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Myer's Chapter 4 Exploring Psychology Developing through Lifespan Flashcards

4746145	accommodation	refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated.In Piaget's theory.	0
4746146	adolescence	this refers to the life stage from puberty to independent adulthood, denoted physically by a growth spurt and maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, cognitively by the onset of formal operational thought, and socially by the formation of identity.	1
4746147	alzheimer's disease	a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, phisical funtioning.	2
4746148	assimilation	refers to interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema.In Piaget's theory.	3
4746149	attachment	an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation.	4
4746150	basic trust	according to Erikson is a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy - a concept that infants form if their needs are met by responsive caregiving.	5
4746151	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	6
4746152	concrete operational stage	the stage lasting from about ages 6 or 7 to 11, children can think logically about concrete events and objects.	7
4746153	conservation	the principle that properties such as number, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes in the forms of objects; it is acquired during the concrete operational stage.	8
4746154	critical period	the limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences if it is to develop properly.	9
4746155	cross-sectional study	in this study people of different ages are compared with one another.	10
4746156	crystalized intelligence	one's accumulated acknowledge and verbal skills; tends fo increase with age	11
4746157	crystallized intelligence	refers to those aspects of intellectual ability, such as vocabulary and general knowledged that reflect accumulated learning. Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age.	12
4746158	developmental psychology	a branch of psychology that studies human development in phsical, cognitive, and social change perspectives.	13
4746159	egocentrism	in Piaget's theory refers to the difficulty that preoperational children have in considing another's viewpoint. "Ego" means "self" erring and "centrism" indicates "in the center"; the preoperational child is "self-centered."	14
4746160	embryo	the developing prenatal organism from about 2 weeks through 2 months after conception.	15
4746161	fetal alcohol syndrome	a syndrome that refers to the physical and cognitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause in the developing child.	16
4746162	fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	17
4746163	fluid intelligence	refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age.	18
4746164	formal operational stage	in Piaget's theory normally begins about age 12. During this stage people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
4746165	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repearted exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	20
4746166	identity	one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	21
4746167	imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments early in life, usually during a limited critical period.	22
4746168	intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	23
4746169	longitudinal study	in this study the same people are tested and retested over a period of years.	24
4746170	maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	25
4746171	menarche	the first menstrual period.	26
4746172	menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	27
4746173	object permanance	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	28
4746174	preoperational stage	in Piaget's theory lasts from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. During this stage, language development is rapid, but the child is unable to understand the mental operations of concrete logic.	29
4746175	primary sex characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.	30
4746176	puberty	the early adolescent period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproduction.	31
4746177	rooting reflex	a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.	32
4746178	schemas	are mental concepts that organize and interpret information. They are found in Piaget's theory of cognitive development	33
4746179	secondary sex characteristics	the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, for example,female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.	34
4746180	self-concept	a person's sense of identity and personal worth.	35
4746181	sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory of cognitive stages, this stage lasts from birth to about age 2.During this stage, infants gain knowledge of the world through their senses and their motor activities.	36
4746182	social clock	the cultural preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	37
4746183	stranger anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants begin to display at about 8 months of age.	38
4746184	teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	39
4746185	zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	40
4746279	developmental_psychology	the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children	41

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Myers Exploring Psychology Mid. 2 Flashcards

All terms come from the textbook Exploring Psychology (9th Edition) by David G. Myers.
This set is the vocabulary terms from chapters 8-12.

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2089852260	Memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information	0
2089852261	Recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test	1
2089852262	Recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test	2
2089852263	Relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again	3
2089852264	Encoding	the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning	4
2089852265	Storage	the retention of encoded information over time	5
2089852266	Retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage	6
2089852267	Sensory Memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system	7
2089852268	Short-term Memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten	8
2089852269	Long-term Memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences	9
2089852270	Working Memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory	10
2089852271	Explicit Memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory)	11
2089852272	Effortful Processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort	12
2089852273	Automatic Processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings	13
2089852274	Implicit Memory	retention independent of conscious recollection (also called non declarative memory)	14
2089852275	Iconic Memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second	15
2089852276	Echoic Memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds	16
2089852277	Chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically	17
2089852278	Mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices	18
2089852279	Spacing Effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice	19
2089852280	Testing Effect	enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning	20
2089852281	Shallow Processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words	21
2089852282	Deep Processing	encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention	22
2089852283	Hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage	23
2089852284	Flashbulb Memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event	24
2089852285	Long-term Potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	25
2089852286	Priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	26
2089852287	Mood-congruent Memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	27
2089852288	Serial Position Effect	our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list	28
2089852289	Anterograde Amnesia	an inability to form new memories	29
2089852290	Retrograde Amnesia	an inability to retrieve information from one's past	30
2089852291	Proactive Interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information	31
2089852292	Retroactive Interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	32
2089852293	Repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	33
2089852294	Misinformation Effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event	34
2089852295	Source Amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (also called source misattribution). At the heart of many false memories.	35
2089852296	Deja Vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience	36
2089852297	Cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	37
2089852298	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people	38
2089852299	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird such as a robin)	39
2089852300	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics.	40
2089852301	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms	41
2089852302	Insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts will strategy-based solutions	42
2089852303	Confirmation Bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	43
2089852304	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	44
2089852305	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	45
2089852306	Availability Heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	46
2089852307	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments	47
2089852308	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	48
2089852309	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	49
2089852310	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	50
2089852311	Convergent Thinking	narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	51
2089852312	Divergent Thinking	expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)	52
2089852313	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	53
2089852314	Phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	54
2089852315	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	55
2089852316	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences	56
2089852317	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	57
2089852318	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	58
2089852319	Two-word Stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements	59
2089852320	Telegraphic Speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" -using mostly nouns and verbs	60
2089852321	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	61
2089852322	Broca's Area	controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	62
2089852323	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	63
2089852324	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	64
2089852325	Intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations	65
2089852326	General Intelligence (g)	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test	66
2089852327	Savant Syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing	67
2089852328	Emotional Intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions	68
2089852329	Intelligence Test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores	69
2089852330	Aptitude Test	a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn	70
2089852331	Achievement Test	a test designed to assess what a person has learned	71
2089852332	Mental Age	a measure of the intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8	72
2089852333	Stanford-Benet	the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) or Binet's original intelligence test	73
2089852334	Intelligence Quotient (IQ)	defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.	74
2089852335	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests	75
2089852336	Standardization	defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.	76
2089852337	Normal Curve	the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes	77
2089852338	Reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting	78
2089852339	Validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to	79
2089852340	Content Validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest	80
2089852341	Predictive Validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior	81
2089852342	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	82
2089852343	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	83
2089852344	Intellectual Disability	a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life	84
2089852345	Down Syndrome	a condition of mild to sever intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21	85
2089852346	Heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. May vary depending on the range of populations and environments studied	86
2089852347	Stereotype Threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype	87
2089852348	Motivation	a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	88
2089852349	Instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned	89
2089852350	Drive-reduction Theory	the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need	90
2089852351	Homeostasis	a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level	91
2089852352	Incentive	a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior	92
2089852353	Yerkes-Dodson Law	the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases	93
2089852354	Hierarchy of Needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active	94
2089852355	Glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger	95
2089852356	Set Point	the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight	96
2089852357	Basal Metabolic Rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure	97
2089852358	Achievement Motivation	a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard	98
2089852359	Emotion	a response of the whole organism, involving 1 physiological arousal, 2 expressive behaviors, and 3 conscious experience	99
2089852360	James-Lange Theory	the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli	100
2089852361	Cannon-Bard Theory	the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion	101
2089852362	Two-factor Theory	the Schacther-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal	102
2089852363	Facial Feedback Effect	the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness	103
2089852364	Stress	the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging	104
2089852365	General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)	Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion	105
2089852366	Tend and Befriend	under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)	106
2089852367	Health Psychology	a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine	107
2089852368	Psychoneuroimmunology	the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health	108
2089852369	Coronary Heart Disease	the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries	109
2089852370	Type A	Friedman and Roseman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people	110
2089852371	Type B	Friedman and Roseman's term for easygoing, relaxed people	111
2089852372	Catharsis	in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges	112
2089852373	Coping	alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods	113
2089852374	Problem-focused Coping	attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor	114
2089852375	Emotion-focused Coping	attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction	115
2089852376	Learned Helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	116
2089852377	External Locus of Control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our life	117
2089852378	Internal Locus of Control	the perception that you control your own fate	118
2089852379	Self-control	the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards	119
2089852380	Aerobic Exercise	sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety	120
2089852381	Feel-good, Do-good Phenomenon	people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood	121
2089852382	Positive Psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to flourish	122
2089852383	Subjective Well-Being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate peoples' quality of life	123
2089852384	Adaptation-level Phenomenon	our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience	124
2089852385	Relative Deprivation	the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself	125
2089852386	Personality	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting	126
2089852387	Psychodynamic Theories	view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences	127
2089852388	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	128
2089852389	Unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware	129
2089852390	Free Association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing	130
2089852391	Id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification	131
2089852392	Ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain	132
2089852393	Superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations	133
2089852394	Psychosexual Stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones	134
2089852395	Oedipus Complex	according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father	135
2089852396	Identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos	136
2089852397	Fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved	137
2089852398	Defense Mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality	138
2089852399	Repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	139
2089852400	Collective Unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history	140
2089852401	Projective Test	a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics	141
2089852402	Rorschach Inkblot Test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots	142
2089852403	Humanistic Theories	view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth	143
2089852404	Self-actualization	according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential	144
2089852405	Unconditional Positive Regard	according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person	145
2089852406	Self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"	146
2089852407	Trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports	147
2089852408	Personality Inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits	148
2089852409	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes	149
2089852410	Empirically Derived Test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups	150
2089852411	Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), Openness, Extraversion	The "Big Five" Personality Factors	151
2089852412	Social-cognitive Perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context	152
2089852413	Reciprocal Determinism	the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment	153
2089852414	Self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions	154
2089852415	Spotlight Effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)	155
2089852416	Self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth	156
2089852417	Self-efficacy	one's sense of competence and effectiveness	157
2089852418	Self-serving Bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably	158
2089852419	Narcissism	excessive self-love and self-absorption	159
2089852420	Individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications	160
2089852421	Collectivism	giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly	161

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Introduction to the History and Science of Psychology (Myers 7e in Modules) Flashcards

Key words and concepts in Chapter 1 ("Introduction to the History and Science of Psychology") of Exploring Psychology, 7e in Modules, by David G. Myers.

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1791276615	behaviorism	view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes	0
1791276616	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people	1
1791276617	Wilhelm Wundt	opened the first psych lab in Germany, measuring reaction times; believed that psychology studies "mental processes" (inside your head)	2
1791276618	John Watson	believed that psychology studies behavior exhibited	3
1791276619	psychology	scientific study of behavior and mental processes	4
1791276620	nature vs. nurture	controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience; modern perspective - nuture works on what nature endows	5
1791276621	William James	legendary teacher-writer of psychology; mentored students including Mary Whiton Calkins	6
1791276622	Mary Whiton Calkins	was mentored by William James; became pioneering memory researcher and first woman president of APA	7
1791276623	levels of analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon	8
1791276624	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis (biological, psychological, and social-cultural)	9
1791276625	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	10
1791276626	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	11
1791276627	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	12
1791276628	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (ex. drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy	13
1791276629	hindsight bias	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)	14
1791276630	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions	15
1791276631	theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events	16
1791276632	hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	17
1791276633	replication	repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances (r)	18
1791276634	case study	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	19
1791276635	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	20
1791276636	population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn from a study (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population)	21
1791276637	random sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	22
1791276638	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	23
1791276639	correlation	a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other	24
1791276640	correlation coefficient	the mathematical expression of a correlation relationship, ranging from -1 to +1; tells how closely two things vary together and thus how well either one predicts the other	25
1791276641	positive correlation	between 0 and +1.00; indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or decrease together; the closer to +1.00, the stronger the relationship	26
1791276642	negative correlation	between 0 and -1.00; indicates an inverse relationship, meaning that as one thing increases, the other decreases; the closer to -1.00, the stronger the relationship	27
1791276643	illusory correlation	the perception of a relationship where none exists	28
1791276644	experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)	29
1791276645	random assignment	assigning research participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	30
1791276646	double-blind procedure	an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo	31
1791276647	placebo effect	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused bu the administration of an inert substance or conditions, which is assumed to be an active agent	32
1791276648	experimental group	the group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable	33
1791276649	control group	the group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment	34
1791276650	independent variable	the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied	35
1791276651	dependent variable	the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	36
1791276652	culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	37
1791276653	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind	38
1791276654	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish; William James	39
1791276655	natural selection	process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully	40
1791276656	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	41
1791276657	false consensus effect	the tendency to believe that a lot of other people share your view	42
1791276658	scatterplot	a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables; slope of points suggests direction of relationship between the two variables; amount of scatter suggests strength of the corr. (little scatter-->high correlation)	43
1791276659	extraneous variable	something unwanted or unexpected that the researcher is not interested in that might affect the dependent variable	44
1791276660	standard deviation	a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean	45
1791276661	statistical significance	a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	46
1791276662	bias	a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation	47
1791276663	ethics	the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions	48

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Miller and Levine Biology Chapter 3 and 4: Biosphere, Ecosystems and Communities Flashcards

Biology Miller and Levine 2010 Chapter 3 and 4 Vocabulary Words

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83031654	Biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere	0
83031655	Species	A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring	1
83031656	Population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	2
83031657	Community	An assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area	3
83031658	Ecology	The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment	4
83031659	Ecosystem	All the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment	5
83031660	Biome	A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms	6
83031661	Biotic Factor	Any living part of the environment with which organisms might interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms, and bacteria	7
83031662	Abiotic Factor	Any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, soil type, and so on	8
83031663	Autotroph	Plants that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into forms that living cells can use	9
83031664	Primary Producers	The first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms	10
83031665	Photosynthesis	Captures light energy and uses it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	11
83031666	Chemosynthesis	In which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates	12
83031667	Heterotrophs	Must acquire energy from other organisms- by ingesting them one way or another	13
83031668	Consumers	Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called consumers	14
83031669	Carnivores	Kill and eat other animals	15
83031670	Herbivores	Obtain energy and nutrients by eating plant leaves, roots, seeds, or fruits	16
83031671	Omnivores	Animals whose diets naturally include a variety of different foods that usually include both plants and animals	17
83031672	Scavengers	Animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have been killed by predators or have died of other causes	18
83031673	Decomposers	Feed chemically by breaking down organic matter	19
83031674	Detritivores	Feed on detrius particles, often chewing or grinding them into even smaller pieces	20
83031675	Food Chain	A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	21
83031676	Phytoplankton	A mixture of floating algae that are primary producers	22
83031677	Food Web	A network of feeding interactions	23
83031678	Zooplankton	Swimming animals that feed on marine algae	24
83031679	Trophic Level	Each step in a food chain or food web	25
83031680	Ecological pyramids	Show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web	26
83031681	Biomass	The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level	27
83031682	Biogeochemical cycles	Elements that pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed loops	28
83031683	Nutrients	The chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life	29
83031684	Nitrogen Fixation	When bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia	30
83031685	Denitrification	When bacteria obtain energy by converting nitrates into nitrogen gas, which is then released into the atmosphere	31
83031686	Limiting Nutrient	The nutrient whose supply limits productivity	32
83031687	Weather	Day-to-day conditions of the Earth's atmosphere	33
83031688	Climate	Refers to average conditions over long periods	34
83031689	Microclimate	Environmental conditions spreading of a small distance	35
83031690	Greenhouse Effect	The function were greenhouse gases allow visible light to pass but traps heat	36
83031691	Tolerance	The ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances	37
83031692	Habitat	The general place where an organism lives	38
83031693	Niche	Describes not only what an organism does, but also how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in the environment	39
83031694	Resource	Refers to any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, life, food, or space	40
83031695	Competitive Exclusion Principle	States that no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time	41
83031696	Predation	An interaction in which one animal captures and feeds on another animal	42
83031697	Herbivory	An interaction in which one animal feeds on producers	43
83031698	Keystone Species	Changes in the population of a single species that causes dramatic changes in the structure of a community	44
83031699	Symbiosis	Any relationship in which two species live closely together	45
83031700	Mutualism	A kind of relationship between species in which both benefit	46
83031701	Parasitism	Relationships in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it	47
83031702	Commensalism	A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed	48
83031703	Ecological Succession	A series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time	49
83031704	Primary Succession	Succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community	50
83031705	Pioneer Species	The first species to colonize barren areas	51
83031706	Secondary Succession	Where a disturbance affects the community without completely destroying it	52
83031707	Canopy	50 to 80 meters above the forest floor	53
83031708	Understory	Located in the shade below the canopy where its populated with shorter trees and vines	54
83031709	Decidious	A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season	55
83031710	Coniferous	Trees that produce seed-bearing cones, and most have leaves shaped like needles	56
83031711	Humus	A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter	57
83031712	Taiga	Dense forests of coniferous evergreens along the northern edge of the temperate zone	58
83031713	Permafrost	A layer of permanently frozen subsoil	59

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Biology - Respiration Quiz Flashcards

Respiration Quiz retake

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694613011	The three products of cellular (aerobic) respiration are ____, ____, and energy in the form of ____.	Carbon Dioxide, H20, ATP	0
694613012	The most productive part of aerobic respiration, the ____ produces 32 ATP by using oxygen, giving off water, and recycling NAD+.	Electron Transport Chain	1
694613013	Respiration converts stored energy in ____ into an energy molecule which cells can use called ____.	Sugars, ATP	2
694613014	The processes which occur after Glycolysis are responsible for processing ____ and recycling ____ which is required for continued Glycolysis.	Pyruvate, NAD+	3
694613015	In the presence of oxygen, ____ respiration occurs.	Aerobic	4
694613016	The two reactants of cellular respiration are ____(like glucose) and ____.	Sugars, Oxygen	5
694613017	In the absence of oxygen, ____ respiration occurs - such as in yeast or in muscle tissues - and is referred to as either lactic acid or alcoholic ____.	Anaerobic, Fermentation	6
694613018	Aerobic respiration occurs in the ____, which is known as the "powerhouse" of the cell.	Mitochondria	7
694613019	____ is the first step of respiration and occurs in the ____ of the cell	Glycolysis, Cytoplasm	8
694613020	Glycolysis produces a total of __ ATP but only nets __ because of an initial activation energy investment	4, 2	9
694613021	Aerobic respiration produces __ ATP total, but nets __.	38, 36	10
694613022	Fermentation produces __ additional ATP for an overall net gain of __ ATP.	0, 2	11

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Cellular Respiration with pictures from book Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b.

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1961472319	Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration	Both processes include glycolysis. In aerobic respiration oxygen O2 is needed. In anaerobic respiration no oxygen is needed.	0
1961472320	What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhale	CO2, is released from The Pyruvate; that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during The Kreb Cycle	1
1961472321	What does Aerobic Respiration use?	Oxygen	2
1961472322	What is the first step of cellular respiration?	Glycolysis.	3
1961472323	What is the Electron Transport Chain	Is a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons, down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.	4
1961472324	How many ATP are produced by the Krebs Cycle for each molecule of glucose?	2 ATPs	5
1961472325	Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?	Glycolysis	6
1961472326	In what organelle would you find Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain?	In the Mitochondria	7
1961472327	What is the main event that occurs in glycolysis?	This process splits or lysis; glucose 6 carbons in a half;into pyruvate; so that yield; 3 carbons and 3 carbons igual 6 carbons and produces; 2 ATPs for each glucose.	8
1961472328	How many ATP molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?	2 ATPs	9
1961472329	How would you describe the electron transport chain?	Is a process that uses energy captured from electrons, flowing to oxygen, to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration	10
1961472330	What is needed for aerobic respiration?	Oxygen	11
1961472331	Which portion of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?	The Electron Transport Chain	12
1961472332	During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain occurs in the....	Mitochondria	13
1961472333	When fermentation occurs....?	When oxygen is not present	14
1961472334	Where does glycolysis occur?	In the cytoplasm	15
1961472335	Word derivation; does the suffix lysis mean?	Glyco means; glucose. Lysis means; to split. Glycolysis means; to split glucose. Splitting glucose into pyruvate.	16
1961472336	Explain the Kreb Cycle. What happens?	Pyruvate is converted to Carbon Dioxide	17
1961472337	How many carbons make up ONE pyruvic acid?	three	18
1961472338	How many pyruvates are produced from ONE glucose molecule?	two pyruvates (3+3=6)	19
1961472339	How many carbons are in glucose?	6 carbons	20
1961472340	What is the storage form of energy called?	ATP	21
1961472341	How do animals initially obtain energy?	eat food	22
1961472342	When does ATP turn into ADP?	when energy is needed	23
1961472343	Where is energy stored in ATP	In the bonds between the phosphates	24
1961472344	What is the name for the acronym ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate	25
1961472345	What is the process of converting glucose into energy called?	Cellular respiration	26
1961472346	What is an mitochondria-electron transport chain (ETC)	Is a series of compones that transfer electrons, from electron donors to electron acceptors; via redox reactions; and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.	27
1961472347	What is the Final acceptor of electrons in electron transport chain?	Molecular oxygen.	28
1961472348	Why the electrón transfer chain, creates an electrón protón gradient?	Because it drives ATP synthesis; which is the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	29
1961472349	Cellular Respiration occurs in three metabolic stages:	1. glycolysis. 2. Krebs cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle). 3. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.	30
1961472350	What is an electron transport chain E.T.C. couples	Is a reaction between an electron donor such as NADH and an electron acceptor such as O2; to the transfer of H+ ions; across a membrane; through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	31
1961472351	What metabolic pathway and Carbon processing are done in the Cytoplasm?	Metabolic pathway; glycolysis. Carbon processing; conversion of 1 glucose, a 6-carbon molecule into 2-pyruvates which got 3 carbon molecules.	32
1961472352	What metabolic pathway and carbon processing are done in the Mitochondria	METABOLIC PATHWAYS; 1.Krebs cycle, 2.Electron Transport Chain and 3.Oxidative Phosphorylation. CARBON PROCESSING; conversion of 2 pyruvates; 3-carbon molecules each; into 3 carbon dioxidos; 1-carbon molecules.	33
1961472353	Glycolysis begins with	Glucose enters the cytoplasm of the cell, and glycolysis occurs here. Glycolysis begins with 1 glucose; 6-carbon molecule; and ends with 2 pyruvates; 3-carbon molecules. It is a ten-step process (you do not need to know the details).	34
1961472354	Glycolysis occurs in two phases:	Energy investment phase. Energy payoff phase. Twice for each molecule of glucose	35
1961472355	Explain Energy Invesment Phase of glycolysis	In this first phase of glycolysis, glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is split in half and becomes two 3-carbon molecules. This phase requires an energy investment of 2 ATPs; for each molecule of glucose. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is the 3-carbon molecule that continues into the next phase. The numbers, as in "glucose 6-phosphate," refer to the number of the carbon to which the phosphate group is bound. The 6-carbon sugars are shown here as simplified linear structures to indicate the location of the phosphate groups. In reality are ringed structures.	36
1961472356	Explain Energy Payoff Phase of glycolysis	In this second phase of glycolysis, the 3-carbon sugars are modified in a series of steps such that 2 ATP molecules are produced. One NADH molecule is also produced. The final molecule in the pathway is pyruvate, a 3-carbon sugar. This phase of glycolysis must occur twice for every one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar).	37
1961472357	What is the Net ATP of glycolysis ?	Initial molecule: 1 glucose (6-carbon). Final molecule: 2 pyruvates (3-carbon). Energy investment phase: -2 ATP. Energy payoff phase: +2 ATP × 2 = +4 ATP; Net: +2 ATP.	38
1961472358	What is Total Energy Conversion at the end of glycolysis.	At the end of glycolysis, all the energy that was originally in glucose is now in three different kinds of molecules: ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. The total energy count at the end of the process is: 2 ATP. 2 NADH. 2 pyruvate.	39

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Reconstruction Flashcards

Reconstruction was the period of time after the Civil War during which the Southern states were rebuilt and readmitted to the Union. After the Civil war, much of the South lay in ruins. Cities were destroyed, railroad tracks had been pulled up, and the South's financial system was wrecked (Confederate money was worthless and southern bank depositors lost all their money). Republicans in Congress felt President Lincoln's and President Johnson's plans to reconstruct the South were too lenient. Congress took control of Reconstruction from Johnson, sought to break the power of the southern planters, and ensure the freedmen's right to vote. During Reconstruction laws and Amendments were adopted to ensure African Americans rights and opportunities. Unfortunately, those rights and opportunities were for the most part lost after Reconstruction ended.
Lincoln wanted to quickly restore the Union. In a speech in 1865 he said "With malice towards none, with charity toward all...let us strive to bind up the nation's wounds." Republicans in Congress felt his plan was too lenient and rejected it. Congress and Lincoln were able to agree on the creation of the Freedmen's Bureau. It provided food and clothing to former slaves and set up schools to educate them. Lincoln was assassinated and his Vice President, Andrew Johnson became President.
Johnson's Reconstruction plan was also seen as too easy on the South by Republicans in Congress. Radical Republicans wanted to take control of Reconstruction from President Johnson. Although under his plan the 13th Amendment, forbidding slavery, was ratified, his plan also allowed former Confederates to remain in power in the South and even to be elected to Congress. After the election of 1866, Radical Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction. The period of time that the Radical Republicans were in control of Reconstruction is know as Radical Reconstruction.
The South underwent many changes during Radical Reconstruction.

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1940867127	freedmen	men and women who had been slaves	0
1940867128	Reconstruction	rebuilding of the South after the Civil War	1
1940867129	Ten Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States	2
1940867130	amnesty	government pardon	3
1940867131	Wade-Davis Bill	an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy	4
1940867132	Freedmen's Bureau	government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves	5
1940867133	Thirteenth Amendment	an 1865 amendment to the United States Constitution that bans slavery throughout the nation	6
1940867134	black codes	Southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War	7
1940867135	Radical Republicans	members of Congress during Reconstruction who wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote	8
1940867136	Fourteenth Amendment	an 1868 amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the laws	9
1940867137	Radical Reconstruction	period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction	10
1940867138	Reconstruction Act	an 1867 law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment	11
1940867139	impeach	to bring charges of serious wrongdoing against a public official	12
1940867140	Fifteenth Amendment	amendment to the United States Constitution that forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race	13
1940867141	scalawag	white Southerner who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction	14
1940867142	carpetbagger	uncomplimentary nick-name for a northerner who went to the South after the Civil War	15
1940867143	Ku Klux Klan	secret society organized after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of violence	16
1940867144	sharecropper	person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop	17
1940867145	poll tax	tax required before a person can vote	18
1940867146	literacy test	examination to see if a person can read and write; used in the past to restrict voting rights	19
1940867147	grandfather clause	law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867	20
1940867148	segregation	legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences	21
1940867149	Plessy v. Ferguson	an 1896 court case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public facilities was legal as long as the facilities were equal	22

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Islam Flashcards

pragmatic character of pre-Islamic Arabian worship meant that gods were not an object of unwavering commitment; pre-Islamic Arabia is very much in interaction with the Roman empire; Islamic conquests start after prophet's death; southeastern frontier exposed to Arab tribes, forts for Romans do not fortify against raids out of the desert in Arabia; slow emergence of an Islamic society; decreasing barriers, blending together territories that had been the Roman empire and the Persian empire

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2087325456	Heraclius (610-641)	Roman emperor; new phase to the war where the Persians are successful, taking Damascus, Jerusalem, Egypt	0
2087325457	Zoroastrianism	dominant religion of the Persian empire; dualist struggle - Ahura Mazda	1
2087325458	Nestorius	had his version of Christianity declared heretical; Nisibis is the center of Nestorian Christinianity	2
2087325459	Babylon	intellectual center of the Jewish world	3
2087325460	Yemen	highly developed terrace agricultural economy	4
2087325461	Lakhmids	nomadic tribes allied with Persia	5
2087325462	Ghassanids	nomadic tribes allied with the Romans	6
2087325463	Bostra and Gaza	economic contacts between the Hijaz and the Roman world focus between these two cities	7
2087325464	Allah	high god; polytheism in pre-Islamic Arabia	8
2087325465	haram	sacred territory in which violence of any sort including hunting was forbidden	9
2087325466	Aksum	king of Ethiopia; converted to Christianity by missionaries	10
2087325467	Hanifiya	indigenous Arabian monotheism; thought to be the religion of Abraham; submissive devotion to God for god's own sake	11
2087325468	Muhammed	born into the tribe of Quraysh; settling around shrine center of Mecca; Khadija and Abu Talib are his protectors; leaves Mecca - exodus known as Hijra; moves to Yathrib and renames it Medina	12
2087325469	Muslims	those who have submitted; absolute monotheism and repentance and reform	13
2087325470	Palestine and Syria	first targets of Islamic raids; Antioch and Aleppo then fall; battle Qadisiyya and Nahavand	14
2087325471	caliph	successor to the prophet	15
2087325472	Dome of the Rock	mosque building modeled on local Christian churches	16
2087325473	coinage	takes a long time to develop in ways that are distinctively Islam; compare Roman solidus and Islamic dinar	17
2087325474	Arabic	only replaces Greek as the language of administration 100 years after the time Persians are in control	18
2087325475	Hajj	pilgrimage that all Muslims make to Mecca	19

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Strategy Assignment 2 Flashcards

STRATEGY ASSIGNMENT 2

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1271387428	seek	attempt to find Part of speech : verb	0
1271387429	trace	find to discover by investigation Part of speech: verb	1
1271387430	widespread	found or distributed over a large area number of people Part of speech: adjective	2
1271387431	obviously	in a way that is easily perceived or understood; clearly Part of speech: adverb	3
1271387432	presumably	used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain Part of speech : adverb	4
1271387433	somewhat	to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount Part of speech: adverb	5
1271387434	exhibition	a display or demonstration of particular skill Part of speech :noun	6
1271387435	undergo	experience or be subjected to Part of speech : verb	7
1271387436	overall	in all parts,taken as a whole Part of speech: adverb	8
1271387437	injured	harmed, damaged or impaired Part of speech: adjective	9

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AP Bio: Chapter 51: Animal Behavior Flashcards

Flashcards for Campbell and Reece AP Biology textbook 8th edition, chapter 51 - Animal Behavior.

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1542145670	Ethology	The scientific study of how animals behave, esp. in their natural environments.	0
1542145671	Proximate Causation	"How" a behavior occurs or is modified	1
1542145672	Ultimate Causation	"Why" a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection	2
1542145673	Behavioral Ecology	The study of the evolutionary and ecological basis for a particular animal behavior.	3
1542145674	Fixed Action Pattern	A sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried out to completion. Directly linked to simple stimuli.	4
1542145675	Sign Stimulus	The external clue that triggers a fixed action pattern	5
1542145676	Kinesis	A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus	6
1542145677	Taxis	An oriented movement toward (positive) or away from (negative) some stimulus.	7
1542145678	Migration	A regular, long-distance change in location.	8
1542145679	Signal	A stimulus transmitted from one animal to another	9
1542145680	Behavioral Rhythms	Rhythms that trigger certain behaviors at certain times; circadian plays a major role in daily activity, circannual in yearly activity (migration)	10
1542145681	Communication	The transmission and reception of signals between animals, an essential element of interactions between individuals. Made up of visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory communication.	11
1542145682	Pheromones	Chemical substances used by animals to communicate. Most often utilized by mammals and insects and usually used for reproduction.	12
1542145683	Innate Behavior	Behavior consistently observed in a species that is developmentally fixed (instinct)	13
1542145684	Learning	Through learning, an organism changes its behavior based on experiences and its environment	14
1542145685	Habituation	A loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information	15
1542145686	Imprinting	The formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object.	16
1542145687	Sensitive (Critical) Period	A limited developmental phase during which certain behaviors can be learned	17
1542145688	Imprinting Stimulus	Provided by the outside work, something to which a response will be directed (e.g. Konrad Lorenz in his greylag geese experiment)	18
1542145689	Spatial Learning	The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure	19
1542145690	Cognitive Map	A representation in the nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.	20
1542145691	Associative Learning	The process of relating one situation to another.	21
1542145692	Classical Conditioning	Associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus becomes related to a particular outcome (dog salivating when bell is rung)	22
1542145693	Operant Conditioning	"Trial-and-error" learning, in which an animal learns to associate a behavior with a reward or punishment	23
1542145694	Cognition	The process of knowing represented by awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement.	24
1542145695	Problem Solving	The cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles.	25
1542145696	Cross-Fostering Study	A study in which an offspring of one species is put under the care of another species, to test the extent to which the offspring's behavior changes in the new environment	26
1542145697	Twin Study	The behavior of identical twins growing up in the same household is compared to the behavior of identical twins growing up in separate households.	27
1542145698	Master Regulatory Gene	A gene that directs the expression and activity of many genes with narrower functions	28
1542145699	Foraging	Food-obtaining behavior	29
1542145700	Optimal Foraging Model	Explains the proximate and ultimate causations of foraging behavior with cost/benefit analysis.	30
1542145701	Promiscuous Mating	Mated individuals form no long-lasting relationships or strong pair-bonds.	31
1542145702	Monogamous Mating	Mated individuals remain together for a longer time, forming stronger pair-bonds	32
1542145703	Polygamous Mating	An individual from one sex mates with several of the other	33
1542145704	Polygyny	One male mating with many females, most common form of polygamous mating	34
1542145705	Polyandry	Opposite of polygyny, one female mates with many males	35
1542145706	Intersexual Selection	Members of one sex choose mates of the other based on the other's characteristics	36
1542145707	Intrasexual Selection	Members of the same sex compete for mates.	37
1542145708	Agonistic Behavior	A contest that determines which competitor gains access to a certain resource, often food or a mate	38
1542145709	Game Theory	Evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved.	39
1542145710	Altruism	Ways in which an animal behaves that decreases individual fitness but increases the fitness of the population.	40
1542145711	Inclusive Fitness	The idea that a gene can proliferate itself throughout a population by causing an individual to behave altruistically in helping members of the same species that it is closely related to (who also have that gene) reproduce.	41
1542145712	Hamilton's Rule	rB > C B = number of offspring produced by the beneficiary C = the number of offspring fewer that the altruist would produce. r = coefficient of relatedness, the fraction of genes that are shared	42
1542145713	Kin Selection	The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives.	43
1542145714	Reciprocal Altruism	An animal aiding a member of the same species who is not closely related	44
1542145715	Social Learning	Learning through observing the actions of others.	45
1542145716	Culture	A system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population	46
1542145717	Mate-Choice Copying	A behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice of others.	47
1542145718	Sociobiology	The discipline through which human culture is related to evolutionary theory.	48

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