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Myers Exploring Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Keywords Myers 9th edition

1284333179	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	0
1284333180	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	1
1284333181	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	2
1284333182	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations	3
1284333183	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them	4
1284333184	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time	5
1284333185	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	6
1284333186	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the ____ as a just noticeable difference.	7
1284333187	Weber's Law	Principle that, to be perceived as different; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).	8
1284333188	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	9
1284333189	wavelength	The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.	10
1284333190	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.	11
1284333191	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude	12
1284333192	accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	13
1284333193	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	14
1284333194	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. They share bipolar cells, sending combined messages.	15
1284333195	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. Cluster in and around the fovea.	16
1284333196	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	17
1284333197	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.	18
1284333198	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	19
1284333199	parallel processing	the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	20
1284333200	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of color	21
1284333201	opponent process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	22
1284333202	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having ___ ___, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	23
1284333203	visual capture	the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses, as when we perceive voices in films as coming from the screen we see rather than from the projector behind us	24
1284333205	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)	25
1284333207	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	26
1284333208	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	27
1284333209	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	28
1284333210	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain	29
1284333211	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. When a hard - of -hearing listener sees an animated face forming the words being spoken at the other end of a phone line, the words become easier to understand	30
1284333212	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts with sensors located in your joints, muscles, and tendons	31
1284333213	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. The biological gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium are in your inner ear. The semicircular canals,which look like a three - dimensional pretzel and the vestibular sacs,which connect the canals with the cochlea, contain fluid that moves when your head rotates or tilts.	32
1284333214	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings	33
1284333215	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups	34
1284333216	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	35
1284333217	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals	36
1284333218	gestalt	an organized whole. emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.	37
1284333219	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence	38
1284333220	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective	39
1284333221	retinal display	a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the objects	40
1284333222	convergence	a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object	41
1284333223	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. Regardless of the viewing angle, distance, and illumination, we can identify people and things in less time than it takes to draw a breath, a feat that challenges even advanced computers and has intrigued researchers for decades.	42
1284333224	perceptual adaption	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field	43
1284333225	extrasensory perception (ESP)	perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition	44
1284333226	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.	45
1284333227	All our senses	• receive sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells. • transform that stimulation into neural impulses. • deliver the neural information to our brain.	46
1284333228	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	47
1284333229	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	48
1284333230	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects (top - down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see.	49
1284333231	Short wavelength	high frequency (bluish colors)	50
1284333232	Long wavelength	low frequency (reddish colors)	51
1284333233	Great amplitude	bright colors	52
1284333234	Small amplitude	dull colors	53
1284333235	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	54
1284333236	parallel processing	doing many things at once. To analyze a visual scene, the brain divides it into subdimensions—color, motion, form, depth—and works on each aspect simultaneously	55
1284333237	red	green's opponent color.	56
1284333238	Proximity	We group nearby figures together. We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines. II II II	57
1284333239	Continuity	We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones.	58
1284333240	Closure	We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object.	59
1284333241	Relative height	We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. Because we assume the lower part of a figure-ground illustration is closer, we perceive it as figure	60
1284333242	Relative size	If we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away.	61
1284333243	Interposition	(overlap) If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.	62
1284659800	Light and shadow	Shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above.	63
1284659801	Relative motion	As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. If while riding on a bus you fix your gaze on some point— say, a house—the objects beyond the fixation point will appear to move with you. Objects in front of the point will appear to move backward. The farther an object is from the fixation point, the faster it will seem to move.	64
1284659802	Linear perspective	Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance. The sharper the angle of convergence, the greater the perceived distance.	65
1284659803	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	66
1284659804	size constancy	we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies. We assume a car is large enough to carry people, even when we see its tiny image from two blocks away.	67
1284659805	shape constancy	we perceive the form of familiar objects, such as the door, as constant even while our retinas receive changing images of them from different angles.	68
1284659806	John Locke	argued that through our experiences we also learn to perceive the world. Indeed, we learn to link an object's distance with its size. To what extent do we learn to perceive?	69
1284659807	Immanuel Kant	maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. Indeed, we come equipped to process sensory information. To what extent do we learn to perceive?	70
1284659808	audition	the sense or act of hearing.	71
1284659809	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency	72
1284659810	auditory nerve	sends neural messages (via the thalamus) to the auditory cortex in the brain's temporal lobe.	73
1284659811	auditory hair cells	"quivering bundles that let us hear" thanks to their "extreme sensitivity and extreme speed"	74
1284659812	sensorineural hearing loss	nerve deafness	75
1284659813	conduction hearing loss	caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea	76
1284659814	cochlear implant	the only way to restore hearing for people with nerve deafness is a sort of bionic ear	77
1284659815	above 85 decibels	Prolonged exposure produces hearing loss	78
1284659816	How do we detect loudness	the brain can interpret loudness from the number of activated hair cells.	79
1284659817	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. an explain how we hear high - pitched sounds but not low - pitched sounds.	80
1284659818	frequency theory	The brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve. The whole basilar membrane vibrates with the incoming sound wave, triggering neural impulses to the brain at the same rate as the sound wave. If the sound wave has a frequency of 100 waves per second, then 100 pulses per second travel up the auditory nerve. a problem remains: An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second.	81
1284659819	volley principle	Like soldiers who alternate firing so that some can shoot while others reload, neural cells can alternate firing. By firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 waves per second.	82
1284659820	The pain circuit	Sensory receptors (nociceptors)respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending an impulse to the spinal cord, which passes the message to the brain, which interprets the signal as pain.	83
1284659821	nociceptors	sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals	84
1284659822	Biological influences of pain	- activity in spinal cords large and small fibers - genetic differences in endorphin production - the brains interpretation of CNS activity	85
1284659823	Psychological influences	- attention to pain - learning based on experience - expectations	86
1284659824	Social-cultural influences	- presence of others - empathy for others' pain - cultural expectations	87
1284659825	Sweet	Energy source	88
1284659826	Salty	Sodium essential to physiological processes	89
1284659827	Sour	Potentially toxic acid	90
1284659828	Bitter	Potential poisons	91
1284659829	Umami	Proteins to grow and repair tissue	92
1284659830	Taste	is a chemical sense. uses pores that catches food chemicals. receptors reproduce themselves every week or two.	93
1284659831	smell	is a chemical sense. we ____ something when molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of 5 million or more receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity	94
1284659832	smell and memory	The brain's circuitry for smell (red circle) also connects with areas involved in memory storage, which helps explain why a smell can trigger a memory	95
1284659833	embodied cognition	the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments	96
1284659834	Vision	Light waves striking the eye. Rods and cones in the retina.	97
1284659835	Hearing	Sound waves striking the outer ear. Cochlear hair cells in the inner ear	98
1284659836	Touch	Pressure, warmth, cold on the skin. Skin receptors detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain	99
1284659837	Taste	Chemical molecules in the mouth Basic tongue receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami	100
1284659838	Smell	Chemical molecules breathed in through the nose Millions of receptors at top of nasal cavity	101
1284659839	telepathy	mind - to - mind communication	102
1284659840	clairvoyance	perceiving remote events, such as a house on fire in another state.	103
1284659841	psychokinesis	or "mind over matter," such as levitating a table or influencing the roll of a die.	104

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Exploring Psychology in Modules ch. 18,19,20 & 26 Flashcards

Exploring Psychology in Modules - Myers - Ch. 18, 19, 20, 26

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1067085079	Classical Conditioning	A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	0
1067085080	Operant Conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	1
1067085081	Observational Learning	Learning by observing others.	2
1067085082	Cognitive Learning	the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.	3
1067085083	Learning	the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors	4
1067085084	Reinforcement	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.	5
1067085085	Positive Reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	6
1067085086	Primary Reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	7
1067085087	Secondary Reinforcer	Any neutral stimulus that initially has no intrinsic value for an organism but that becomes rewarding when linked with a primary reinforcer..ex: money for food	8
1067085088	Negative Reinforcement	Increasing behavior by removing or reducing a negative stimuli; , Any stimulus that when removed, increases the response.	9
1067085089	Delayed Reinforcement	a reward that does not immediately follow an action	10
1067085090	Delaying Gratification	a skill related to impulse control, enables longer-term goal setting	11
1067085091	Intermittent Reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time. greater resistance to extinction	12
1067085092	Successive Approximation	in the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response.	13
1067085093	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	14
1067085094	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.	15
1067085095	Negative Punishment	Decreasing behavior by stopping or reducing positive stimuli. (Subtracting something good)	16
1067085096	Physical Punishment	Models aggression and control as a method of dealing with problems	17
1067085097	Vicarious Conditioning	A form of learning in which the learner acquires a conditioned response merely by observing another participant being conditioned	18
1067085098	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	19
1067085099	Mirror Neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.	20
1067085100	Savant Syndrome	A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill	21
1067085101	Achievement Test	A test designed to assess what a person has learned	22
1067085102	Aptitude Test	A test designed to predict a person's future performance	23
1067085103	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test	24
1067085104	WAIS	(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) Verbal & performance scores. Most widely used intelligence test today	25
1067085105	Normal Curve	the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.	26
1067085106	Reliability	The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.	27
1067085107	Intellectual Disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below	28
1067085108	Down Syndrome	A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	29
1067085109	Fluid Intelligence	One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	30
1067085110	Crystallized Intelligence	One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	31
1067085111	Continuous Reinforement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	32
1067085112	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	a partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses.	33
1067085113	Variable-Ratio Schedule	reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	34
1067085114	Fixed-Interval Schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	35
1067085115	Variable-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	36
1067097219	Neutral Stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.	37
1067097220	Unconditioned Stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.	38
1067097221	Unconditioned Response	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	39
1067097222	Conditioned Response	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).	40
1067097223	Conditioned Stimulus	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response	41
1067105323	Acquisition	links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	42
1067105324	Extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus	43
1067105325	Generalization	In classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.	44
1067105326	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.	45
1067105327	Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	46

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Exploring Psychology 9th edition Ch 4 Flashcards

Myers exploring psychology Ch 4 9th edition

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1773290921	Developmental Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
1773290922	Zygote	A one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.	1
1773290923	Embryo	A developing human during the first eight weeks after fertilization has occurred.	2
1773290924	Fetus	Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	3
1773290925	Teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
1773290926	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	Abnormalities in the child caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.	5
1773290927	Habituation	Decreasing responsivness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their intertest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
1773290928	Maturation	Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
1773290929	Critical Period	An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	8
1773290930	Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	9
1773290931	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	10
1773290932	Assimilation	Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.	11
1773290933	Accommodation	Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	12
1773290934	Sensorimotor Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. By the end of this stage infants gain object permanence. Infants are coordinating their senses and their actions.	13
1773290935	Object Permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	14
1773290936	Preoperational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Their thought is intuitive rather than logical (also exhibit centration) and can use symbols.	15
1773290937	Conservation	Piaget learning concept that is acquired between the ages of 7-11 where a child understands that volume, weight, and mass of an object stays the same even when the shape changes	16
1773290938	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	17
1773290939	Theory of Mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.	18
1773290940	Concrete Operational Stage	In Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (ages 6 to 7-11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. They show logical thinking about concrete situations but have trouble thinking about abstract situations.	19
1773290941	Formal Operational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12/Adolescence) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. People also develop identity status depending on their level of exploration and level of commitment.	20
1773290942	Autism	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	21
1773290943	Stranger Anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	22
1773290944	Attachment	A positive emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Forms basis of internal working models.	23
1773290945	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	24
1773290946	Temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	25
1773290947	Basic Trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. (Trust vs Mistrust)	26
1773290948	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	27
1773290949	Puberty	The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of producing.	28
1773290950	Identity	One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	29
1773290951	Erikson's Stages	Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt; Initiative vs Guilt; Industry vs Inferiority (in the elementary time/middle childhood)	30
1773290952	Intimacy	In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood	31
1773290953	Emerging Adulthood	For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. Features instability, identity exploration, most self-focused time of life, and taking on responsibilities. Often during college.	32
1773290954	Menopause	Cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's reproductive capability.	33
1773290955	Cross Sectional Study	A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	34
1773290956	Longitudinal Study	Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	35
1773290957	Social Clock	The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	36
1773290958	Teratogen	Agents or conditions that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death. Includes alcohol, smoking, and most drugs.	37
1773290959	Germinal Period	The first two weeks of conception.	38
1773290960	Embryonic Period	Two to eight weeks after conception.	39
1773290961	Fetal Period	Nine weeks after conception until birth.	40
1773290962	Infancy	Time of great physical growth and foundations of future relationships. It is from birth to two years.	41
1773290963	Gross Motor Skills	Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.	42
1773290964	Fine Motor Skills	Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.	43
1773290965	Critique of Piaget	Infants understand more about objects than we think.	44
1773290966	Secure Attatchment	A child uses a person with whom they are attached as a secure base. That person's presence gives child the security to explore. They are upset when the person leaves but easily comforted when the person returns.	45
1773290967	Internal Working Model	The set of assumptions and expectations that we build about others. A child tends to recreate each new relationship in the patter with which he/she is familiar.	46
1773290968	Insecure Attachment	A child does not have a secure base. The person to whom they are attached will leave and the child will become very upset and when they return the child takes a long time to calm down or remains anxious.	47
1773290969	Childhood	Around 2-12 years and it is a time of developing logical thought, building sense of self, and learning to relate to others.	48
1773290970	Centration	This occurs during Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Development; it's when children focus only on one aspect of something. For example when pouring milk from a short wide glass into a tall skinny glass and thinking the tall skinny glass has more.	49
1773290971	Effortful Control	the ability to control one's behavior and to achieve an outcome	50
1773290972	Moratorium	According to Piaget, it is a possible identity status during adolescence when a person has low commitment but high levels of exploration.	51
1773290973	Authoritative Parenting	Style of parenting that gives firm, clear, consistent limits but allow some debate. The most responsive form of parenting.	52
1773290974	Authoritarian	Style of parenting that is essentially a dictatorship.	53
1773290975	Dualism	According to Perry, a development of critical thinking. "There is a right and a wrong answer- just tell me what it is."	54
1773290976	Factors in achieving positive development...	genetics (traits, intelligence), a safe environment with adequate resources, enriching experiences such as education and opportunity to explore, ********	55
1773290977	Relativism	According to Perry ***********	56
1773290978	Commitment	According to Perry *******	57

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Exploring Psychology Ch 3 Flashcards

Myers Exploring Psychology Ch 3 9th Edition

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940943882	Consciousness	Awareness of ourselves and our environment	0
940943883	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).	1
940943884	Duel Processing	The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.	2
940943885	Blindsight	A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it	3
940943886	Selective Attention	The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus	4
940943887	Inattentional Blindness	Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere	5
940943888	Change Blindess	Failing to notice changes in environment	6
940943889	Circadian Rythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rythms (for example, of tempeture and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.	7
940943890	REM sleep	Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	8
940943891	Alpha Waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	9
940943892	Sleep	Periodic, natural loss of consciousness	10
940943893	Hallucinations	False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	11
940943894	Delta Waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	12
940943895	Narcolepsy	A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	13
940943896	Sleep Apnea	A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	14
940943897	Night Terrors	A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	15
940943898	Dream	A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	16
940943899	Manifest Content	According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream	17
940943900	Latent Content	According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	18
940943901	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation	19
940943902	Hypnosis	A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	20
940943903	Posthypnotic Suggestion	A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	21
940943904	Dissociation	A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	22
940943905	Psychoactive Drug	A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood	23
940943906	Tolerance	With repeated use, achieving the desired effect requires larger doses.	24
940943907	Addiction	Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.	25
940943908	Withdrawl	The disconfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	26
940943909	Physical Dependence	A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	27
940943910	Psychological Dependence	A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	28
940943911	Depressants	Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	29
940943912	Alcohol Dependence	Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use.	30
940943913	Barbiturates	Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement	31
940943914	Opiates	Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	32
940943915	Stimulants	Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	33
940943916	Amphetamines	Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	34
940943917	Nicotine	A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco	35
940943918	Methamphetamine	A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	36
940943919	Ecstasy (MDMA)	A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	37
940943920	Hallucinogen	Psychedelic drugs such as LSD, that distorts perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	38
940943921	LSD	A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).	39
940943922	Near death experience	An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest) often similar to drug induced hallucinations	40
940943923	THC	The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.	41
941354054	Stages of Sleep	NREM-1: first stage of falling asleep. May have sensation of falling. NREM-2: more relaxed than NREM-1. Bursts of rapid rhythmic brain activity. Lightly sleep and easy to awaken. NREM-3: During this slow wave sleep (last 30mins) your brain emits large slow delta waves and you are hard to awaken. REM sleep: heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular, every 30secs have rapid eye movment.	42
941379539	Suprachiasmatic Nucleus	A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that responds to light sensitive retinal proteins: causes pineal gland to increase or decrease production of melatonin, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.	43

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Exploring Psychology Ch 10 Flashcards

Myers Exploring Psychology 9th edition Chapter 10 terms

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1006258271	Motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.	0
1006258272	Instinct	A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.	1
1006258273	Drive-reduction theory	The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.	2
1006258274	Homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.	3
1006258275	Incentive	A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.	4
1006258276	Yerkes-Dodson law	The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.	5
1006258277	Hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher - level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.	6
1006258278	Glucose	The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.	7
1006258279	Set point	The point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight.	8
1006258280	Basal metabolic rate	The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.	9
1006258281	Achievement motivation	A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard.	10
1006258282	Emotion	A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.	11
1006258283	James-Lange theory	The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.	12
1006258284	Cannon-Bard theory	The theory that an emotion - arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.	13
1006258285	Two-factor theory	The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.	14
1006258286	Polygraph	A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.	15
1006258287	Facial feedback effect	The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness.	16

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Exploring Psychology (9th Edition) - Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

Vocabulary from Chapter 1 of Exploring Psychology (Ninth Edition) by David G. Myers.

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1647074939	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	0
1647074940	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	1
1647074941	cognitive neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)	2
1647074942	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes	3
1647074943	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture	4
1647074944	levels of analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon	5
1647074945	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	6
1647074946	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	7
1647074947	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	8
1647074948	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	9
1647074949	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	10
1647074950	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy	11
1647074951	hindsight bias	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	12
1647074952	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclisui, thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions	13
1647074953	theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events	14
1647074954	hypothesis	a testable prediction; often implied by a theory	15
1647074955	operations definition	a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables	16
1647074956	replication	repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
1647074957	case study	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	18
1647074958	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group	19
1647074959	population	all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn	20
1647074960	random sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	21
1647074961	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	22
1647074962	correlation	a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other	23
1647074963	experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.	24
1647074964	random assignment	assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	25
1647074965	experimental group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable	26
1647074966	control group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	27
1647074967	double-blind procedure	an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	28
1647074968	placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	29
1647074969	independent variable	the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied	30
1647074970	dependent variable	the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	31
1647074971	culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	32
1647074972	SQ3R	a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.	33
1647074973	structuralism	used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind	34
1647074974	functionalism	explored how mental and behavioral processes function	35
1647074975	natural selection	those traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	36
1647074976	positive psychology	study of human functioning, with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths to help individuals to thrive	37
1647074977	correlation coefficient	statistical index of the relationship between two things	38
1647074978	confounding variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment	39
1647074979	informed consent	giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate	40
1647074980	debriefing	explanation of a study, including purpose and any deceptions to its participants	41
1647074981	testing effect	enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information	42

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Exploring Psychology 9th edition Ch 4 Flashcards

Myers exploring psychology Ch 4 9th edition

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1040262839	Developmental Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
1040262840	Zygote	A one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.	1
1040262841	Embryo	A developing human during the first eight weeks after fertilization has occurred.	2
1040262842	Fetus	Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	3
1040262843	Teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
1040262844	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	Abnormalities in the child caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.	5
1040262845	Habituation	Decreasing responsivness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their intertest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
1040262846	Maturation	Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
1040262847	Critical Period	An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	8
1040262848	Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	9
1040262849	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	10
1040262850	Assimilation	Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.	11
1040262851	Accommodation	Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	12
1040262852	Sensorimotor Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. By the end of this stage infants gain object permanence. Infants are coordinating their senses and their actions.	13
1040262853	Object Permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	14
1040262854	Preoperational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Their thought is intuitive rather than logical (also exhibit centration) and can use symbols.	15
1040262855	Conservation	Piaget learning concept that is acquired between the ages of 7-11 where a child understands that volume, weight, and mass of an object stays the same even when the shape changes	16
1040262856	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	17
1040262857	Theory of Mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.	18
1040262858	Concrete Operational Stage	In Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (ages 6 to 7-11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. They show logical thinking about concrete situations but have trouble thinking about abstract situations.	19
1040262859	Formal Operational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12/Adolescence) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. People also develop identity status depending on their level of exploration and level of commitment.	20
1040262860	Autism	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	21
1040262861	Stranger Anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	22
1040262862	Attachment	A positive emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Forms basis of internal working models.	23
1040262863	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	24
1040262864	Temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	25
1040262865	Basic Trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. (Trust vs Mistrust)	26
1040262866	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	27
1040262867	Puberty	The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of producing.	28
1040262868	Identity	One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	29
1040262869	Erikson's Stages	Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt; Initiative vs Guilt; Industry vs Inferiority (in the elementary time/middle childhood)	30
1040262870	Intimacy	In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood	31
1040262871	Emerging Adulthood	For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. Features instability, identity exploration, most self-focused time of life, and taking on responsibilities. Often during college.	32
1040262872	Menopause	Cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's reproductive capability.	33
1040262873	Cross Sectional Study	A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	34
1040262874	Longitudinal Study	Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	35
1040262875	Social Clock	The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	36
1040262876	Teratogen	Agents or conditions that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death. Includes alcohol, smoking, and most drugs.	37
1040262877	Germinal Period	The first two weeks of conception.	38
1040262878	Embryonic Period	Two to eight weeks after conception.	39
1040262879	Fetal Period	Nine weeks after conception until birth.	40
1040262880	Infancy	Time of great physical growth and foundations of future relationships. It is from birth to two years.	41
1040262881	Gross Motor Skills	Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.	42
1040262882	Fine Motor Skills	Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.	43
1040262883	Critique of Piaget	Infants understand more about objects than we think.	44
1040262884	Secure Attatchment	A child uses a person with whom they are attached as a secure base. That person's presence gives child the security to explore. They are upset when the person leaves but easily comforted when the person returns.	45
1040262885	Internal Working Model	The set of assumptions and expectations that we build about others. A child tends to recreate each new relationship in the patter with which he/she is familiar.	46
1043467020	Insecure Attachment	A child does not have a secure base. The person to whom they are attached will leave and the child will become very upset and when they return the child takes a long time to calm down or remains anxious.	47
1043467021	Childhood	Around 2-12 years and it is a time of developing logical thought, building sense of self, and learning to relate to others.	48
1043467022	Centration	This occurs during Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Development; it's when children focus only on one aspect of something. For example when pouring milk from a short wide glass into a tall skinny glass and thinking the tall skinny glass has more.	49
1046219332	Effortful Control	the ability to control one's behavior and to achieve an outcome	50
1046282116	Moratorium	According to Piaget, it is a possible identity status during adolescence when a person has low commitment but high levels of exploration.	51
1046282117	Authoritative Parenting	Style of parenting that gives firm, clear, consistent limits but allow some debate. The most responsive form of parenting.	52
1046282118	Authoritarian	Style of parenting that is essentially a dictatorship.	53
1047216303	Dualism	According to Perry, a development of critical thinking. "There is a right and a wrong answer- just tell me what it is."	54
1047216304	Factors in achieving positive development...	genetics (traits, intelligence), a safe environment with adequate resources, enriching experiences such as education and opportunity to explore, ********	55
1047216305	Relativism	According to Perry ***********	56
1047216306	Commitment	According to Perry *******	57

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Exploring Psychology Study Guide Flashcards

Study Guide for modules 3 & . Exploring Psychology edition 8 in modules. David G. Myers.

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446066512	Neural Communication	The body's information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons	0
446066513	Neuron	A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts	1
446066514	Cell Body	Life support center of the neuron.	2
446066515	dendrites	branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.	3
446066516	Axon	Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.	4
446066517	Terminal Branches of axon	Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons	5
446066518	Action Potential	A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.	6
446066519	All-or-None Response	A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed.	7
446066520	Intensity	the intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of an axon	8
446066521	Synapse	a junction between the axon tip of the sending neurons and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.	9
446066522	Neurotransmitters	released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.	10
446066523	Reuptake	Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.	11
446066524	Serotonin Pathways	Involved with mood regulation	12
446066525	Dopamine Pathways	involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.	13
446066526	Lock & Key Mechanism	Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a lock-key mechanism.	14
446066527	Agonists	If 2 or more pieces fit the molecule excites. It is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter molecule that is mimics its effects on the receiving neuron.	15
446066528	Antagonists	If only 1 piece fits the molecule inhibits. It has a structure similar enough to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block it's action, but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.	16
446066529	Nervous System	Consist of all the nerve cells. It is the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system.	17
446066530	Central Nervous System (CNS)	The brain and spinal cord.	18
446066531	Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous systems (CNS) to the rest of the body	19
446066532	Sensory Neurons	carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Interneurons connect from here to Motor Neurons.	20
446066533	Motor Neurons	Carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect from here to Sensory Neurons.	21
446066534	Peripheral Nervous System	Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.	22
446066535	Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.	23
446066536	Sympathetic NS	"Arouses" (fight-or-flight)	24
446066537	Parasympathetic NS	"Calms" (rest and digest)	25
446066538	The Brain: Older Brain Structures	The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It si responsible for automatic survival functions.	26
446066539	Brainstem - The Medulla	The base of the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing	27
446066540	Brainstem - The Thalamus	The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	28
446066541	Brainstem - Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	29
446066542	Cerebellum	The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.	30
446066543	The Limbic System	A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus	31
446066544	The cerebral Cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body's ultimate control and information processing center.	32
446066545	Structure of the Cortex	Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. Those lobes are the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal.	33
446066546	Splitting the brain	A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.	34

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Exploring Psychology (8th Edition) - Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

Vocabulary from Chapter 2 of Exploring Psychology (Eighth Edition) by David G. Myers.

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1680985742	biological psychology	the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)	0
1680985804	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	1
1680985743	dendrite	the neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	2
1680985744	axon	the neuron's extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands.	3
1680985745	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.	4
1680985746	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	5
1680985747	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.	6
1680985748	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	7
1680985749	endorphins	"morphine within"—natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	8
1680985750	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.	9
1680985751	central nervous system (CNS)	the brain and spinal cord.	10
1680985752	peripheral nervous system (PNS)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.	11
1680985753	nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	12
1680985754	sensory neurons (Bipolar neuron)	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. (Lump in the middle)	13
1680985755	motor neurons (Multipolar)	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.	14
1680985756	interneurons (Unipolar)	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. (Lump on the outside)	15
1680985757	somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.	16
1680985758	autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.	17
1680985759	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	18
1680985760	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	19
1680985761	reflex	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee -jerk response.	20
1680985762	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	21
1680985763	hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.	22
1680985764	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.	23
1680985765	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	24
1680985766	lesion	tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	25
1680985767	brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	26
1680985768	electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	27
1680985769	PET (positron emission tomography) scan	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	28
1680985770	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer -generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy	29
1680985771	fMRI (functional MRI)	a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.	30
1680985772	medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.	31
1680985773	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	32
1680985774	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	33
1680985775	cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance.	34
1680985776	limbic system	neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.	35
1680985777	amygdala	two limabean- sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.	36
1680985778	hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	37
1680985779	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information - processing center.	38
1680985780	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	39
1680985781	sensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	40
1680985782	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information.	41
1680985783	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	42
1680985784	Broca's area	controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	43
1680985785	Wernicke's area	controls language reception; a brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, that is involved in language comprehension and expression.	44
1680985786	plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.	45
1680985787	neurogenesis	formation of new neurons.	46
1680985788	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	47
1680985789	split brain	a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them	48
1680985805	vesicle	a small bubble within a cell, and thus a type of organelle. Enclosed by lipid bilayer, vesicles can form naturally, for example, during endocytosis	49
1680985790	acetylcholine (ACh)	neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory. With Alzheimer's disease, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate.	50
1680985791	Dopamine	Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Excessive receptor activity linked to schizophrenia. Scarce amounts lead to Parkinson's.	51
1680985792	Serotonin	Affects mood hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. Levels are raised by Prozac.	52
1680985793	Norepinephrine	Helps control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood.	53
1680985794	GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)	A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.	54
1680985795	Glutamate	A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Oversupply can produce seizures or migraines.	55
1680985796	Agonist molecule	Mimics neurotransmitter. (Morphine mimics endorphins)	56
1680985797	Antagonist molecule	Blocks neurotransmitter.	57
1680985798	All-or-none response	the principle that under given conditions the response of a nerve or muscle fiber to a stimulus at any strength above the threshold is the same: the muscle or nerve responds completely or not at all.	58
1680985799	reuptake	the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse	59
1680985806	parietal lobe	Red, processes sensory information	60
1680985807	Occipital lobe	Yellow, visual processing center	61
1680985808	Frontal lobe	Blue, emotional control center and home to our personality	62
1680985809	Temporal lobe	Green, involved in the retention of visual memories, processing sensory input, comprehending language, storing new memories, emotion, and deriving meaning. Structures of the limbic system, are located within the temporal lobes.	63
1680985800	Hippocampus	involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing. It is a limbic system structure	64
1680985801	Callosotomy	operation also known as "split-brain"- corpus callosum is severed in epileptic patients in order to stop abnormal signals from moving through both sides of the brain. Right side of brain will not function.	65
1680985802	CT Scan (Computerized Tomography)	uses a computer that takes data from several X-ray images of structures inside a human's or animal's body and converts them into pictures on a monitor.	66
1680985803	concussion	a minor traumatic brain injury that may occur when the head hits an object, or a moving object strikes the head. It can affect how the brain works for a while.	67

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Myers Exploring Psychology 9th edition chapter 5, 12, 13, 14, 15 Flashcards

All terms come from the textbook Exploring Psychology (9th Edition) by David G. Myers.
This set is the vocabulary terms from chapter 12.

Terms : Hide Images

1605406031	Personality	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	0
1605406032	Psychodynamic Theories	view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences	1
1605406033	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	2
1605406034	Unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware	3
1605406035	Free Association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing	4
1605406036	Id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification	5
1605406037	Ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain	6
1605406038	Superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations	7
1605406039	Psychosexual Stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones	8
1605406040	Oedipus Complex	according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father	9
1605406041	Identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos	10
1605406042	Fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved	11
1605406043	Defense Mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality	12
1605406044	Repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	13
1605406045	Collective Unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history	14
1605406046	Projective Test	a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics	15
1605406047	Rorschach Inkblot Test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots	16
1605406048	Humanistic Theories	view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth	17
1605406049	Self-actualization	according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential	18
1605406050	Unconditional Positive Regard	according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person	19
1605406051	Self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"	20
1605406052	Trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports	21
1605406053	Personality Inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits	22
1605406054	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes	23
1605406055	Empirically Derived Test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups	24
1605406056	Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), Openness, Extraversion	The "Big Five" Personality Factors	25
1605406057	Social-cognitive Perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context	26
1605406058	Reciprocal Determinism	the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment	27
1605406059	Self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions	28
1605406060	Spotlight Effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)	29
1605406061	Self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth	30
1605406062	Self-efficacy	one's sense of competence and effectiveness	31
1605406063	Self-serving Bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably	32
1605406064	Narcissism	excessive self-love and self-absorption	33
1605406065	Individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications	34
1605406066	Collectivism	giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly	35
1605406067	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy someone	36
1605406068	gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	37
1605406069	X chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	38
1605406070	Y chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	39
1605406071	testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	40
1605406072	puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	41
1605406073	primary sex characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	42
1605406074	secondary sex characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	43
1605406075	menarche	the first menstrual period.	44
1605406076	gender role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	45
1605406077	role	a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	46
1605406078	gender identity	our sense of being male or female.	47
1605406079	social learning theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	48
1605406080	gender typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	49
1605406081	transgender	an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex	50
1605406082	estrogens	sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity	51
1605406083	sexual response cycle	the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.	52
1605406084	refractory period	a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.	53
1605406085	sexual dysfunction	a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.	54
1605406086	AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disorder)	a life-threatening sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections	55
1605406087	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).	56
1605406088	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.	57
1605406089	attribution theory	the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition	58
1605406090	fundamental attribution error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.	59
1605406091	attitude	feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events	60
1605406092	peripheral route persuasion	occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.	61
1605406093	central route persuasion	occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts	62
1605406094	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a lager request.	63
1605406095	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes	64
1605406096	culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	65
1605406097	norm	an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.	66
1605406098	conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard	67
1605406099	normative social influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.	68
1605406100	informational social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.	69
1605406101	social facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.	70
1605406102	social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.	71
1605406103	deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity	72
1605406104	group polarization	the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discusses within the group.	73
1605406105	groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.	74
1605406106	prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.	75
1605406107	stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.	76
1605406108	discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members	77
1605406109	just-world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.	78
1605406110	ingroup	"Us"--people with whom we share a common identity.	79
1605406111	outgroup	"Them"--those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.	80
1605406112	ingroup bias	the tendency to favor our own group.	81
1605406113	scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.	82
1605406114	other-race effect	the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.	83
1605406115	frustration-aggression principle	the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression.	84
1605406116	social script	culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations	85
1605406117	mere exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.	86
1605406118	passionate love	an aroused state of intense absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.	87
1605406119	companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined	88
1605406120	equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it	89
1605406121	self-disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.	90
1605406122	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	91
1605406123	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present	92
1605406124	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.	93
1605406125	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.	94
1605406126	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent on them	95
1605406127	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas	96
1605406128	social trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.	97
1605406129	mirror-image perceptions	mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.	98
1605406130	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.	99
1605406131	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension--Reduction--a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.	100
1605406132	psychological disorder	a significant dysfunction in a person's thoughts, feelings or behaviors	101
1605406133	attention-deficit hyper disorder	a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity	102
1605406134	medical model	the concept that diseases, n this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.	103
1605406135	DSM-IV-TR	the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.	104
1605406136	anxiety disorders	psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety	105
1605406137	generalized anxiety disorder	an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.	106
1605406138	panic disorder	an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.	107
1605406139	phobia	an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.	108
1605406140	obsessive-compulsive disorder	an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).	109
1605406141	post-traumatic stress disorder	an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.	110
1605406142	mood disorders	psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.	111
1605406143	major depressive disorder	a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.	112
1605406144	mania	a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.	113
1605406145	bipolar disorder	a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formally called manic-depressive disorder)	114
1605406146	schizophrenia	a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.	115
1605406147	psychosis	a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiences irrational ideas and distorted perception	116
1605406148	delusions	false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders	117
1605406149	dissociative disorders	disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.	118
1605406150	dissociative identity disorder	a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.	119
1605406151	anorexia nervosa	an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.	120
1605406152	bulimia nervosa	an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise	121
1605406153	binge-eating disorder	significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.	122
1605406154	personality disorder	psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning	123
1605406155	antisocial personality disorder	a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist	124
1605406156	psychotherapy	treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.	125
1605406157	biomedical therapy	prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system	126
1605406158	eclectic approach	an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy	127
1605406159	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic techniques that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--release previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	128
1605406160	resistance	in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.	129
1605406161	interpretation	in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.	130
1605406162	transference	in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).	131
1605406163	psychodynamic therapy	therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.	132
1605406164	insight therapies	a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.	133
1605406165	client-centered therapy	a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth	134
1605406166	active listening	empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.	135
1605406167	behavior therapy	therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors	136
1605406168	counterconditioning	A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning	137
1605406169	exposure therapies	behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid	138
1605406170	systematic desensitization	a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias	139
1605406171	aversive conditioning	a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)	140
1605406172	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.	141
1605406173	cognitive therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions	142
1605406174	cognitive-behavior therapy	a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behaviour)	143
1605406175	family therapy	therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication	144
1605406176	psychopharmacology	the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior	145
1605406177	lithium	a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders	146
1605406178	electroconvulsive therapy	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	147
1605406179	psychosurgery	surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior	148
1605406180	lobotomy	a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain	149

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