Nutrition and Fitness Flashcards
Final Exam
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| 4229503369 | Urine color charts help people monitor their ________ status. | hydration | 0 | |
| 4229505307 | A major mineral is one that | is needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day. | 1 | |
| 4229506722 | In general, minerals in plant foods have an absorption rate that is _______ than that in animal foods. | lower | 2 | |
| 4229508132 | Diets that are high in ____ are associated with an increased incidence of hypertension. | sodium | 3 | |
| 4229509382 | Most people in the US need to _____ their sodium intake and _____ their potassium intake to meet recommendations for a healthy diet. | decrease, increase Correct | 4 | |
| 4229512164 | Goiter is caused by a deficiency in iodine. | True | 5 | |
| 4229513234 | Water makes up about 40% of an adult's body weight. | False | 6 | |
| 4229514671 | Minerals are classified as micronutrients. | True | 7 | |
| 4229515849 | Losing weight requires burning fewer calories than you consume. | False | 8 | |
| 4229515850 | All of the following MyPlate food groups are good sources of vitamin B12 except for the _____ group. | Fruits | 9 | |
| 4229517165 | Vegetable oils, such as peanut, cotton, and corn oils, are good sources of vitamin E. | True | 10 | |
| 4229519003 | The amount of a particular vitamin in a food depends on all of the following EXCEPT | how much of the food is consumed. Correct | 11 | |
| 4229522260 | Most of the water-soluble vitamins are bound to blood proteins for transport. | True | 12 | |
| 4229523889 | One of the best sources of riboflavin in the diet is milk. | True | 13 | |
| 4229526463 | With a severe deficiency of _______, even a bruise or small scratch could cause you to bleed to death. | Vitamin K | 14 | |
| 4229528028 | Water is moved by___________, which forces water from the capillary blood vessels into the spaces between the cells of the surrounding tissues | blood pressure | 15 | |
| 4229530079 | All of the following are true about thirst EXCEPT that | thirst is a weak urge, which does not reflect our need for water. | 16 | |
| 4229531306 | Heme iron is more bioavailable than non-heme iron. | True | 17 | |
| 4229531307 | Having excess body fat increases a person's risk of developing which of the following diseases? | The risk of all of these is increased with the presence of excess body fat | 18 | |
| 4229533164 | _____ is the body mass attributed to non-fat body components, such as bone, muscle, and internal organs. | Lean body mass | 19 | |
| 4229534841 | With aging, lean body mass decreases and body fat increases, even if body weight remains the same. | True | 20 | |
| 4229535956 | The desire to consume specific foods is called | appetite. | 21 | |
| 4229538815 | If an adult's energy expenditure is greater than their energy intake, you would expect that the individual _____ weight. | lose | 22 | |
| 4229538816 | For a sedentary individual, the majority of their total energy expenditure is from their | basal metabolism | 23 | |
| 4229540081 | For most people, a loss of 5-15% of body weight will significantly reduce disease risk. | True | 24 | |
| 4229541564 | Cardiorespiratory endurance is enhanced by regular aerobic exercise. | True | 25 | |
| 4229541565 | A fit person has more muscle mass than an unfit person of the same height and weight. | True | 26 | |
| 4229543400 | Which of the following is a result of regular exercise? | Reduced blood pressure | 27 | |
| 4229545233 | Maximum heart rate _____ with age. | decreases | 28 | |
| 4229549456 | Aerobic exercise is considered to be at an intensity of _____ % of maximum heart rate. | 60-85% | 29 | |
| 4229551198 | As compared to non-athletes, competitive athletes participating in strength sports may require extra protein. | True | 30 | |
| 4229551199 | Hyponatremia is a concern of marathon runners which can be caused by | drinking too much water during a marathon. | 31 | |
| 4229553250 | Water is the best fluid choice for Cyndie during exercise because she typically rides her bicycle for 75 minutes during an exercise session. | False | 32 | |
| 4229555428 | Water Soluble: Vitamin B12 | Animal Products | 33 | |
| 4229557358 | Water Soluble: Riboflavin | Dairy Products | 34 | |
| 4229559271 | Water Soluble: Thiamin | Pork | 35 | |
| 4229559272 | Water Soluble: Biotin | Liver | 36 | |
| 4229561338 | Water Soluble: Vitamin B6 | Meat | 37 | |
| 4229561339 | Water Soluble: Folate | Leafy Green Vegetables | 38 | |
| 4229563596 | Water Soluble: Vitamin C | Citrus Fruit | 39 | |
| 4229564994 | Water Soluble: Niacin | Beef | 40 | |
| 4229576132 | Fat Soluble: Vitamin K | Leafy Greens | 41 | |
| 4229577405 | Fat Soluble: Vitamin D | Egg yolk | 42 | |
| 4229578992 | Fat Soluble: Vitamin E | Vegetable Oils | 43 | |
| 4229581070 | Fat Soluble: Vitamin A | Carrots | 44 | |
| 4229582611 | Which of the following nutrients is not essential in the diet when sun exposure is adequate? | Vitamin D | 45 | |
| 4229586142 | The disease scurvy is due to a deficiency of __________. | Vitamin C | 46 | |
| 4229587457 | A deficiency of Vitamin K leads to ____________. | decreased blood clotting | 47 | |
| 4229589041 | Which of the following foods is naturally highest in calcium? | yogurt | 48 | |
| 4229590609 | Which of the following is a poor source of beta carotene? | milk | 49 | |
| 4229600746 | When salivary amylase enters the stomach, the acid causes the structure of this enzyme to change so that it is no longer able to function. This change in structure is called | denaturation | 50 | |
| 4229602587 | Foods are denatured by all of the following means EXCEPT by | chilling | 51 | |
| 4229608337 | Most protein digestion occurs in the | stomach | 52 | |
| 4229608338 | _________ , an enzyme, is produced in the stomach and breaks some of the peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. | Pepsin | 53 | |
| 4229610105 | The role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion is to | denature the protein. | 54 | |
| 4229611577 | Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of kwashiorkor? | Swollen belly | 55 | |
| 4229613256 | As validated by evidence-based research, the major health concern with high-protein diets is | a high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. | 56 | |
| 4229614478 | Protein requirements per unit of body weight are _______ for infants and children than for adults. | greater | 57 | |
| 4229615928 | Which of the following is NOT a function of fat in foods? | Grittiness | 58 | |
| 4229622844 | _________ is an important component of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer by orienting the water-soluble portion towards the water environment. | Phospholipid | 59 | |
| 4229622845 | Which of the following is not a tropical oil? | Safflower oil | 60 | |
| 4229624783 | Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids? | The body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the body's need. | 61 | |
| 4229626123 | An enzyme that digests lipids is: | lipase | 62 | |
| 4229627868 | HDLs | return cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells to the liver. | 63 | |
| 4229629235 | Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and returns it to the liver? | HDL | 64 | |
| 4229630427 | High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease. | HDL | 65 | |
| 4229630428 | Which of the following is not a function of lipids in the body? | Absorption of water-soluble vitamins | 66 | |
| 4229635212 | Excess body fat is associated with an increased risk of: | High blood pressure, Cardiovascular disease, diabetes | 67 | |
| 4229638761 | Which of the following types of oil is the best source of healthy, unsaturated fats? | Canola Oil | 68 | |
| 4229640438 | Protein molecules that increase the rate of specific chemical reactions without themselves being changed are | enzymes | 69 | |
| 4229642275 | Proteins have both structural and regulatory functions in the body. | True | 70 | |
| 4229643843 | Kwashiorkor is an overall energy deficiency whereas marasmus is a protein deficiency. | False | 71 | |
| 4229643844 | All of the following are examples of carbohydrates except | proteins | 72 | |
| 4229645594 | In a refined grain, which part remains? | Endosperm | 73 | |
| 4229647047 | Which statement about simple carbohydrate is false? | Maltose is table sugar. | 74 | |
| 4229648391 | Which one of the following statements about insoluble fiber is true? | It adds bulk to the intestinal contents | 75 | |
| 4229648392 | People who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough of the enzyme _____________. | lactase | 76 | |
| 4229650070 | A high fiber diet may help: | reduce the incidence of hemorrhoids, with weight loss, normalize blood glucose levels | 77 | |
| 4229652653 | When soluble fiber is present in the digestive tract, the fiber binds ____ so that they are excreted rather than absorbed. This helps reduce the amount of cholesterol in the body. | fatty acids | 78 | |
| 4229654070 | _____fiber lowers blood cholesterol levels. | Soluble | 79 | |
| 4229657820 | _____ is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. | Type 1 diabetes | 80 | |
| 4229658861 | When there is not sufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolize fatty acids, these molecules form: | ketones | 81 | |
| 4229658862 | _____ cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes. | Fiber | 82 | |
| 4229660306 | Starch and dietary fiber are classified as: | complex carbohydrates | 83 | |
| 4229662016 | Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in plants. | False | 84 | |
| 4229662017 | Children need more fat to allow for growth and development, so their acceptable ranges of fat intake are higher. | True | 85 | |
| 4229663774 | Hydrogenation makes a saturated fatty acid more unsaturated. | False | 86 | |
| 4229666900 | Only foods with visible fat, and not hidden fat, contribute to total caloric intake. | False | 87 | |
| 4229666901 | Which type of fat is man induced type of fat? | trans | 88 | |
| 4229668355 | All of the following foods contain cholesterol except: | avocado | 89 | |
| 4229670101 | Each gram of fat from the diet contains __ calories. | 9 | 90 | |
| 4229672254 | Which of the following is an example of a unrefined food? | oatmeal | 91 | |
| 4229672255 | Which section of the kernal is a rich source of vitamin E? | germ | 92 | |
| 4229673553 | The main function of carbohydrates in the body is to: | provide energy | 93 | |
| 4229675400 | Which of the following is a good source for proteins? | legumes | 94 | |
| 4229677044 | _________ emulsifies dietary fat so it is more accessible to lipases. | Bile | 95 | |
| 4229677045 | Blood is mostly water. | True | 96 | |
| 4229678705 | What are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids | 97 | |
| 4229680319 | Which of the following is NOT a function of protein? | Cell membrane signaling | 98 | |
| 4229681475 | According to dietary recommendations, what is the acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein? | 10%-35% | 99 | |
| 4229689529 | All of the following are nutrient-dense protein sources EXCEPT: | bananas | 100 | |
| 4229689530 | MyPlate | illustrates the appropriate proportions of food. | 101 | |
| 4229691376 | Which of the following is NOT considered to be a source of empty calories? | Oils | 102 | |
| 4229692788 | A _____ claim refers to a relationship between a nutrient, food, or dietary supplement and a reduced risk of a disease. | Health | 103 | |
| 4229692789 | When you eat a taco, the tortilla, meat, cheese, lettuce, and tomato are broken apart, releasing the nutrients and other food components they contain. This process is called | digestion | 104 | |
| 4229694371 | Which of the following substances is not absorbed by the human body? | Fiber | 105 | |
| 4229695799 | _____ lubricates, moistens, and protects the cells within the mucosa. | Mucus | 106 | |
| 4229695800 | Protein molecules that increase the rate of specific chemical reactions without themselves being changed are | enzymes | 107 | |
| 4229697162 | The mass of chewed food that is swallowed is called | the bolus. | 108 | |
| 4229698474 | _____ is a circular muscle that acts as a valve, opening and closing to allow the gastric contents to move throughout the GI tract. | A sphincter | 109 | |
| 4229700091 | The Dietary Reference Intakes are only concerned with the correction of nutrient deficiencies. | False | 110 | |
| 4229700172 | The purpose of a food guide is to translate nutrient intake recommendations into recommended food choices. | True | 111 | |
| 4229701933 | The Dietary Guidelines recommend that at least half of your grains come from whole grain sources. | True | 112 | |
| 4229709886 | MyPlate was designed to put the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines into practice. | True | 113 | |
| 4229709887 | MyPlate emphasizes the importance of proportionality, moderation, and nutrient density, but not variety. | False | 114 | |
| 4229711216 | The first location of chemical and mechanical digestion is the stomach. | False | 115 | |
| 4238641848 | During swallowing, the air passages are blocked by a flap of tissue called the pharynx. | False | 116 | |
| 4238641849 | The majority of absorption occurs in the stomach. | False | 117 | |
| 4238644082 | The nutritional composition of a meal affects how long it stays in the stomach. | True | 118 | |
| 4238646239 | Which of the following is the best definition of essential nutrients? | Nutrients a person must consume in the diet to maintain health | 119 | |
| 4238647983 | Which of the following is associated with overnutrition? | Obesity and Type 2 diabetes | 120 | |
| 4238649728 | Ethan achieves his recommended intake of vegetables by eating a large baked potato every day. Which principle is he not achieving? | variety | 121 | |
| 4238651919 | Which of the following is the best definition of essential nutrients? | Nutrients a person must consume in the diet to maintain health. | 122 | |
| 4238653746 | The term "calorie" is used in nutrition to mean the | amount of energy a food item provides when eaten. | 123 | |
| 4238655757 | All of the following are examples of carbohydrates except | proteins | 124 | |
| 4238657467 | The three main functions of nutrients include all of the following EXCEPT: | speeding up our metabolism | 125 | |
| 4238659105 | Which of the following is the best definition of essential nutrients? | Nutrients a person must consume to build muscle | 126 | |
| 4238660995 | The unit of measure that is used in nutrition science that expresses the amount of energy provided by a food is a(n): | calorie | 127 | |
| 4238664567 | Foods with a high nutrient density contain more nutrients per calorie than do foods with a lower nutrient density. | True | 128 | |
| 4238667089 | Water makes up about 40% of an adult's body weight. | False | 129 | |
| 4238667090 | Choosing a variety of foods is important because no single food can provide all the nutrients the body needs for optimal health. | True | 130 | |
| 4238668768 | Minerals are classified as micronutrients | True | 131 | |
| 4238670580 | Which of these foods has the lowest nutrient density? | Orange soda | 132 | |
| 4238672376 | Which group consists only of nutrients that are classified as energy-yielding nutrients? | Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins | 133 | |
| 4238675004 | Which of these statements about essential nutrients is FALSE? | If you do not get enough of them in your diet, your body will synthesize enough to meet its needs. | 134 | |
| 4238675071 | The MyPlate icon is designed to illustrate ______________. | the proportions of food from each group that make up a healthy diet. | 135 | |
| 4238677608 | Which of these foods is highest in empty calories (least healthy)? | a donut | 136 | |
| 4238679123 | The Dietary Guidelines stress the importance of __________. | All of the above. | 137 | |
| 4238680536 | Which of the following in not a food group in MyPlate? | fats and sweets | 138 | |
| 4238681871 | In which organ does carbohydrate digestion begin? | mouth | 139 | |
| 4238683928 | The __________ prevents food from entering the passageway to the lungs during swallowing. | epiglottis | 140 | |
| 4238685385 | Most digestion and absorption occur in the _______. | small intestine | 141 | |
| 4238685386 | Which of the following does NOT contain calories? | vitamins | 142 | |
| 4238687097 | It takes on average ___________________ for the body to make dietary changes the new normal. | 2 years | 143 | |
| 4238689505 | Rice is an example of a: | carbohydrate | 144 | |
| 4238691000 | Goiter is caused by a deficiency in iodine. | True | 145 | |
| 4238693045 | The condition that affects bone density due to a loss of calcium is _________. | osteoporosis | 146 | |
| 4238694506 | Which of the following most correctly describes trends in milk consumption? | Overall milk consumption has dropped since 1910. | 147 | |
| 4238703519 | Using complete sentences, describe the recommended exercise times to maintain good health. | Getting your heart-rate up for 30 minutes twice a week. For weight lose exercise for 30 minutes every other day. | 148 |
FITNESS AND NUTRITION Flashcards
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| 5107111593 | Aerobic | 0 | ||
| 5107113996 | Anaerobic | 1 | ||
| 5107119721 | Fitness components | 2 | ||
| 5107123845 | muscular strength | 3 | ||
| 5107125791 | muscular endurance | 4 | ||
| 5107128914 | cardiovascular endurance | 5 | ||
| 5107128915 | flexibility | 6 | ||
| 5107131966 | body composition | 7 | ||
| 5107133758 | heart rate | 8 | ||
| 5107136690 | resting heart rate (RHR) | 9 | ||
| 5107140384 | max heart rate (MHR) | 10 | ||
| 5107148651 | Target heart rate (THR) | 11 | ||
| 5107150364 | radial pulse | 12 | ||
| 5107152806 | calories | unit of energy | 13 | |
| 5107155990 | oxygen | 14 |
Fitness & Wellness Flashcards
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| 3613618611 | Physical Fitness | The condition of the body that enables an individual to use his/her body in activities requiring -Muscular Strength -Muscular endurance -Cardiovascular endurance Equates to performance and to readiness | 0 | |
| 3613618612 | Wellness | Consists of a persons health/ disease status and risk potential. Wellness ranges on a continuum from death to optimal week being. A person can be physically fit but not well. | 1 | |
| 3613618613 | Components of fitness can be divided into two categories | Functional and Health Related Fitness Motor Fitness | 2 | |
| 3613618614 | Functional and Health Related Fitness | Most important because these components don't just focus on job functions, they are related to being fit, functional, productive human being for a lifetime. -Cardiovascular fitness or endurance -Flexibility -Muscular endurance -Muscular strength | 3 | |
| 3613618615 | Motor Fitness | -Agility -Anaerobic Power (Speed) -Explosive leg strength or power | 4 | |
| 3613618616 | Factors Influencing Fitness/Wellness | Wellness Pyramid -Self Responsibility -Stress Management -Tobacco Cessation -Weight Control -Proper Nutrition -Regular Exercise | 5 | |
| 3613618617 | Heart Disease | Leading causes of death for Americans | 6 | |
| 3613618618 | Stress Related disorders | Police officers have a higher incidence of stress related disorders than civilian population -Alcoholism -Divorce -Suicide | 7 | |
| 3613618619 | Fitness is the key to performance in law enforcement | Is directly related to the ability to perform job functions -Improved capability for specific task performance -Improved ability to mobilize the body efficiently -Improved tolerance to fatigue -Reduced risk of injuries when doing physical tasks -Better psychological preparation -Reduced stress and health risks | 8 | |
| 3613618620 | Progressive Overload | The demands placed on the body must be greater than those of daily activities. As the body adapts to exercise, the demand must be gradually increased. | 9 | |
| 3613618621 | Regularity and Recovery | An exercise program should be regular and provide time for recovery. Fitness which equates to performance, begins to decline after 96 hours. Getting 7-8 hours a night as well as 48 hours between heavy exercise is a must. | 10 | |
| 3613618622 | Specificity | The body adapts specifically to the type of demand placed on it. | 11 | |
| 3613618623 | Balance | Exercise program should have balance so opposing muscles are worked. | 12 | |
| 3613618624 | Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type (FITT) | Is a set of guidelines to assist in incorporating the exercise guidelines to a personal fitness program. | 13 | |
| 3613618625 | Frequency | Number of workouts per week Principles of exercise incorporated: Regularity and recovery | 14 | |
| 3613618626 | Intensity | How hard you exercise Principles of exercise incorporated: Progressive overload | 15 | |
| 3613618627 | Time | Duration of exercise Principles of exercise incorporated: Progressive overload | 16 | |
| 3613618628 | Type | Type of exercise Principles of exercise incorporated: Specificity and balance | 17 | |
| 3619869379 | Applying FITT to Cardiovascular Training | Improve efficiency of heart, lungs and blood vessels. Helps to control weight, increase energy, increase endurance, increase performance capacity and lower cholesterol. | 18 | |
| 3619869380 | Target Heart Rate | Utilizes heart rate as a personal monitor for exercise intensity. | 19 | |
| 3619869381 | Applying FITT to Strength Training | Increase lean muscle mass and strength, enhance physical performance, decrease injuries, improved self-concept and professional presence. | 20 | |
| 3619869382 | Applying FITT to Flexibility Training | Prevent injuries, improve posture, improves physical performance, reduce soreness, increase flexibility. | 21 | |
| 3619875744 | Applying FITT to Anaerobic (without oxygen) Training | Increase ability to make short, intense bursts of maximum effort using energy stored in muscle in the a absence of oxygen. | 22 | |
| 3626626024 | Identify the components of an exercise program | 1. Warm up 5-10min, incorporate light stretching and joint movements along with cardiovascular warm up which gets the heart rate up. 2. Workout 20-30min, exercising with intensity and or duration to develop and maintain one or several components of fitness. 3. Cool down 5-10min | 23 | |
| 3626626025 | Identify safety measures for fitness training | 1. Seek medical advice when there are any questions or concerns. 2. Consider a fitness trainers advice to assist in developing and progressing a personal fitness program. 3. Consider the affect of heat on performance and reduce exercise intensity. | 24 | |
| 3626626026 | Par Q | Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire | 25 | |
| 3626626027 | Heat indexes above 105 | Heat stress is likely | 26 | |
| 3626626028 | The right kinds of fuel ensure that you have the energy to do essential job tasks. | - being able to produce 100% energy output for a few seconds - fuel your body for an 18hr shift - to be alert in the early morning hours when environmental stimulation may be reduced - to have energy left at the end of the day to enjoy personal activities | 27 | |
| 3626626029 | Fuel Nutrients | - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Fats | 28 | |
| 3626626030 | Non Fuel Nutrients | - Vitamins - Minerals - Water | 29 | |
| 3626626031 | Carbohydrates | Starches, sugars and fiber are important for health and performance - energy source(preferred source of energy) - burning fat efficiently - the, main energy source for the brain - fiber helps to keep the digestive system working | 30 | |
| 3626626032 | Two types of carbohydrates | 1 Simple Carbohydrates 2 Complex Carbohydrates | 31 | |
| 3626626033 | Simple Carbohydrates | - sweets, soft drinks, white flour, ice cream - considered "empty calories" because they are low in nutrients - blood sugar rises fast and drops fast so energy is not long lasting - reducing intake of these is a better nutritional choice | 32 | |
| 3626626034 | Complex Carbohydrates | - potatoes, whole grains, beans, fruits, vegtables - full of vitamins, minerals and fiber - energy is provided slowly and gradually - increasing the intake is a better nutritional choice | 33 | |
| 3626626035 | Carbohydrates need | 55-60% for total daily calories (70% for athletes) | 34 | |
| 3626626036 | Protein | Is made up of amino acids often called the "building blocks" of the body because it is used for building maintaining and replacing tissue | 35 | |
| 3626626037 | Sources of protein | Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, beans, soy beans | 36 | |
| 3626626038 | Protein needs | 12-15% of the daily calories | 37 | |
| 3626626039 | Fat | The most concentrated and essentially endless source of calories which are necessary for nerve functioning, insulation and protection for body organs. | 38 | |
| 3626626040 | Sources of fat | Butter, cream, oils, packaged snacks cheese and baked goods. | 39 | |
| 3626626041 | Saturated Fats | Tend to be solid at room temperature and mostly come from animal sources such as whole milk, cheese, butter, beef, and pork. | 40 | |
| 3626626042 | Unsaturated Fats | Tend to be liquid at room temperature and most often come from vegetable sources. | 41 | |
| 3626626043 | HDL Cholesterol | Good cholesterol and helps to carry cholesterol to the liver. It is protective so the higher the better | 42 | |
| 3626626044 | LDL Cholesterol | Bad cholesterol which tends to clog arteries | 43 | |
| 3626936866 | Vitamins | Are organic substances essential for metabolism, growth and development. They do not provide any energy-no calories but are essential in energy process. | 44 | |
| 3626936867 | Minerals | Are inorganic substances also needed in very small qualities. | 45 | |
| 3628981836 | Water | The most important mineral! It is absolutely necessary for life and is needed for all body processes | 46 | |
| 3628981837 | Guidelines for a healthy diet | - Aim for a healthy and balance calories - Balance calories between the amount you eat and the amount of energy you burn - Be physically active each day | 47 | |
| 3628981838 | Build a healthy base | - Balancing Calories - Make half your plate fruits and vegtables - Make at least half your grains whole grains - Switch to fat-free or low-fat milk | 48 | |
| 3628981839 | Eat healthy ____ of the time but allow "treats" ____ of the time? | 80%and20% | 49 | |
| 3628981840 | Stress definition | -Natural reaction of the mind and body to a demand place on it -Biochemical and hormonal processes occur which affect physical and psychological functioning - You need stress! | 50 | |
| 3628981841 | Eustress | Is a stressor that is perceived as a positive such as a promotion, getting married or achieving an accomplishment | 51 | |
| 3628981842 | Distress | Is a stressor that is perceived as negative such as an injury, illness, divorce or being fired | 52 | |
| 3628981843 | Acute | Is short term stress with a quick resolution. This type of stress our body handles the best. | 53 | |
| 3628981844 | Chronic Stress | Is prolonged unrelieved stress also called "cumulative stress". Prolonged unrelieved wear and tear results from too many demands. | 54 | |
| 3628981845 | Critical Incident Stress(CIS) | Is incident specific. Is heavy duty stress that causes psychological and physical discomfort for 2 days to 1 month. Is considered normal response to an abnormal extreme incident. Gruesome accident, involvement in a use of force incident etc. | 55 | |
| 3628981846 | Stressor | Is a demand, real or imagined, that disrupts a persons equilibrium and initiates the stress response. Can be social, psychological, spiritual, or physical and can be positive (Eustress) or negative (distress) | 56 | |
| 3628981847 | Physiological changes | Are life saving, arousing the individual to prepare to fight or flee | 57 | |
| 3628981848 | Three Parts of the Nervous System | Central Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System | 58 | |
| 3628981849 | Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Creates major distress & long lasting disruptive changes in a persons life. This is not normal stress and may need professional help.Symptoms are prolonged past 1 month. | 59 | |
| 3628981850 | Central Nervous System(CNS) | Brain & Spinal cord, the command center | 60 | |
| 3628981851 | Sympathetic Nervous System(SNS) | Creates biochemical changes to the mind and body to prepare to respond to threat (fight or flight). | 61 | |
| 3628981852 | Parasympathetic Nervous System(PNS) | Responsible for rest, digestion & nutrients | 62 | |
| 3628981853 | Central Nervous System perceives a threat | The Sympathetic Nervous System is activated and Parasympathetic System is reduced | 63 | |
| 3628981854 | Affects of SNS and it's activation of the "stress cocktail" of hormones | - Increases in Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, sweating, oxygen consumption - Huge blood flow changes Blood shunted away from non critical organs, clotting factors - Senses & perception changes Senses related to threat become more acute, depth perception reduced, pupils dilate - Parasympathetic Nervous System Digestion slows or stops as blood is needed elsewhere, immune system is compromised | 64 | |
| 3628981855 | The SNS cannot stay in high alert and the PNS cannot remain off for an extended time | A compromise is made between the systems, creates wear and tear like driving with foot on the brake | 65 | |
| 3628981856 | The smooth transition between the PNS and SNS is impaired | Causes symptoms seen in long term chronic stress such as high blood pressure, irritability or hostility | 66 | |
| 3628981857 | Symptoms of Cognitive/Emotional Stress | -Impaired decision making, memory, and the ability to focus or engage in a task -Alcoholism -Suicide -Mood changes | 67 | |
| 3628981858 | Symptoms of Physical Stress | -digestive disorders - headaches - excessive illnesses - high blood pressure - sleep disorders | 68 | |
| 3628981859 | Symptoms of Social Stress | - emotionally distancing - relationship problems - divorce | 69 | |
| 3628981860 | Stressors of Peace Officers | - external to agency - Internal to agency | 70 | |
| 3628981861 | Stress external to agency | -Frustration with judicial system -lack of consideration by the courts for scheduling officer appearances, -perceived lack of public service -negative or distorted media coverage of policing | 71 | |
| 3628981862 | Stress Internal to agency | -Policies that are offensive to officers -poor training and inadequate career development opportunities -lack of identity and recognition for good performance -poor economic beliefs, working conditions, equipment -excessive paperwork | 72 | |
| 3628981863 | Stressors in work itself | -rigors of shift work -frequent exposure to life's hardships -boredom, interrupted by the need for sudden action -fear and dangers of the job -constant responsibility for protecting other people | 73 | |
| 3628981864 | Stressors confronting the individual officer | -fears regarding job competence, individual success, and safety -necessity to conform, inclusion of the occupational subculture -necessity to take a second job or to further education -officer life is under public scrutiny and a higher expectation of behavior often referred to as "fish bowl living" | 74 | |
| 3628981865 | Law Enforcement Personalities and Characteristics | -make a good safe officer but can often wreak havoc on the home front -cynicism and distrust is the practice of always looking for what is wrong in people, the " us vs. them " -emotional control can result in the inability to emotionally engage at home -sensation seeker/adrenalin junkie to remain hyper vigilant off duty -over protectiveness of family | 75 | |
| 3628981866 | Stressors related to the law enforcement career | -begin career optimistic, enthusiastic, and idealistic -new experiences and relationships forged under challenges -non law enforcement friendships may fade | 76 | |
| 3628981867 | Hyper vigilance and the Biological Rollercoaster | -is the elevated alertness of surroundings required of law enforcement officers for survival. Viewing the world from a threat based perspective having the mindset to see the events unfolding. Is the key to officer safety -when officers are off duty the other side of the hyper vigilant rollercoaster occurs and may experience extreme fatigue, detachment, isolation, reduction in sensory input | 77 | |
| 3628981868 | Three basic approaches to stress management | -Avoid -Alter -Adapt | 78 | |
| 3628981869 | Avoid Stress | -Reducing or eliminating exposure to a stressor -Avoiding or reducing exposure to biophysical stressors in the environment such as noise and cigarettes -Psychic stress caused by feelings of overload and lack of control -Saying no, walk away | 79 | |
| 3628981870 | Alter Stress | -Minimizing the physiological response of the body to a stressor -Remove stress by changing something -Time management -Problem solving -Planning | 80 | |
| 3628981871 | Adapt Stress | -Psychological Nurture the mind and the emotions, take time away from work -Physical Rest and relaxation allows the PNS to engage allowing digestion -Social Engage in community involvement activities and nurture relationships -Spiritual Nurturing this area can give meaning to all the other areas -Changing perspective Attitude adjustment | 81 | |
| 3628981872 | Relaxation Techniques | -Visualization -Guided Imagery -Unguided Imagery -Thought Stopping -Tactical Breathing -Progressive Muscular Relaxation | 82 | |
| 3628981873 | Visualization | Mental imagery to visualize yourself succeeding at a task | 83 | |
| 3628981874 | Guided Imagery | Guided daydreaming elicits relaxation response | 84 | |
| 3628981875 | Unguided Imagery | Daydreaming without direction | 85 | |
| 3628981876 | Thought Shopping | These are techniques to force your mind off of stressors | 86 | |
| 3628981877 | Tactical Breathing | Breathe in for count of 4, hold for 4 and exhale for 4 | 87 | |
| 3628981878 | Progressive Muscular Relaxation | This technique teaches to recognize muscular tension and how to make a muscle relax | 88 | |
| 3628981879 | The Effects of Stress on Performance-The " Inverted U Principle" | -Heart rate increases, the ability to perform physically and process information improves to a point and drops -Fine motor skills deteriorate first at heart rates about 115. -Complex motor skills, such as complex ground fighting techniques begin to deteriorate | 89 | |
| 3628981880 | Heart rates above 175 | An officer may experience auditory changes, loss of peripheral vision and depth perception, increases in reaction time and a declining ability to process information | 90 | |
| 3628981881 | Heart rates above 200 | An officer may exhibit irrational behavior such as repetitive non productive activities. | 91 | |
| 3638362679 | Symptoms associated with high engagement of SNS and resulting elevated heart rates include | -Visual Changes- such as tunnel vision, loss of depth perception, and color changes -Time often appears to slow down- during the incident as well as during recollection of the incident. For example they may see a fist coming at them inch by inch or a bullet entering the body. -Some sounds may be muffled- while others sound louder th Tan they should due to hearing perception changes. -Memory lapses- the number of shots that where fired or how many people where involved. -After an incident an officer may experience nausea, extreme weakness, and inappropriate or cycling emotions. | 92 | |
| 3638362680 | Strategies to positively channel changes to enhance tactical performance or minimize deterioration of psychomotor skills and sensory changes. | -Mental Rehearsel -Practice -tactical breathing -Positive talk and self affirmation | 93 | |
| 3638362681 | Mental Rehearsal | -Visualize successful performance of skills in a variety of situations | 94 | |
| 3638362682 | Tactical Breathing | -Breathe in for a count of 4, hold for count of 4 and exhale for count of 4 | 95 | |
| 3638362683 | Positive talk and self affirmation | -Tell your self "slow down, I can handle this, I trained for this | 96 | |
| 3638362684 | Critical Incident Stress (CIS) | -A traumatic event that causes a strong emotional reaction which has the potential to interfere with an individual's ability to function at the scene or later. -The incident temporarily disrupts your everyday life, forces you to face death, your vulnerability, pain severe loss or horror. -An occupational hazard most will experience CIS in their personal life at some time. | 97 | |
| 3638362685 | 5 Phases of transition | -Denial Phase -Anger Phase -Bargaining Phase -Depression Phase -Acceptance Phase | 98 | |
| 3638362686 | Denial Phase | -tendency to reject the traumatic incident -refusal to believe the event occurred -in officer related shootings this phase may brief or non existent because of the necessity to immediately deal with the aftermath of the event. | 99 | |
| 3638362687 | Anger Phase | -feeling anger or resentment that the traumatic event "had to happen to me" | 100 | |
| 3638362688 | Bargaining Phase | -a wish that the event had never taken place -an officer "wishes he took the bullet back" | 101 | |
| 3638362689 | Depression Phase | -this phase is often the longest -severity depends on: The individual's basic personality The nature of the event The reaction of the department The reaction of the community The officers support system | 102 | |
| 3638362690 | Acceptance Phase | -The officer "gets over" the total preoccupation with the event -accepts the fact that the event occurred and resumes a normal life -this phase can be reached sooner through professional counseling | 103 | |
| 3638362691 | Explore ways to prepare and assist yourself or someone else with a critical incident with minimum of pain and scarring. | -assist with basic needs first- ensure and assure safety, help notify family and assist with connection, take over with office and family -physical presence, sit quietly with them, listen listen listen -don't offer answers, offer presence, comfort -continued reassurance that what they are experiencing is normal in this abnormal situation -assist in keeping routine as much as possible -ensure someone close stays -assist with resources -designate someone to handle medie -follow department guidelines regarding these incidents | 104 | |
| 3638362692 | Discuss Post Traumatic Stress Disorder | -symptoms similar to CIS but more severe and persist after 1 month after incident and continue to affect persons life -in PTSD the response pattern triggered by a similar stressor is similar in intensity. May be triggered by similar sound, sight smell on sensation -avoidance of reminders of events and responses to normal events are numb -increased arousal with sleep difficulties, exaggerated startle responses, unusual irritability or anger burst -professional psychological help needed to recover from PTSD | 105 | |
| 3638362693 | Nearly_____ people make a suicide attempt every year. | 1,000,000 | 106 | |
| 3638362694 | ____ of people who die by suicide have a diagnosable and treatable psychiatric disorder at the time of their death | 90% | 107 | |
| 3638362695 | Most people with mental illness do not die by suicide | True | 108 | |
| 3638362696 | Recent data puts yearly medical costs for suicide at nearly ____. | $100 million | 109 | |
| 3638362697 | Men are nearly ___ times more likely to die by suicide than women. Women attempt suicide ____ times as often as men. | 4 & 3 | 110 | |
| 3638362698 | Suicide rates are highest for people between the ages of ____ and ____. | 40 & 59 | 111 | |
| 3638362699 | White individuals are most likely to die by suicide, followed by Native American peoples. | True | 112 | |
| 3638362700 | Men more often use ____; women more often use ____ or poisons. | Firearms, drugs | 113 | |
| 3638362701 | 2000-2010 has shown a gradual ____ of law enforcement felony deaths despite increasing gang activity, availability of automatic weapons, drug trafficking. | Reduction | 114 | |
| 3638362702 | We are losing the battle of emotional survival. | True | 115 | |
| 3638362703 | An average of ____ law enforcement officers died feloniously in the U.S each year during the 2000's | 60 | 116 | |
| 3638362704 | There were ____ police suicides in the U.S during 2008 and ____ in 2009. California, New Jersey and New York led the nation in police suicides. | 141 & 143 | 117 | |
| 3638362705 | Risk factors SAD PERSONS | -Sex (males) -Age (15-34 and 65+) -Depression -Previous exposure to suicide -Ethanol/alcohol/drug abuse -Rational thinking loss -Social support system lacking -Organized plan -No spouse or significant other -Sickness | 118 | |
| 3638362706 | AID LIFE | -Ask- don't be afraid to ask -Intervene immediately. Take action -Don't keep it a secret -Locate help- seek a mental health professional, peer support, chaplain -Inform supervisor of the situation -Inform supervisor of the situation -Expedite. Get help immediately | 119 | |
| 3638650301 | A survey of 2,200 officers in 29 police departments throughout the U.S revealed that____ of the officers had serious alcohol problems and ____ had serious drug problems. | 23% & 10% | 120 | |
| 3638650302 | A study of officers in a major mid western state revealed that ____ came to work with a hangover | 53% | 121 | |
| 3638650303 | Once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic. | Myth | 122 | |
| 3638650304 | Alcoholism is a disease for which recovery is guaranteed if the alcoholic begins and sticks with a recovery program. If not a premature death is likely. | Reality | 123 | |
| 3638650305 | Alcohol helps to sleep | Myth | 124 | |
| 3638755130 | Alcohol may help with onset of sleep but interferes with necessary REM sleep causing sleep impairment. | Reality | 125 | |
| 3638755131 | Alcoholism is caused by a lack of willpower, immorality, weak character, or police stress. | Myth | 126 | |
| 3638755132 | No one knows really knows what drives a person to drink. Studies have implicated physical genetic, psychological, environmental, and social factors. | Reality | 127 | |
| 3638755133 | All alcoholics are skid-row drunks. | Myth | 128 | |
| 3638755134 | Many alcoholics hold high-level jobs and function we'll at work for years before their performance is noticeable affected by drinking. | Reality | 129 | |
| 3638755135 | If an alcoholic can stop drinking, he or she doesn't have a problem. | Myth | 130 | |
| 3638755136 | Abstinence is not a sign that someone is free of alcoholism. AA calls these abstainers dry drunks. | Reality | 131 | |
| 3638755137 | Alcoholic drink everyday | Myth | 132 | |
| 3638755138 | Alcohol abuse patterns vary. Some get drunk daily and others on weekends. Some stay sober for months and then go on a long binge. | Reality | 133 | |
| 3638755139 | The solution to alcohol/drug abuse in law enforcement begins with the individual officer. The responsibility of the individual officer is two-fold | -to evaluate his/her own use of alcohol and drugs -to assist co-workers who are experiencing alcohol/drug problems | 134 | |
| 3638755140 | Co-Workers can help in 4 ways. | -be aware and recognize the problem -urge the person after they seek help -encourage the person after they seek help -consider resources: peer support, critical incident response team, etc. | 135 | |
| 3638755141 | Consequences of steroid abuse | -steroid use in law enforcement is used to get a performance edge on the "bad guy" -steroid use can cause physical and psychological changes Increased cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose Increased irritability and hostility "roid rage" Increased risks of liver cancer, hepatitis, hypertension and diabetes -symptoms of steroid use Mood swings and increased aggressiveness Acne Voice lowering (in females) Increases in facial and body hair Above normal gains in muscle mass | 136 |
APUSH Unit 3 American Paegant Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5258913832 | Washington worried about responsibilties | -he's under a microscope -actions will be scrutinized -moderate, nationalist -what is in the best interest of the country? | 0 | |
| 5258923596 | Washington as president | -unanimous victory -John Adams is VP -calm, powerful -nationalist, federalist | 1 | |
| 5258929812 | Protocol that Washington set | -2 terms -Mr. President -created cabinet -limited use of veto power -Neutrality policy (not isolationism) | 2 | |
| 5258937266 | Federal Courts (Washington) | -Judiciary Act of 1789 -judicial clause of Constitution -organized Supreme Court -John Jay (Chief Justice), 5 associate justices -federal and lower courts established | 3 | |
| 5258947589 | Washington/Hamilton's Economic Plans | -solve debt issues (strengthen national credit) -create a Bank of United States -funding at par (pay off debt at face value plus interest) -assumption -tariff (tax imports) -Excise Tax --> Whiskey Rebellion 1794 | 4 | |
| 5258970687 | Hamilton's Plan | -tariff of 1789 was to protect domestic manufacturing -tariff of 1789 had duties on imported goods (bulk of federal revenue) -compromise debt for location of capital -BUS was a private institution, gov't was a major stockholder and would deposit surplus $ -BUS had two functions: provide credit and issue currency -BUS was chartered for 20 years | 5 | |
| 5258991788 | Washington's Foreign Policy | -Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 -Britain is the primary trading partner -Citizen Genêt (Fr. foreign minister) aggravated people because of extreme support for France -Impressment by Br. and Fr. -Jay treaty got Br. troops out of North America (unsuccessful) -Pickney treaty got Spain out of New Orleans area | 6 | |
| 5259015764 | Washington Leaves Office | Farewell Address -stay neutral -no political parties -no sectionalism -no alliances | 7 | |
| 5259033970 | Election of 1796 (Adams) | -Adams v. Jefferson -Hamilton hated Adams -no campaigning -Adams was marginally victorious | 8 | |
| 5259039196 | Unofficial Fighting (Adams) | -impressment of American sailors -resentment towards French -XYZ affair (more resentment towards Fr.) -Americans wanted to speak w/ French gov't officials, but the Fr. wanted bribe money -hurt Dem Rep bc they wanted a strong relationship with Fr. -Quasi-war -fake war -Adams beefed up military and navy, Marine Corps created -2 years of undeclared war (1798-1800) -Convention of 1800 -smooths things over for Louisiana Purchase | 9 | |
| 5259071970 | Alien and Sedition Acts (Adams) | -Federalists trying to silence their opposition -actually a way to silence Dem Rep -Naturalization Act -immigration residency increased from 5 to 14 years -new immigrants voted for Dem Rep -Alien Act -deport individuals who were considered a "threat" -Alien Enemies Act -deportation or imprisonment of any individuals in a time of war -Sedition Act: no speaking, writing, defaming U.S. gov't -Adams felt torn to do the right thing for the country | 10 | |
| 5259101607 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Response to ASA) | -Jefferson and Madison question gov't (anon.) -Madison: compact theory of gov't (states' rights) -nullification: states have the right to declare national law null and void (compact theory) -freedom v security | 11 | |
| 5259117624 | Federalist Legacy (Adams) | -strengthened fed. gov't -established a sound fiscal system -created policies to stimulate capital and diversify economy | 12 | |
| 5259122616 | Adam's Legacy | -avoided war w/ France -paved way for Louisiana Purchase -patriotism over party -unappreciated by many Americans | 13 | |
| 5259136756 | Jefferson's Presidency (beginning) | -got rid of Whiskey Tax and ASA -absorbed major Fed. programs "we are all republicans, we are all federalist" | 14 | |
| 5259141345 | Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson) | -Haitian Rev --> Fr. needed $$ -Monroe asks for New Orleans for $10 mil -Napoleon throws in Louisiana Territory for $15 mil in total -was it constitutional? (Jefferson is a strict interpreter of the constitution) but it was in the best interest of the growing population -increases slope of enslavement (extension of slavery) -agrarian future | 15 | |
| 5259161865 | Lewis and Clark | -very geographic/mapped focused -romanticism of West--> caught imagination of American public (fresh start, elevate status) | 16 | |
| 5259171141 | Foreign policy issues | -we bribed pirates to ship goods -we did not want to do this with the Tripoli pirates -trading in Med. sea is crucial -Adams=upset with French, Jefferson=upset with Britain | 17 | |
| 5259181842 | Jefferson's Second Term | -1804 elections shows weakening of Federalist party | 18 | |
| 5259184679 | Aaron Burr | -switches to Federalists from Dem Rep -wacko -wants to be gov. of NY, then take over New England and then suceded from US -kills Hamilton in a duel -wanted to take over LA and then Mexico then the world | 19 | |
| 5259206330 | Tensions in Europe Rise (Jefferson) | -Napoleonic War (France vs Britain) -we aren't taken seriously by anyone -U.S. capitalizes on trade with everyone | 20 | |
| 5259213738 | Leopard-Chesapeake Incident 1807 | -British board American ship on our coast | 21 | |
| 5259219774 | Non-Importation Act | -boycott of British goods (failed) | 22 | |
| 5259221603 | Embargo Act of 1807 | -economic coercion—people hated it -breathed life into Federalist party -spurred industrialization...ish | 23 | |
| 5259233195 | James Madison (beginning of term) | -still have embargo act | 24 | |
| 5259236416 | Non-Intercourse Act 1809 | -trade with anyone but Britain or France | 25 | |
| 5259239328 | Macon's Bill No. 2 1810 | -whoever agrees to our trade conditions will get exclusive rights to U.S. trade -Napoleon agrees--> stabs us in the back | 26 | |
| 5259250159 | Causes of War of 1812 | -U.S. war hawks wanted war, Br. didn't -two major concerns -neutral rights at sea (rn Br. controlled most of it) -frontier violence: Br. encouraged Natives to hurt Americans -Britain's #1 issue: get rid of Napoleon -divisive issue (79/49 and 19/13) -opponents of war called it Mr. Madison's War (derogatory) | 27 | |
| 5259272032 | Battle of Tippecanoe | -Harrison is assigned to disassemble Tecumseh's alliance -draw, but Americans called it a victory bc we love winning | 28 | |
| 5259277807 | Fighting of War of 1812 | -we invaded Canada -3 pronged (not smart) -Br. aided by Native Americans -lots of naval battles in the Great Lakes -Br attack NY and Washington D.C. -Fort McHenry held out (Star Spangled Banner) | 29 | |
| 5259291259 | Consequences of War of 1812/The End | -everything returns to prewar conditions -nationalism= let's be less European -frontier violence and neutrality are never tackled -Don't lead a divided people into war -leads to Era of Good Feelings -Federalists in New England want to sucede -final death of Federalists= Hartford Convention -economy devastated -spurred Northern manufacturing -slavery was going "out of business", changed with cotton gin -Britain still controls sea | 30 | |
| 5259319577 | Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824) | -only one political party (illusion of harmony between Americans) -reality: sectionalism and slavery were going to appear, conflict on western border | 31 | |
| 5259331161 | Nationalism vs. Sectionalism | Nationalism: extreme patriotism for country --> strengthen nat'l rights Sectionalism: division of regions, local communities --> strengthen states' rights | 32 | |
| 5259344271 | James Monroe (1816-1824) | -last of Virginia Dynasty | 33 | |
| 5259349504 | The American System (Henry Clay) | 1. protective tariff- tax on imported goods so Amer. good are cheaper 2. nat'l bank- 2nd BUS (20 more years chartered) 3. Internal improvements cost money, but necessary -canals, roads | 34 | |
| 5259362272 | Panic of 1819 | -panics happen every 20 years -economic crises -government doesn't step in Causes 1. demand for Amer. goods decrease 2. overspeculation of land -Wildcat banks giving out bad loans -not a lot of regulation 3. bank tightens credit -2nd BUS calls in bad loans and forces foreclosure -West hit hardest -small farmers ruined | 35 | |
| 5259381676 | Sectionalism | -Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state -immigration occurs | 36 | |
| 5259386616 | Missouri Compromise 1820 | -Proposed Tallmadge amendment demands gradual end to slavery (doesn't happen) Northern Response--> anti-slavery rallies Southern Response--> open threats of secession | 37 | |
| 5259404534 | Henry Clay's Compromise | -Missouri=slave state -Maine=free state -Louisiana Territory--> slavery prohibited above 36' 30' line -south got the better deal -compromise lasted 34 years -avoided issue of slavery | 38 | |
| 5259420025 | Foreign disputes and diplomacy under Monroe | -Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 -disarmament pact of Great Lakes -Treaty of 1818 -settled U.S./Canada border at 49th parallel -Oregon: occupied jointly (Amer. and Br.) -Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 -Spain ceded Florida and gave up claims to Louisiana Territory and Pacific NW -US gives up claims to Texas | 39 | |
| 5259441683 | Monroe Doctrine | -US is the first country to recognize the independence of Spain's former colonies -Message to Congress from Monroe 1.end of Euro colonization in New World 2. Non-Intervention 3. No intervention with European or New World colonial affairs | 40 | |
| 5259457050 | Effects of Monroe Doctrine | -Europeans offended by Monroe's declaration -deepened the illusion of isolationism | 41 |
wild animals toddlers Flashcards
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| 4132121749 | hippo |  | 0 | |
| 4132121750 | giraffe |  | 1 | |
| 4132121751 | monkey |  | 2 | |
| 4132122510 | elephant |  | 3 | |
| 4132122511 | lion |  | 4 | |
| 4132125376 | crocodrile |  | 5 | |
| 4132125377 | zebra |  | 6 |
American Pageant Chapter 10 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3636132404 | Alien Laws (1798) | acts passes by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granting the president power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. | 0 | |
| 3636132405 | assumption | transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal gov't assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national gov't | 1 | |
| 3636132406 | Bank of the United States (1791) | chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional. | 2 | |
| 3636132407 | Bill of Rights (1791) | popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. | 3 | |
| 3636132408 | Convention of 1800 | agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. | 4 | |
| 3636132409 | excise tax | tax on goods produced domestically. These taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program. | 5 | |
| 3636132410 | Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) | decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States. | 6 | |
| 3636132411 | Farewell Address (1796) | George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. | 7 | |
| 3636132412 | funding at par | payment of debts, such as gov't bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal gov't pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit. | 8 | |
| 3636132413 | Treaty of Greenville (1795) | Under the terms of the treaty, Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights and formal recognition for their sovereign status. | 9 | |
| 3636132414 | Jay's Treaty (1794) | Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which, Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. | 10 | |
| 3636132415 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. | 11 | |
| 3636132416 | Neutrality Proclamation (1793) | issued by George Washington, it proclaiming America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. | 12 | |
| 3636132417 | Pinckney's Treaty (1795) | signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. | 13 | |
| 3636132418 | Reign of Terror (1793-1794) | 10-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the it commenced. | 14 | |
| 3636132419 | Sedition Act (1798) | enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming gov't officials or interfering with gov't policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. | 15 | |
| 3636132420 | tariff | tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support it as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose it. | 16 | |
| 3636132421 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) | statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal gov't overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. | 17 | |
| 3636132422 | Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | popular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central gov't, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. | 18 | |
| 3636132423 | XYZ Affair (1797) | diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged a n undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. | 19 | |
| 3636132424 | George Washington | Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. | 20 | |
| 3636132425 | Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr | 21 | |
| 3636132426 | Louis XVI | the king of france who's inexpirience caused the spark that ignited the revolution. he was eventualy beheaded by the revolutionaries. | 22 | |
| 3636132427 | Edmond Genet | Sent by France to the US to enlist American aid in the French revolution with or without the Washington administration's consent. He openly commissioned American privateers to harass British shipping and enlisted Americans in intrigues against the Spanish outpost of New Orleans. He also opened France's Caribbean colonies to American shipping, providing American shippers a choice between French free trade and British mercantilism. | 23 | |
| 3636132428 | Little Turtle | Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace | 24 | |
| 3636132429 | "Mad Anthony" Wayne | The leader of the army that crushed the Indians of the Northwest Territory in 1794. | 25 | |
| 3636132430 | John Jay | United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829) | 26 | |
| 3636132431 | John Adams | America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." | 27 | |
| 3636132432 | Charles Maurice de Tallyrand | French statesman and diplomat; he was one of the negotiators at the Congress of Vienna. He represented France of behalf of King Louis XVIII | 28 |
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain - Chapter 11 Key Terms Flashcards
Chapter 11 Key Terms and Definitions
Terms : Hide Images
| 856497874 | audition | The sense of hearing | 0 | |
| 856497875 | vestibular system | The neural system that monitors and regulates the sense of balance and equilibrium | 1 | |
| 856497876 | frequency | The number of sound waves or other discrete events per second, expressed in hertz (Hz) | 2 | |
| 856497877 | hertz (Hz) | The unit of sound frequency equivalent to cycles per second | 3 | |
| 856497878 | intensity | The amplitude of a sound wave. Sound intensity is the amplitude of the pressure differences in a sound wave that perceptually determines loudness | 4 | |
| 856497879 | pinna | The funnel-shaped outer ear, consisting of cartilage covered by skin | 5 | |
| 856497880 | auditory canal | A channel leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane; the entrance to the inner ear | 6 | |
| 856497881 | tympanic membrane | A membrane at the internal end of the auditory canal that moves in response to variations in air pressure; also called eardrum | 7 | |
| 856497882 | ossicle | One of the three small bones in the middle ear | 8 | |
| 856497883 | oval window | A hole in the bony cochlea of the inner ear, where movement of the ossicles is transferred to movement of the fluids in the cochlea | 9 | |
| 856497884 | cochlea | A spiral bony structure in the inner ear that contains the hair cells that transduce sound | 10 | |
| 856497885 | outer ear | The pinna plus the auditory canal | 11 | |
| 856497886 | middle ear | The tympanic membrane plus the ossicles | 12 | |
| 856497887 | inner ear | The cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, plus the labyrinth, which is part of the vestibular system | 13 | |
| 856497888 | medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) | A relay nucleus in the thalamus through which all auditory information passes on its ways from the inferior colliculus to the auditory cortex | 14 | |
| 856497889 | primary auditory cortex (A1) | Brodmann's area 41, on the superior surface of the temporal lobe; also called A1 | 15 | |
| 856497890 | malleus | An ossicle in the middle ear attached to the tympanic membrane; shaped somewhat like a hammer | 16 | |
| 856497891 | incus | An ossicle in the middle ear whose shape somewhat resembles an anvil | 17 | |
| 856497892 | stapes | An ossicle in the middle ear attached to the oval window that somewhat resembles a stirrup | 18 | |
| 856497893 | Eustachian tube | An air-filled tube connecting the middle ear to the nasal cavities | 19 | |
| 856497894 | attenuation reflex | The contraction of muscles in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction in auditory sensitivity | 20 | |
| 856497895 | round window | A membrane-covered hole in the bony cochlea of the inner ear that is continuous with the scala tympani in the cochlea | 21 | |
| 856497896 | scala vestibuli | A chamber in the cochlea that runs from the oval window to the helicotrema | 22 | |
| 856497897 | scala media | A chamber in the cochlea that lies between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani | 23 | |
| 856497898 | scala tympani | A chamber in the cochlea that runs from the helicotrema to the round window | 24 | |
| 856497899 | Reissner's membrane | The cochlear membrane in the inner ear that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media | 25 | |
| 856497900 | basilar membrane | A membrane separating the scala tympani and scala media in the cochlea in the inner ear | 26 | |
| 856497901 | organ of Corti | An auditory receptor organ that contains hair cells, rods of Corti and supporting cells | 27 | |
| 856497902 | tectorial membrane | A sheet of tissue that hangs over the organ of Corti in the cochlea in the inner ear | 28 | |
| 856497903 | helicotrema | A hole at the apex of the cochlea in the inner ear that connect the scala tympani to the scala vesitbuli | 29 | |
| 856497904 | perilymph | The fluid that fills the scala vestibuli and scala tympani in the cochlea in the inner ear, containing low K+ concentrations and high Na+ concentrations | 30 | |
| 856497905 | endolymph | The fluid that fills the scala media in the cochlea of the inner ear, containing high K+ concentrations and low Na+ concentrations | 31 | |
| 856497906 | hair cell | An auditory cell that transduces sound into a change in membrane potential, or a vestibular cell that transduces head movements into a change in membrane potentials | 32 | |
| 856497907 | stereocilium | A hairlike cilium attached to the top of a hair cell in the inner ear | 33 | |
| 856497908 | reticular lamina | A thin sheet of tissue in the inner ear that holds the tops of hair cells in the organ of Corti | 34 | |
| 856497909 | inner hair cell | An auditory cell located between the modiolus and the rods of Corti; the primary transducer of sound into an electrochemical signal | 35 | |
| 856497910 | outer hair cell | An auditory receptor cell located farther from the modiolus than the rods of Corti in the inner ear | 36 | |
| 856497911 | spiral ganglion | A collection of neurons in the modiolus of the cochlea that receives input from hair cells and sends output to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla via the auditory nerve | 37 | |
| 856497912 | auditory-vestibular nerve | Cranial nerve VIII, consisting of axons projecting from the spiral ganglion to the cochlear nuclei | 38 | |
| 856497913 | cochlear amplifier | Outer hair cells, including the motor proteins in the outer hair cell membrane, that amplify displacements of the basilar membrane in the cochlea | 39 | |
| 856497914 | dorsal cochlear nucleus | A nucleus in the medulla that receives afferents from the spiral ganglion in the cochlea of the inner ear (dorsal) | 40 | |
| 856497915 | ventral cochlear nucleus | A nucleus in the medulla that receives afferents from the spiral ganglion in the cochlea of the inner ear (ventral) | 41 | |
| 856497916 | superior olive | A nucleus in the caudate pons that receives afferents from the cochlear nuclei and sends efferents to the inferior colliculus; also called superior olivary nucleus | 42 | |
| 856497917 | inferior colliculus | A nucleus in the midbrain from which all ascending auditory signals project to the medial geniculate nucleus | 43 | |
| 856497918 | characteristic frequency | The sound frequency to which a neuron in the auditory system gives its greatest response | 44 | |
| 856497919 | tonotopy | The systematic organization within an auditory structure on the basis of characteristic frequency | 45 | |
| 856497920 | phase locking | The consist firing of an auditory neuron at the same phase of a sound wave | 46 | |
| 856497921 | volley principle | The idea that high sound frequencies are represented in the pooled activity of a number of neurons, each of which fires in a phase-locked manner | 47 | |
| 856497922 | duplex theory of sound localization | The principle that two schemes function in sound localization" interaural time delay at low frequencies and interaural intensity differences at high frequencies | 48 | |
| 856497923 | vestibular labyrinth | A part of the inner ear specialized for the detection of head motion; consists of the otolith organs and semicircular canals | 49 | |
| 856497924 | otolith organ | The utricle or the saccule, organs of the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear that transduce head tilt and acceleration | 50 | |
| 856497925 | semicircular canals | A component of the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear that transduces head rotation | 51 | |
| 856497926 | macula | In the ear, a sensory epithelium in the otolith organs whose hair cells transduce head tilt and acceleration | 52 | |
| 856497927 | ampulla | The bulge along a semicircular canal, which contains the hair cells that transduce rotation | 53 | |
| 856497928 | vestibular nucleus | A nucleus in the medulla that receives input from the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear | 54 | |
| 856497929 | vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) | A reflexive movement of the eyes stimulated by rotational movement of the head; stabilizes the visual image on the retinas | 55 |
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain - Chapter 10 Key Terms Flashcards
Chapter 10 Key Terms and Definitions
Terms : Hide Images
| 855111859 | retinofugal projection | A neural pathway that carries information from the retina to the superior colliculus | 0 | |
| 855111860 | optic nerve | The bundle of ganglion cell axons that passes from the eye to the optic chiasm | 1 | |
| 855111861 | optic chiasm | The structure in which the right and left optic nerves converge and partially decussate (cross) to form the optic tracts | 2 | |
| 855111862 | decussation | The crossing of a fiber bundle from one side of the brain to the other | 3 | |
| 855111863 | optic tract | A collection of retinal ganglion cell axons stretching from the optic chiasm to the brain stem. Important targets of the optic tract are the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus | 4 | |
| 855111864 | visual hemifield | The half of the visual field to one side of the fixation point | 5 | |
| 855111865 | binocular visual field | The portion of the visual field viewed by both eyes | 6 | |
| 855111866 | lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) | A thalamic nucleus that relays information from the retina to the primary visual cortex | 7 | |
| 855111867 | optic radiation | A collection of axons coursing from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex | 8 | |
| 855111868 | superior colliculus | A structure in the tectum of the midbrain that receives direct retinal input and controls saccadic eye movements | 9 | |
| 855111869 | optic tectum | A term used to describe the superior colliculus, particularly in nonmammalian vertebrates | 10 | |
| 855111870 | retinotectal projection | A neural pathway that carries information from the retina to the superior colliculus | 11 | |
| 855111871 | magnocellular LGN layer | A layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus receiving synaptic input from M-type retina ganglion cells | 12 | |
| 855111872 | parvocellular LGN layer | A layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus receiving synaptic input from P-type retinal ganglion cells | 13 | |
| 855111873 | koniocellular LGN layer | A layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus containing very small cells, lying just ventral to each magnocellular and parvocellular layer | 14 | |
| 855111874 | primary visual cortex | Brodmann's area 17, located at the pole of the occipital lobe; also called striate cortex and V1 | 15 | |
| 855111875 | area 17 | Primary visual cortex | 16 | |
| 855111876 | V1 | Primary visual cortex or striate cortex | 17 | |
| 855111877 | striate cortex | Primary visual cortex, Brodmann's area 17; also called V1 | 18 | |
| 855111878 | retinotopy | The topographic organization of visual pathways in which neighboring cells on the retina send information to neighboring cells in a target structure | 19 | |
| 855111879 | ocular dominance column | A region of striate cortex receiving information predominantly from one eye | 20 | |
| 855111880 | cytochrome oxidase | A mitochondrial enzyme concentrated in cells that form the blobs in primary visual cortex | 21 | |
| 855111881 | blob | A collection of cells, mainly in primary visual cortical layers II and III, characterized by a high level of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase | 22 | |
| 855111882 | binocular receptive field | The receptive field of a neuron that responds to stimulation of either eye | 23 | |
| 855111883 | orientation selectivity | The property of a cell in the visual system that responds to a limited range of stimulus orientations | 24 | |
| 855111884 | orientation column | A column of visual cortical neurons stretching from layer II to layer VI that responds best to the same stimulus orientation | 25 | |
| 855111885 | direction selectivity | The property of cells in the visual system that respond only when stimuli move within a limited range of directions | 26 | |
| 855111886 | simple cell | A neuron found in primary visual cortex that has an elongated orientation-selective receptive field with distinct ON and OFF subregions | 27 | |
| 855111887 | complex cell | A type of visual cortical neuron that has an orientation-selective receptive field without distinct ON and OFF subregions | 28 | |
| 855111888 | magnocellular pathway | A visual information-processing pathway that begins with M-type retinal ganglion cells and leads to layer IVB of striate cortex; believed to process information about object motion and motor actions | 29 | |
| 855111889 | parvo-interblob pathway | A visual information-processing pathway that beings with P-type retinal ganglion cells and leads to the interblob regions of striate cortical layer III; believed to process information about fine object shape | 30 | |
| 855111890 | blob pathway | A visual information-processing pathway that passes through the parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN and converges on the blobs of striate cortical layer III; believed to process information about object color | 31 | |
| 855111891 | cortical module | The unit of cerebral cortex that is necessary and sufficient to analyze one discrete point in a sensory surface | 32 | |
| 855111892 | area MT | An area of neocortex, at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes, that receives input from primary visual cortex and appears to be specialized for the processing of object motion; also called V5 | 33 | |
| 855111893 | area V4 | An area of neocortex, anterior to striate cortex, that is in the ventral visual processing stream and appears to be important for both shape perception and color perception | 34 | |
| 855111894 | area IT | An area of neocortex, on the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, that is part of the ventral visual processing stream; contains neurons with responses to complex objects, including faces, and appears to be involved in visual memory | 35 |
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain - Chapter 9 Key Terms Flashcards
Chapter 9 Key Terms and Definitions
Terms : Hide Images
| 5030733827 | vision | The sense of sight | 0 | |
| 5030733828 | retina | A thin layer of cells at the back of the eye that transduces light energy into neural activity | 1 | |
| 5030733829 | refraction | The bending of light rays that can occur when they travel from one transparent medium to another | 2 | |
| 5030733830 | pupil | The opening that allows light to enter the eye and strike the retina | 3 | |
| 5030733831 | iris | The circular, pigmented muscle that controls the size of the pupil in the eye | 4 | |
| 5030733832 | cornea | The transparent external surface of the eye | 5 | |
| 5030733833 | sclera | The tough outer wall of the eyeball; the white of the eye | 6 | |
| 5030733834 | extraocular muscle | A muscle that moves the eye in the orbit | 7 | |
| 5030733835 | conjunctiva | The membrane that folds back from the eyelids and attaches to the sclera of the eye | 8 | |
| 5030733836 | optic nerve | The bundle of ganglion cell axons that passes from the eye to the optic chiasm | 9 | |
| 5030733837 | optic disk | The location on the retina where optic nerve axons leaves the eye | 10 | |
| 5030733838 | macula | In the eye, a yellowish spot in the middle of the retina with relatively few large blood vessels; contains the fovea | 11 | |
| 5030733839 | fovea | The pit or depression in the retina at the center of the macula; in humans, the fovea contains only cone photoreceptors and is specialized for high-acuity vision | 12 | |
| 5030733840 | aqueous humor | The fluid between the cornea and the lens of the eye | 13 | |
| 5030733841 | lens | The transparent structure lying between the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor the enables the eye to adjust its focus to different viewing distances | 14 | |
| 5030733842 | ciliary muscle | A muscle that controls the shape of the eye's lens | 15 | |
| 5030733843 | vitreous humor | The jellylike substance filling the eye between the lens and the retina | 16 | |
| 5030733844 | diopter | A unit of measurement for the refractive power of the eye, the reciprocal of the focal distance | 17 | |
| 5030733845 | accommodation | The focusing of light by changing the shape of the eye's lens | 18 | |
| 5030733846 | pupillary light reflex | An adjustment by the pupil to different levels of ambient light; the pupil's diameter becomes larger in dim light and smaller in bright light, in repsonse to retinal inputs to brain stem neurons that control the iris | 19 | |
| 5030733847 | visual field | The total region of space viewed by both eyes when the eyes are fixated on a point | 20 | |
| 5030733848 | visual acuity | The ability of the visual system to distinguish between two nearby points | 21 | |
| 5030733849 | visual angle | A way to describe distance across the retina; an object that subtends and angles of 3.5° will form an image on the retina that is 1mm across | 22 | |
| 5030733850 | photoreceptor | A specialized cell in the retina that transduces light energy into changes in membrane potential | 23 | |
| 5030733851 | bipolar cell | In the retina, a cell that connects photoreceptors to ganglion cells | 24 | |
| 5030733852 | ganglion cell | A cell in the retina that receives input from bipolar cells and sends an axon into the optic nerve | 25 | |
| 5030733853 | horizontal cell | A cell in the retina of the eye that projects neurites laterally in the outer plexiform layer | 26 | |
| 5030733854 | amacrine cell | A neuron in the retina of the eye that projects neurites laterally in the inner plexiform layer | 27 | |
| 5030733855 | ganglion cell layer | A layer of the retina closest to the center of the eye, containing ganglion cells | 28 | |
| 5030733856 | inner nuclear layer | A layer of the retina of the eye containing the cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrime cells | 29 | |
| 5030733857 | outer nuclear layer | A layer of the retina of the eye containing the cell bodies of photoreceptors | 30 | |
| 5030733858 | layer of photoreceptor outer segments | A layer of the retina farthest from the center of the eye containing the light-sensitive elements of the photoreceptors | 31 | |
| 5030733859 | inner plexiform layer | A layer of the retina of the eye, located between the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer; contains the neurites and synapses between bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells | 32 | |
| 5030733860 | outer plaxiform layer | A layer of the retina of the eye, between the inner nuclear layer and the outer nuclear layer; contains the neurites and synapses between photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells | 33 | |
| 5030733861 | rod photoreceptor | A photoreceptor in the retina containing rhodopsin and specialized for low light levels | 34 | |
| 5030733862 | cone photoreceptor | A photoreceptor in the retina containing one of three photopigments that are maximally sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Cones are concentrated in the fovea, specialized for daytime vision, and responsible for all color vision | 35 | |
| 5030733863 | dark current | The inward sodium current that occurs in photoreceptors in the dark | 36 | |
| 5030733864 | cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) | A second messenger formed from guanosine triphosphate by the action of the enzyme guanylyl cyclase | 37 | |
| 5030733865 | rhodopsin | The photopigment in rod photoreceptors | 38 | |
| 5030733866 | transducin | The G-protein that couples rhodopsin to the enzyme phosphodiesterase in rod photoreceptors | 39 | |
| 5030733867 | phosphodiesterase (PDE) | An enzyme that breaks down the cyclic nucleotide second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) | 40 | |
| 5030733868 | Young-Helmholtz trichromacy theory | The theory that the brain assign colors based on a comparison of the readout of the three types of cone photoreceptors | 41 | |
| 5030733869 | dark adaptation | The process by which the retina becomes more sensitive to light in dim light | 42 | |
| 5030733870 | light adaptation | The process by which the retina becomes less sensitive to light in bright light conditions | 43 | |
| 5030733871 | OFF bipolar cell | A bipolar cell of the retina that depolarizes in response to dark (light OFF) in the center of its receptive field | 44 | |
| 5030733872 | ON bipolar cell | A bipolar cell of the retina that depolarizes in response to light (light ON) in the center of its receptive field | 45 | |
| 5030733873 | receptive field | The region of a sensory surface (retina, skin) that, when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of a neuron | 46 | |
| 5030733874 | center-surround receptive field | A visual receptive field with a circular center region and a surround region forming a ring around the center; stimulation of the center produces a response opposite that generated by stimulation of the surround | 47 | |
| 5030733875 | M-type ganglion cell | A type of ganglion cell in the retina characterized by a large cell body and dendritic arbor, a transient response to light, and no sensitivity to different wavelengths of light; also called M cell | 48 | |
| 5030733876 | P-type ganglion cell | A type of ganglion cell in the retina characterized by a small cell body and dendritic arbor, a sustained response to light, and sensitivity to different wavelengths of light; also called P cell | 49 | |
| 5030733877 | nonM-nonP ganglion cell | A ganglion cell in the retina that is not of the M type or P type, based on cell morphology and response properties. Of the variety of cell types in this category, some are known to be sensitive to the wavelength of light | 50 | |
| 5030733878 | color-opponent cell | A cell in the visual system with an excitatory response to wavelengths of light of one color and an inhibitory response to wavelengths of another color; the color pairs that cancel each other are red-green and blue-yellow | 51 | |
| 5030733879 | parallel processing | The idea that different stimulus attributes are processed by the brain is parallel, using distinct pathways | 52 |
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