American Pageant Chapter 14 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3636150866 | Ancient Order of Hibernians (mid-nineteenth century) | Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States. | 0 | |
| 3636150867 | Awful Disclosures (1836) | Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence. | 1 | |
| 3636150868 | clipper ships (1840s-1850s) | Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. They were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War. | 2 | |
| 3636150869 | Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) | Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions. | 3 | |
| 3636150870 | cotton gin (1793) | Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. It made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South. | 4 | |
| 3636150871 | cult of domesticity | Pervasive nineteenth century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. | 5 | |
| 3636150872 | ecological imperialism | Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing. | 6 | |
| 3636150873 | Erie Canal (completed 1825) | New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. (329) | 7 | |
| 3636150874 | Know-Nothing party (1850s) | Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics. | 8 | |
| 3636150875 | limited liability | Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares. | 9 | |
| 3636150876 | market revolution | Eighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network. | 10 | |
| 3636150877 | McCormick reaper (1831) | Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest. | 11 | |
| 3636150878 | Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s) | Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines. | 12 | |
| 3636150879 | Patent Office | Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years. | 13 | |
| 3636150880 | Pony Express (1860-1861) | Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely-placed outposts. | 14 | |
| 3636150881 | rendezvous | The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts. | 15 | |
| 3636150882 | "Self-Reliance" (1841) | Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s. | 16 | |
| 3636150883 | Tammany Hall (established 1789) | Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. | 17 | |
| 3636150884 | transportation revolution | Term referring to a series of nineteenth century transportation innovations-turnpikes, steamboats, canals and railroads-that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy. | 18 | |
| 3636150885 | turnpike | Privately-funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce. | 19 | |
| 3636150886 | Samuel Slater | "Father of the American Factory System," skilled British mechanic who brought the plans for their textile machines to America. | 20 | |
| 3636150887 | Cyrus McCormick | Invented a mechanical mower-reaper; one man could do the work of five. | 21 | |
| 3636150888 | Eli Whitney | Made the cotton gin, developed the idea of interchangeable parts. | 22 | |
| 3636150889 | Carl Schurz | German political spokesperson; he was against slavery and political corruption. | 23 | |
| 3636150890 | Robert Fulton | Invented the first steamboat by installing a steam engine in the Clermont steamship. | 24 | |
| 3636150891 | Samuel Morse | Invented the telegraph, strung a line between Washington and Baltimore. | 25 | |
| 3636150892 | DeWitt Clinton | Presided over the construction of the Erie Canal; Governor of New York. | 26 | |
| 3636150893 | Catharine Beecher | Urged women to take up the teaching profession. | 27 | |
| 3636150894 | George Catlin | One of the first Americans to advocate the preservation of nature as a deliberate national policy; he proposed the idea of a national park. | 28 |
American Pageant Ch. 20 People to Know/Key Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3636251176 | Mary Chestnut | Confederate woman who kept records of aftermath of battles | 0 | |
| 3636251177 | Clara Barton | woman who helped nurse wounded soldiers on the battlefield | 1 | |
| 3636251178 | Geneva Convention | international treaty that would allow the Red Cross to help those wounded in battle | 2 | |
| 3636251179 | Napoleon III | Emperor of France who tried to take advantage of America's disorganized state by sending an attempt at expansion into Mexico | 3 | |
| 3636251180 | Maximilian | Man sent into Mexico by emperor of france | 4 | |
| 3636251181 | Charles Francis Adams | An American diplomat who, as ambassador during the Civil War. He helped to keep the British from recognizing the Confederacy. In the Trent affair, he was instrumental in averting hostilities between the two nations. | 5 | |
| 3636251182 | William H. Seward | extremist politician, was Lincoln's competitor for the Republican ballot | 6 | |
| 3636251183 | Edwin M. Stanton | Lincoln's Secretary of War | 7 | |
| 3636251184 | Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America | 8 | |
| 3636251185 | rag money | Southern term for the useless money printed from the banks because of its insane inflation | 9 | |
| 3636251186 | shoddy wool | inferior wool products sold by Northern manufacturers looking to earn profit | 10 | |
| 3636251187 | Morrill Tariff Act | 1861 law that increased tariffs duties to 10% | 11 | |
| 3636251188 | National Banking Act | Act that established a system of federal banks, allowing for a standard issue of currency | 12 | |
| 3636251189 | Trent | British warship that harbored Confederate military, sparking controversy | 13 | |
| 3636251190 | Laird rams | Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War. | 14 | |
| 3636251191 | cotton | main export of South | 15 | |
| 3636251192 | CSS Alabama | British warship used to aid the Confederates by looting and sinking many Union vessels | 16 | |
| 3636251193 | Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens | Two Union forts that were being threatened by the South | 17 | |
| 3636251194 | USS San Jacinto | American warship that sunk the Alabama | 18 | |
| 3636251195 | Butternut Region | area where an antislavery war would have been unpopular | 19 | |
| 3636251196 | conscription | the forced drafting of soldiers | 20 | |
| 3636251197 | bounty brokers | Those who enticed people to enlist by giving them a bonus sum of money | 21 | |
| 3636251198 | bounty jumpers | Those who took advantage of the bounty system by joining and deserting | 22 | |
| 3636251199 | habeas corpus | The right to know why you are being taken to court | 23 | |
| 3636251200 | Dominion of Canada | The loose confederation of Ontario (Upper Canada), Quebec (Lower Canada), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, created by the British North America Act in 1867 | 24 | |
| 3636251201 | Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | 25 | |
| 3636251203 | sewing machine | invention that allowed for the mass production of uniforms | 26 | |
| 3636251204 | mechanical reapers | invention that allowed for the feeding of soldiers for the Union | 27 | |
| 3636251205 | petroleum | resource found in Pennsylvania | 28 | |
| 3636251206 | fifty-niners | name for those who rushed to Pennsylvania | 29 | |
| 3636251208 | Elizabeth Blackwell | organized US Sanitary Commission | 30 | |
| 3636251209 | Dorothea Dix | woman who helped transform nursing into a respected profession | 31 | |
| 3636251210 | Sally Tompkins | Southern woman who ran the Richmond infirmary | 32 | |
| 3636251212 | Robert E. Lee | Southern commander who led the entire Southern army | 33 | |
| 3636251213 | Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson | Southern commander who was a gifted tactical theorist | 34 | |
| 3636251214 | wheat, corn | two crops that allowed the North to overtake the South in agrarian goods | 35 | |
| 3636251215 | George McClellan | First commander of the Union army | 36 |
Flashcards
People of AP World History Flashcards
Here are some key people to remember for AP World History. They come from the back of the book "The Earth And Its Peoples."
Terms : Hide Images
| 2577594889 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain in 1895-1898. He proclaimed the Philippines independent in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the US army in 1901. | 0 | |
| 2577594890 | Akbar I | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of concilation with Hindus. | 1 | |
| 2577594891 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 BCE). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. | 2 | |
| 2577594892 | Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia in northern Greece, Between 334 and 323 BCE, he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. | 3 | |
| 2577594893 | Salvador Allende | Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. | 4 | |
| 2577594894 | Richard Arkwright | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame. | 5 | |
| 2577594895 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. | 6 | |
| 2577594896 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | 7 | |
| 2577594897 | Octavian | Founder of the Roman Principate. After defeating all rivals between 31 BCE and 14 CE, he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. Also called Augustus. | 8 | |
| 2577594898 | Emiliano Zapata | Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated. | 9 | |
| 2577594899 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships though the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 10 | |
| 2577594900 | Faisal I | Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. | 11 | |
| 2577594901 | Benjamin Franklin | American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution. | 12 | |
| 2577594902 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric lightbulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | 13 | |
| 2577594903 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity. | 14 | |
| 2577594904 | Yamagata Aritomo | One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. | 15 | |
| 2577594905 | Yongle | He sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel. | 16 | |
| 2577594906 | Yuan Shikai | Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of Sun Yat-sen's movement. | 17 | |
| 2577594907 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 18 | |
| 2577594908 | Hipolito Irigoyen | Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916-1922 and 1928-1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer, but later became conservative. | 19 | |
| 2577594909 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicatd in 1914. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 20 | |
| 2577594910 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernician model of the solar system. | 21 | |
| 2577594911 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian statesman. He succeeded Gandhi as the leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). | 22 | |
| 2577594912 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 23 | |
| 2577594913 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. | 24 | |
| 2577594914 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (r. 1473-1458 BCE). She dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt, the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as a ruler, and after her death her name and image were frequently defaced. | 25 | |
| 2577594915 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 26 | |
| 2577594916 | Herodotus | Heir to the technique of historia ("investigation") developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents of and chronicled the Persian Wars, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing. | 27 | |
| 2577594917 | Theodor Herzl | Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. | 28 | |
| 2577594918 | Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. | 29 | |
| 2577594919 | Adolf Hitler | Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the Nazi party in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. | 30 | |
| 2577594920 | Saddam Hussein | President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980-1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. | 31 | |
| 2577594921 | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | Shiite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. | 32 | |
| 2577594922 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. | 33 | |
| 2577594923 | Getulio Vargas | Dictator of Brazil from 1930-1945 and 1951-1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created the Estado Novo (New State), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants. | 34 | |
| 2577594924 | Pancho Villa | A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Zapata. He was assassinated in 1923. | 35 | |
| 2577594925 | George Washington | Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). | 36 | |
| 2577594926 | James Watt | Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. | 37 | |
| 2577594927 | Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. | 38 | |
| 2577594928 | Woodrow Wilson | President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the US Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. | 39 | |
| 2577594929 | Wilbur and Orville Wright | American bicycle mechanics; the first to build and fly an airplace, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 7, 1903. | 40 | |
| 2577594930 | Margaret Sanger | American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences and established birth control clinics. | 41 | |
| 2577594931 | Haile Selassie | Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-19745) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as a traditional autocracy until he was overthrown in 1974. | 42 | |
| 2577594932 | Shah Abbas I | The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran. He moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598. | 43 | |
| 2577594933 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (ca. 221-210 BCE). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks. His tomb, with its army of life-size terracotta soldiers, has been partially excavated. | 44 | |
| 2577594934 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 BCE) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investifation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state. | 45 | |
| 2577594935 | Josef Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition. | 46 | |
| 2577594936 | Henry Morton Stanley | British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. | 47 | |
| 2577594937 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Kanuni ("Lawgiver"). He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 48 | |
| 2577594938 | Sun Yat-sen | Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Kuomintang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal deemocratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. | 49 | |
| 2577594939 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in the War of 1812 and died in battle. | 50 | |
| 2577594940 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate. He through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India. | 51 | |
| 2577594941 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed along with his wife and other members of his family. | 52 | |
| 2577594942 | Ramses II | A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 BCE). He reached an accomodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. | 53 | |
| 2577594943 | Rashid al-Din | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on his advice. | 54 | |
| 2577594944 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Zimbabwe and Zambia were originally named after him. | 55 | |
| 2577594945 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 56 | |
| 2577594946 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them. | 57 | |
| 2577594947 | Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil wars that followed. | 58 | |
| 2577594948 | Leopold II | King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). | 59 | |
| 2577594949 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. | 60 | |
| 2577594950 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. | 61 | |
| 2577594951 | Andrew Jackson | First president of the US to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832. | 62 | |
| 2577594952 | Jesus | A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. Hailed as the Messiah and Son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death. | 63 | |
| 2577594953 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British and the Indian National Congress for Muslim participation in Indian politics. From 1940 on, he led the movement for the independence of India's Muslims in a separate state of Pakistan, founded in 1947. | 64 | |
| 2577594954 | Benito Juarez | President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1863 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor. | 65 | |
| 2577594955 | Darius I | Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 BCE). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece). | 66 | |
| 2577594956 | Deng Xiaoping | Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao. | 67 | |
| 2577594957 | Blaise Diagne | Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After the war, he led a movement to abolish forced labor in Africa. | 68 | |
| 2577594958 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 69 | |
| 2577594959 | Osama bin Laden | Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. | 70 | |
| 2577594960 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862-1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871. | 71 | |
| 2577594961 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | 72 | |
| 2577594962 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. | 73 | |
| 2577594963 | Siddhartha Gautama | An Indian prince alternately known as the Buddha, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia. | 74 | |
| 2577594964 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 75 | |
| 2577594965 | Mahatma Gandhi | Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became the leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence he was assassinated for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting. | 76 | |
| 2577594966 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860. | 77 | |
| 2577594967 | Genghis Khan | The title of Temujin when the ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire. | 78 | |
| 2577594968 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Head of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe. | 79 | |
| 2577594969 | Jose Antonio Paez | Venezuelan soldier who led Simon Bolivar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. He was unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolivar's government in distant Bogota and declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829. | 80 | |
| 2577594970 | Paul | A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damasxua, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism. | 81 | |
| 2577594971 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war. | 82 | |
| 2577594972 | Eva Duarte Peron | Wife of an Argentinian president. Champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. | 83 | |
| 2577594973 | Juan Peron | President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. His wife played a major role in his 1946 election. He built up Argentinian industry, became very popular among the urban poor, but harmed the economy. | 84 | |
| 2577594974 | Peter the Great | Russian tzar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 85 | |
| 2577594975 | Francisco Pizzarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. | 86 | |
| 2577594976 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 87 | |
| 2577594977 | Thomas Malthus | 18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. | 88 | |
| 2577594978 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 89 | |
| 2577594979 | Mao Zedong | Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After World War II, he led the Communists to victory over the Kuomintang. He ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966. | 90 | |
| 2577594980 | Karl Marx | German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital." | 91 | |
| 2577594981 | Menelik II | Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa. | 92 | |
| 2577594982 | Moctezuma II | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 93 | |
| 2577594983 | Jose Maria Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Hidalgo, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. | 94 | |
| 2577594984 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of the religion of Islam. | 95 | |
| 2577594985 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 96 | |
| 2577594986 | Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. | 97 | |
| 2577594987 | Lazaro Cardenas | President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circle of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry. | 98 | |
| 2577594988 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. | 99 | |
| 2577594989 | Chiang Kai-shek | Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Kuomintang in 1923; headed the Chinese government from 1928-1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan. | 100 | |
| 2577594990 | Cixi | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. | 101 | |
| 2577594991 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | 102 | |
| 2577594992 | Confucius | Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. | 103 | |
| 2577594993 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. | 104 | |
| 2577594994 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 105 | |
| 2577594995 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 BCE, he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. | 106 |
Flashcards
AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5693802159 | Founder of Legalism | Han Fei | 0 | |
| 5693802160 | Time of Legalism | 475 B.C.E | 1 | |
| 5693802161 | Place of Legalism | China | 2 | |
| 5693802162 | Founder of Confucianism | Confucius | 3 | |
| 5693802163 | Time of Confucianism | 6th century B.C.E | 4 | |
| 5693802164 | Place of Confucianism | China | 5 | |
| 5693802165 | Important text(s) of Confucianism | Analects | 6 | |
| 5693802166 | Founder of Daoism | Laozi | 7 | |
| 5693802167 | Time of Daoism | 6th-3rd century B.C.E | 8 | |
| 5693802168 | Place of Daoism | China | 9 | |
| 5693802169 | Important text(s) of Daoism | Daodejing | 10 | |
| 5693802170 | Founder of Hinduism | Anonymous | 11 | |
| 5693802171 | Time of Hinduism | 800-400 B.C.E | 12 | |
| 5693802172 | Place of Hinduism | India | 13 | |
| 5693802173 | Important text(s) of Hinduism | Bhagavad Gita | 14 | |
| 5693802174 | Founder of Buddhism | Siddhartha Gautama | 15 | |
| 5693802175 | Time of Buddhism | 6th century B.C.E | 16 | |
| 5693802176 | Place of Buddhism | India | 17 | |
| 5693802177 | Founder of Zoroastrianism | Zoroaster | 18 | |
| 5693802178 | Time of Zoroastrianism | 7th century B.C.E | 19 | |
| 5693802179 | Place of Zoroastrianism | Persia | 20 | |
| 5693802180 | Founders of Judaism | Hebrew phrophets | 21 | |
| 5693802181 | Time of Judaism | 9th-6th century B.C.E | 22 | |
| 5693802182 | Place of Judaism | Eastern Mediterranean, Palestine, and Isreal | 23 | |
| 5693802183 | Important text(s) of Judaism | The old testament | 24 | |
| 5693802184 | Founders of Greek Philosophy | Socrates, Plato, Aristotle | 25 | |
| 5693802185 | Time of Greek Philosophy | 5th-4th centuries B.C.E | 26 | |
| 5693802186 | Place of Greek Philosophy | Greece | 27 | |
| 5693802187 | Filial piety | (Confucianism) the honoring of one's parents and ancestors | 28 | |
| 5693802188 | ren | (Confucianism) human morale and sympathy | 29 | |
| 5693802189 | wen | (Confucianism) fineness in logic, education, literacy, and art | 30 | |
| 5693802190 | wu | (Confucianism) ability to gain physical and martial achievements | 31 | |
| 5693802191 | Dao | the laws behind natural phenomenons | 32 | |
| 5693802192 | yin and yang | (Daoism) a symbol that represents the unity and harmony of opposites |  | 33 |
| 5693802193 | Brahman | (Hinduism) The world soul, the birth of all the other gods | 34 | |
| 5693802194 | Atman | (Hinduism) Each person's unique soul | 35 | |
| 5693802195 | Moksha | (Hinduism) Release from our illusionary life to become one with the universe | 36 | |
| 5693802196 | Samsara | (Hinduism) reincarnation | 37 | |
| 5693802197 | Karma | (Hinduism) One's actions resulting in their shift from body to body | 38 | |
| 5693802198 | The laws of Manu | (Hinduism) Laws that reinforced gender inequality | 39 | |
| 5693802199 | Nirvana | (Buddhism) a state of enlightenment in which all wrong ideas and feelings are put out | 40 | |
| 5693802200 | Theravada Buddhism | A branch of Buddhism who believed that Buddha was a great teacher | 41 | |
| 5693802201 | Mahayana Buddhism | A branch of Buddhism who believed that Buddha was a god | 42 | |
| 5693802202 | Bodhisattvas | (Buddhism) Spiritually developed people who stayed in this life to help other reach nirvana. | 43 | |
| 5693802203 | Ahura Mazda | The benevolent god of the Persians who ruled with righteousness | 44 | |
| 5693802204 | Angra Mainyu | The antagonist of Ahura Mazda | 45 | |
| 5693802205 | Yahweh | The jealous and powerful Jewish God | 46 | |
| 5693802206 | Rationalism | (Greek) The greek ways of understanding the world through reason, logic, and observations | 47 | |
| 5693802207 | Main ideas of Legalism | Heavy punishments/Promoted farmers and soldiers | 48 | |
| 5693802208 | Main ideas of Confucianism | Superiors and inferiors/Superiors were to be role models/Emphasis on education/Inequality | 49 | |
| 5693802209 | Main ideas of Daoism | Education is worthless/Oneness with nature/Encouraged withdrawal | 50 | |
| 5693802210 | Main ideas of Hinduism | Patriarchal/End goal was Moksha/Caste system/Reincarnation | 51 | |
| 5693802211 | Main ideas of Buddhism | Suffering/Reincarnation/Caste and gender inequality/Bodhisattvas | 52 | |
| 5693802212 | Main ideas of Zoroastrianism | Monotheistic/Savior/Day of judgement | 53 | |
| 5693802213 | Main ideas of Judaism | Monotheistic/treaty with God | 54 | |
| 5693802214 | Main idea of Greek Philosophy | Wisdom/Science/Rational beliefs | 55 |
AP Language Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5450070513 | English | English | 0 | |
| 5450070514 | adage | a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.) | 1 | |
| 5450070515 | allegory | a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.) | 2 | |
| 5450070516 | alliteration | words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.) | 3 | |
| 5450070517 | allusion | a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text. | 4 | |
| 5450070518 | ambiguity | multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning | 5 | |
| 5450070519 | analogy | establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea | 6 | |
| 5450070520 | anaphora | the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.) | 7 | |
| 5450070521 | anecdote | short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories | 8 | |
| 5450070522 | antecedent | word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun | 9 | |
| 5450070523 | antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair." | 10 | |
| 5450070524 | antithesis | parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." | 11 | |
| 5450070525 | apostrophe | speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present | 12 | |
| 5450070526 | appositive | a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun | 13 | |
| 5450070527 | archetype | A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response | 14 | |
| 5450070528 | argument | a statement put forth and supported by evidence | 15 | |
| 5450070529 | asyndeton | author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle." | 16 | |
| 5450070530 | audience | those to whom a piece of literary work is being presented | 17 | |
| 5450070531 | cacophony | Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound | 18 | |
| 5450070532 | characterization | Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader. | 19 | |
| 5450070533 | circumlocution | an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence | 20 | |
| 5450070534 | climax | that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point" | 21 | |
| 5450070535 | colloquial | Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing | 22 | |
| 5450070536 | concession | An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point. | 23 | |
| 5450070537 | conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things | 24 | |
| 5450070538 | connotation | associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition | 25 | |
| 5450070539 | context | The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning | 26 | |
| 5450070540 | counter argument | an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument. | 27 | |
| 5450070541 | cumulative sentence | a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases | 28 | |
| 5450070542 | denotation | Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning | 29 | |
| 5450070543 | denouement | an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot | 30 | |
| 5450070544 | detail | The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose. | 31 | |
| 5450070545 | diction | A writer's or speaker's choice of words | 32 | |
| 5450070546 | elegy | a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead. | 33 | |
| 5450070547 | ellipsis | in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ... | 34 | |
| 5450070548 | epic | A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society | 35 | |
| 5450070549 | ethos | One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. | 36 | |
| 5450070550 | euphemism | From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT | 37 | |
| 5450070551 | exposition | Background information presented in a literary work. | 38 | |
| 5450070552 | foreshadowing | Foreshadowing is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the story; builds suspense/anxiety | 39 | |
| 5450070553 | genre | A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. | 40 | |
| 5450070554 | horative sentence | Sentence that exhorts, urges, retreats, implores, or calls to action; | 41 | |
| 5450070555 | hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. | 42 | |
| 5450070556 | imagery | use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes | 43 | |
| 5450070557 | imperative sentences | gives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with ! | 44 | |
| 5450070558 | inversion | A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. | 45 | |
| 5450070559 | verbal irony | Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant | 46 | |
| 5450070560 | juxtaposition | placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison | 47 | |
| 5450070561 | Litotes | an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Ex: "Not bad" looking | 48 | |
| 5450070562 | logos | An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies. | 49 | |
| 5450070563 | metaphor | A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as | 50 | |
| 5450070564 | metonymy | (mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact. | 51 | |
| 5450070565 | mood | Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere | 52 | |
| 5450070566 | motif | A recurring theme, subject or idea | 53 | |
| 5450070567 | myth | a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events. | 54 | |
| 5450070568 | narrative | a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text. | 55 | |
| 5450070569 | non sequitur | A statement that does not follow logically from evidence | 56 | |
| 5450070570 | occasion | the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 57 | |
| 5450070571 | onomatopoeia | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. | 58 | |
| 5450070572 | organization | In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay. | 59 | |
| 5450070573 | oxymoron | A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths" | 60 | |
| 5450070574 | pace | Speed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions. | 61 | |
| 5450070575 | parable | A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson | 62 | |
| 5450070576 | paradox | A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. | 63 | |
| 5450070577 | parallel structure | repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. | 64 | |
| 5450070578 | parody | A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing | 65 | |
| 5450070579 | pastoral | A work of literature dealing with rural life | 66 | |
| 5450070580 | pathos | An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. | 67 | |
| 5450070581 | periodic sentence | The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.) | 68 | |
| 5450070582 | persona | An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | 69 | |
| 5450070583 | personification | author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 70 | |
| 5450070584 | point of view | Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character." | 71 | |
| 5450070585 | polemic | a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion | 72 | |
| 5450070586 | propaganda | A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information. | 73 | |
| 5450070587 | prose | written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. | 74 | |
| 5450070588 | purpose | One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. | 75 | |
| 5450070589 | refutation | The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view. | 76 | |
| 5450070590 | repetition | Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis | 77 | |
| 5450070591 | rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 78 | |
| 5450070592 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion). | 79 | |
| 5450070593 | rhetorical question | A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally. | 80 | |
| 5450070594 | rhetorical triangle | A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle |  | 81 |
| 5450070595 | satire | A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. | 82 | |
| 5450070596 | simile | A comparison of two things using like or as | 83 | |
| 5450070597 | soliloquy | A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. | 84 | |
| 5450070598 | symbolism | An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance | 85 | |
| 5450070599 | synecdoche | A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword). | 86 | |
| 5450070600 | syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | 87 | |
| 5450070601 | syntax | Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences | 88 | |
| 5450070602 | thesis | Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based. | 89 | |
| 5450070603 | tone | A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels. | 90 | |
| 5450070604 | transition | A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph | 91 | |
| 5450070605 | voice | In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing. | 92 | |
| 5450070606 | zeugma | Artfully using a single verb to refer to two different objects in an ungrammatical but striking way, or artfully using an adjective to refer to two separate nouns, even though the adjective would logically only be appropriate for one of the two. Ex:"If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately!" | 93 |
American Pageant Chapter 16 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3636160170 | American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-1870) | Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters | 0 | |
| 3636160171 | American Colonization Society | Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves | 1 | |
| 3636160172 | Amistad (1839) | Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard; the ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial; former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release | 2 | |
| 3636160173 | Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) | Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black | 3 | |
| 3636160174 | Black Belt | Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of Slaves. It emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west | 4 | |
| 3636160175 | Breakers | Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves | 5 | |
| 3636160176 | Gag Resolution | Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, it was passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams. | 6 | |
| 3636160177 | The Liberator (1831-1865) | Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves | 7 | |
| 3636160178 | Liberia | West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s | 8 | |
| 3636160179 | Mason-Dixon Line | Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery | 9 | |
| 3636160180 | Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) | Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass | 10 | |
| 3636160181 | Nat Turner's Rebellion (1851) | Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings | 11 | |
| 3636160182 | Responsorial | Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South | 12 | |
| 3636160183 | West Africa Squadron (established 1808) | British royal navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans | 13 | |
| 3636160184 | Frederick Douglass (late 1830s-1840s) | born a slave but escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist; gifted orator, writer, and editor; published "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" | 14 | |
| 3636160185 | Martin Delany (1859) | one of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of mass recolonization of Africa; visited West Africa's Niger Valley seeking a suitable site for relocation | 15 | |
| 3636160186 | Nat Turner (1831) | visionary black preacher who led a slave rebellion in Virginia, killing sixty Virginians | 16 | |
| 3636160187 | Sojourner Truth (1840s) | freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights | 17 | |
| 3636160188 | Theodore Dwight Weld (1830s) | abolitionist who appealed with a special power and directness to his rural audiences of untutored farmers; preached antislavery gospel, assembled a propaganda pamphlet, "American Slavery as It Is" in (1839) | 18 | |
| 3636160189 | William Lloyd Garrison (1831-1850s) | most conspicious and most vilified of the abolitionists, published "The Liberator" in Boston, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; favored Northern secession and renounced politics | 19 | |
| 3636160190 | William Wilberforce (1833) | member of Parliament and an evangelical Christian reformer who unchained the slaves in the West Indies | 20 |
AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
MIDTERM
Terms : Hide Images
| 2129996157 | agricultural village | a farming-based settlement; relatively small in population | 0 | |
| 2129996158 | city-state | A city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. | 1 | |
| 2129996159 | Code of Hammurabi | 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. | 2 | |
| 2129996160 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 3 | |
| 2129996161 | Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates | 4 | |
| 2129996162 | Gilgamesh | A legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories | 5 | |
| 2129996163 | ideograms | Pictures that symbolized an idea or action. | 6 | |
| 2129996164 | Mesopotamia | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture | 7 | |
| 2129996165 | Neolithic | A time in history when people change from nomadic to settled farming. | 8 | |
| 2129996166 | pictograms | the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas | 9 | |
| 2129996167 | Sargon of Akkad | (2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia. | 10 | |
| 2129996168 | Sumer | 1st civilization- argriculture based. Southern Iraq | 11 | |
| 2129996169 | Ziggurat | A pyramid shaped temple tower used for religious purposes | 12 | |
| 2129996170 | Animism | Belief that everything has a spirit | 13 | |
| 2132893205 | Aryans | a group of people who settled in india | 14 | |
| 2132893206 | caste system | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life | 15 | |
| 2132893207 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization. | 16 | |
| 2132893208 | Indus Valley civilization | also known as Harappan civilization,located in India along the Indus River. | 17 | |
| 2132893209 | Middle Kingdom | 2000-1800 BCE; known as the time of reunification, advances in literature, art and architecture occurred at this time. | 18 | |
| 2132893210 | Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India | 19 | |
| 2132893211 | mummification | embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy | 20 | |
| 2132893212 | New Kingdom | the period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory | 21 | |
| 2132893213 | Nile | Egypt's river | 22 | |
| 2132893214 | Old Kingdom | *Period in Egyptian history associated with building pyramids. | 23 | |
| 2132893215 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 24 | |
| 2132893216 | oracle bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future | 25 | |
| 2132893217 | Teotihuacán | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 26 | |
| 2132893218 | Yellow River (Huang He) | a major river of Asia in northern China | 27 | |
| 2132949042 | Alexander the Great | (356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India. | 28 | |
| 2132949043 | Assyrians | Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire | 29 | |
| 2132949044 | Athens | A greek city state who focused on art, literature and architecture, had democratic government and a jury | 30 | |
| 2132949045 | Babylonians | A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi. Hammurabi created nearly 300 laws known as Hammurabi's Code of Laws, the old known legal system based on the concept of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". | 31 | |
| 2132949046 | democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 32 | |
| 2132949047 | Hellenistic | A cultural blend, under Alexander's policies, of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian. Koine was the popular spoken language used in these cities. | 33 | |
| 2132949048 | Indo-European | A group of Nomadic people | 34 | |
| 2132976035 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire | 35 | |
| 2132976036 | Constantine | 1st Christian Emperor/ruler | 36 | |
| 2132976037 | Colosseum | A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place | 37 | |
| 2132976038 | consul | An elected official who led the Roman Republic | 38 | |
| 2132976039 | Julius Caesar | 100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C. | 39 | |
| 2132976040 | Goths | Germanic tribe | 40 | |
| 2132976041 | Justinian Code | A codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire | 41 | |
| 2132976042 | paterfamilias | Head of household -always male- and only member to have full legal right | 42 | |
| 2132976043 | patrician | A person of noble birth | 43 | |
| 2133000064 | Confucius | A CHINESE PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER WHOSE BELIEFS HAD A GREAT INFLUENCE ON CHINESE LIFE | 44 | |
| 2133000065 | Daoism | ..., philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 45 | |
| 2133000066 | Grand Canal | A canal linking northern and southern China. | 46 | |
| 2133000067 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. | 47 | |
| 2133000068 | Qin Shi Huangdi | First Emperor; only emperor of Qin Dynasty; legalist; | 48 | |
| 2133000069 | Warring States period | 402-201 BCE, between Zhou and Qin dynasties, lack of centralized government in China | 49 | |
| 2133000070 | Wudi | Chinese emperor who brought the Han Dynasty to its greatest strength | 50 | |
| 2133058067 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. | 51 | |
| 2133058068 | polis | A city-state in ancient Greece | 52 | |
| 2133058069 | Pax Romana | ("Roman Peace") long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire | 53 | |
| 2133058070 | plebeian | A common farmer, trader, or craftworker in ancient Rome | 54 | |
| 2133058071 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 55 | |
| 2133058072 | republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | 56 | |
| 2133058073 | Senate | A council of representatives | 57 | |
| 2133079809 | Asoka | (?-232 BCE) King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion. | 58 | |
| 2133079810 | Chandra Gupta I | Further expanded the empire and strengthened its economy. His reign was a period of prosperity. Gupta Empire reached its height under his rule. | 59 | |
| 2133079811 | guilds | An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards | 60 | |
| 2133079812 | Gupta Empire | (320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. | 61 | |
| 2133079813 | Mahabharata | A great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India. | 62 | |
| 2133079814 | monsoon | A seasonal wind. | 63 | |
| 2133079815 | Vedas | A Hindu holy book which is a collection of Aryan hymns that were transmitted orally before being written down in the 6th century BCE. | 64 | |
| 2133102730 | brahmin | Belonging to the first and highest of the four Hindu castes. | 65 | |
| 2133102731 | dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties | 66 | |
| 2133102732 | Hinduism | A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system. | 67 | |
| 2133102733 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 68 | |
| 2133102734 | nirvana | An ideal state of happiness and peace | 69 | |
| 2133102735 | Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism | 70 | |
| 2133102736 | the Buddha | Founder of Buddhism, he was originally an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He founded the Buddhist religion after a long spiritual journey through India. | 71 | |
| 2133102737 | the Four Noble Truths | According to Buddha, four principles for living that lead to happiness | 72 | |
| 2133122922 | Charlemagne | 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe | 73 | |
| 2133122923 | diaspora | Describes forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place | 74 | |
| 2133122924 | monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 75 | |
| 2133122925 | Orthodoxy | A doctrine, belief, attitude, or teaching that is consistent with revealed truth and with the Church's doctrine of faith. | 76 | |
| 2133122926 | Torah | (Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written | 77 | |
| 2133194044 | Abbasid | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250. | 78 | |
| 2133194045 | caliph | A Muslim ruler | 79 | |
| 2133194046 | crusade | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 80 | |
| 2133194047 | Dar al-Islam | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule | 81 | |
| 2133194048 | Delhi Sultanate | A Muslim leader of Ghur who defeated Hindu armies made Delhi, the third largest city of India, his capital. | 82 | |
| 2133194049 | dhimmi | "protected people," subjects who were not Muslim, paid Jizya | 83 | |
| 2133194050 | hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims | 84 | |
| 2133194051 | hadith | (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions | 85 | |
| 2133194052 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 86 | |
| 2133194053 | jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 87 | |
| 2133194054 | Ka'aba | (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine | 88 | |
| 2133194055 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 89 | |
| 2133194056 | Seljuk Turks | ..., nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 90 | |
| 2133194057 | shari'a | A body of law governing the lives of Muslims | 91 | |
| 2133194058 | free market economy | Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand | 92 | |
| 2133194059 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 | 93 | |
| 2133194060 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373) | 94 | |
| 2133194061 | Marco Polo | (1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. | 95 | |
| 2133194062 | Tenochtitlán | Aztec capital | 96 | |
| 2133226763 | Christopher Columbus | - Portuguese explorer who discovered the Americas while sailing for Spain. | 97 | |
| 2133226764 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 98 | |
| 2133226765 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 99 | |
| 2133226766 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 100 | |
| 2133226767 | humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 101 | |
| 2133226768 | James Cook | A navigator and ship captain who explored and claimed land in Australia for England in 1770 | 102 | |
| 2133226769 | Johannes Gutenberg | -Invented the printing press in Germany | 103 | |
| 2133226770 | Renaissance | -rebirth of art, culture, and intellect started in Ital | 104 | |
| 2133226771 | Vasco de Balboa | First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513. | 105 | |
| 2133226772 | Vasco de Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean. | 106 | |
| 2133268374 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation | 107 | |
| 2133268375 | Anglican | Church of England | 108 | |
| 2133268376 | capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 109 | |
| 2133268377 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 110 | |
| 2133268378 | Charles V | Devoted Catholic; went against Luther's ideas and controlled the German states | 111 | |
| 2133268379 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 112 | |
| 2133268380 | Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | 113 | |
| 2133268381 | Elizabeth I | queen of England absolute monarch | 114 | |
| 2133268382 | encomienda system | system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. | 115 | |
| 2133268383 | Francisco Pizarro | -Spanish conquistador | 116 | |
| 2133268384 | Hernán Cortés | 1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico | 117 | |
| 2133268385 | Ignatius Loyola | (1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation. | 118 | |
| 2133268386 | indulgence | A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins | 119 | |
| 2133268387 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism | 120 | |
| 2133268388 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 121 | |
| 2133268389 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 122 | |
| 2133268390 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 123 | |
| 2133268391 | mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 124 | |
| 2133268392 | Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor who died while in custody of the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes | 125 | |
| 2133268393 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 126 | |
| 2133268394 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Czar of Russia. He was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 18th century. | 127 | |
| 2133268395 | Philip II | (1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. | 128 | |
| 2133268396 | repartimiento system | required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation | 129 | |
| 2133268397 | serfdom | Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions | 130 | |
| 2133268398 | shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name. | 131 | |
| 2133268399 | Spanish Armada | 1588 fleet that attempted an invasion of England | 132 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
