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Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards

5257482319	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.	0
5257482320	catabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.	1
5257482321	anabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.	2
5257482322	bioenergetic	The study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems.	3
5257482323	energy	The ability to cause change.	4
5257482324	kinetic energy	The energy an object has due to its motion.	5
5257482325	thermal energy	Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.	6
5257482326	potential energy	The energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition.	7
5257482327	chemical energy	A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.	8
5257482328	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	9
5257482329	first law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	10
5257482330	entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness.	11
5257482331	second law of thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	12
5257482332	spontaneous process	A process that can occur without an input of energy.	13
5257482333	free energy	Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.	14
5257482334	exergonic reaction	Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.	15
5257482335	endergonic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.	16
5257482336	energy coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.	17
5257482337	ATP	A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.	18
5257482338	phosphorylated intermediate	A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule.	19
5257482339	enzyme	A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.	20
5257482340	catalyst	A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	21
5257482341	activation energy	The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.	22
5257482342	substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	23
5257482343	enzyme-substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	24
5257482344	active site	The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.	25
5257482345	induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.	26
5257482346	cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.	27
5257482347	coenzyme	If the cofactor is an organic molecule.	28
5257482348	competitive inhibitor	An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made.	29
5257482349	noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.	30
5257482350	allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.	31
5257482351	cooperativity	A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.	32
5257482352	feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	33
5257482353	Exergonic reaction		34
5257482354	Endergonic reaction		35
5257482355	ATP		36
5257482356	Normal binding		37
5257482357	Competitive inhibition		38
5257482358	Noncompetative inhibition		39
5257482359	Feedback inhibition		40
5257482360	Allosteric regulation		41
5257482361	Cooperativity		42

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Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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3790011223	sensation	the subjective awareness of a stimulus; the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	0
3790011224	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events; helping us make sense of the world around us	1
3790011226	bottom-up processing	analysis begins withe the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	2
3790011228	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations	3
3790011232	transduction	converting stimulus in the environment into neural signals	4
3790011237	selective attention	The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input	5
3790011238	inattentional blindness	failure to see visible objects when our attention in directed elsewhere	6
3790011239	change blindness	Failing to notice changes in the environment/scenes, even when you appear to be attending to the information	7
3790011240	choice blindness	the phenomenon of subjects not realizing that they had been given something that was not "their choice"	8
3790021424	Cocktail party effect	the ability to attend to only one voice among many	9
3792616454	absolute threshold	the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected in half the time	10
3792616455	difference threshold	smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that can be detected (just noticeable difference)	11
3792616456	Signal Detection Theory	Our ability to notice a stimulus is varied due to psychological factors including motivation, past experience, and expectations.	12
3792616457	Weber's Law	To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. (Light-8%, Weight-2%, Tones-3%)	13
3792616458	subliminal	existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness	14
3792628957	Psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them	15
3798870999	Hue	the dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to wavelength of light	16
3798876669	Brightness	the dimension of visual experience related to the amount (intensity) of light emitted from or reflected by an object	17
3798881321	Saturation	(colorfulness) vividness or purity of color; When light contains only a single wavelength, it is said to be pure; the resulting color is said to be completely _____(ed).	18
3798887775	Cornea	outer covering of the eye	19
3798889977	Pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	20
3798892721	Iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	21
3798896112	Lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina	22
3798901031	Retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	23
3798904370	Blind Spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ___________ because no receptor cells are located there	24
3798908919	Fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	25
3798910947	Optic Nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	26
3798912951	Rods	Visual receptors that respond to dim light	27
3798912952	Cones	Visual receptors involved in color vision	28
3798914279	Thalamus	Relay center of the brain	29
3798914280	Visual Cortex	Located in the occipital lobe, it is the part of the brain responsible for interpreting visual information	30
3798916013	Occipital Lobe	Part of the cerebral cortex that contains the visual cortex. One of the four major lobes. Located in the back of your head	31
3798945950	Sensory Adaptation	The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious	32
3798949562	Sense Receptors	Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain	33
3798959642	synesthesia	A condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another	34
3798989630	Sensory deprivation	the absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation	35
3798998282	Ganglion Cells	Neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells; their axons make up the optic nerve	36
3799004369	Dark adaptation	a process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light	37
3799008012	Feature detectors	Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment	38
3799013498	Trichromatic Theory	a theory of color perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue	39
3799022993	Opponent-process theory	a theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic	40
3799030185	Gestalt principles	principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful unites and patterns	41
3799035122	Proximity	a Gestalt principle that things that are near each other tend to be grouped together	42
3799038994	Closure	a Gestalt principle that the brain tends to fill in gaps in order to perceive complex forms	43
3799042204	Similarity	a Gestalt principle that things that are alike in some way tend to be perceived as belonging together	44
3799048861	Continuity	a Gestalt principle that lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space	45
3799056776	binocular cues	visual clues to depth or distance requiring two eyes	46
3799058407	convergence	the turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object	47
3799061165	retinal disparity	the slight difference in lateral separation between tow objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye	48
3799064401	monocular cues	visual cues to depth or distance, which can be used by one eye alone	49
3799066806	perceptual constancy	the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce	50
3799074315	Interposition	a monocular cue where an object that partly blocks another one must be in front of the other	51
3799079454	Motion parallax	a monocular cue where an observer is moving and objects appear to move at different speeds. the closer an object, the faster it moves	52
3799085471	Relative size	a monocular cue where the smaller an object is on the retina, the farther away the object appears	53
3799089381	Relative clarity	a monocular cue where because of particles in the air from dust, fog, or smog, distant objects tend to look hazier, dull, or less detailed	54
3799094698	Texture gradients	a monocular cue where distant parts of a uniform surface appear denser; that is its elements seem spaced more closely together	55
3799099767	Linear perspective	a monocular cue where parallel lines will appear to be converging in the distance; the greater the apparent convergence, the greater the perceived distance	56
3845753637	Pitch	determined by the wavelength of sound; high frequency = high ______; low frequency = low ______.	57
3845755643	Wavelength	the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next	58
3845756480	Intensity (of sound)	Amount of energy in a wave; determined by the amplitude, relates to perceived loudness	59
3845757966	85 Decibels	Prolonged exposure to sound above _______ can lead to hearing loss	60
3845758754	Timbre	the characteristic quality of sound produced by a particular instrument or voice; tone	61
3845760054	Auditory Canal	a part of the outer ear, it funnels sound waves to the ear drum	62
3845760641	Eardrum	a tight membrane of the middle ear that vibrates when struck by sound waves	63
3845762747	Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup	Three bones of the middle ear	64
3845763236	Oval Window	where the stirrup connects to the cochlea	65
3845763492	Cochlea	Located in the inner ear; a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	66
3845764826	Hair Cells	Located within the cochlea, the basilar membrane's ________ are the sensory receptors of both the auditory and vestibular system	67
3845765093	Auditory Nerve	nerve that is connected to the cochlea which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus	68
3852912840	Place Theory	In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated	69
3852913452	Frequency Theory	In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	70
3852913829	Volley Principle	In hearing, the theory that the alternate firing of neurons which have a combined frequency above 1,000 waves per second enables us to sense sounds with frequencies above 1,000 waves per second	71
3852915486	Conduction Hearing Loss	Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea	72
3852916887	Sensorineural Hearing Loss	Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves	73
3852917405	Kinesthesis	The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	74
3852917798	Vestibular Sense	The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	75
3852918479	Semi-circular canals	connected to the cochlea, they contain fluid that moves when your head moves or tilts. Involved in kinesthesis	76
3873449180	Gustation	The sense of taste	77
3873449181	Papillae	The tiny bumps on your tongue that are lined with taste buds	78
3873454043	Taste buds	Line the papillae and house taste receptors	79
3873463724	Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami	The 5 Basic Tastes	80
3873466168	Sensory Interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	81
3873469802	McGurk Effect	An illusion occurs where the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound	82
3873474854	Olfaction	The sense of smell	83
3873479370	4 Basic Skin Senses	Pressure, warmth, cold, pain	84
3873482117	Phantom Limb Syndrome	the perception of sensations, including pain, in a limb that has been amputated	85
3896090971	ESP (Extra-Sensory Perception)	perception occurring independently of sight, hearing, or other sensory processes. The scientific consensus does not view ______________ as a real phenomenon	86
3896091922	Parapsychology	a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims. It is often identified as pseudoscience	87
3896093235	Gate-Control Theory of Pain	Theory that asserts that non-painful input closes neural pathways to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.	88
3896100937	Dark Adaptation	the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights	89
3896101261	Light Adaptation	the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness	90
3896101621	Pinna	The outer part of the ear. Also referred to as the auricle	91
3896102440	Phi Phenomenon	the optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession	92
3896103744	Supertaster	a person who experiences the sense of taste with far greater intensity than average. Women are more likely to be ___________, as are those from Asia, South America and Africa.	93
3896105142	Priming	is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.	94
3896107478	Bipolar Cells	is a type of neuron which has two extensions. __________ are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.	95
3896108694	Negative afterimage	is a non-specific term that refers to an image continuing to appear in one's vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased.	96
3896110025	Audition	the ability to hear	97
3896113564	Rubber hand illusion	Subjects with normal brain function were positioned with their left hand hidden out of sight. They saw a lifelike _________ in front of them. The experimenters stroked both the subjects hidden left hand and the visible ______and with a paintbrush. The experiment showed that if the two hands were stroked synchronously and in the same direction, the subjects began to experience the ________ as their own.	98
3896431218	Müller-Lyer illusion	The top line looks longer than the bottom one	99
3896564765	Perceptual Set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another	100

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Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Flashcards

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3342923302	Vasco De Gama	the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as the Atlantic and the Indian oceans entirely and definitively, and in this way, the West and the Orient. This was accomplished on his first voyage to India (1497-1499).	0
3342923318	Canary Islands	a volcanic archipelago off the coast of northwestern Africa, are among Spain's farthest-flung territories. These rugged islands are known for their black- and white-sand beaches, varied resorts and balmy climate. Tenerife, the largest island, is dominated by the sometimes-snowy peaks of volcanic Mt. Teide, part of a national park with its own astronomical observatory.	1
3342926590	Sternpost rudder	a piece of the ship attached to the stern that increased the maneuverability of ships	2
3342933871	Square sails	Sails shaped like squares to catch the wind more effectively	3
3342933872	Astrolabe	a very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. Several types of astrolabes have been made. By far the most popular type is the planispheric astrolabe, on which the celestial sphere is projected onto the plane of the equator.	4
3342936029	Ocean Currents	a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity differences, while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.	5
3342936045	Volta Do Mar	a navigational technique perfected by Portuguese navigators during the Age of Discovery in the late fifteenth century, using the dependable phenomenon of the great permanent wind wheel, the North Atlantic Gyre. This was a major step in the history of navigation, when an understanding of winds in the age of sail was crucial to success: the European sea empires would never have been established had the Europeans not figured out how the trade winds worked.	6
3342939464	Prince Henry of Portugal	a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself. Thanks to Prince Henry's patronage, Portuguese ships sailed to the Madeira Islands (Joao Goncalves Zarco, 1420), rounded Cape Bojador (Eannes, 1434), sailed to Cape Blanc (Nuno Tristao, 1441), sailed around Cap Vert (1455), and went as far as the Gambia River (Cadamosto, 1456) and Cape Palmas (Gomes, 1459-1460).	7
3342943353	Bartolomeu Dias	a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so.	8
3342945096	Christopher Columbus	an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.	9
3342945097	Hemispheric Links	links between the hemispheres of the north, south, east, and west	10
3342949232	Ferdinand Magellan	a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.	11
3342951690	Portuguese Trading Posts	trading posts made by the Portuguese that links places such as africa and Europe to portugal	12
3342951691	Captain James Cook	a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy	13
3342956241	English East India Company	also known as the Honourable East India Company and informally as John Company was an English and later British joint-stock company, formed to pursue trade with the East Indies, but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and Qing China.	14
3342956242	Manila	the capital of the Philippines, is a densely populated bayside city on the island of Luzon, which mixes Spanish colonial architecture with modern skyscrapers. Intramuros, a walled city in colonial times, is the heart of Old Manila. It's home to the baroque 16th-century San Agustin Church as well as Fort Santiago, a storied citadel and military prison.	15
3342957760	Seven Years War	was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered as the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th-century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, each led by Great Britain and France, respectively. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing power, France formed a grand coalition of her own.	16
3342961346	Columbian Exchange	a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.	17
3342961347	Manila Galleons	were Spanish trading ships that made round-trip sailing voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean from the port of Acapulco in New Spain (present-day Mexico) to Manila in the Spanish East Indies, now the Philippines. The name of the galleon changed reflecting the city that the ship was sailing from.[1] The term Manila Galleons is also used to refer to the trade route between Acapulco and Manila, which lasted from 1565 to 1815.	18
3342966694	San Salvador	the capital city of El Salvador, and the capital of the San Salvador department. It is the country's most populated municipality as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.	19

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Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Flashcards

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2229242392	what were the motives for exploration?	the search for land to grow cash crops, finding new trade routes to Asia, & spreading Christianity	0
2229242393	what did the Portuguese discover in the Atlantic?	the undiscovered Azores and Madeira islands	1
2229242394	where did the Portuguese set up sugar plantations?	Atlantic islands including São Tomé, principe, and Fernando Po	2
2229242395	how did trade motivate overseas voyages?	Europeans wanted to cut out the Muslim and Italian middlemen who controlled trade routes and charged high prices	3
2229242396	Volta do mar	how Mariners used the ocean currents that blew in different directions to sail more safely and quickly	4
2229242397	who conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored Atlantic voyages down the west African coast?	prince Henry	5
2229242398	the first European to round the tip of Africa	bartolomeu Dias	6
2229242399	who sailed around Africa to India, causing Portugal to have trading posts in India and around the Indian Ocean basin	vasco de gama	7
2229242400	the first European to see the pacific	Spain's vasco de balboa	8
2229242401	Ferdinand Magellan	his expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe	9
2229242402	English navigators explored the pacific in search of the...	northwest passage	10
2229242403	who greatly increased knowledge of the pacific	James cook	11
2229242404	the trading post empire of the Portuguese featured such things as...	slave trading in w Africa, attempts to control gold trade in s Africa, controlling access to the Persian gulf, controlling the pepper trade in Indian trying to control the Indonesian spice trade, & trying to force merchants to purchase safe conduct passages	12
2229242405	how would the English and Dutch become trade leaders in the east?	by forming joint-stock companies names the Eangling east India co. and the United east India co.	13
2229242406	why did the French and English compete for control in India?	bc trade in Indian cotton and Ceylon tea became important	14
2229242407	why was the seven years war called a global war?	there was fighting in Europe, India, the Caribbean, & n America, Britain would force France out of India, take Canada from France and Florida from Spain	15
2229242408	another name for the seven years war	great war for empire	16
2229242409	consequences of the spread of disease w the columbian exchange	spread of smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza, sharp demographic losses for ppl of Americas and Pacific islands, death of 90% of Aztec population, death of 100 million ppl in the Americans and pacific	17
2229242410	where did the reformation start	the Holy Roman Empire (Germany)	18
2229242411	who founded the Church of England	Henry VIII	19
2229242412	how did church leaders try to halt the spread of Protestantism?	reaffirming their beliefs, returning a sense of spirituality to the church, demanding strict morality from the clergy, winning Protestants back to the Catholic Church	20
2229242413	what happened during the council of Trent	catholic leaders tried to reform clerical behaviors, and set up seminaries and schools to better train priests	21
2229242414	what was the purpose of the society of Jesus?	worked to win Protestants back into the Catholic Church; some of the first Christian missionaries to go to Asia and the Americas (founder: ignatius loyola. priest in the society would be called a Jesuit)	22
2229242415	demographics of the deaths from the witch hunts in Europe	111,000 were tried, 60,000 killed, 95% of them were women	23
2229242416	what was the most devastating war of religion	the 30 years war (last religious conflict of the reformation)	24
2229242417	what family dominated the position of holy roman emperor and ruled Austria until WW1	Habsburg	25
2229242418	how would the "new monarchs" of countries such as England, France, and Spain add to their power?	by levying taxes to pay for administrators, confiscating monasteries in Protestant countries, maintaining standing armies	26
2229242419	where would constitutional states emerge?	England and the Netherlands; in both countries the middle class was powerful and influential	27
2229242420	"divine right"	Monarchs got their right to rule from God, so their power couldn't be challenged caused the emergence of absolute monarchy	28
2229242421	Louis XIV	regarded as the best example of an absolute monarch; belonged to the bourbon dynasty	29
2229242422	2 important rulers of the Romanov (Russian)	Peter the great & Catherine the great	30
2229242423	what was a chief goal of European politics	maintaining a balance of power	31
2229242424	economies	boomed in w Europe, slower in Russia and Poland	32
2229242425	why did population grow in Europe?	new foods from the columbian exchange and a slowdown in plague outbreaks	33
2229242426	how did capitalists transform Europe?	developed banking, insurance cos., joint stock cos., global trading posts, putting out system, protoindustrialization	34
2229242427	social changes that took place in early capitalist society	peasants saw standard of living rise, Russian peasants pushed into serfdom, nuclear families becomes more important	35
2229242428	geocentric/Ptolemaic theory	earth is stationary, stars and planets moves around the earth	36
2229242429	who greatly supported the geocentric theory?	the Catholic Church bc it corresponded w its teachings	37
2229242430	Copernicus	earth moves around the sun	38
2229242431	Johannes Kepler	planets move in ellipses	39
2229242432	Galileo	built a telescope; supported the heliocentric theory	40
2229242433	Isaac Newton	developed laws of gravity, invented calculus to prove theories	41
2229242434	what subjects did Europeans make advances in?	chemistry, biology, and botany	42
2229242435	the enlightenment	historians, philosophers, & economists sought to use principles of science to transform human society by subjecting the world to rational analysis	43
2229242436	this person worked to discover natural laws of politics, saying that sovereignty resided w the people rather than the state or its ruler	John Locke	44
2229242437	Adam smith	maintained that the laws of supply and demand should determine what happens in the marketplace	45
2229242438	baron de Montesquieu	made a science of politics, developed principles of gov that he believed would foster political liberty in society, taught that gov should be divided into 3 branches	46
2229242439	center of the enlightenment	France	47
2229242440	Francois-Marie arouet (Voltaire)	the single most important figure of the enlightenment; condemned French monarchy & the Catholic Church as sources of oppression	48
2229242441	religious beliefs of most philosophers	they were deists who rejected Christian teachings as superstition, but believed in a God who set the world in motion and developed the natural laws that governed it	49
2229242442	philosophers put their faith in...	reason	50
2229242443	social impact of the enlightenment	weakened the influence of organized religion, encourages rational study of society and politics, encourages the belief that science and reason could solve human problems & promote progress	51
2229242444	encomienda	Spanish granted this to settlers that gave them the right to force the natives to work for them as long as they took care of them and converted them to Christianity	52
2229242445	why did the Taino die out?	spallpox and abuse	53
2229242446	Herman Cortes	led the conquest of the Aztecs of Mexico for Spain	54
2229242447	Francisco Pizarro	conquered the incas of s America for Spain	55
2229242448	treaty of tordesillas	gave the Portuguese the right to claim Brazil	56
2229242449	where did Spain have headquarters?	in Mexico and Peru, the colonies were governed by viceroys who were reviewed by audiencias	57
2229242450	criollos	whites who were born in the new world to Spanish parents, resented the power of the peninsulares	58
2229242451	peninsulares	whites who were born in Spain, dominated power and gov	59
2229242452	people of color in Spain's colonies	mestizos- one NA & one white parent Zambos- one African & one Indian parent Africans natives Mulattos- one African one white parent	60
2229242453	what was the basis of wealth in the Spanish colonies?	silver	61
2229242454	2 main places Spanish found their silver	Zacatecas and potosi	62
2229242455	one fifth of all silver mines when to the Spanish treasury. this was known as...	the quinto	63
2229242456	Manila galleons	Philippines > Mexico > Spain	64
2229242457	haciendas	huge estates, the main sites of farming activity	65
2229242458	debt peonage	would eventually replace the encomienda system as a source of labor	66
2229242459	basis of wealth in Brazil	sugar production	67
2229242460	difference between sources of labor in Spanish and Portuguese colonies	Spain commanded native labor Portugal relied on slave labor from Africa	68
2229242461	engenho	sugar plantation	69
2229242462	differences between French & English and Iberian colonies	French and English created settlement colonies where ppl had more self gov, less intermarriage bc sex ratios were more equal, did not encounter large scale empires	70
2229242463	what law did Virginia pass	a law saying all blacks would be slaves	71
2229242464	difference between Spanish & English missionaries	Spain- forced natives to convert English- did not try to convert natives to Christianity	72
2229242465	how would the native people of the pacific be decimated?	disease	73
2229242466	who did the Songhay empire expand under?	Sunni Ali	74
2229242467	who did the Songhay fall to?	a musket armed Moroccan army	75
2229242468	queen nzinga	resisted the Portuguese slave trade for 40 years	76
2229242469	ndongo	after queen nzingas death, the Portuguese took over ndongo making it the first European colony in sub Saharan Africa	77
2229242470	who set up tradin posts in s Africa in 1652	the Dutch	78
2229242471	what would lead to the evolution of the country of s Africa?	after 1700 settlers would arrive creating farms	79
2229242472	Fulani	strict Muslims	80
2229242473	the Antonian movement	taught Christ was black and Kongo was the true holy land	81
2229242474	who started the Atlantic slave trade?	Portugal	82
2229242475	who was involved in the triangle trade	Africa, Europe, and the Americas. the middle passage was the most brutal part of this trade network	83
2229242476	what was a result of the Atlantic slave trade?	Africans would be scattered throughout north and South America	84
2229242477	Africans in w hemisphere created what kind of languages	creole	85
2229242478	the American and French revolutions	encouraged ideas of equality	86
2229242479	when was the slave trade abolished?	the early 1800s	87
2229242480	the Ming dynasty	founded by hongwu. restored Chinese cultural traditions and Confucian trained bureaucrats. moved the capital to Beijing & restored the Great Wall.	88
2229242481	emperor yongle	sponsored the treasure ship expeditions	89
2229242482	why did the Ming dynasty fall?	emperors isolated themselves, relied on eunuchs, & couldn't deal w famine and peasant uprisings	90
2229242483	the Qing dynasty	last dynasty to rule China. although not Chinese, respected Chinese culture	91
2229242484	why did the Qing dynasty fall?	it fell after a century of turmoil, military defeats & foreign domination	92
2229242485	what was the emperor known as in China?	the son of heaven; written name was considered taboo	93
2229242486	Matteo Ricci	an Italian Jesuit who tried to establish Christians but had limited success bc it is an exclusive faith. Jesuit efforts to synthesize Confucianism and Christianity were condemned by the Catholic Church	94
2229242487	who gave Europe first hand news of China for the first time since the days of Marco Polo?	Jesuits	95
2229242488	how did ruling elites get their income?	from rice. but many became indebted to rice brokers	96
2229242489	ukiyo (floating worlds)	catered to the masses, they were city sections w theaters, teahouses, brothels, & public baths	97
2229242490	France's Xavier	a Jesuit who took Christianity to Japan in 1549	98
2229242491	Dutch learning	had great impact on Japan; European linear perspective, astronomy, and medicine would spread into Japan	99
2229242364	the Ottoman Empire	founded by Oman bey took territory from the Byzantine empire seizing the city of bursa and moving into the Balkans at its height under suleiman the magnificent under Selim the grim Syria and Egypt were taken	100
2229242365	the Safavid empire	centered in Persia founded by shah ismail who enforced twelves Shiism & his followers were called qizilbash sunni v Shiite conflict led to clash between Safavid and ottoman empires shah Abbas the great modernized military, built a new capital at Isfahan, and centralized authority	101
2229242366	the Mughal empire	centered in India founded by Babur Akbar created an absolute central gov, expanded the empire & encouraged tolerance between Islam and Hinduism & developed a belief system called the divine faith	102
2229242367	similarities among the gunpowder empires	grew from military conquests, had steppe traditions, long distance trade	103
2229242368	religion in Ottoman Empire	home to Jews and Christians who paid a tax and were protected. lived in communities called millets	104
2229242369	religion in Safavid Persia	Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian minorities	105
2229242370	what caused religious tensions in the empires	conservatism	106

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AP World History Dates Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3893857540	c. 8000 BCE	Beginnings of Agriculture	0
3893857541	c. 3000 BCE	Beginnings of Bronze Age/Early civilizations	1
3893857542	6th C. BCE	Life of Buddha, Confucius, and Laozi	2
3893857543	5th C. BCE	Golden Age of Greece	3
3893857544	403-221 BCE	Era of Warring states	4
3893857545	323 BCE	Alexander the Great	5
3893857546	322-184 BCE	Mauryan Dynasty	6
3893857547	221 BCE	Qin Dynasty unifies China	7
3893857548	206 BCE-220 CE	Han Dynasty	8
3893857549	32 CE	Beginnings of Christianity	9
3893857550	180 CE	End of Pax Romana	10
3893857551	312 CE	Constantine's conversion to Christianity	11
3893857552	320-550 CE	Gupta Dynasty/Empire	12
3893857553	333 CE	Constantinople becomes the capital of Rome	13
3893857554	4th C. CE	Trans-Saharan Trade Routes begin	14
3893857555	476 CE	"Fall" of Rome	15
3893857556	527 CE	Justinian rule of Byzantium	16
3893857557	622 CE	Founding of Islam	17
3893857558	c. 730 CE	Printing invented in China	18
3893857559	732 CE	Battle of Tours	19
3893857560	c. 900 CE	Decline of Classical Maya	20
3893857561	1054 CE	Great Schism (split between Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Church)	21
3893857562	1066 CE	Norman conquest of England	22
3893857563	1071 CE	Battle of Manzikert	23
3893857564	1095 CE	First Crusade	24
3893857565	1206 CE	Genghis Khan begins Mongol conquests	25
3893857566	1258 CE	Mongols sack Baghdad; end of Abbasid caliphate	26
3893857567	1271-95 CE	Marco Polo's travels	27
3893857568	1279-1368 CE	Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China	28
3893857569	1324 CE	Mansa Musa's hajj	29
3893857570	1325-49 CE	Travels of Ibn Battuta	30
3893857571	1347-48 CE	The Black Death	31
3893857572	1368-1644 CE	Ming Dynasty	32
3893857573	1405-33 CE	Zheng He's voyages	33
3893857574	1438 CE	Rise of Incan Empire	34
3897832303	1453	Ottoman capture of Constantinople	35
3897832304	c. 1450	Gutenberg printing press	36
3897832305	c. 1480s	Height of Aztec empire	37
3897832306	1488	Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope	38
3897832307	1492	Columbus/Reconquista of Spain	39
3897832308	1502	African slaves to Americas	40
3940936313	1517	Martin Luther/Protestant Reformation	41
3940936314	1519-21	Cortez conquers Aztecs	42
3940936315	1521-23	Magellan circumnavigates the globe	43
3940936316	1529	Ottoman siege of Vienna (unsuccessful)	44
3940936317	1522	Pizarro conquers Inca	45
3940936318	1545	Discovery of silver at Potosí	46
3940936319	1571	Battle of Lepanto	47
3940936320	1571	Manila Galleon	48
3940936321	1588	Defeat of Spanish Armada	49
3940936322	1600	Battle of Sekigahara	50
3940936323	1607	Founding of Jamestown	51
3940936324	1618-1648	Thirty Years War	52
3940936325	1644-1911	Qing Dynasty	53
3940936326	1653	Founding of Cape Town	54
3940936327	1683	Ottoman siege of Vienna (unsuccessful)	55
3940936328	1689	Glorious Revolution/English Bill of Rights	56

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Starters - At the zoo Flashcards

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5574420284	bird	con chim	0
5574420285	cow	con bò	1
5574420286	chicken	con gà	2
5574420287	dog	con chó	3
5574420288	cat	con mèo	4
5574420289	duck	con vịt	5
5574420290	elephant	con voi	6
5574420291	frog	con ếch	7
5574420292	fish	con cá	8
5574420293	giraffe	hươu cao cổ	9
5574420294	hippo	hà mã	10
5574420295	goat	con dê	11
5574420296	horse	con ngựa	12
5574420297	rabbit	con thỏ	13
5574420298	lizard	thằn lằn	14
5574420299	sheep	con cừu	15
5574420300	pig	con heo	16
5574420301	goose	con ngỗng	17
5574420302	mouse	con chuột	18
5574420303	crocodile	cá sấu	19
5574420304	monkey	con khỉ	20
5574420305	snake	con rắn	21
5574420306	spider	con nhện	22
5574420307	tiger	con hổ	23
5574420308	lion	sư tử	24
5574420309	zebra	ngựa vằn	25
5574420310	camel	con lạc đà	26
5574420311	cheetah	con báo	27
5574420312	penguin	chim cánh cụt	28

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Developing a Web Page Flashcards

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3479490158

What code do you use to make a table with 2 rows and 2 columns?

3479545250

Which one is the proper anchor tag? a) lol b) lol c) lol d)

3479575344

Whats the difference between

attributes?

is an un-ordered list.

3479598583

Which one is correct? a) .jpg b) .gif c) .png d) all the above

3479622748

To add an extra space on a web page you use the tag _________ (not a break).

3479632993

The

tag is used to add a break in the web page. T/F

F, it adds a horizontal rule.

3479651921

The
tag puts the text after it in a new column at the top of the web page. T/F

F, it acts as the 'enter' key.

3479671657

Explain the difference between relative and absolute links.

The main difference is absolute paths always include the domain name of the website, including http://www. Whereas relative links only point to a file or a file path- index.html, /graphics/image.png, /help/articles/how-do-i-set-up-a-webpage.html.

3479683694

How do you "tell" a browser to look for a file "deeper" into the current folder (or looking for subfolders)?

To view a subfolder in the current folder just use a (/FileName)

3479698332

An external link and Internal link can only be used on words. T/F

F, They can be used on pictures as well.

3479708063

What is the proper code to insert an image from an outside source?

3479749666

Do you need a height or width attribute when inserting an image?

3479755064

what is the code for spanning a cell 2 columns?

3479762571

Give an example of a table style using html code.

3479782607

What's the difference between

and

is used for a regular column cell,

makes a cell become a header; making the words inside centered and bold

5166747542	il nonno	the grandpa	0
5166749765	la nonna	the grandma	1
5166751831	il padre	the father	2
5166753464	la madre	the mother	3
5166756318	il fratello	the brother	4
5166757816	la sorella	the sister	5
5166759374	il cugino	the cousin	6
5166759375	la cugina	the cousin	7
5166761625	alto/a	high	8
5166766227	antipatico/a	unpleasant	9
5166767774	carino/a	nice	10
5166770843	forte	strong	11
5166772947	intelligente	intelligent	12
5166774641	piccolo/a	little	13
5166777442	pigro/a	lazy	14
5166784270	serio/a	serious	15
5166787018	severo	severe	16
5166789409	simpatico/a	nice	17
5166795301	spiritoso/a	funny	18
5166797169	sportivo/a	sports	19
5166782699	modesto/a	modest	20
5166784271	timido/a	shy	21
5166799928	Com'é?	How is he/she?	22
5166823938	chi	who	23
5166826567	un po'	a bit	24
5166830150	qualche volta	sometimes	25
5166835217	anche	also	26
5166838534	molto	very	27

3410079628	nucleotide	each nucleotides has three parts	0
3410101444	double helix	model that compares the structure of a DNA molecule in which two strands winds around one another to that or a trusted ladder	1
3410196591	base piring rules	thymine always pair with adenne	2
3410207875	replication	process by which DNA copied during the cell cycle	3
3410215229	DNA polymerases	are enzymes that form bonds between nucleotides during replication	4
3410240622	central dogma	group of enzymes	5
3410265284	RNA	a chain of nucleotides	6
3410272457	transcription	process of a copying sewuence of dna to produce	7
3410283501	RNApol		8

4766432083	attending physician	The physician primarily responsible for the care and treatment of a patient	0
4766433673	chief of complaint	a statement of most important symptom or symptoms for which a patient is seeking care	1
4766440981	consultation report	documents the clinical opinion of a physician other than the primary or attending physician	2
4766444874	diagnostic procedure	procedure performed to assist in the diagnosis, management or treatment of a patient condition	3
4766453003	digital image	a picture that is stored electronically to allow viewing on a computer	4
4766462460	discharge summary report	A brief summary of the significant events of a patient's hospitalization	5
4766466856	documenting	the process of making written or electronic entries about a patient in medical record	6
4766478384	diagnosis	scientific method of determining and identifying a patient condition	7
4766487178	electronic medical record	electronic file wherein patients' health information is stored in a computer system.	8
4766492152	familial	(adj.) - relating to family	9
4766496427	flow sheet	Documents on which frequent observations or specific measurements are recorded.	10
4766505182	inpatient	A patient who has been admitted to a hospital for at least one overnight stay.	11
4766508946	medical record	A written record of the important information regarding a patient including the care of that individual and progress of his or her condition	12
4766514664	health history	collection of history containing your health	13
4766517277	home health care	Care provided in a persons home.	14
4766525481	medical record format	way a medical record is organized- two main types problem orientated, source orientated	15
4766527518	objective symptom	a symptom that can be observed by an examiner	16
4766530191	paper based patient record	Medical record in paper form	17
4766531911	physical examination	assessment of each part of the patient body	18
4766540012	problem	any condition that requires further observation	19
4766566802	reverse chronological order	arranging documents with the most recent document on top or front/ oldest document in back	20

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