| CourseNotes

Flashcards: AP Human Geography Barron's Book AP Exam Vocabulary Chapter 5: Economic Geography Flashcards

Chapter 5: Geography,Economic Geography Vocabulary of AP Human Geography Barron's Book, 2012 4th Edition

1454934417	Agglomeration	Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.	0
1454934418	Ancillary Activities	Economic activities that surround and support large scale industries such as shipping and food service.	1
1454934419	Anthropocentric	Human-centered, in sustainable development, anthropocentric refers to ideas that focus solely on the needs of people without considering the creatures with whom we share the planet or the ecosystems upon which we depend.	2
1454934420	Backwash Effect	The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region.	3
1454934421	Break-Bulk Point	A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.	4
1454934422	Brick-and-Mortar Business	Traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs, it does not exist solely on the internet.	5
1454934423	Bulk Gaining Industries	Industries whose products weigh more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts. Such industries tend to have production facilities close to their markets.	6
1454934424	Bulk Reducing Industries	Industries whose final products weigh less than their constituent parts, and whose processing facilities tend to be close to sources of raw materials.	7
1454934425	Conglomerate Corporation	A firm that is comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions.	8
1454934426	Core	Nation or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.	9
1454934427	Core- Periphery Model	A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.	10
1454934428	Cottage Industry	An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories.	11
1454934429	Deglomeration	The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration.	12
1454934430	Deindustralization	Loss of industrial activity in a region.	13
1454934431	Development	The process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional source development.	14
1454934432	E- Commerce	Web based economic activities.	15
1454934433	Economic Backwaters	Regions that fail to gain from national economic development.	16
1454934434	Ecotourism	A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.	17
1454934435	Export Processing Zone	Areas where government create favorable investments ad trading conditions to attract export-orientated industries.	18
1454934436	Fast World	Areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation technologies.	19
1454934437	Footloose Firms	Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm.	20
1454934438	Fordism	System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.	21
1454934439	Foreign Investment	Overseas business investments made by private companies.	22
1454934440	Gender Equity	A measure of the opportunities given to woman compared to men within a given country.	23
1454934441	Globalization	The idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected on a global scale such that smaller scales of political and economic life are becoming obsolete.	24
1454934442	Gross Domestic Product	The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.	25
1454934443	Gross National Product	The total value of goods ad services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.	26
1454934444	Human Development Index	Measure used by the United Nations that calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare. The HDI evaluates human welfare	27
1454934445	Industrial Revolution	The rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing hat resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century.	28
1454934446	Industrialization	Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economics are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.	29
1454934447	Industralized Countries	Those countries including Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Germany, and Japan, that were all at the forefront of industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20 th century. While industry is currently shifting to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor and more relaxed environment standards, these countries still account for a large portion of the world's total industrial output.	30
1454934448	Least Cost Theory	A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration and deglomeration.	31
1454934449	Least Developed Countries	These countries including Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South America and Asia, that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living.	32
1454934450	Manufacturing Region	A region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together The major U.S industrial region has historically been in the Great Lakes, which includes the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Industrial regions also exist in southeastern Brazil, central England, around Tokyo, Japan, and elsewhere.	33
1454934451	Maquiladoras	Those U.S firms that have factories just outside the United States/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government. In such areas, factories cheaply assemble goods for export back into the United States.	34
1454934452	Net National Product	A measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.	35
1454934453	Nonrenewable Resources	Natural resources, such as fossil fuels, that do not replenish themselves in a time frame that is relevant for human consumption.	36
1454934454	Offshore Financial Center	Areas that have been specially designed to promote business transactions, and thus have become centers for banking and finance.	37
1454934455	Outsourcing	Sending industrial processes out for external production. The term outsourcing increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low.	38
1454934456	Periphery	Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. The world economic periphery includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia.	39
1454934457	Primary Economic Activities	Economic activities in which natural resources are made available for use or further processing, including mining, agriculture, forestry, and fishing.	40
1454934458	Productivity	A measure of the goods and services produced within a particular country.	41
1454934459	Purchasing Power Parity	A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries.	42
1454934460	Quaternary Economic Activities	Economic activities concerned with research, information gathering, and administration.	43
1454934461	Quinary Economic Activities	The most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.	44
1454934462	Regionalization	The process by which specific region acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country. In economic geography, Regionalization involves the development of dominant economic activities in particular activities.	45
1454934463	Renewable Sources	Any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of a human life.	46
1454934464	Rostow's Stages of Development	A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.	47
1454934465	Rust Belt	The manufacturing region in the United States that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental regulations.	48
1454934466	Secondary Economic Activities	Economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation.	49
1454934467	Semiperiphery	Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. Semiperipheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.	50
1454934468	Service-based Economics	Highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunication.	51
1454934469	Slow World	The developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology.	52
1454934470	Spatially Fixed Costs	An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located.	53
1454934471	Spatially Variable Costs	An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs.	54
1454934472	Specialty Goods	Goods that are not mass produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities.	55
1454934473	Sustainable Development	Th idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same.	56
1454934474	Tertiary Economic Activities	Activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services.	57
1454934475	Transnational Corporation	A firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as multinational corporations.	58
1454934476	World Cities	A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally, dominant system of global control of finance and commerce.	59
1454934477	World Systems Theory	Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present.	60

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography - Unit 3 (Culture) Flashcards

Barron's AP Human Geography Chapter 4.
H. J. De Blij People, Place, and Culture (8th edition)
Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Terms : Hide Images

386334031	Culture	The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.	0
386334032	Folk Culture	cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities.	1
386334033	Popular Culture	Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban based, media influenced western societies.	2
386334034	Local Culture	Group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs.	3
386334035	Material Culture	The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people.	4
386334036	Nonmaterial Culture	The beliefs, practices, aesthics, and values of a group of people.	5
386334037	Hierarchal Diffusion	A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence.	6
386334038	Hearth	The region from which innovative ideas and cultural traits originate.	7
386334039	Assimilate	The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture.	8
386334040	Cultural Appropriation	The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit.	9
386334041	Neolocalism	The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.	10
386334042	Ethnic Neighborhood	Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitian city and constructed by or composed of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.	11
386334043	Commodification	The process though which something is given monetary value.	12
386334044	Distance Decay	The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.	13
386334045	Time-space Compression	The social and physiological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.	14
386334046	Cultural Landscape	the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape	15
386334047	Placelessness	Defined by the geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.	16
386334048	Diffusion Routes	The spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread.	17
386334049	custom	practice routinely followed by a group of people	18
386334050	neolocalism	The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.	19
386334051	authenticity	in the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which the single sterotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs	20
386334052	reterritorialization	with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own	21
386334053	folk-housing regions	A region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area.	22
386334054	glocalization	The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes	23
386334055	global-local continuum	the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa.	24
386334056	gender	Social differences between men and women, rather than anatomical, biological different between the sexes.	25
386334057	identity	How we make ourselves ; how people see themselves at different scales.	26
386334058	residential segregation	Degree of which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment.	27
386334059	invasion and succesion	the process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas	28
386334060	sense of place	state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.	29
386334061	space	the area of social relations	30
386334062	gendered	wether a place is defined for men or women	31
386334063	queer theory	highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the poitical engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative, not really a theory more of a study	32
386334064	dowry deaths	the bride is brutally beat or killed for her fathers failure to fulfill the marriage agreement	33
386334065	barrioization	he dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood	34
386334066	ghetto	a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions	35
386334067	sexuality	the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles	36
386334068	language	a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication	37
386334069	standard language	the variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life	38
386334070	mutual intelligibility	the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking	39
386334071	dialect chains	a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related	40
386334072	subfamilies	divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent	41
386334073	sound shift	slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin	42
386334074	Proto-Indo-European	linguistic hypothesis proposing the existance of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskirt languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia	43
386334075	backward reconstruction	the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language	44
386334076	deep reconstruction	technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded it	45
386334077	nostratic	language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Prot-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Atlantic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravidian languages of India, and the Afro-Asianic language family	46
386334078	language divergence	the opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages	47
386334079	language convergence	the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages; the opposite of language divergence	48
386334080	Renfrew hypothesis	hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew where in he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to 3 lang. families:Europe's indo-European lang. North African and Arabian languages and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India	49
386334081	conquest theory	one major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.	50
386334082	dispersal hypothesis	hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans	51
386334083	Germanic languages	languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south	52
386334084	Slavic languages	languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago	53
386334085	Creole language	language that begun as pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue	54
386334086	monolingual states	countries in which only one language is spoken	55
386334087	multilingual states	countries in which more than one language is in use	56
386334088	global language	the language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or the prevalence of use in commerce and trade	57
386334089	Religion	A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.	58
386334090	Secularism	The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. A secular state is the opposite of a theocracy.	59
386334091	Shintoism	Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism, focuses strongly on worship of nature and ancestor worship.	60
386334092	Taoism	Religion founded by Lao-Tsu and based on his book "Tao-te-Ching" or "Book of the Way". Focuses on proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.	61
386334093	Feng shui	"Wind-water" - Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of structures and objects to channel "life-breath" in favorable ways.	62
386334094	Confucianism	Philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.	63
386334095	Zionism	Movement to unite the Jewish people of the Diaspora and to establish a new homeland for them in the Promised Land.	64
386334096	Eastern Orthodox Church	One of the 3 major branches of Christianity that arose from the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian; Arose from Constantinople.	65
386334097	Roman Catholic Church	Arose from Rome after the splitting of the Roman Empire.	66
386334098	Protestant	One of the three major branches of Christianity that arose from challenging of the Roman Catholic Church by many individuals.	67
386334099	Sunni	Branch of Islam that believes in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of problems. Accept the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative.	68
386334100	Shiite	Branch of Islam that believes in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of problems. Accept the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative.	69
386334101	Sacred sites	Place or space people infuse with religious meaning.	70
386334102	Minarets	Tower attached to a Muslim mosque having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to pray.	71
386334103	Hajj	The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad.	72
386334104	Interfaith boundaries	Boundaries between the world's major faiths.	73
386334105	Intrafaith boundaries	Boundaries within a single major faith.	74
386334106	Religious extremism	Religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence.	75
386334107	Shari'a laws	System of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qur'an.	76
386334108	Jihad	Doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as "Holy War" and represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qur'an.	77

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Key Terms Flashcards

Chapter 2 AP Human Geography Key Terms

Terms : Hide Images

913138746	Agricultural density	The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.	0
913138747	Agricultural revolution	The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.	1
913138748	Arithmetic density	The total number of people divided by the total land area.	2
913138749	Census	A complete enumeration of a population.	3
913138750	Crude birth rate (CBR)	The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in this society.	4
913138751	Crude death rate (CDR)	The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.	5
913138752	Demographic transition	The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.	6
913138753	Demography	The scientific study of population characteristics.	7
913138754	Dependency ratio	The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.	8
913138755	Doubling time	The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.	9
913138756	Ecumene	The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.	10
913138757	Epidemiologic transition	Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.	11
913138758	Epidemiology	Branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.	12
913138759	Industrial Revolution	A series of improvements in industrial technology that trasnformed the process of manufacturing goods.	13
913138760	Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)	The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.	14
913138761	Life expectancy	The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.	15
913138762	Medical revolution	Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.`	16
913138763	Natural Increase Rate (NIR)	The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.	17
913138764	Overpopulation	The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.	18
913138765	Pandemic	Disease that occurs over a very wide geographic area and affects very high proportion of the popultion	19
913138766	Physiological density	The number of people per unit of area and arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.	20
913138767	Population pyramid	A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.	21
913138768	Sex ratio	The number of males per 100 females in the population.	22
913138769	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.	23
913138770	Zero Population Growth	A decline of the total fertility rate to the point when the natural increase equals zero.	24

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Exam Review: Part 1: I Flashcards

Review for AP Human Geography Exam based on "Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam 2013" by the Princeton Review.

Terms : Hide Images

787924232	Space	Geometric surface of the earth; land	0
787924233	Spatial	Relating to space on the earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic	1
787924234	Place	Area of bounded space of some human importance; an area defined by everything in it; describes physical and human characteristics	2
787924235	Toponym	Place name	3
787924236	Regions	Type of place; areas that share common characteristics	4
787924237	Sequent Occupancy	The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place; succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history. E.g., British Colonialism in North America	5
787924238	Place Specific	Several different historical layers to a certain place's culture, society, local politics, and economy	6
787924239	Scale	Relationship of an object or place to the earth as a whole; the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it	7
787924240	Map Scale	Ratio of distance on a map to distance in the real world	8
787924241	Relative Scale	Also referred to as scale of analysis; describes level of aggregation/level you group things together for examination	9
787924242	Level of Aggregation	Level you group things together for examination; , how data is grouped together spatially	10
787924243	Formal Region	Area of bounded space that possesses some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity; , an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics	11
787924244	Homogeneous Characteristic	A uniform characteristic across a region	12
787924245	Uniformity	A condition in which everything is regular and unvarying; sameness	13
787924246	Linguistic Region	Formal region that shares the same language; not necessarily a culture region	14
787924247	Culture Region	Formal region that shares similar culture; an area in which people have many shared culture traits; tend to have fuzzy borders because it's hard to determine	15
787924248	Political Region	Formal region that shares a government and has the same leaders; finite and well-defined E.g., Liberal government of Canada controls certain areas of Canada	16
787924249	Environmental Region	Formal region defined by measurable environmental traits. Such as wetland. The barriers between these regions are often transitional.	17
787924250	Bioregion/Biome	Region that plants, animals and humans have adapted to in a specific environment, such as a tropical savanna; transitional and measurable	18
787924251	Ecotone	Environmental transition zone between two bioregions/biomes; E.g., Space between the Sahara Dessert and tropical savanna of Africa is a dry grassland region known as the Sahel	19
787924252	Functional Region	(Nodal Region) has a central place that is the node/ point of origin that expresses some practical purpose; strongest at the node, diminishes as distance away increases. E.g., Newspaper and its area of influence.	20
787924253	Central Place/Node	Geographical centers of activity. A large city, such as Los Angeles, has numerous nodes; point of origin	21
787924254	Market Area	Functional region where the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. E.g, sports team, fan base is strongest closest to the point of origin.	22
787924255	Distance Decay	Importance of a phenomenon diminished as distance from point of origin increases.	23
787924256	Area of Influence	Area in which a phenomena is relevant	24
787924257	Intervening Opportunity	The existence of a cheaper, close, more accessible alternative good or service	25
787924258	Vernacular Region	Perceptual region; based on perceptions or a mental map; E.g., the Middle East	26
787924259	Mental Map	An individual's personal idea of where boundaries are based on their own perceptions	27

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Barron's Book AP Exam Vocabulary Chapter 4: Political Geography Flashcards

Chapter 4: Geography,Political Geography Vocabulary of AP Human Geography Barron's Book, 2012 4th Edition

Terms : Hide Images

1454932106	Antecedent Boundaries	A boundary line established before an area is populated.	0
1454932107	Balkanization	The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries.	1
1454932108	Buffer State	A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers. The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries.	2
1454932109	Centrifugal Forces	Forces that tend to divide a country.	3
1454932110	Centripetal Forces	Forces that tend to unite or bind a country together.	4
1454932111	Colonialism	The expansion and perpetuation of an empire.	5
1454932112	Commonwealth of Independent States	Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.	6
1454932113	Compact State	A state that possesses a roughly circular,oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.	7
1454932114	Confederation	A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose.	8
1454932115	Democratization	The process of establishing representative and accountable forms of government led by popularly elected officials.	9
1454932116	Devolution	The delegation of legal authority from a central government to lower levels of political organization, such as state or country.	10
1454932117	Domino Theory	The idea that political stabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse.	11
1454932118	East/West Divide	Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of eastern Europe and Asia.	12
1454932119	Electoral College	A certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state.	13
1454932120	Electoral Vote	The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views of that elector's state.	14
1454932121	Elongated State	A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.	15
1454932122	Enclaves	An small and relatively homogeneous group or religion surrounded by another large and different group or religion.	16
1454932123	European Union	International organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members.	17
1454932124	Exclave	A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.	18
1454932125	Federalism	A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.	19
1454932126	Fragmented State	A state that is not a contiguous whole but rather separated parts.	20
1454932127	Frontier	An area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land.	21
1454932128	Geometric Boundary	Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.	22
1454932129	Geopolitics	The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur.	23
1454932130	Gerrymandering	The designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate.	24
1454932131	Heartland Theory	Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.	25
1454932132	Imperialism	The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign.	26
1454932133	International Organization	An alliance if two or more countries seeking cooperation withe each other without giving up either's autonomy or self determination.	27
1454932134	Landlocked State	A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility t and from international trade routes.	28
1454932135	Law of the Sea	Law establishing states' rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the Earth's seas and oceans and their resources.	29
1454932136	Lebensraum	Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people.	30
1454932137	Microstate	A state or territory that is small in both populations and area.	31
1454932138	Nation	Tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes.	32
1454932139	Nationalism	A sense of national pride to such an extent of exhalting one nation above all others.	33
1454932140	Nation-State	A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity.	34
1454932141	North American Free Trade Agreement	Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.	35
1454932142	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	An international organization that has joined for military purposes.	36
1454932143	North/South Divide	The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Japan and Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.	37
1454932144	Organic Theory	The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity and old age.	38
1454932145	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries	An international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil.	39
1454932146	Perforated State	A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.	40
1454932147	Physical Boundary	Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers.	41
1454932148	Political Geography	The spatial analysis of political phenomena and process.	42
1454932149	Popular Vote	The tally pf each individual's vote within a given geographic.	43
1454932150	Prorupted State	A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory.	44
1454932151	Reapportionment	The process of reallocation of electoral seats to defined territories.	45
1454932152	Rectangular State	A state whose shape is rectangular in shape.	46
1454932153	Redistricting	The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.	47
1454932154	Relic Boundaries	Old political boundaries that no longer exist as international borders, but that have left an enduring mark on the local cultural or environmental geography.	48
1454932155	Rimland Theory	Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.	49
1454932156	Self- Determination	The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously.	50
1454932157	Sovereignty	Supreme or independent political power.	51
1454932158	State	A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government is recognized by the international community.	52
1454932159	Stateless Nation	A group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territoriality defined, sovereign country of their own.	53
1454932160	State's Right	Rights and powers believed to be in the authority of the state rather than the federal government.	54
1454932161	Subsequent Boundaries	Boundary line established after an area has been settles that considers the social and cultural characteristics of the area.	55
1454932162	Superimposed Boundaries	Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern.	56
1454932163	Supranational Organization	Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.	57
1454932164	Territorial Organization	Political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land.	58
1454932165	Territorial Dispute	Any dispute over land ownership.	59
1454932166	Theocracy	A state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders.	60
1454932167	Unitary State	A state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers.	61
1454932168	United Nations	A global supranational organization established at the end of World War 2 to foster international security and cooperation	62

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards: AP Human Geography Barron's Book AP Exam Vocabulary Chapter 7: Urban Geography Flashcards

Chapter 7: Geography,Economic Geography Vocabulary of AP Human Geography Barron's Book, 2012 4th Edition

Terms : Hide Images

1454937308	Action Space	The geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis.	0
1454937309	Beaux Arts	This movement within city planning and uban design that stressed the marriage of older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. Common characteristics of this period include wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity.	1
1454937310	Blockbusting	As early as 1900, real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss by stoking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.	2
1454937311	Central Business District	The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.	3
1454937312	Central Place Theory	A theory formulated b Walter Christaller in the early 1900's that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.	4
1454937313	City Beautiful Movement	Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from frenzied new industrial world/	5
1454937314	Colonial City	Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructure.	6
1454937315	Concentric Zone Model	Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct lands using radiating out from a central core, or central business district.	7
1454937316	Edge City	Cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities nd serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in sprawling, decentralized suburban environment.	8
1454937317	European Cities	Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.	9
1454937318	Exurbanite	Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.	10
1454937319	Feudal City	Cities that arose during the Middle ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.	11
1454937320	Forward Capital	A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.	12
1454937321	Gateway City	Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.	13
1454937322	Gentrification	The tend of middle and upper income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods.	14
1454937323	Ghettoization	A process occurring in many inner cites in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.	15
1454937324	Great Migration	An early 20th century mass movement of African Americans from the Deep South to the Industrial North, particularly Chicago.	16
1454937325	Hinterland	The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.	17
1454937326	Inner City Decay	Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.	18
1454937327	Islamic Cities	Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and ead end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities.	19
1454937328	Latin American Cities	Cities in Latin American cities that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization, and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the central business district, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.	20
1454937329	Medieval Cities	Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow building and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.	21
1454937330	Megacities	Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War 2.	22
1454937331	Megalopolis	Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.	23
1454937332	Metropolitan Area	Within the United States, an urban area consisting of one or more whole country units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.	24
1454937333	Modern Architecture	Point of view, wherein cities and buildings are though to act like well oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. Efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for half a century while this view prevailed.	25
1454937334	Multiple Nuclei Model	Type of urban form wherein countries have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.	26
1454937335	New Urbanism	A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.	27
1454937336	Node	Geographical centers of activity. A large city, such as Los Angeles, have multiple nodes/	28
1454937337	Postmodern Architecture	A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people friendly than their modernist predecessors.	29
1454937338	Sector Model	A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.	30
1454937339	Segregation	The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogeneous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city.	31
1454937340	Squatter Settlements	Residential developments, characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.	32
1454937341	Suburb	Residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogeneous in terms of population.	33
1454937342	Urban Growth Boundary	Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.	34
1454937343	Urban Morphology	The physical form of a city or urban region.	35
1454937344	Urban Revitalization	The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves te construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.	36
1454937345	Urban Sprawl	The process of expansive suburban development over large areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary source of transportation.	37
1454937346	White Flight	The abandonment of cities affluent or middle class white residents. White flight was particularly problematic during the mid 20th century because it resulted in the loss of tax revenues to cities, which led to inner city decay. This process reversed itself somewhat during the 1990s and 2000s with urban revitalization.	38

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 22 Natural Selection Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

673787169	natural selection	A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals	0
673787170	evolutionary adaptation	An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments	1
673787171	Aristotle	Said species were unchanging. Life could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity. (Scale of Nature)	2
673787172	Old Testament	Belief that species designed by God, and therefore perfect. Adaptations seen as proof that God had designed each species for its particular purpose.	3
673787173	Carolus Linnaeus	Founder of taxonomy, system of naming and classifying organisms	4
673787174	fossils	Remains or traces of organisms from the past	5
673787175	paleontology	Study of fossils	6
673787176	Georges Cuvier	Saw that species in lower strata did not appear in upper strata; thought each boundary between layers was a natural disaster	7
673787177	catastrophism	The theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope	8
673787178	gradualism	Slow but continuous change	9
673787179	James Hutton	Said that geologic features explained by gradual mechanisms currently operating	10
673787180	Theory of Uniformitarianism	Same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, at the same rate	11
673787181	Charles Lyell	Came up with the theory of uniformitarianism	12
673787182	Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck	Said that life evolves if environments change, but he had an incorrect mechanism	13
673787183	use and disuse	Lamarck's idea that parts of body used more often become larger; if not, become smaller	14
673787184	inheritance of acquired characteristics	Lamarck's idea that organisms could pass on modifications to offspring	15
673787185	Thomas Malthus	Said that human suffering due to population increasing faster than food or resources	16
673787186	artificial selection	Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding	17
673787187	decent with modification	Darwin's way of referring to evolution	18
673787188	MRSA	Antibiotic resistant Stapholococcus	19
673787189	fitness	Individuals whose inherited traits confer an advantage have a better chance of surviving in a given environment and will leave more offspring	20
673787190	homology	Similarity resulting from common ancestry	21
673787191	homologous structures	Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor	22
673787192	comparative embryology	Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies	23
673787193	vestigial structures	Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor	24
673787194	biogeography	Geographic distribution of species	25

Powered by Quizlet.com

Industrial Revolution - Summary Flashcards

The Industrial Revolution was the time period in history when new inventions and laws were created resulting in the technology and advancements that we have today. The Industrial Revolution was supposed to happen in France because of the Napoleonic code and the fact that France was where the first bank was. France had terrible debt problems because of war, so the revolution happened in England instead. The revolution brought with it new ideas and technology, but also bad working conditions and urbanization leading to death and diseases. Child labor was common because of the fact that children worked for less. New ideas emerged and grew popular like capitalism and socialism. These ideas grew more and more popular and are still in use today. The Industrial Revolution soon spread to different parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution had lasting effects on the world with its products and machines still being used today.

Terms : Hide Images

2061456267	What was the industry like before the industrial revolution?	The industry business was mostly ran by cottage industries which were family run businesses.	0
2061456268	Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?	England	1
2061456269	Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?	- The technology used in Agriculture started to get better so there was a surplus of food and crops. - Since England was a colnial power, it had a lot of natural resources (coal) which they got from their colonies.	2
2061456270	What industry experienced the Industrial Revolution first?	The Textile Industry	3
2061456271	What was the textile industry like before the Industrial Revolution?	Before the industrial revolution, textile was made by cottage industries which were family run businesses. They were hand made and expensive.	4
2061456272	What new machines and ideas became popular during the Industrial Revolution?	- Inventions - Textile - Steam Engine - Steamboat - Interchange - Mass - Canal - Railroad	5
2061456273	What are raw materials?	Raw materials are goods that could be turned into something else.	6
2061456274	Where did England and other countries get raw materials?	From their colonies	7
2061456275	What did they do with the raw materials?	They sent it to the factory owners so that they could be turned into goods and could be sold.	8
2061456276	What is manufacturing?	Manufacturing is when you are turning raw materials into goods that can be sold for a profit.	9
2061456277	Where were the goods manufactured during the Industrial Revolution?	Mills and factories	10
2061456278	What was a major problem caused by urbanization?	Overcrowding and pollution	11
2061456279	What was urbanization?	A surplus in agriculture	12
2061456280	What economic system became popular at the end of the Age of Exploration and Colonization?	Mercantilism	13
2061456281	What is socialism?	Socialism is the economic system in which the people control production and distribution through the government and then the people share the profits. Under socialism, everything and everyone was equal.	14
2061456282	What is communism?	Communism an economic system that is the end result of socialist changes.	15
2061456283	What was capitalism?	When people control the economy and what is bought and sold (from you)	16
2061456284	What did factory owners do to make a lot of money?	To make as much money as possible, factory owners looked for ways to cut production costs and increase profits.	17
2061456285	Who popularized socialism?	Kari Marx and Friedrich Engels	18
2061456286	Where did the Industrial Revolution spread after beginning in England?	Germany- they wanted more advanced weapons; Paris	19

Powered by Quizlet.com

Unit 1 Vocabulary: Fall of Rome and the Byzantine Empire Flashcards

Decline of Rome and the Rise of the Byzantine Empire

Terms : Hide Images

626891367	Barbarian	A person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized	0
626891368	Empire	A large territory in which several groups of people are ruled by a single leader or government	1
626891369	Roman Empire	Empire that was conquered by Germanic tribes in 476 C.E.	2
626891370	Byzantine Empire	Empire that lasted until 1453 C.E. when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks	3
626891371	Constantine	Moved Roman capital to Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople	4
626891372	Justinian	Byzantine emperor that created a systematic body of laws and built the Hagia Sophia	5
626891373	Theodora	Wife of Justinian, convinced him to stay in Constantinople during the Nika Riots	6
626891374	Nika Riots	Blues and Greens united together against Justinian, destroying much of Constantinople	7
626891375	Justinian's Code	Systematic body of law. Revised outdated, confusing, and contradictory laws. Extending women's property rights.	8
626891376	Schism	A formal division in a church or religious body	9
626891377	Eastern Orthodox Church	A Christian religion that arose in the Byzantine Empire.	10
626891378	Patriarch	The Bishop of an important city in the Eastern Orthodox Church	11
626891379	Roman Catholic Church	The Christian church headed by the Pope in Rome	12
626891380	Pope	Bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church	13
626891381	Excommunication	To formally deprive a person of membership in a church	14
626891382	Emperor Leo III	Banned the use of icons in all Christian churches	15
626891383	Iconoclasm	Icon smashing	16
626891384	Pope Leo III	Roman Catholic pope that crowned Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor, enraging the Byzantine Empress Irene.	17
626891385	Hagia Sophia	Famous church built by Justinian	18
626891386	Public Works	Construction projects built by a government for public use such as buildings and roads.	19
629213796	Diocletian	Roman emperor who divided the empire in two in order to simplify government. Diocletian ruled over the eastern empire.	20
629213797	Constantinople	Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.	21
629213798	Hippodrome	Built by Justinian; A huge stadium; Held athletic events, games and chariot races.; Seated 60,000 people and was located in Constantinople. Site where the Nike Riots began.	22
629213799	Icon	an image; a symbol; a representation of a holy person, especially in the Orthodox Christian churches	23
629213800	Emperor	The ruler of an empire	24

Powered by Quizlet.com

Unit 1: BYZANTINE EMPIRE Academic Vocabulary Flashcards

Unit 1: BYZANTINE EMPIRE Academic Vocabulary
schism
Justinian's Code
Hagia Sophia
Cyrillic Alphabet
Constantinople
Constantine
Autocrat
Orthodox
Icon
Imperial

Terms : Hide Images

1617486762	schism	a permanent split between the Eastern Greek Church and Roman Catholic Church, (n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions	0
1617486763	Justinian's Code	An organized collection and explanation of roman laws for use by the byzantine empire	1
1617486764	Hagia Sophia	Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.	2
1617486765	Cyrillic Alphabet	An alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages	3
1617486766	Constantinople	A place previously known as Byzantium which became the capitol of the Roman Empire or "new Rome"	4
1617486767	Constantine	(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.	5
1617486768	Autocrat	(adj.) absolute in power or authority	6
1617486771	Orthodox	(of a person or their views, especially religious or political ones, or other beliefs or practices) conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; established and approved.	7
1617486769	Icon	a painting of Jesus Christ or another holy figure, typically in a traditional style on wood, venerated and used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches.	8
1617486770	Imperial	of or relating to an empire.	9