the SeaSixty-mile wide path of destruction from ruins of Atlanta, GA, to Savannah, GA, by Will. Teh. Sherman, in which units disabled railroad communications, and towns and plantations were burned. Damaged Southern morale and communications while the war was coming to an end, leading to the surrender of the Confederacy by Lee.12
5413362382Morrill Land Grant Act13
5413362383Robert E. LeeLeader of the Confederate army who opposed secession and was neutral about slavery, known for his aggressive tactics in battles. Led the Confederacy through the Civil war and an important symbol for the Confederacy.14
5413362384Shiloh15
5413362385Thomas ("Stonewall") Jackson16
5413362386Ulysses S. GrantUnion general known for his unrelenting tactics, as the North had great supplies of resources and soldiers, became 18th President of the United States during the reconstruction. Successfully commanded (second to Lincoln) the Union army during the Civil war and stabilized the nation under his presidency.17
5413362387U.S. Sanitary Commission18
5413362388William Tecumseh ShermanUnion soldier, businessman, educator, author; served under Ulysses S. Grant, and became Commanding general of the Army; "founded" idea of "scorched earth" policies as a declaration of total war against the Confederacy. Instrumental in the taking of Atlanta, demoralized Confederacy in his "scorched earth" practices during his infamous March to the Sea; pioneered many war tactics still used today.19
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