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Chapter 5 Friedland Flashcards

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3205504005ecosystem diversitythe variety of ecosystems within a given region0
3205504006species diversitythe variety of species within a given ecosystem1
3205504007genetic diversitythe variety of genes within a given species2
3205504008species richnessthe number of species in a given area3
3205504009species evennessthe relative proportion of different species in a given area4
3205504010phylogeniesthe branching patterns of evolutionary relationships5
3205504011evolutiona change in the genetic composition of a population over time6
3205504012microevolutionevolution occurring below the species level7
3205504013macroevolutionevolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla8
3205504014genesa physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism9
3205504015genotypethe complete set of genes in an individual10
3205504016mutationa random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process11
3205504017recombinationthe genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division12
3205504018phenotypea set of traits expressed by an individual13
3205504019evolution by artificial selectiona change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of humans selecting which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind14
3205504020evolution by natural selectiona change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of the environment determining which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce15
3205504021fitnessan individual's ability to survive and reproduce16
3205504022adaptationsa trait that improves an individual's fitness17
3205504023genetic drifta change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating18
3205504024bottleneck effecta reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size19
3205504025founder effecta change in a population descended from a small number of colonizing individuals20
3205504026geographical isolationphysical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species21
3205504027reproductive isolationthe result of two populations within a species evolving separately so they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring22
3205504028allopatric speciationthe process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation23
3205504029sympatric speciationthe evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation24
3205504030genetic engineeringthe transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism, in order to produce an organism with desired traits25
3205504031genetically modified organismsan organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species26
3205504032fundamental nichethe suite of ideal environmental conditions for a species27
3205504033realized nichethe range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives28
3205504034distributionareas of the world in which a species lives29
3205504035niche generalistsa species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions30
3205504036niche specialistsa species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species31
3205504037fossilsthe remains of an organism that has been preserved in rock32
3205504038mass extinctiona large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time33

Chapter 4 (Friedland) Flashcards

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2800306929Climatethe average weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time0
2800309244Weatherthe short-term condition of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation and wind speed1
2800311771Tropospherea layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the earth, extending up to approximately 16 km2
2800314055Stratospherethe layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km above the surface of earth3
2800315933Albedothe percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface4
2800317839Saturation pointthe maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature5
2800318777Adiabatic coolingthe cooling effect of reduced pressure on air it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands6
2800320155Adiabatic heatingthe heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the earth and decreases in volume7
2800322186Latent heat releasethe release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water8
2800324228Atmospheric convection currentglobal patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth9
2800326389Hadley cella convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30 N and 30 S10
2800329806Inter tropical convergence zone (ITCZ)the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight , which causes the ascending branched of the two Hadley cells to converge11
2800332093Polar cella convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 N and 60 S and sinks at poles 90 N and 90 S12
2800334372Ferrell cella convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells13
2800337182Coriolis effectthe deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of earth14
2800338723Rain shadowa region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the oceans causing precipitation on the windward side15
2800342845Gyrea large scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere16
2800346380Upwellingthe upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents17
2800347984Thermohaline circulationan oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water18
2800350909El Nico-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific19
2800352686Terrestrial biomea geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land20
2800365732Aquatic biomean aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow21
2800368086Tundraa cold and treeless biome with low growing vegetation22
2800369472Permafrostan impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil23
2800371801Boreal foresta forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons24
2800376106Temperate rainforesta coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures by moderate temperatures and high precipitation.25
2800393175Temperate seasonal forestA biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1 m (39 inches) of precipitation annually.26
2802064859Woodland/shrublandA biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters.27
2802065578Temperate grassland/cold desertA biome characterized by cold, harsh winters and hot, dry summers.28
2802066352Tropical rainforestA warm and wet biome found between 20 degrees North and 20 degrees South of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation.29
2802068731Tropical seasonal forest/savannaA biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons.30
2802070052Subtropical desertA biome prevailing at approximately 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation.31
2802071225Littoral zoneThe shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants go.32
2802071900Limnetic zoneA zone of open water in lakes and ponds.33
2802072547PhytoplanktonFloating algae.34
2802072881Profundal zoneA region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes.35
2802075357Benthic zoneThe muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean.36
2802076201OligotrophicDescribes a lake with a low level of productivity.37
2802076560MesotrophicDescribes a lake with a moderate level of productivity.38
2802077098EutrophicDescribes a lake with a high level of productivity.39
2802078204Freshwater wetlandsAn aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation.40
2802079223Salt marshA marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates.41
2802080109Mangrove swampA swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt tolerant trees with roots submerged in water.42
2802082127Intertidal zoneThe narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide.43
2802082877Coral reefThe most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline.44
2802084901Coral bleachingA phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white.45
2802085827Open oceanDeep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom.46
2802087636Photic zoneThe upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis.47
2802088329Aphotic zoneThe deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis.48
2802089138ChemosynthesisA process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide.49

Chapter 3 (Friedland) Flashcards

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2800218073BiosphereThe region of our planet where life resides, the combination of all ecosystems on Earth.0
2800219682ProducerAn organism that uses the energy of the Sun to produce usable forms of energy. Also known as an autotroph.1
2800221309PhotosynthesisThe process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.2
2800222600Cellular respirationThe process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds.3
2800223352Aerobic respirationThe process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.4
2800225020Anaerobic respirationThe process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen.5
2800226966ConsumerAn organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms. Also known as a heterotroph.6
2800228633HerbivoreA consumer that eats producers. Also known as a primary consumer.7
2800229333CarnivoreA consumer that eats other consumers.8
2800229981Secondary consumerA carnivore that eats primary consumers.9
2800230496Tertiary consumerA carnivore that eats secondary consumers.10
2800231104Trophic levelsThe successive levels of organisms consuming one another.11
2800231614Food chainThe sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers.12
2800232483Food webA complex model of how energy and matter move between trophic levels.13
2800233165ScavengerAn organism that consumes dead animals.14
2800233813DetritivoreAn organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles.15
2800234830DecomposersFungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystems.16
2800236485Gross primary productivity (GPP)The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.17
2800238495Net primary productivity (NPP)The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire.18
2800239359BiomassThe total mass of all living matter in a specific area.19
2800239919Standing cropThe amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.20
2800241423Ecological efficiencyThe proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.21
2800242563Trophic pyramidA representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels.22
2800247015Biogeochemical cycleThe movement of matter within and between ecosystems.23
2800247770Hydrologic cycleThe movement of water through the biosphere.24
2800248682TranspirationThe release of water from leaves during photosynthesis.25
2800249851EvapotranspirationThe combined amount of evaporation and transpiration.26
2800250588RunoffWater that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers.27
2800251420Carbon cycleThe movement of carbon around the biosphere.28
2800252083MacronutrientOne of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.29
2800254588Limiting nutrientA nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients.30
2800255454Nitrogen cycleThe movement of nitrogen around the biosphere.31
2800256200Nitrogen fixationA process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia.32
2800256993NitrificationThe conversion of ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate.33
2800258004AssimilationThe process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues.34
2800258882MineralizationThe process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds.35
2800261012AmmonificationThe process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium.36
2800263306DenitrificationThe conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and, eventually, nitrogen gas, which is emitted into the atmosphere37
2800265980LeachingThe transformation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater.38
2800267085Phosphorus cycleThe movement of phosphorus around the biosphere.39
2800267689Algal boomA rapid increase in the algal production of a waterway.40
2800268432HypoxicLow in oxygen.41
2800268660Sulfur cycleThe movement of sulfur around the biosphere.42
2800269472DisturbanceAn event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition.43
2800270806WatershedAll land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland.44
2800272268ResistanceA measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem.45
2800274025ResilienceThe rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.46
2800275229Restoration ecologyThe study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems47
2800276896Intermediate determined hypothesisThe hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels.48
2815005990potabledrinkable water (human consumption)49
2815008283turbid(of a liquid) thick with suspended matter.50
2815009389vegana person who eats no animal products (dairy, egg, gelatin, etc)51
2815011006vegetariana person who does not eat meat (cow, pork, chicken, etc)52
2815011863omnivorea person who eats both plants and animals53
2815013528percolationthe slow movement of water through the pores in soil or permeable rock.54
2815019533infiltrationthe seepage of water into soil or rock.55
2815020766this cycle has no atmospheric component.phosphorous56
2815021285igneous rockformed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth 's surface, or at its surface, as lava. (ex: granite)57
2815025680metamorphic rockwas once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase. (ex: marble)58
2815026782sedimentary rockformed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind. Are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils. (ex: sandstone)59
28150280613 main ghgCo2, CH4, H2O g60

Chapter 2 (Friedland) Flashcards

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2800053388MatterAnything that occupies space and has mass.0
2800055130MassA measurement of the amount of matter an object contains.1
2800056540AtomThe smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element.2
2800058250ElementA substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components.3
2800060720Periodic tableA chart of all the chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties.4
2800062516MoleculeA particle that contains more than one atom.5
2800063231CompoundA molecule containing more than one element.6
2800064839Atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element.7
2800066706IsotopesAtoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.8
2800067953Radioactive decayThe spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes.9
2800070617Half-lifeThe time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay.10
2800073137Covalent bondThe bond formed when elements share electrons.11
2800074039Ionic bondA chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges.12
2800074994Hydrogen bondA weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to one atom are attached to another atom on another molecule.13
2800077154Polar moleculeA molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative.14
2800078959Surface tensionA property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water's surface.15
2800081518Capillary actionA property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecule.16
2800082996AcidA substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution.17
2800084847BaseA substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution.18
2800086065pHThe number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance.19
2800088841Chemical reactionA reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules.20
2800090868Law of conservation of matterA law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form.21
2800093025Inorganic compoundA compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen.22
2800096700Organic compoundA compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.23
2800097826CarbohydrateA compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.24
2800099208ProteinA critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids.25
2800101710Nucleic acidOrganic compounds found in all living cells.26
2800104233DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)A nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring.27
2800107528RNA ( ribonucleic acid)A nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins.28
2800110344LipidA smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water.29
2800111364CellA highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane.30
2800113528EnergyThe ability to do work or transfer heat.31
2800113943JouleThe amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second.32
2800115076PowerThe rate at which work is done.33
2800118405Electromagnetic radiationA form of energy emitted by the Sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy.34
2800120006PhotonA massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light.35
2800122379Potential energyStored energy that has not been released.36
2800122776Chemical energyPotential energy stored in chemical bonds.37
2800123605TemperatureThe measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.38
2800127268Kinetic energyThe energy of motion.39
2800128452First law of thermodynamicsA physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another.40
2800129830Second law of thermodynamicsThe physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes.41
2800131700Energy efficiencyThe ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system.42
2800133760Energy qualityThe ease with which an energy source cab be used for work.43
2800135138EntropyRandomness is a system.44
2800135614Open systemA system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.45
2800136504Closed systemA system in which matter and energy do not occur across boundaries.46
2800138722InputAn additional to a system.47
2800139349OutputA loss from a system.48
2800140391Systems analysisAn analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions.49
2800141664Steady stateA state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time.50
2800205499Negative feedback loopA feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.51
2800208217Positive feedback loopA feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified.52
2800209488Adaptive management planA plan that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as changes occur.53

Chapter 1 Friedland Flashcards

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2787051090environmentthe sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life0
2787051325environmental sciencethe field of stud that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature1
2787052038ecosystema particular location on Earth with interacting biotic and abiotic components2
2787052490bioticliving (Example: tree, llama, daisy)3
2787053448abioticnonliving (Example: rock)4
2787054077environmentalista person who participates in environmentalism, a social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism, and education5
2787056064environmental studiesfield of study that includes environmental science and additional subjects such as environmental policy, economics, literature, and ethics6
2787059323ecosystem servicesprocess by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced7
2787060368environmental indicatoran indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system8
2787060700biodiversity(aka- biological diversity) is the diversity of life forms in an environment & has 3 scales (ecosystem/species/genetic)9
2787063141genetic diversitymeasure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population10
2787063434speciesgroup of organisms that is distinct from other groups in its morphology (body form & structure), behavior, or biochemical properties11
2787064906species diversitynumber of species in a region or in a particular type of habitat12
2787065217speciationevolution of a new species13
2787065690background extinction rateaverage rate at which species become extinct over the long term14
2787066867per capitaper preson15
2787067350greenhouse gasses (ghg)gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface16
2787067748List the 3 main ghgCo2, CH4, H2O(g)17
2787068569methaneCH418
2787068872anthropogenicderived from human activities19
2787069363world human population is currently at __7.2 billion20
2787069693developmentimprovement in human well-being through economic advancement21
2787069995sustainabilityliving on Earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources22
2787070940sustainable developmentbalances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations23
2787072314biophilialove of life (awwww....)24
2787072666ecological footprinta measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land25
2787073221scientific methodan objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes, or changes26
2787074115hypothesisa testable conjecture about how something works27
2787074420null hypothesisa prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong.28
2787075011replicationdata collection procedure of taking repeated measurements29
2787075601sample size (n)number of times a measurement is replicated in data collection30
2787075834accuracyhow close a measured value is to the actual of true value31
2787076196precisionhow close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another32
2787077482uncertaintyan estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value33
2787078016theoryhypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance34
2787079492control groupin a scientific investigation, a group that experiences exactly the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the single variable under study35
2787080606natural experimenta natural event that acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem36
2787081441EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency37
2787082245fracking (hydraulic fracturing)a method of oil and gas extraction that uses high-pressure fluids to force open cracks in rocks beep underground38

Environmental Science: Chapter 1 Flashcards

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4833888084Environmental ScienceThe study of the impact of humans on the environment0
4833892782Ecologythe study of how living things interact with each other and with their non-living environment. (biotic and abiotic parts)1
4833896297Sociologythe study of human population dynamics and statistics2
4833897788Hunter Gathererspeople who obtain food by collection plants, hunting, and scavenging.3
4833898724Over HuntingLead to extinction such as saber-tooth-cats and giant bison.4
4833902107Agricultural Revolutionoccurred when hunter-gathers began to plant the seeds they collected and the domestication of animals.5
4833903044Agriculturethe practice of growing, breeding, and caring for plants and animals that are used for food, clothing, housing, and transportation.6
48339039971.Unprecedented human population growth. 2.Destruction of habitats- slash-and-burn- agriculture is a way to convert forest to farmland. This causes soil loss, floods, and water shortages.Effects of the agricultural revolution7
4833908067Industrial RevolutionShift from man/animal power to fossil fuels.8
48339139001. Machinery replaced human labor. 2.Population increases in urban areas. 3.Motorized vehicles allowed food and goods to be transported cheaply and further. 4.The introduction of plastic.What are the effects of the Industrial Revolution?9
4833919753agricultural and engineering advances improved medicine and better sanitation.What do we have to credit for the population growth?10
4833921751habitat destruction and pesticide pollutionWhat's a result of trying to feed this population?11
4833922931Resource Depletion .When a specific resource is all used up12
4833923418Natural ResourcesAny natural material that is used by humans.13
4833924101RenewableCan be replaced quickly by natural processes.14
4833925497What kind of resources are theses? Air, water, soil, trees, and solarRenewable resources15
4833926139Nonrenewable resourcesForms at a much slower rate than its consumed.16
4833926882Nonrenewable ResourcesThese are all examples of what kind of resource? Oil and Minerals17
4833927643PollutionAn undesired change in air, water, or soil that adversely affects the health, survival or activities of humans or other organisms.18
4833928286Biodegradable Pollutantsthose that can be broken down by a natural process.19
4833928971Human Sewage and Food WasteExample of biodegradable pollutants.20
4833929428Mercury, Lead, and PlasticExample of non-degradable pollutants21
4833929962Non-Degradable PollutantsThose that cannot be broken down by natural processes.22
4833931913BiodiversityThe number and variety of species that live in an area.23
4833932598The Dido Bird and Tasmanian Tiger are examples of what?loss of biodiversity24
4833933250"Tragedy of the Commons"Essay which was written in 1968 which explored the conflict between the short-term interest of man and long-term welfare of society.25
4833935727Law of Supply and Demandstate the greater the demand for a limited supply of something, the more the thing is worth.26
4833936339Cost and BenefitsIs the cost of the program worth the benefit? Examples: Forcing everyone to use an electric car.27
4833936977Risk AssessmentAn example of this is Nuclear energy28
4833937428Ecological FootprintShows the productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country.29
4833938205Sustainabilitythe condition in which a human needs are met in such a way that a human population car survive indefinitely.30

Chapter 1 - The Science of the Mind Flashcards

Cognition Exploring the Science of the Mind, Daniel Resiberg, Sixth Edition Chapter 1 vocabulary

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4357588168cognitive neurosciencethe effort toward understanding our mental functioning by close study of the brain and nervous system. (the study of biological basis for cognitive functioning).0
4357588169scientific study of knowledgecognitive psychology1
4357588170H.Mman who lost ability to form new memories due to a brain surgery meant to help his seizures.2
4357588171selfwithout memory there is no3
4357588172Wundt and TitchnerBelieved that the only way for us to study our thoughts was by introspection.4
4357588173introspectionto 'look within' oneself. is a limited tool because it cannot take into account those thoughts were are unconscious.5
4357588174behaviorismstudies "objective" categories. for example: behavior in reaction to stimuli.6
4357588175behaviorist movementmovement in the early 20th century that moved to study observable things rather than use introspection. Study things such as "rewards and punishments"7
4357588176transcendental methodyou begin with observable facts and work backwards. "what must be the underlying causes that led to these effects?"8
4357588177Immanuel KantWho is credited with the transcendental method?9
4357588178working memoryholds memory in an easily accessible form, so that the information is, so to speak, at your fingertips.10
4357588179span testtests working memory. uses a series of letters or numbers that increase each time a participant reads the list back correctly -proves working memory is limited.11
4357588180working-memory systema system used to hold memory at a readily accessible state. uses the central executive and it's assistants.12
4357588181central executivethe main component of working memory that is supported by a number of 'low level assistants' such as the articulatory rehearsal loop.13
4357588182articulatory rehearsal loopinvolves two components: subvocal speech (inner voice), and a phonological buffer (inner ear).14
4357588183subvocalizationsilent speech. allows you to repeat a list of numbers in your head while you finish reading a paragraph.15
4357588184phonological bufferan auditory image is created in the inner ear that will fade away after a second or two.16
4357588185concurrent articulation tasktrying to speak aloud and use subvocalization at the same time (doesn't work).17
4357588186anarthriathe inability to produce overt speech.18
4357588187neuropsychologystudy of the connection between brain dysfunction and mental functioning19

U.S. History Exam 5 Ch.13,14,15 Flashcards

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5384256268The Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed by Stephen Douglas to promote the building of __________________________.a transcontinental railroad0
5389724351Prior to the Civil War citizenship was closely linked to_________________.race1
5389729311_____________________________, formed in 1848, was the first major political party whose charter specifically opposed to slavery.The Free Soil party2
5389733702The Freedmen's Bureau saw its greatest success in the fields of _____________________ and ___________________.education, health3
5389737722The ___________________ war marked the first time the U.S. invaded a foreign country.Mexican American War4
5389747334Under Abraham Lincoln's preliminary Reconstruction plans only ___________________ percent of the 1860 electorate would have to take an oath of allegiance in order for a confederate state to be readmitted to the Union.ten5
5389751725___________________________ was the author of the essay entitled on Civil Disobedience which opposed the Mexican-American War.Henry David Thoreau6
5389757577One stated purpose of General __________________'s march from Atlanta to Savannah was to demoralize the South's civilian population.Sherman's march7
5389760898T/F:_______________ The Dred Scott decision was highly criticized throughout the North.True8
5389766826Under the legislation known as ______________________ Kansas and Nebraska would be permitted to decide the slavery issue via popular sovereignty.The Compromise of 18509
5389773069The _____________________ system kept many sharecroppers and tenant farmers in a state of constant debt and poverty.crop-lien system10
5389776343___________________ became the destination of choice for the migrating Mormons.Salt Lake City, Utah11
5389786296T/F:_______________ In 1861, when the Union Military commander in Missouri issued orders freeing all slaves in that state Lincoln publicly endorsed the action he even referred to it in his emancipation proclamation.False12
5389794304As the newly elected president Lincoln's hesitancy in publicly endorsing abolition was due in part by his desire to keep the ________________________ in the Union.border states13
5389799847The Republican "free labor" ideology led to arguments by Lincoln and Seward that ___________________ and __________________ were incompatible.free labor, slave labor14
5389805034The ___________________ would have banned slavery from all lands acquired as a result of the Mexican-American War.Wilmot Proviso15
5389813757In addition to a position opposing the ______________ decision, the expansion of slavery, and supporting aid to build a transcontinental railroad the 1860 Republican platform also addressed the issue of free homesteads in the West.Dred Scott16
5389820482T/F: _______________ Contrary to popular opinion the Union and the Confederacy both enjoyed a level of parity when it came to military manpower.False17
5389826095The group that claimed to have rescued the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern black control adopted the name ___________________.redeemers18
5389828873Mormon leader ________________________ refused to separate church and state.Joseph Smith19
5389831980The January 1848, ____________________________ brought a flood of people to California.Gold Strike at Sutters Mill, California20
5389838279T/F: ______________________ The Freedmen's Bureau was responsible for arranging passage for former slaves back to Africa.False21
5389843480Economically, the ___________________ led to the creation of a nation-state dedicated to national economic development.Civil War22
5389848104The _______________________ Amendment guaranteed the right to vote without regard to race.15th23
5389853841The Emancipation Proclamation was only immediately applicable in those areas held by _______________________.the Union Army24
5389857644In the view of ________________________ his Reconstruction plans should include at least limited black suffrage.Abraham Lincoln25
5389862366A "Coolie" was a racial epithet in reference to a ____________________.Chinese worker26
5389867531By 1860, approximately ___________________________ people had made the trek to Oregon and California.300,00027
5389872130The _____________________ Party was affirmation that antislavery sentiment had spread beyond the abolitionist ranks.Free Soil Party28
5389877707Jefferson Davis's military was based on the strategic importance of ________________ to the world's economy.Cotton29
5389882050_____________________ led the Union forces that captured John Brown and his gang at Harper's Ferry.Colonel Robert E. Lee30
5389886854T/F: _________________ The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution.True31
5389888831The fifteenth amendment guaranteed _____________________.all men the right to vote regardless of race or previous condition of servitude (slavery).32
5389892193The Battle at ____________________ was the bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War.Antietam33
5389896059The __________________________ Act allowed the federal government to override state and local authorities.Fugitive Slave Act34
5389899581Expansion of slavery was not one of the justifications for the westward movement known as ____________________________.Manifest Destiny35
5389903497Andrew Johnson vetoed the ___________________________ because he did not believe blacks deserved citizenship.1866 Civil Rights Act36
5389911309The abundance of ________________________ attracted numerous Americans to Texas in the 1820's.land for farming37
5389915344The phrase "Fifty-four forty or fight" referred the ___________________ border dispute.northern Oregon38
5389919544T/F: ________________ Prior to his election as President Lincoln supported returning fugitive slaves to their owners.True39
5389922029The __________________ Amendment abolished slavery.13th40
5389927122The growing American presence in Texas led ____________________ to demand more autonomy for Texas from Mexican officials.Stephen F. Austin41
5389931776For all practical purposes the election of __________________ ended Reconstruction.187742
5389936610The fighting in ________________ would make it the bloodiest year of the Civil War.186443
5389939377____________________ was the author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.Stephen A. Douglas44
5389942362Britain outlawed slavery during the decade of the ____________.1830's45
5389948185The __________________________ issued by General Sherman confiscated abandoned Plantation lands and divided it amongst the former slaves.Special Field Order #1546
5389951137The term _________________________ refers to the period in which blacks comprised a legislative majority in South Carolina.The Prostate State47
5389958913The Crittenden resolution would have extended the _________________ line to the west, with: slavery prohibited north of the line and guaranteed south of it.Missouri Compromise Line48
5389964517T/F: ____________________ Andrew Jackson opposed the annexation of Texas fearing it would upset the balance of power between the slave and free states.True49
5389968221Lincoln waited for the victory at __________________ before releasing his Emancipation Proclamation.Antietam50
5389972584The ______________ Amendment conferred citizenship on any person born or naturalized in the U.S.14th51
5389976909The Whiskey Ring scandal occurred during the __________________ administration.Ulysses S. Grant52
5389979519The ___________________ would have authorized the U.S. to seize Cuba from Spain.Ostend Manifesto53
5389982298Frederick Douglass saw ______________________, not as an end, but as a beginning.the abolition of slavery54
5389987207____________________________ would prove to be the least successful goal of the radical republican's reconstruction plans.Land reform55
5389994693The denunciation of Roman Catholic immigrants by the ___________________ Party attracted some voters.Know-Nothing Party56
5390000940Because the incident happened in the disputed area ___________________ who opposed the Mexican American war requested that President Polk should specify the exact spot where blood had first been shed.Abraham Lincoln57
5390006118Early on it was determined that the main aspirations of former slaves was for ____________________ which would allow them to provide for their families.ownership of land58
5390013297The National Woman Suffrage Association was founded by __________________________ and ________________________.Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony59
5390016732The _____________________ and the _________________________ were the first two ironclad warships to engage in combat.USS Monitor, Merrimac (CSS Virginia)60
5390020695Transcendentalist ________________________ was a very vocal opponent of the Mexican American War.Henry David Thoreau61
5390026479T/F: __________________ Ulysses S. Grant demonstrated a greater understanding of strategy and tactics than any of his predecessors.True62
5390031993The meeting between ____________________________ and a group of black ministers in Georgia resulted in the order that will come to be known as the "Forty acres and a mule" rule.General William T. Sherman63
5390038251General _____________________________ was characterized as forever overestimating the enemy's strength and stalling for time.George B. McClellan64
5390043492The actions of _______________________ during the war helped inspire Republicans to believe that emancipation should also include equality before the law.black soldiers65
5390048014The introduction of the _____________ onto the battlefield changed the nature of combat.rifle66
5390050448For former slaves political freedom meant ____________________.the right to vote67
5390056200The Union strategy called ___________________________ involved using the naval blockade to "squeeze" the south into submission.Anaconda68
5390061996The Civil War helped to reinforce the concept that _____________________ also meant that everyone was entitled to fruits of their labors.the definition of freedom69
5390068426T/F: ________________ To most former salves the concept of freedom was much more than simply the right to vote.True70
5390073198_______________________ saw himself as the new leader of the Senate after the deaths of John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster.Stephen A. Douglas71
5390076947To assist in the much needed economic growth southern states helped to finance _______________________.construction of railroads72
5390081495At the first battle of ___________________ local citizens brought picnic lunches to watch the festivities.Bull Run73
5390084945______________________ is considered to be the author of the Compromise of 1850.Henry Clay74
5390088844_____________________ and ________________________ were the first two black members of the U.S. Senate.Hiriam Revels, Blanche Bruce75
5390097190After 1863, black abolitionist ________________________ urged northern blacks to enlist in the Union Army and fight for freedom.Frederick Douglass76
5390102201In 1861, ______________________ was the first Union commander to decree that all slaves in his jurisdiction were freed.John C. Fremont77
5390107404Which of the following countries DID NOT go through sort of popular uprising in 1848: __________________Russia78
5390114752In a strange sort of twist, with the _______________________ law, in the Compromise of 1850, normally states-rights southerners were seen as demanding action an involvement by the federal government.Fugitive Slave Law79
5390120508In Longfellow's "The Warning" poem he compared the __________________ to the biblical character Samson.American slave80
5390125227Lincoln's suspension of the __________________ was seen by some as exceeding his constitutional powers.Writ of Habeas Corpus81
5390134151According to most Constitutional scholars ratification of the _______________ Amendment on July 9, 1868, marked the most important change in the Constitution since the adoption of the Bill of Rights.14th82
5390139343The Republican practice of reminding the voters that it was the Democrats who had orchestrated the secessionist movement was known as ____________________.waving the bloody shirt83
5390142155Elizabeth Cady Stanton maintained that ____________________ required universal suffrage.Reconstruction84
5390145459Lack of a _______________________ political system denied the Confederacy an appreciated opposition.opposition party85
5390150866___________________and _____________________ were the names given to Northern and Southern republicans who sought to take advantage of political power in the South during Reconstruction.Carpetbaggers, Scalawags86
5390155931The 1868 Democratic campaign motto of Horatio Seymour and Francis Blair was _________________________________________.This is a White Man's Country. Let White Men Rule.87
5390158990In the first two years of the war most of the fighting took place in the state of _______________________.Virginia88
5390165030The series of extremely restrictive legislative actions take by some of the early Un-reconstructive southern governments were known as _____________________________.The Black Codes89
5390170899Under the ____________________ any former slave who failed to sign a yearly labor contract could be arrested on vagrancy charges.Black Codes90
5390177360The economic policies enacted by the ___________________ increased the size and power of the federal government.Union91
5390180790The statue known as _____________________________ which sits atop the nation's capital was assembled under the direction of a slave.The Stature of Freedom92
5390187756_______________________ hoped the Kansas-Nebraska Act would encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad.Stephen A. Douglas93
5390192771The declaration of ______________________ and the suspension of _______________________ were Lincoln's attempts to curtail wartime dissent.Martial Law, the Writ of Habeas Corpus94
5390197392The __________________________ would have prohibited slavery in all territories acquired as a result of the Mexican American War.Wilmot Proviso95
5390202530Compared to the other offerings based on what little we know about Lincoln's Reconstruction plans they can best be described as ________________________.extremely lenient96
5390206217The passage of the __________________ Amendment split the feminist movement into two major organizations.15th97
5390209471The ____________________ and ______________________ denominations had the largest followings amongst former slaves after the end of the war.Methodist, Baptist98
5390213963The agricultural system known as _____________________ was supposed to be a compromise between former slaves desire for land and former slave owner's desire for labor.Sharecropping99

American Pageant Chapter 18 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3636177882Lewis CassDemocratic Candidate selected for the election of 1848. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and an experienced senator and diplomat.0
3636177883Popular SovereigntyThe doctrine that stated that it was up to each individual state on the issue of slavery--the federal government should not decide that for them. This was established by Lewis Cass, making his views on slavery well-known, even though his party did not officially have any views.1
3636177884Zachary TaylorThe Whig party's nomination for the presidency in 18482
3636177885Free Soil PartyThe party that advocated complete abolition of slavery in the new territories and all states, attracting a variety of followers.3
3636177886California Gold RushThe 1849 influx of settlers in California who were seeking gold.4
3636177887Seventh of March speechDaniel Webster's speech in congress in 1850 that advocated compromise over the issue of slavery, strengthening Union sentiment5
3636177888William H. SewardThe freshman senator from New York who spoke against both secession and slavery , not using the power of compromise.6
3636177889Millard FillmoreTaylor's vice president who took over as the 13th president of the US after Taylor's death7
3636177890Compromise of 1850Act of congress ordering that California was admitted as a free state, Texas gave up its claims to tracts of New Mexico (was paid for it), New Mexico and Utah would be slave states when admitted, and a more stringent fugitive-slave law was passed.8
3636177891fire-eatersSoutherners in favor of secession who announced the convention in Nashville to discuss leaving the union.9
3636177892Fugitive Slave LawThe "Bloodhound Bill" of 1850 that took away many rights from blacks and made whites who helped runaway slaves liable to fines and imprisonment.10
3636177893Franklin PierceThe Democratic candidates in the 1852 election,a second Dark Horse, being an unknown lawyer from New Hampshire11
3636177894Winfield ScottHero of the war with Mexico, he was the Whig's candidate in the 1852 election whose defeat effectively ended the Whig party.12
3636177895Clayton-Bulwer TreatyThe 1850 treaty that prevented both the US and Britain from seeking complete control of the Central American isthmus13
3636177896William WalkerAmerican adventurer who seized Nicaragua and opened it to slavery, but was overthrown by other South American governments and killed.14
3636177897Black Warriorthe American Steamship that was seized by Cubans which sparked conflict between the two countries15
3636177898Ostend ManifestoThe proclamation that the US would pay $120 million for Cuba, and if Spain refused the US would be justified in taking it if it threatened the US, but the proclamation was dropped by Pierce.16
3636177899Opium WarA war between China and Britain that resulted in Britain's right to sell opium in China, causing the US to want to catch up in the Pacific market17
3636177900Treaty of WanghiaThe first formal diplomatic agreement between the US and China, it gave the US "most favored nation" status in China, granting them any trading rights.18
3636177901Caleb CushingAmerican diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China.19
3636177902Matthew PerryAmerican negotiator to Japan who negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa20
3636177903Treaty of KanagawaAmerican treaty with Japan that cracked their isolationism of several centuries.21
3636177904Gadsden PurchaseCession of land by Mexico to the US for $10 million that provided a viable railroad rout from Houston to Los Angeles22
3636177905Kansas-Nebraska ActSeparated the unorganized territory of Nebraska into two parts, allowing each to chose their position on slavery by popular sovereignty, while repealing the Missouri Compromise23

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 1 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 1 A New World of Many Cultures, 1491-1607

Terms : Hide Images
5159016421cornThe Mayas and the Incas cultivated corn as an important stable food supply. (p. 2)0
5159016422horsesIt was not until the 17th century that the American Indians acquired these animals from the Spanish. (p. 4)1
5159016869diseaseWhen Europeans came to America they brought smallpox and measles to which the natives had no resistance. Millions of American Indians died from these diseases. (p. 8)2
4963050765encomienda systemKing of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. (p. 8)3
4963050766asiento systemThis system required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain, for slaves that were imported to the Americas. (p. 8)4
5159026748slaveryAs far back as the 1500s the Spanish brought captured Africans to America to provide free labor. (p. 11)5
5159026780land bridgeSome time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago, people migrated from Asia to the Americas, across this area that connected Siberia and Alaska. (p. 2)6
5159030217Adena-HopewellThis American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet. (p. 4)7
5159036538Hokokam, Anasazi, and PueblosThese American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4)8
5159039222Woodland mound buildersAmerican Indian tribe east of the Mississippi that prospered because of a rich food supply. (p. 4)9
5159094363Lakota SiouxAmerican Indian tribe that started using horses in the 17th century. This allowed them to change from farming to nomadic buffalo hunting. (p. 4)10
5159094364MayasFrom A.D. 300 to 800, this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. (p. 2)11
5159095971IncasThis highly developed civilization developed a vast South American empire based in Peru. (p. 2)12
5159095972AztecsStarting about 1300, this civilization flourished in central Mexico. (p. 2)13
4963050764conquistadoresThese Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain making it the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. (p. 8)14
4963050762Hernan CortesHe conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. (p. 8)15
4963050749Native AmericansThe first people to settle North America arrived as many as 40,000 years ago. They came from Asia and may have crossed by a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. (p. 1)16
4963050763Francisco PizarroHe conquered the Incas in Peru. (p. 8)17
5159112956New Laws of 1542Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11)18
5159112957Roanoke IslandIn 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed. (p. 9)19
5159115125compassOne aspect of the Renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change. Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others. this invention was used in sailing. (p. 5)20
5159115126printing pressThis invention in the 1450s spread knowledge across Europe. (p 5)21
4963050753Ferdinand and IsabellaThey united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492, they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. (p. 5)22
4963050754Protestant ReformationIn the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. (p. 6)23
5159127603Henry the NavigatorThe monarch of Portugal. (p. 7)24
4963050756Christopher ColumbusHe spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". In 1492, he sailed from the Canary Islands to an island in the Bahamas. His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain. (p. 7)25
4963050759Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)In 1494, this treaty between Spain and Portugal, moved the line of demarcation that the pope had established a few degrees to the west. (p. 8)26
5159133314slave tradeSince ancient times people in Europe, Africa, and Asia had enslaved pepoe captured in wars. In the 15 century the Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used slaves to work in sugar plantation off the coast of Africa. Using slaves was so profitable that when the Europeans settled in the Americas, they instituted the slave system there. (p, 6)27
4963050755nation-stateIn the 15th century, small kingdoms and multiethnic empires were being replaced by nation-states. Nation-states were countries in which the majority of people shared a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government. (p. 6)28
5159146236AlgonquianThe American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. (p. 4)29
5159146237SiouanThe American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. (p. 4)30
5159148849Iroquois ConfederationA political union of five independent American Indian tribes in the Mohawk Valley of New York. (p. 5)31
5159148850longhousesAmerican Indians along the Pacific Coast lived in the these plank houses. (p. 4)32
4963050767John CabotAn Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII. He explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497. (p. 9)33
4963050769Jacques CartierIn the period for 1534 to 1542, he explored the St. Lawrence River. (p. 10)34
4963050770Samuel de ChamplainHe established the first permanent French settlement at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River. (p., 10)35
4963050773Henry HudsonThis English sailer was hired by the Dutch government to seek a westward passage to Asia through North America. In 1609, while searching for the passage, he sailed up a broad river that would later be named the Hudson River. (p 10)36
4963439584Bartolome de Las CasaA Spanish priest who was an advocate for better treatment of Indians. (p. 11)37
5159186850Valladolid DebateIn 1550-1551, in Valladolid, Spain, a formal debate concerning the role of American Indians in the Spanish colonies. (p. 11)38
5159189692Juan Gines de SepulvedaIn the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11)39

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